精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第一学期高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Reading the Story. It’s the customary bedtime practice every parent would feel fearful — being asked to read the same book for many many times. But ____1____ the constant repetition might be boring for mum or dad, it is the best way for children to learn new words, according to research. The findings suggest parents are wasting money by spending a fortune on huge book collections in the hope ____2____ they will inspire their little ones. Instead, a small selection of favourites such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar will achieve far more. Dr. Jessica Horst of the University of Sussex’s WORD Lab devised an experiment ____3____ (check) how quickly three-year-olds could recognize and recall six new words. The children ____4____ (visit) three times in a week. One group heard the same story three times back-to-back each time and another was read three different stories. All had the same number of new words ____5____ appeared the same amount of times. When researchers returned a week later, they found the children who heard the same story over and over had typically learned 3.6 of the new words, while those ____6____ (expose) to a variety of stories remembered only 2.6. They also noted the “repetition” group learned at a faster rate than those in the “variety” group. Dr. Horst said, “We are showing that less is more, to a point. And, obviously, the more times you read to a child and the more books you have will help him or her. But you ____7____ (not need) to go crazy and buy every single Thomas the Tank Engine book. ____8____ (read) the same books over and over again helps.” Speaking of the previous studies, we have found one in three parents don’t read to their children ____9____ putting them to bed. Yet 30 minutes of one-on-one reading periods can improve reading age ____10____ nearly two years in less than five months. 【答案】1. while##although##though 2. that 3. to check 4. were visited 5. which##that 6. exposed 7. don’t need 8. Reading 9. before 10. by 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍研究发现，反复读同一本绘本比读多样书籍更利于幼儿学习新词。 【1题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：但是尽管不断重复对爸爸妈妈来说可能很枯燥，研究表明，这是孩子学习新单词最好的方式。前后句意存在转折让步关系，本空引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”，用while/although/though。 【2题详解】 考查同位语从句。句意：该研究结果表明，父母花大价钱买一大堆藏书，希望这些书能激发孩子的兴趣，其实是在浪费钱。本空引导同位语从句，解释说明hope的内容，从句句意完整、不缺成分，用that引导该从句。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：萨塞克斯大学词汇实验室的杰西卡・霍斯特博士设计了一项实验，来测试三岁孩子识别和回忆六个新单词的速度。本空作目的状语，表示实验的目的，用不定式to check。 【4题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：这些孩子在一周内被探访了三次。主语the children和visit之间是被动关系，描述过去实验的情况，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，谓语用were visited。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：所有故事有着数量相同的生词，并且生词出现次数一样。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词new words，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用that或which。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：研究者一周后回访，反复听同一个故事的孩子平均学会3.6个新词，而接触不同故事的孩子只记住2.6个。those指代前文提到的听不同故事的孩子们，和expose之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 【7题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：但是你没必要疯狂买下每一本托马斯小火车的书。本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，主语为you，否定形式用don’t need。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：反复阅读相同的书籍是有帮助的。本空在句中作主语，表示泛指的动作，用动名词reading，句首单词首字母大写。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：说到之前的研究，我们发现三分之一的家长在哄孩子睡觉前不给孩子读书。本空表示“在……之前”，用介词before。 【10题详解】 考查介词。句意：然而，不到五个月里，三十分钟一对一阅读，可以让阅读年龄提升将近两岁。固定搭配“improve...by+幅度”，表示提升了多少。 Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need A. potentially B. results C. rewards D. sensitive E. survival F. transmit G. distinguish H. responding I. developed J. conscious K. rapidly Sense of smell is our most rapid warning system “The human avoidance response to unpleasant smells associated with danger has long been seen as a____11____ perceivable process, but our study shows for the first time that it’s unconscious and extremely rapid,” says the study’s first author Behzad Iravani, researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet. The organ relating to the sense of smell takes up about five per cent of the human brain and enables us to____12____between many million different smells. A large proportion of these smells are associated with a threat to our health and____13____, such as that of chemicals and rotten food. Smell signals reach the brain within 100 to 150 milliseconds after being breathed in through the nose. The survival of all living organisms depends on their ability to avoid danger and seek____14____. In humans, the smell sense seems particularly important for detecting and reacting to____15____harmful substance. It has long been a mystery just which sensory systems are involved in the change of an unpleasant smell into avoidance behavior in humans. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now____16____a method that for the first time has made it possible to measure signals from the human smell organ, which processes smells and in turn can____17____signals to parts of the brain that control movement and avoidance behavior. Their____18____ are based on three experiments in which participants were asked to rate their experience of six different smells, some positive, some negative, while the electrophysiological activity of the smell organ when____19____to each of the smells was measured. “It was clear that the organ reacts specifically and_____20_____to negative smells and sends a direct signal to the outer layer of the organ within about 300 ms,” says the study’s last author Johan Lundström. ” The signal causes the person to unconsciously lean back and away from the source of the smell.” 【答案】11. J 12. G 13. E 14. C 15. A 16. I 17. F 18. B 19. H 20. K 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍嗅觉是我们最快速的预警系统。 【11题详解】 考查形容词作定语。句意：长期以来，人类对与危险相关的难闻气味的回避反应一直被视为一种有意识的可感知的过程，但我们的研究首次表明，它是无意识的，而且非常迅速。此处用形容词conscious“有意识的”作定语，修饰名词process。故选J。 【12题详解】 考查不定式作宾语补足语。句意：这个与嗅觉有关的器官约占人脑的5%，它使我们能够区分数百万种不同的气味。固定搭配：enable sb. to do sth.“使某人能够做某事”，其中不定式作宾语补足语；动词distinguish的意思是“区别，认出”符合题意。故选G。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些气味中有很大一部分与对我们的健康和生存的威胁有关，比如化学物质和腐烂的食物。此处指对健康和“生存”构成威胁，所以名词survival“生存”符合题意。故选E。 【14题详解】 考查名词作宾语。句意：所有生物的生存取决于它们规避危险和寻求回报的能力。名词rewards的意思是“回报，酬谢”，在句中作动词seek的宾语，表示“寻求回报”。故选C。 【15题详解】 考查副词修饰形容词。句意：对人类来说，嗅觉对于探测潜在的有害物质并作出反应似乎特别重要。句中harmful是形容词，由副词potentially“潜在地”修饰，表示“潜在的有害物质”。故选A。 【16题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：卡罗林斯卡学院的研究人员现在开发了一种方法，首次使测量来自人类嗅觉器官的信号成为可能。人类嗅觉器官处理气味，然后将信号传递到大脑中控制运动和逃避行为的部分。该句是现在完成时，表示“已经开发了一种方法”，所以developed符合题意。故选I。 【17题详解】 考查及物动词。句意：卡罗林斯卡学院的研究人员现在开发了一种方法，首次使测量来自人类嗅觉器官的信号成为可能。人类嗅觉器官处理气味，然后将信号传递到大脑中控制运动和逃避行为的部分。情态动词can后面跟动词原形，此处表示“传递”信号，所以及物动词transmit“传递”符合题意。故选F。 【18题详解】 考查名词作主语。句意：他们的结果是基于三个实验得出的。在实验中，参与者被要求对他们对六种不同气味(一些是积极的，一些是消极的)的体验打分，同时测量了嗅觉器官对每种气味做出反应时的电生理活动。此处指他们的“结果”，所以名词results“结果”符合题意。故选B。 【19题详解】 考查现在分词作时间状语。句意：他们的结果是基于三个实验得出的。在实验中，参与者被要求对他们对六种不同气味(一些是积极的，一些是消极的)的体验打分，同时测量了嗅觉器官对每种气味做出反应时的电生理活动。固定短语：respond to“回应，响应”，此处是现在分词作时间状语。故选H。 【20题详解】 考查副词修饰动词。句意：很明显，这个器官对负面气味的反应特别迅速，并在大约300毫秒内向器官的外层发出直接信号。此处指反应特别迅速，所以副词rapidly“讯速地”符合题意。故选K。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We all know the dangers of a diet that’s high in fat. But a new study from researchers at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) in Japan has now found having a fat-heavy diet can also ___21___ hair loss. In the average healthy adult, the hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) (毛囊干细胞) ___22___ themselves regularly, which is why your hair grows back when you cut it and also why it becomes longer. As with most things in the human body, though, aging doesn’t do the HSFCs any ___23___. As you get older, the stem cells lose their ability to reproduce as ___24___ as they once did, leaving the hair to thin and/or fall out. In the study carried out by TMDU’s department of stem cell biology, mice that had been given a high-fat diet (HFD) were more subject to inflammatory (炎症的) responses in the body which, ___25___, blocked follicle regeneration, leading to hair loss. What was surprising was that the ___26___ in the hair follicles could happen in as little as four days spent on a high-fat diet and that the problem seemed to be worse in older mice. “High-fat diet feeding makes hair ___27___ faster by reducing HFSCs, especially in old mice,” explains Hironobu Morinaga, the study’s lead author. “We compared the gene expression in HFSCs between HFD-fed mice and standard diet-fed mice and ___28___ the fate of those HFSCs after their activation.” It’s not just the ___29___ content of your food that can damage your hair as what you consume can really affect how your hair grows and even whether men will keep it, as Dr Alia Ahmed, who specializes in the study of skin, explains. ___30___ shortages are often the root cause of many hair problems, adds Dr Ahmed. “Iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, etc. — there are so many nutrients involved in hair ___31___,” she says. “It’s not just genetics.” If you’ve got a sweet tooth, for example, you may need to think about ___32___ the sweet food. Not only is sugar bad for your hair, but it can cause your blood sugar levels to rise dramatically, which, in men, can raise the levels of the hormone androgen (雄性激素), leading to follicle ___33___ and potential hair loss. But don’t make the ___34___ of substituting sugar for artificial sweeteners. Take diet drinks that replace processed sugar with artificial sweeteners like aspartame, for instance. In their analysis of aspartame, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed hair thinning and hair loss as one of the main side effects of ___35___ of aspartame. 21. A. fit in with B. make up for C. cope with D. speed up 22. A. cure B. renew C. identify D. protect 23. A. harm B. favours C. justice D. corrections 24. A. efficiently B. constructively C. generously D. fundamentally 25. A. in turn B. by contrast C. for instance D. as usual 26. A. participating B. persevering C. worsening D. documenting 27. A. dying B. growing C. cleaning D. thinning 28. A. altered B. traced C. suspected D. stimulated 29. A. protein B. vitamin C. sugar D. fat 30. A. Sleep B. Water C. Nutritional D. Widespread 31. A. products B. samples C. disorders D. cells 32. A. putting down B. messing up C. figuring out D. turning over 33. A. recreation B. damage C. replacement D. disappearance 34. A. use B. prospect C. difference D. mistake 35. A. disrespect B. undervaluation C. overconsumption D. misunderstanding 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. C 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了高脂肪饮食会加速脱发，并解释了原因。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：但是日本东京医学和牙科大学（TMDU）研究人员的一项新研究发现，高脂肪饮食也会加速脱发。A. fit in with配合；B. make up for弥补；C. cope with应付；D. speed up加速。根据后文“High-fat diet feeding makes hair ___7___ faster by reducing HFSCs”可知，高脂肪饮食会减少毛囊干细胞，加速脱发。故选D项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在普通健康成年人中，毛囊干细胞（HFSCs）定期更新自己，这就是为什么你剪头发时头发又长了回来，也就是为什么头发变长了。A. cure治愈；B. renew更新；C. identify识别；D. protect保护。根据后文“which is why your hair grows back when you cut it and also why it becomes longer”可知，普通的健康成年人的头发剪掉了会再长，即毛囊干细胞会定期更新。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，与人体内的大多数事物一样，衰老对HSFC没有任何帮助。A. harm伤害；B. favours支持，特别照顾；C. justice正义；D. corrections纠正。根据后文“As you get older, the stem cells lose their ability to reproduce as ___4___ as they once did, leaving the hair to thin and/or fall out.”可知，衰老对于干细胞没有帮助，do sb. favours表示“帮助某人”。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：随着年龄的增长，干细胞失去了像以前一样高效繁殖的能力，导致头发变薄和（或者）脱落。A. efficiently有效地；B. constructively建设性地；C. generously慷慨地；D. fundamentally根本地。根据后文“leaving the hair to thin and/or fall out.”可知，随着年龄的增长，头发变薄和（或者）脱落，毛囊干细胞失去了曾经有效繁殖的能力。故选A项。 【25题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：在TMDU干细胞生物学系进行的研究中，被给予高脂肪饮食（HFD）的小鼠更容易产生身体炎症，继而阻碍毛囊再生，导致脱发。A. in turn继而；B. by contrast相比之下；C. for instance例如；D. as usual像往常一样。根据上文“mice that had been given a high-fat diet (HFD) were more subject to inflammatory (炎症的) responses in the body”可知，被给予高脂肪饮食的小鼠会产生炎症，继而阻碍毛囊再生，导致脱发。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：令人惊讶的是，在高脂肪饮食的短短四天内，毛囊的恶化可能会发生，而老年老鼠的问题似乎更严重。A. participating参与；B. persevering坚持；C. worsening恶化；D. documenting记录。根据上文“mice that had been given a high-fat diet (HFD) were more subject to inflammatory (炎症的) responses in the body which, ___5___, blocked follicle regeneration, leading to hair loss.”可知，小鼠产生炎症，继而阻碍毛囊再生，导致脱发，此处表示这种恶化可能会在短短的四天内发生。故选C项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：该研究的主要作者Hironobu Morinaga解释说：“高脂肪饮食喂养通过减少毛囊干细胞，尤其是在老年鼠中，使头发变薄的速度加快。”。A. dying死亡；B. growing成长；C. cleaning清洁；D. thinning使稀薄。根据上文“blocked follicle regeneration, leading to hair loss”可知，高脂肪饮食会使小鼠的毛发变少，更快变得稀薄。故选D项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们比较了HFD喂养的小鼠和标准饮食喂养的小鼠之间毛囊干细胞的基因表达，并追踪了这些毛囊干细胞被激活后的命运。A. altered改变；B. traced追踪；C. suspected怀疑；D. stimulated刺激。根据语境，此处表示的是研究人员们对于不同喂养方式下老鼠的毛囊干细胞基因进行比较，并且追踪。故选B项。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：正如专门研究皮肤的Alia Ahmed博士所解释的，不仅仅是食物中的脂肪含量会损害你的头发，因为你吃的东西会真正影响你头发的生长，甚至影响男人是否会保有头发A. protein蛋白质；B. vitamin维生素；C. sugar糖；D. fat脂肪。根据上文“having a fat-heavy diet can also ___1___ hair loss”可知，高脂肪饮食会导致头发减少，此处表示除了食物中脂肪含量会损害头发之外，还有其他因素也会有影响。故选D项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Ahmed博士补充说，营养短缺往往是许多头发问题的根本原因。A. Sleep睡眠；B. Water水；C. Nutritional营养的；D. Widespread广泛分布的。根据后文“Iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, etc. — there are so many nutrients involved in hair ___11___”可知，营养短缺会导致头发疾病，所以营养短缺往往是许多头发问题的根本原因。故选C项。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：她说：“铁、维生素A、维生素D、维生素E等——头发疾病涉及到太多营养素。”A. products产品；B. samples样品；C. disorders疾病；D. cells细胞。根据上文“___10___ shortages are often the root cause of many hair problems”可知，营养短缺是许多头发问题的根本原因，即头发疾病涉及到太多营养素。故选C项。 【32题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，如果你喜欢吃甜食，你可能需要考虑放下那些甜食。A. putting down放下；B. messing up搞乱；C. figuring out弄清楚；D. turning over翻身。根据后文“Not only is sugar bad for your hair, but it can cause your blood sugar levels to rise dramatically”可知，甜食对你的头发和血糖有坏处，所以你可能需要考虑放下甜食。故选A项。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：糖不仅对你的头发有害，而且会导致血糖水平升高，而男性的血糖升高会导致雄激素水平升高，导致毛囊损伤和潜在的脱发。A. recreation娱乐；B. damage损坏；C. replacement更换；D. disappearance失踪。根据上文“mice that had been given a high-fat diet (HFD) were more subject to inflammatory (炎症的) responses in the body which, ___5___, blocked follicle regeneration, leading to hair loss”可知，高脂肪饮食的小鼠会产生炎症，阻止毛囊再生，推测，男性多吃糖会导致血糖升高，雄激素水平升高，导致毛囊损伤。故选B项。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但用人工甜味剂代替糖是错误的，不要这么做。A. use使用；B. prospect前景；C. difference差异；D. mistake错误。根据后文“the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed hair thinning and hair loss as one of the main side effects of ___15___ of aspartame.”可知，人工甜味剂过量摄入会导致副作用，用人工甜味剂代替糖是错误的。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）在对阿斯巴甜的分析中，将头发稀疏和脱发列入阿斯巴甜摄入过量的主要副作用之一。A. disrespect不尊重；B. undervaluation低估；C. overconsumption过度消费；D. misunderstanding误解。根据上文“But don’t make the ___14___ of substituting sugar for artificial sweeteners.”可推测，人工甜味剂摄入过量会导致副作用，推测此处表示过量摄入。故选C项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The Bee Line project at the National Botanic Garden relies on volunteers to record the first flowering dates of common wild plants, and the data they collect feeds into a long-term study of how climate change is shifting the seasons. The scheme began in 1998 with eleven recorders and a paper notebook. It now has more than 900 active volunteers, and its records go back further than those of any comparable research station in the country. What makes the Bee Line different from a conventional survey is that volunteers choose their own patch. Each is asked to select a walk they already take — a garden, a street, a stretch of towpath — and to record the same plants there, in the same way, week after week. Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them. The scheme is designed to suit people who are not botanists. Recorders are asked to identify only twelve species, all of them common and unmistakable, and each receives a laminated guide with photographs and a short test to confirm they can tell a dandelion from a hawkweed. Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.” If you enjoy… •walking the same route regularly and noticing small changes in it. •recording observations precisely rather than working quickly. If you have… •about twenty minutes a week between March and October. •a smartphone or a computer for entering your records within a day or two. If you can… •attend one half-day induction session and one refresher morning a year. •commit for at least two full seasons. To apply Complete the online form, giving the location you intend to record. Applications are considered in February, and the next induction session will be held on 9 March. Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered. 36. What is the most important quality in a Bee Line recorder? A. Wide knowledge of wild plants. B. Consistent observation of the same site. C. Willingness to travel across the county. D. Ability to identify a large number of species. 37. What does Dr Karim suggest about the training provided? A. It is too short to be useful. B. It aims to turn volunteers into botanists. C. It assumes a skill that most people already possess. D. It is more demanding than a botany course. 38. Why might an application be refused? A. The applicant lives outside the county. B. The applicant cannot attend the March session. C. The applicant has recorded the same route for years. D. The route chosen is one the project already covers. 39. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. Report the findings of a long-term study. B. Explain how flowering dates are recorded. C. Recruit volunteers for a recording scheme. D. Compare two methods of botanical surveying. 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了国家植物园Bee Line项目招募志愿者记录植物开花时间以研究气候变化，说明了项目特点、报名条件及申请方式。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第二段中“Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them.(规律性比覆盖范围更重要。一个每周日都去同一片二十米区域、坚持三年的记录者，产生的数据远比一个心血来潮时在全县游荡的记录者有价值得多)”可知，Bee Line记录者最重要的品质是对同一地点的持续观察。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第三段中“Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.”(除此之外，培训是故意限制的。该项目的协调员艾莎·卡里姆博士说：“我们没有开设植物学课程。”。“我们要求仔细观察。这是一种不同的技能，大多数人已经具备了。”)”可知，Karim博士认为培训假设了大多数志愿者已具备仔细观察的技能。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。​根据最后一段中“Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered.(名额每年限制为60人，且优先考虑所选路线尚未被覆盖的申请者)”可知，如果申请者选择的路线已被项目覆盖，申请可能会被拒绝。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。文章主要介绍了国家植物园Bee Line项目招募志愿者记录植物开花时间以研究气候变化，说明了项目特点、报名条件及申请方式。可知，文章主要目的是为Bee Line记录项目招募志愿者。 (B) (C) Draw a line across a page, and write on it what you had for dinner yesterday and what you plan to eat tomorrow. If you come from pretty much any European country, you no doubt wrote last night’s meal to the left of tomorrow night’s because we construct mental timelines to represent and reason about time, and most people in the West think of the past as on the left, and the future as on the right. Arnaud Saj at the University of Geneva and his colleagues wondered whether the ability to create a mental timeline is a necessary part of reasoning about events in time. They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space. They may eat from only the right side of a plate or shave just the right side of their face. The team also found seven volunteers who had damage to the right side of their brain but didn’t have hemispatial neglect, and seven people with undamaged brains. All the volunteers took part in memory tests. First, they learned about a fictional man called David. They were shown pictures of what David liked to eat 10 years ago, and what he might like to eat in 10 years’ time. Participants were then shown drawings of 10 of David’s favourite foods, plus four food items they hadn’t seen before. Participants had to say whether it was a food that David liked in the past or might like in the future. The tests were repeated with items in David’s apartment. People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future. It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side. Together these results suggest that the ability to represent space in the mind’s eye is vital to our ability to remember and reason about events that occur along that timeline. “It gives us an understanding of the representation of time in humans,” says Saj. His team will now investigate how people with spatial neglect represent their own understanding of space and time. “They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them,” he says. Saj’s team will test whether these people experience a compression of “personal time”. 40. People with left hemisphere neglect are most likely to ________. A. use their left hands more often than right hands B. start reading from the right side of the page C. ignore numbers on the left side of a clock D. shave just the left side of the face 41. What does Arnaud Saj imply about people with right hemisphere neglect? A. Their understanding of time is different from others. B. They are likely to assign the future events to the past. C. They have little trouble reasoning about events in time. D. Their ability to represent space has been greatly affected. 42. The word “compression” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to ________. A. saving B. dividing C. forgetting D. shortening 43. What can be concluded from the passage? A. Past may well be very vague if your right side of the brain is faulty. B. Right hemisphere neglect is a rare condition among people from the West. C. The brain areas that help understand space and time are close to each other. D. The ability to remember time has something to do with where you are from. 【答案】40. C 41. C 42. D 43. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍日内瓦大学Arnaud Saj团队的神经科学研究，证明人类对时间的理解与大脑的空间表征能力深度绑定。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space.(他们找到了七名患有左脑忽视症的欧洲人，这意味着他们的大脑右半球受损，导致他们难以察觉、识别并与空间左侧物体进行互动。)”可知，患有左侧空间忽视症的人最有可能忽略时钟左侧的数字。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side.(萨吉表示：“探究右侧空间忽视症患者是否在处理未来事件方面存在障碍会很有意思”，但这类症状较为罕见，因为负责空间表征的大脑区域主要位于大脑右侧。”)”可知，右空间忽视病例极少，目前没有证据表明他们处理时间事件有困难。 【42题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them(他们在医院里比其他人更不容易感到无聊，因为对他们来说时间似乎过得更快)”可知，这类病人感觉时间过得更快，所以他的团队要测试他们是否存在个人时间的缩短，compression的意思是“缩短”，和shortening意思相近。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future.(患有半侧空间忽视症的受试者记住的条目数量，和另外两组志愿者一样多。但在这些记忆内容当中，来自戴维 “过去” 的条目远少于来自他“未来”的条目。当条目内容属于过去时，他们也更容易出错。换句话说，半侧空间忽视症患者很难构想时间线的左侧，因此会把过去的事件归到未来里。)”结合这类患者是大脑右侧受损的描述。可知，右脑受损时，人们对过去的感知和记忆会变得非常模糊。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Off the rails Along with 3m other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute (通勤) into London daily. It was once an easy journey of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only,” he complains. With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. ____44____ Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. In January 2017, rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. ____45____ Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. Very likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets — which save money for daily commuters — fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continue to rise. The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected. ____46____ Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. ____47____ As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time. A. Until now, passengers have put up with it. B. Londoners may not be willing to wait. C. The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. D. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. E. If the government ends up forking out more for the everyday running of the railways, its investment plans may be suspended. F. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. 【答案】44. D 45. A 46. F 47. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍英国东南铁路票价涨幅远超薪资、服务故障频发，越来越多通勤者不再每日乘火车赴伦敦办公，出行与工作模式发生转变。 【44题详解】 前文“With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days.(南方铁路每天取消多达350班列车，去年秋天的某段三周时间里，他只有两天能顺利赶到办公室)”讲述Eamonn因铁路服务差几乎没法正常到岗，后文“Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service.(许多其他伦敦人也正因铁路服务差劲且昂贵而改变着自己的工作方式)”引出很多伦敦人因铁路问题改变工作方式，D项“最终他搬到利物浦来逃离糟糕的通勤”承接Eamonn的个人经历，同时和文末提到的利物浦通勤情况呼应，逻辑连贯。 【45题详解】 前文“Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries.(过去十年间，票价上涨速度是工资增长速度的两倍)”提到近十年铁路票价涨幅是薪资的两倍，后文“Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms.(自20世纪90年代中期行业私有化以来，东南地区的铁路出行人数增长了130%，但票价实际上涨了45%)”又说90年代中期铁路私有化后东南段出行量仍大幅上涨，A项“直到现在，乘客都一直在忍受这种情况”承上说明乘客此前对高价差服务的容忍，启下解释出行量此前仍增长的原因。 【46题详解】 前文“The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected.(这一趋势在东南部最为明显，该地区的票价最高，服务也受到严重影响)”提到通勤季票使用量下降，后文“Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this.(雇主们面临高昂的租金，因此很乐意鼓励这一做法)”提到雇主也鼓励这种变化，F项“随着兼职岗位增多和支持居家办公的技术发展，每天去办公室的模式不再流行”解释了通勤模式转变的原因，衔接上下文。 【47题详解】 前文“Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe.(约瑟夫先生建议，通过为兼职通勤者提供季票等更简单的票价结构，可以吸引更多人重新乘坐火车，因为欧洲其他地区已有类似举措)”提到专家建议推出适配兼职通勤者的季票方案，后文“As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time.(正如埃蒙恩所指出的，在利物浦，每周上班只需15英镑——即使在罢工日，火车也准时送他去上班)”用利物浦的通勤情况做正面参照，C项“政府正考虑未来更严格地限制票价涨幅”衔接前文的票价问题优化建议，符合语境逻辑。 III. Summary Writing 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Greentech John Doerr is known as a “money man” in Silicon Valley, where he invested in big companies like Amazon and Google. But Doerr is also passionate about saving the planet. He and his business colleagues have spent a lot of time studying “green technology.” He has learned that when businesses and individuals make even small changes in the way they use energy, it can have a big impact on the planet. Doerr believes that businesses, individuals, and governments all need to be involved to solve environmental problems, and that it will require innovations. One of the biggest changes everyone can make, Doerr says, is to switch the light bulbs in their houses to energy-efficient bulbs. These light bulbs use three to five times less energy than regular light bulbs, which reduces CO2 emissions, and they last much longer — some can last up to eight years! They are more expensive than regular bulbs, but the energy they save over time makes up for the difference in price. Doerr recommends using more renewable biofuels in our cars and trucks. Very few vehicles in the world run on these special fuels right now. However, some countries are making it easier for drivers to use them. In Brazil, for example, about 40% of vehicles use biofuels, which keeps millions of tons of CO2 out of the air. And researchers are working to develop better biofuels all the time, which will save more energy, keep the air cleaner, and make the planet healthier. Companies can make changes that impact the environment, too. A large chain of stores painted the roofs of about 25% of their buildings white and installed skylights. As a result, they saved money on lighting and air-conditioning, and reduced the CO2 emissions associated with those energy uses. “In order to make decisions that will affect the future in positive ways, we need to know as consumers how much our choices cost, ”Doerr says. “Those costs can be financial, like the price of a light bulb or a liter of fuel, or they can be environmental.” _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】John Doerr is a businessman and an environmental activist, who, together with his colleagues, calls on businesses, individuals and governments to play their roles in environmental protection. First, people can replace traditional bulbs with efficient bulbs. Second, renewable biofuels are a better choice for cars and trucks. Lastly, companies can do something to save energy use and reduce CO₂ emissions. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍商人兼环保倡导者John Doerr和同事呼吁企业、个人、政府共同参与环保，并列举了个人使用节能灯泡、车辆使用生物燃料、企业节能减碳这几项环保措施。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Greentech John Doerr is known as a “money man” in Silicon Valley, where he invested in big companies like Amazon and Google. But Doerr is also passionate about saving the planet. He and his business colleagues have spent a lot of time studying “green technology.” ②Doerr believes that businesses, individuals, and governments all need to be involved to solve environmental problems, and that it will require innovations. ③One of the biggest changes everyone can make, Doerr says, is to switch the light bulbs in their houses to energy-efficient bulbs. ④Doerr recommends using more renewable biofuels in our cars and trucks. ⑤Companies can make changes that impact the environment, too. A large chain of stores painted the roofs of about 25% of their buildings white and installed skylights. As a result, they saved money on lighting and air-conditioning, and reduced the CO2 emissions associated with those energy uses. 2. 缜密构思 将①②整合，介绍人物身份以及他和同事的环保倡议；③提炼第一条个人举措；④提炼第二条交通方面的方案；⑤概括企业可行的环保行动。 3. 遣词造句 John Doerr is a businessman and an environmental activist, who, together with his colleagues, calls on businesses, individuals and governments to play their roles in environmental protection. First, people can replace traditional bulbs with efficient bulbs. Second, renewable biofuels are a better choice for cars and trucks. Lastly, companies can do something to save energy use and reduce CO₂ emissions. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】John Doerr is a businessman and an environmental activist, who, together with his colleagues, calls on businesses, individuals and governments to play their roles in environmental protection. (运用who引导非限制性定语从句) 【高分句型 2】Lastly, companies can do something to save energy use and reduce CO₂ emissions. (运用不定式短语to save energy use and reduce CO₂ emissions作目的状语) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 49. 他脾气不太好，我可不敢得罪他。（afford）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】He has a bad temper, so I can’t afford to offend him. 【解析】 【详解】“脾气不太好”翻译为固定短语have a bad temper，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语he是单数，助动词用has，“不敢”翻译为固定短语can’t afford to do sth.，“得罪他”翻译为offend him，用so连接两个并列句子，前后句子是因果关系。 50. 这位工程师只要听一下就能判断发动机出了什么问题。（diagnose）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The engineer can diagnose an engine problem just by listening. 【解析】 【详解】“这位工程师”翻译为the engineer，“能判断”翻译为can diagnose，“发动机出了什么问题”用名词性短语an engine problem作宾语，“只要听一下”翻译为just by listening。 51. 如果你的书架是开放的，不妨花几天把书架上的书重新摆放一下。(better)（汉译英） 【答案】If your bookshelves are open, you’d better spend a few days rearranging the books on them. 【解析】 【详解】“如果”用if引导条件状语从句，“你的书架是开放的”用一般现在时，翻译为your bookshelves are open，“不妨”翻译为you’d better do sth.，“花几天做某事”翻译为spend a few days doing sth.，“重新摆放一下”用动名词作宾语，翻译为rearranging the books on them。 52. 当你把这些花放进花瓶的时候，你会很失望地发现它们有点乏味，但是随着时间的推移，它们一定会给你带来惊喜。（sure） （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】When you put the flowers into the vase, you may be disappointed to find that they are boring, but they are sure to give you a surprise as time goes on. 【解析】 【详解】“当……的时候”用when，引导时间状语从句，“你把这些花放进花瓶”用一般现在时，翻译为you put the flowers into the vase。主句中：“你会”翻译为you may，“很失望地做某事”翻译为be disappointed to do sth.，“发现它们有点乏味”翻译为find that they are boring，that引导的是宾语从句，“但是”翻译为but，“随着时间的推移”翻译为as time goes on，“它们一定会给你带来惊喜”翻译为they are sure to give you a surprise。 V. Guided Writing 53. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括： (1)你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”； (2)你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Lately, the concept of “time capsule” has been a hot topic, arousing a heated discussion about what to put in it. Personally, what I most want to put in it is my old photographs. Initially, with the booming modern technology, electronic photos have gradually replaced paper ones and the old photo-taken mode is becoming less and less common. Even so, paper photos surpass electronic ones in quality and value in my heart. When I touch them, it is as if recalling the scenes at those moments, which makes memories clearer and deeper. This is one of the reasons why I want to save the old photos. Moreover, some of my old photos have disappeared, including my kindergarten and primary school graduation photos. Although these precious memories are still in my mind, with the passage of time I will gradually forget the names and appearances of my classmates. It is a shame that these old photos, the only tool I can use to recall memories, have been lost. Therefore I sincerely hope to print the photos I take now and put them in the time capsule so that years later I can still look back and recall my youth. Last but not least, some old photos record people and things that will never come back. I’m always keeping a photo of my grandfather and me. Now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, however, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. If I put it in the time capsule, wait until my children grow up, then my children’s children grow up, I can tell them who he was, where it was. It is not only the bond of affection, but a kind of communication across time, which is the meaning of the time capsule. The time capsule can be the memory of the past, the reflection of the present, and the expectation of the future. We can save many memories with the help of modern technology, but what is more important is cherishing the present life and the precious time with the people around. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生以“Time Capsule”为主题写一篇文章。 【详解】1.词汇积累 首先：first of all→initially 想要做某事：would like to do sth→want to do sth 回顾：review→look back 珍惜，重视：cherish→value 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, however, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. 拓展句：Since now grandpa is not alive and the old house was torn down, this photo retains my last memory about grandpa and the old house. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Personally, what I most want to put in it is my old photographs. (运用了what引导主语从句) [高分句型2] When I touch them, it is as if recalling the scenes at those moments, which makes memories clearer and deeper. (运用了which引导非限制性定语从句和when引导时间状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Reading the Story. It’s the customary bedtime practice every parent would feel fearful — being asked to read the same book for many many times. But ____1____ the constant repetition might be boring for mum or dad, it is the best way for children to learn new words, according to research. The findings suggest parents are wasting money by spending a fortune on huge book collections in the hope ____2____ they will inspire their little ones. Instead, a small selection of favourites such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar will achieve far more. Dr. Jessica Horst of the University of Sussex’s WORD Lab devised an experiment ____3____ (check) how quickly three-year-olds could recognize and recall six new words. The children ____4____ (visit) three times in a week. One group heard the same story three times back-to-back each time and another was read three different stories. All had the same number of new words ____5____ appeared the same amount of times. When researchers returned a week later, they found the children who heard the same story over and over had typically learned 3.6 of the new words, while those ____6____ (expose) to a variety of stories remembered only 2.6. They also noted the “repetition” group learned at a faster rate than those in the “variety” group. Dr. Horst said, “We are showing that less is more, to a point. And, obviously, the more times you read to a child and the more books you have will help him or her. But you ____7____ (not need) to go crazy and buy every single Thomas the Tank Engine book. ____8____ (read) the same books over and over again helps.” Speaking of the previous studies, we have found one in three parents don’t read to their children ____9____ putting them to bed. Yet 30 minutes of one-on-one reading periods can improve reading age ____10____ nearly two years in less than five months. Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need A. potentially B. results C. rewards D. sensitive E. survival F. transmit G. distinguish H. responding I. developed J. conscious K. rapidly Sense of smell is our most rapid warning system “The human avoidance response to unpleasant smells associated with danger has long been seen as a____11____ perceivable process, but our study shows for the first time that it’s unconscious and extremely rapid,” says the study’s first author Behzad Iravani, researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet. The organ relating to the sense of smell takes up about five per cent of the human brain and enables us to____12____between many million different smells. A large proportion of these smells are associated with a threat to our health and____13____, such as that of chemicals and rotten food. Smell signals reach the brain within 100 to 150 milliseconds after being breathed in through the nose. The survival of all living organisms depends on their ability to avoid danger and seek____14____. In humans, the smell sense seems particularly important for detecting and reacting to____15____harmful substance. It has long been a mystery just which sensory systems are involved in the change of an unpleasant smell into avoidance behavior in humans. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now____16____a method that for the first time has made it possible to measure signals from the human smell organ, which processes smells and in turn can____17____signals to parts of the brain that control movement and avoidance behavior. Their____18____ are based on three experiments in which participants were asked to rate their experience of six different smells, some positive, some negative, while the electrophysiological activity of the smell organ when____19____to each of the smells was measured. “It was clear that the organ reacts specifically and_____20_____to negative smells and sends a direct signal to the outer layer of the organ within about 300 ms,” says the study’s last author Johan Lundström. ” The signal causes the person to unconsciously lean back and away from the source of the smell.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We all know the dangers of a diet that’s high in fat. But a new study from researchers at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) in Japan has now found having a fat-heavy diet can also ___21___ hair loss. In the average healthy adult, the hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) (毛囊干细胞) ___22___ themselves regularly, which is why your hair grows back when you cut it and also why it becomes longer. As with most things in the human body, though, aging doesn’t do the HSFCs any ___23___. As you get older, the stem cells lose their ability to reproduce as ___24___ as they once did, leaving the hair to thin and/or fall out. In the study carried out by TMDU’s department of stem cell biology, mice that had been given a high-fat diet (HFD) were more subject to inflammatory (炎症的) responses in the body which, ___25___, blocked follicle regeneration, leading to hair loss. What was surprising was that the ___26___ in the hair follicles could happen in as little as four days spent on a high-fat diet and that the problem seemed to be worse in older mice. “High-fat diet feeding makes hair ___27___ faster by reducing HFSCs, especially in old mice,” explains Hironobu Morinaga, the study’s lead author. “We compared the gene expression in HFSCs between HFD-fed mice and standard diet-fed mice and ___28___ the fate of those HFSCs after their activation.” It’s not just the ___29___ content of your food that can damage your hair as what you consume can really affect how your hair grows and even whether men will keep it, as Dr Alia Ahmed, who specializes in the study of skin, explains. ___30___ shortages are often the root cause of many hair problems, adds Dr Ahmed. “Iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, etc. — there are so many nutrients involved in hair ___31___,” she says. “It’s not just genetics.” If you’ve got a sweet tooth, for example, you may need to think about ___32___ the sweet food. Not only is sugar bad for your hair, but it can cause your blood sugar levels to rise dramatically, which, in men, can raise the levels of the hormone androgen (雄性激素), leading to follicle ___33___ and potential hair loss. But don’t make the ___34___ of substituting sugar for artificial sweeteners. Take diet drinks that replace processed sugar with artificial sweeteners like aspartame, for instance. In their analysis of aspartame, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed hair thinning and hair loss as one of the main side effects of ___35___ of aspartame. 21. A. fit in with B. make up for C. cope with D. speed up 22. A. cure B. renew C. identify D. protect 23. A. harm B. favours C. justice D. corrections 24. A. efficiently B. constructively C. generously D. fundamentally 25. A. in turn B. by contrast C. for instance D. as usual 26. A. participating B. persevering C. worsening D. documenting 27. A. dying B. growing C. cleaning D. thinning 28. A. altered B. traced C. suspected D. stimulated 29. A. protein B. vitamin C. sugar D. fat 30. A. Sleep B. Water C. Nutritional D. Widespread 31. A. products B. samples C. disorders D. cells 32. A. putting down B. messing up C. figuring out D. turning over 33. A. recreation B. damage C. replacement D. disappearance 34. A. use B. prospect C. difference D. mistake 35. A. disrespect B. undervaluation C. overconsumption D. misunderstanding Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The Bee Line project at the National Botanic Garden relies on volunteers to record the first flowering dates of common wild plants, and the data they collect feeds into a long-term study of how climate change is shifting the seasons. The scheme began in 1998 with eleven recorders and a paper notebook. It now has more than 900 active volunteers, and its records go back further than those of any comparable research station in the country. What makes the Bee Line different from a conventional survey is that volunteers choose their own patch. Each is asked to select a walk they already take — a garden, a street, a stretch of towpath — and to record the same plants there, in the same way, week after week. Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them. The scheme is designed to suit people who are not botanists. Recorders are asked to identify only twelve species, all of them common and unmistakable, and each receives a laminated guide with photographs and a short test to confirm they can tell a dandelion from a hawkweed. Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.” If you enjoy… •walking the same route regularly and noticing small changes in it. •recording observations precisely rather than working quickly. If you have… •about twenty minutes a week between March and October. •a smartphone or a computer for entering your records within a day or two. If you can… •attend one half-day induction session and one refresher morning a year. •commit for at least two full seasons. To apply Complete the online form, giving the location you intend to record. Applications are considered in February, and the next induction session will be held on 9 March. Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered. 36. What is the most important quality in a Bee Line recorder? A. Wide knowledge of wild plants. B. Consistent observation of the same site. C. Willingness to travel across the county. D. Ability to identify a large number of species. 37. What does Dr Karim suggest about the training provided? A. It is too short to be useful. B. It aims to turn volunteers into botanists. C. It assumes a skill that most people already possess. D. It is more demanding than a botany course. 38. Why might an application be refused? A. The applicant lives outside the county. B. The applicant cannot attend the March session. C. The applicant has recorded the same route for years. D. The route chosen is one the project already covers. 39. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. Report the findings of a long-term study. B. Explain how flowering dates are recorded. C. Recruit volunteers for a recording scheme. D. Compare two methods of botanical surveying. (B) (C) Draw a line across a page, and write on it what you had for dinner yesterday and what you plan to eat tomorrow. If you come from pretty much any European country, you no doubt wrote last night’s meal to the left of tomorrow night’s because we construct mental timelines to represent and reason about time, and most people in the West think of the past as on the left, and the future as on the right. Arnaud Saj at the University of Geneva and his colleagues wondered whether the ability to create a mental timeline is a necessary part of reasoning about events in time. They found seven Europeans with left hemisphere neglect, which means they have damage to parts of the right side of their brain, limiting their ability to detect, identify and interact with objects in the left-hand side of space. They may eat from only the right side of a plate or shave just the right side of their face. The team also found seven volunteers who had damage to the right side of their brain but didn’t have hemispatial neglect, and seven people with undamaged brains. All the volunteers took part in memory tests. First, they learned about a fictional man called David. They were shown pictures of what David liked to eat 10 years ago, and what he might like to eat in 10 years’ time. Participants were then shown drawings of 10 of David’s favourite foods, plus four food items they hadn’t seen before. Participants had to say whether it was a food that David liked in the past or might like in the future. The tests were repeated with items in David’s apartment. People with hemispatial neglect could remember just as many items as the other two groups of volunteers. However, of these items, significantly fewer were from David’s past than his future. They were also more likely to make mistakes about items when they were from the past. In other words, people with hemispatial neglect have trouble imagining the left side of their timeline, and consequently assign past events to the future. It would be interesting to see whether people with neglect of the right space have trouble with events that are supposed to happen in the future, says Saj, but these kinds of symptoms are rare since the brain areas that represent space are predominantly in the right side. Together these results suggest that the ability to represent space in the mind’s eye is vital to our ability to remember and reason about events that occur along that timeline. “It gives us an understanding of the representation of time in humans,” says Saj. His team will now investigate how people with spatial neglect represent their own understanding of space and time. “They get bored less than others in hospital because the time seems to pass more quickly to them,” he says. Saj’s team will test whether these people experience a compression of “personal time”. 40. People with left hemisphere neglect are most likely to ________. A. use their left hands more often than right hands B. start reading from the right side of the page C. ignore numbers on the left side of a clock D. shave just the left side of the face 41. What does Arnaud Saj imply about people with right hemisphere neglect? A. Their understanding of time is different from others. B. They are likely to assign the future events to the past. C. They have little trouble reasoning about events in time. D. Their ability to represent space has been greatly affected. 42. The word “compression” (in the last paragraph) is closest in meaning to ________. A. saving B. dividing C. forgetting D. shortening 43. What can be concluded from the passage? A. Past may well be very vague if your right side of the brain is faulty. B. Right hemisphere neglect is a rare condition among people from the West. C. The brain areas that help understand space and time are close to each other. D. The ability to remember time has something to do with where you are from. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Off the rails Along with 3m other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute (通勤) into London daily. It was once an easy journey of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only,” he complains. With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. ____44____ Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. In January 2017, rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. ____45____ Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. Very likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets — which save money for daily commuters — fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continue to rise. The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected. ____46____ Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. ____47____ As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time. A. Until now, passengers have put up with it. B. Londoners may not be willing to wait. C. The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. D. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. E. If the government ends up forking out more for the everyday running of the railways, its investment plans may be suspended. F. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. III. Summary Writing 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Greentech John Doerr is known as a “money man” in Silicon Valley, where he invested in big companies like Amazon and Google. But Doerr is also passionate about saving the planet. He and his business colleagues have spent a lot of time studying “green technology.” He has learned that when businesses and individuals make even small changes in the way they use energy, it can have a big impact on the planet. Doerr believes that businesses, individuals, and governments all need to be involved to solve environmental problems, and that it will require innovations. One of the biggest changes everyone can make, Doerr says, is to switch the light bulbs in their houses to energy-efficient bulbs. These light bulbs use three to five times less energy than regular light bulbs, which reduces CO2 emissions, and they last much longer — some can last up to eight years! They are more expensive than regular bulbs, but the energy they save over time makes up for the difference in price. Doerr recommends using more renewable biofuels in our cars and trucks. Very few vehicles in the world run on these special fuels right now. However, some countries are making it easier for drivers to use them. In Brazil, for example, about 40% of vehicles use biofuels, which keeps millions of tons of CO2 out of the air. And researchers are working to develop better biofuels all the time, which will save more energy, keep the air cleaner, and make the planet healthier. Companies can make changes that impact the environment, too. A large chain of stores painted the roofs of about 25% of their buildings white and installed skylights. As a result, they saved money on lighting and air-conditioning, and reduced the CO2 emissions associated with those energy uses. “In order to make decisions that will affect the future in positive ways, we need to know as consumers how much our choices cost, ”Doerr says. “Those costs can be financial, like the price of a light bulb or a liter of fuel, or they can be environmental.” _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 49. 他脾气不太好，我可不敢得罪他。（afford）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 50. 这位工程师只要听一下就能判断发动机出了什么问题。（diagnose）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 51. 如果你的书架是开放的，不妨花几天把书架上的书重新摆放一下。(better)（汉译英） 52. 当你把这些花放进花瓶的时候，你会很失望地发现它们有点乏味，但是随着时间的推移，它们一定会给你带来惊喜。（sure） （汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 53. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括： (1)你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”； (2)你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $