精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A day in the life of a teen detective Isla, aged 19, is a private detective, although one day she would like to be a world-famous actress. For now, going undercover gives her good practice at playing different roles. Private detectives are hard-working and each day is full of surprises. Isla never knows exactly what her day’s work ____1____ (involve). Sometimes she works a 16-hour day and might not finish until after midnight, or she may find that an investigation is easy ____2____ (complete) and she can go home early. It all depends on the day, but Isla likes the job’s unpredictable nature. You normally wouldn’t suspect that a schoolgirl or a Goth was observing you, but Isla can easily dress up as these characters. She’s at an age where, with the right clothes, she can look much older or younger. That’s why she is given jobs that ____3____ else at the detective agency could do. She sometimes has to check ____4____ a shop or bar is selling products to people who are underage. In other jobs, she knocks on the door of the person she’s investigating and asks them some questions for an imaginary school survey. It doesn’t get much ____5____ (easy) than that! A ____6____ (hide) camera and a voice recorder are part of Isla’s equipment. Many cases involve following people who are cheating employers by saying they are too ill to work, when in fact they are fine. One man who Isla investigated wasn’t going to work ____7____ backache. However, she found out he was playing golf every day! Photos and videos of him ____8____ (do) these activities meant his employer could give him the sack. In the past, it ____9____ (see) as a job for older men in dark raincoats and sunglasses. The image of the private detective might have changed, but in a world ____10____ crime is the same as ever, there are now job opportunities in this field for people of all ages. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. approached B. characters C. corners D. costly E. defense F. dying G. explanation H. magnified I. potential J. storing K. tasteful Temples of print Letterpress printing (活版印刷) hung on longer in poorer countries than in Britain, but now its near extinction is global. Thousands of tonnes of metal type must have been melted down. But some has been bought up by collectors like Ahmad Matar, a Saudi Arabian artist. His biggest collection was from an Armenian library in Cairo, but he says that Beirut may have the greatest ____11____ for it was the centre of the Arabic printing industry. “There is an Arabic saying,” he says from his studio in Jeddah. “Cairo writes. Beirut prints. Baghdad reads.” The most enthusiastic conservators (文物保护者) are former printers. The employees of ____12____ industries often feel a powerful feeling for the machines with which they have spent their lives. The feeling is perhaps ____13____ among those whose business was spreading human culture. When Izumi Munemura was looking for material for the Printing Museum he opened in Tokyo in 2000 he was ____14____ by former employees of Toppan, a printing company, which had largely stopped using letterpress by 1985. They had been ____15____ some of the company’s hot-metal type. “They opened the door to the warehouse and said, ‘Here you go: we have been waiting for this moment.” Not all the old fonts and machines were given to museums or melted down. In a few ____16____ of the world, such as Kazui Press in Tokyo, they continue to operate. Kazui was run by Juzo Takaoka from 1956 until his son, Masao, took over in 1995. The younger Mr Takaoka still runs the firm. Letterpress is a far more difficult business in Japanese than in English; it takes 3,000-4,000 ____17____ to print a book or newspaper. It is also ____18____: Kazui business cards are $185 per hundred. But Mr Takaoka still has plenty of customers. In ____19____ he points to a grey china cup into which he has poured tea. “You can serve or drink tea in a plastic or paper cup. The process would be the same: you bring the cup to your mouth and you drink tea. But it’s more _____20_____ to drink from a china cup, no?” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology. And just as we have to break the endless cycle of Band-Aid fixes to roads and rails, long-term investments in ___21___ are vital. Curiosity-driven basic research has brought truly ___22___ transformations, such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life. It also ___23___ new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web, originally developed for physicists to cultivate scientific cooperation. It ___24___ the sharpest minds on the toughest challenges, and its products are widely used by industry and society. No one can exclusively capture its rewards — it is a truly ___25___ good. The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear, but rather it is complex and ___26___. The ___27___ technologies enable even more fundamental discoveries, such as quantum mechanics, which has led to computer chips and other inventions that are responsible for a significant part of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). To ___28___ the full potential of human intellect and imagination, we need to balance short-term expectations with long-term investment. Just as a financial expert would never ___29___ giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account, we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short- and long-term research initiatives. ____30____, driven by decreasing funding, against a background of economic uncertainty, and ever shortening time cycles, research is becoming ____31____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term. It is human to ____32____ necessities in times of stress. But investing in basic research, just like saving for retirement, is a prerequisite (先决条件) for ____33____ welfare, innovation and societal progress. Long-term investments in basic research are crucial and lead to an even higher goal: the global ____34____ of accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, ____35____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit. 21. A. construction B. imagination C. knowledge D. freedom 22. A. revolutionary B. synthetic C. biological D. social 23. A. depends on B. consists of C. conflicts with D. leads to 24. A. trains B. questions C. congratulates D. enlightens 25. A. lasting B. temporary C. public D. personal 26. A. careful B. pointless C. direct D. cyclic 27. A. resulting B. surprising C. remaining D. disappointing 28. A. add to B. take up C. set about D. tap into 29. A. postpone B. recommend C. escape D. confess 30. A. Besides B. Namely C. Therefore D. However 31. A. necessarily B. dangerously C. successfully D. mutually 32. A. talk about B. focus on C. point at D. carry out 33. A. ensuring B. considering C. cutting D. reforming 34. A. issues B. benefits C. crisis D. economy 35. A. respect B. fitness C. requirement D. context Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It is a cold November evening and I am sitting at the top of a tall stepladder in a village hall. On the floor, 16 dogs stare up at me curiously. They are arranged in a square, four by four. I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous. I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier, “Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?” It sounded straightforward enough. He sent me a link to Charlie Bit My Finger, a video of a baby biting his little brother. It is currently YouTube’s most watched video of all time. “I want you to make your own viral and become internet famous,” he said. “If this can get 135 million hits, you can do it too.” To better understand what makes people share videos, I turned to Judith Donath of MIT, who studies online social networks. She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds. Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming. Sharing videos through email or within social networks is just the next step. Donath argues, “Sharing online is equivalent to small talk,” she says. “It’s a little gift of information. It shows I’m thinking of you.” Video sharing is also a way of making a statement. “In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too. I have friends and colleagues who are cool, so I quizzed them for inspiration. Eventually, we hit upon a winning idea. I called it Pets Teach Science. The aim is to demonstrate tricky concepts ranging from quantum physics to chemical structure with the help of man’s best friend and other furry companions. 36. The writer is on a ladder at the beginning of the passage because ______. A. some dogs are watching him from below B. someone is filming him with some animals C. he is trying to make a special type of video D. he is observing people making a film 37. What does the writer’s editor want him to do? A. To make them both famous. B. To get a film of some rare dogs. C. To investigate the success of video-sharing websites. D. To discover the reasons for the popularity of some videos. 38. The phrase “such grooming” (in paragraph 3) refers to ______. A. using small talk B. sharing stuff on the web C. looking after each other like animals do D. establishing social networks through gossiping 39. Which of the following does Donath give as a further reason why people share videos? A. People enjoy entertaining their friends. B. People think it gives them a good image. C. People use videos as a statement of their ideas. D. People want to practice their technical skills. （B） Even if the world makes it hard to relax, we all need to find a way to reset and recharge. We go through life thinking we’ve rested because we have gotten enough sleep―but in reality we are missing out on the other types of rest we desperately need. Saudra Dalton-Smith, a physician, outlines different types of rest that are essential for human growing. Physical rest This is the usual definition of rest were a familiar with. But while we know we need to spend a decent number of hours in bed to stay healthy, a steady persistent support of studies shows a large proportion of us still don’t get enough physical rest. Mental rest Always have a tornado of thoughts spinning in your head from the moment you wake up to the moment you finally fall asleep? You need more mental rest, and even if you sleep a solid eight hours a night, you’re not going to feel fully recharged until you get it. “The good news is you don’t have to quit your job or go on vacation to fix this. Schedule short breaks to occur every two hours throughout your workday these breaks can remind you to slow down. You might also keep a notepad by the bed to write down any painful thoughts that would keep you awake,” suggests Dalton-smith. Sensory rest Staring at screens all day and all night means your eyes never get a proper rest, but this isn’t the only reason many of us never give our senses a break. Noisy cites, sharp sound announcements and loud music all contribute to constant sensory stimulation. Your brain needs a rest now and again. Consciously close your eyes and give yourself the gift of silence for short periods throughout the day. Emotional rest This “means having the time and space to freely express your feelings and cut back on people-pleasing,” Dalton-smith explains. “Emotional rest also requires the courage to be genuine. An emotionally rested person can answer the question, ‘How are you today?’ with a truthful ‘I’m not okay’, and then go on to share some hard things that otherwise go unsaid.” In other words, we all need the space to stop pretending for ourselves and others and get real about our feelings. 40. Which of the following statement is true about the types of rest mentioned in the passage? A. Physical rest means lying in bed for a proper period and exercising. B. Mental rest indicates resting every two hours when you’re working. C. Sensory rest means keeping silent frequently and staring at screens. D. Emotional rest means pretending to share private affairs with others. 41. What type of rest do you need most if you’re working with a computer in an office? A. Physical rest B. Mental rest C. Sensory rest D. Emotional rest 42. It can be concluded that if a person feels tired, he should_________. A. try to identify just what sort of rest he’s lacking exactly B. spend some time with those who can energize him C. have the four types of rest mentioned in the passage in order D. have a need to feel connected to something larger than himself （C） A recent study published in the journal Science Advances has revealed that the United States ranks as high as third among countries contributing to coastal plastic pollution. The new research challenges the once-held assumption that the US is adequately “managing” its plastic waste. A previous study using 2010 data that did not account for plastic waste exports had ranked the US 20th, globally, in its contribution to ocean plastic pollution. Using plastic waste generation (产生) data from 2016 — the latest available global numbers — scientists calculated that more than half of all plastics collected for recycling (1.99 million tons of 3.91 million tons collected) in the US were shipped abroad. Of this, 88% of exports went to countries struggling to effectively manage plastics; and between 15-25% was low-value or contaminated (受污染的). It means it was unrecyclable. Taking these factors into account, the researchers estimated that up to 1 million tons of US-generated plastic waste ended up polluting the environment beyond its own borders. Using 2016 data, the paper also estimated that between 0.91 and 1.25 million tons of plastic waste generated in the US was either littered or illegally dumped into the environment domestically. Combined with waste exports, this means the US contributed up to 2.25 million tons of plastics into the environment. Of this, up to 1.5 million tons of plastics ended up in coastal environments. This ranks the US as high as third globally in contributing to coastal plastic pollution. “The US generates the most plastic waste of any other country in the world, but rather than looking the problem in the eye, we have outsourced it to developing countries,” said Nick Mallos, senior director of Ocean Conservancy’s Trash Free Seas program and a co-author of the study. “The solution has to start at home. We need to create less, by cutting out unnecessary single-use plastics; we need to create better, by developing innovative new ways to package and deliver goods; and where plastics are inevitable, we need to greatly improve our recycling rates.” “Previous research has provided global values for plastic input into the environment and coastal areas, but detailed analyses like this one are important for individual countries to further assess their contributions,” said Dr. Jenna Jambeck, Distinguished Professor at the University of Georgia’s College of Engineering and a co-author of the study. “In the case of the United States, it is critically important that we examine our own backyard and take responsibility for our global plastic footprint.” 43. Compared with the previous study, the new one ________. A. covers data more comprehensively B. excludes plastic waste shipped abroad C. is contrary to the latest global numbers D. challenges the recycling way of plastics 44. According to 2016 data, what can be learned about the plastic waste generated in the US? A. Over half of it ended up polluting the environment outside the US. B. Most of its exported plastic waste wasn’t worth recycling. C. Less than half of it was actually recycled domestically. D. More of it is littered or illegally dumped than exported. 45. It is implied by Nick Mallos that ________. A. plastic pollution in developing countries is more serious B. US has been irresponsible in dealing with its plastic waste C. US should cooperate with others to handle its plastic waste D. innovative means are needed to eliminate single-use plastics 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Plastic Pollution Great Risk to Marine Life B. US Top Contributor to Coastal Plastic Pollution C. Plastic Waste Major Source of Coastal Pollution D. Recycling Effective Way to Address Plastic Waste Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Case Against Frictionless Design Ask a designer what makes an interface good and the answer will almost certainly involve the word “frictionless”. The ideal, it is said, is a product that asks nothing of the user: no form to read, no choice to weigh, no step to remember. Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away. ____47____ Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing. ____48____ The argument is easier to see in the physical world, where nobody pretends that the escalator is always an improvement. A staircase demands effort, and the effort is the point: it is exercise, it slows a crowd, and it can be used when the power fails. Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them. ____49____ There is a second, subtler loss. ____50____ Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable. The question worth asking of any product is therefore not how little it asks of us, but what it has decided we should not have to think about — and who benefits from that decision. A. But the friction we are removing is often doing useful work. B. Convenience, in other words, has a cost that is rarely itemised. C. The first is that a decision made without effort is a decision that is not remembered. D. Designers, unsurprisingly, have argued that this is not their responsibility. E. Speed is not, however, the same thing as ease. F. Yet the designers who remove it are rarely asked to justify the removal. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Air Pollution: How to Protect Yourself Breathing in highly polluted air can have severe consequences. In 2018, Public Health England declared that “poor air quality is the largest environmental risk to public health in the UK”. Many people will benefit from reducing their exposure to pollutants. The best long-term plan is to try to clean up the air on a global scale, but that will take a large investment of time and money. So what can we do to protect ourselves? The best way to avoid air pollution is simply to breathe clean air. While many of us can’t uproot and move to the countryside, we can at least keep track of the air quality around us. Online real-time air quality maps, like aqicn.org, use data from monitoring sites around the world to track Air Quality Index (AQI). As well as the raw data, the maps also provide colour-coded advice to help guide users. Though the data is limited by the locations of monitoring sites, the maps are still useful, especially for the most vulnerable. Some even provide a forecast. For more detailed data, consider a personal pollution monitor, but be aware that the Air Quality Expert Group advises that personal monitoring devices can’t provide accurate long-term data. If you live in London, consider checking the annual air pollution map for the least polluted streets and changing your route accordingly. The surgical-style mask is a common sight in heavily polluted cities. But in terms of blocking particulates (颗粒物), these masks are shockingly inefficient. Though they filter the air, there’s no effective seal around the edges, which vastly reduces their effectiveness. That’s not to say that wearing a mask isn’t worthwhile in general. A 2018 study from the Institute for Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh measured the efficacy of various consumer face masks and found that the key factor in reducing the inhaled particulates isn’t the mask’s filtration efficiency, but how well it fits. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这一幕让年轻的作曲家感受到了大自然的神奇。(enable) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ 53. 能把内心的“真”在公开场合表达出来，这需要怎样的勇气? (take) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ 54. 她报了“学说上海话”的课程，因为她认为要在上海长期生活，就该学会当地方言。(as) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 55. 所有春季新品将在这家餐厅的所有分店上市，让更多市民有机会品一品春天的“限定版”美食。(available) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为 “How the campus can be improved”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容包括： (1) 你认为校园哪些场所最需要改进 (一到两个)； (2) 你的改进建议和理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A day in the life of a teen detective Isla, aged 19, is a private detective, although one day she would like to be a world-famous actress. For now, going undercover gives her good practice at playing different roles. Private detectives are hard-working and each day is full of surprises. Isla never knows exactly what her day’s work ____1____ (involve). Sometimes she works a 16-hour day and might not finish until after midnight, or she may find that an investigation is easy ____2____ (complete) and she can go home early. It all depends on the day, but Isla likes the job’s unpredictable nature. You normally wouldn’t suspect that a schoolgirl or a Goth was observing you, but Isla can easily dress up as these characters. She’s at an age where, with the right clothes, she can look much older or younger. That’s why she is given jobs that ____3____ else at the detective agency could do. She sometimes has to check ____4____ a shop or bar is selling products to people who are underage. In other jobs, she knocks on the door of the person she’s investigating and asks them some questions for an imaginary school survey. It doesn’t get much ____5____ (easy) than that! A ____6____ (hide) camera and a voice recorder are part of Isla’s equipment. Many cases involve following people who are cheating employers by saying they are too ill to work, when in fact they are fine. One man who Isla investigated wasn’t going to work ____7____ backache. However, she found out he was playing golf every day! Photos and videos of him ____8____ (do) these activities meant his employer could give him the sack. In the past, it ____9____ (see) as a job for older men in dark raincoats and sunglasses. The image of the private detective might have changed, but in a world ____10____ crime is the same as ever, there are now job opportunities in this field for people of all ages. 【答案】1. will involve 2. to complete 3. nobody 4. whether##if 5. easier 6. hidden 7. due to 8. doing 9. was seen 10. where 【解析】 【导语】19岁少女伊丝拉是一名私家侦探，依靠外形优势完成各类卧底调查。如今侦探行业形象改变，各个年龄段的人都能从事这份工作。 【1题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：伊丝拉永远无法确切知道她一天的工作会包含什么。此处考查谓语动词， her day’s work与involve为主动关系，根据句中never knows exactly可知，她无法预知将要发生的工作内容，用一般将来时，所以填will involve。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：有时她一天要工作16个小时，可能午夜之后才能结束，或者她会发现一项调查很容易完成，她可以早点回家。此处固定结构：主语 + be + 形容词 + to do，用不定式主动形式表被动含义，所以填to complete。 【3题详解】 考查不定代词。句意：这就是侦探社里交给她一些其他人都做不了的任务的原因。根据前文“She’s at an age where, with the right clothes, she can look much older or younger.”可知，这个优势是别人没有的，nobody else表示“没有其他人”，符合语境。 【4题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：有时候她需要核查一家商店或者酒吧是否向未成年人售卖商品。此处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，用whether或者if。 【5题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：没有比这更容易的事了！后面有than，要用形容词easy的比较级easier。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一台隐藏式摄像机和一支录音笔是伊丝拉装备的一部分。此处为非谓语，camera和hide是被动关系，用过去分词hidden作定语，表示“被隐藏的”。 【7题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：伊丝拉调查的一名男子因为背痛不去上班。分析句子结构可知，此处应填介词短语due to，意为“因为，由于”，后接名词backache，表原因。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他进行这些活动的照片和视频意味着他的雇主可以解雇他。此处为非谓语，him和do是主动关系，此处现在分词doing作后置定语。 【9题详解】 考查时态语态。句意：在过去，这份工作被看作是穿着深色雨衣、戴着墨镜的年长男性做的工作。此处为谓语动词，主语it和see是被动关系，in the past表示过去，用一般过去时的被动语态，所以应填was seen。 【10题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：私家侦探的形象或许已经改变，但在一个犯罪一如既往存在的世界里，这个行业现在给各个年龄段的人提供了工作机会。此处为定语从句，先行词是a world，表抽象地点，在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. approached B. characters C. corners D. costly E. defense F. dying G. explanation H. magnified I. potential J. storing K. tasteful Temples of print Letterpress printing (活版印刷) hung on longer in poorer countries than in Britain, but now its near extinction is global. Thousands of tonnes of metal type must have been melted down. But some has been bought up by collectors like Ahmad Matar, a Saudi Arabian artist. His biggest collection was from an Armenian library in Cairo, but he says that Beirut may have the greatest ____11____ for it was the centre of the Arabic printing industry. “There is an Arabic saying,” he says from his studio in Jeddah. “Cairo writes. Beirut prints. Baghdad reads.” The most enthusiastic conservators (文物保护者) are former printers. The employees of ____12____ industries often feel a powerful feeling for the machines with which they have spent their lives. The feeling is perhaps ____13____ among those whose business was spreading human culture. When Izumi Munemura was looking for material for the Printing Museum he opened in Tokyo in 2000 he was ____14____ by former employees of Toppan, a printing company, which had largely stopped using letterpress by 1985. They had been ____15____ some of the company’s hot-metal type. “They opened the door to the warehouse and said, ‘Here you go: we have been waiting for this moment.” Not all the old fonts and machines were given to museums or melted down. In a few ____16____ of the world, such as Kazui Press in Tokyo, they continue to operate. Kazui was run by Juzo Takaoka from 1956 until his son, Masao, took over in 1995. The younger Mr Takaoka still runs the firm. Letterpress is a far more difficult business in Japanese than in English; it takes 3,000-4,000 ____17____ to print a book or newspaper. It is also ____18____: Kazui business cards are $185 per hundred. But Mr Takaoka still has plenty of customers. In ____19____ he points to a grey china cup into which he has poured tea. “You can serve or drink tea in a plastic or paper cup. The process would be the same: you bring the cup to your mouth and you drink tea. But it’s more _____20_____ to drink from a china cup, no?” 【答案】11. I 12. F 13. H 14. A 15. J 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. G 20. K 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述了活版印刷濒临消失，一些收藏者和保护者尽力保存这项工艺，还介绍了日本一家仍在经营活版印刷业务的印刷店。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：但他说贝鲁特可能拥有最大的潜力，因为它曾是阿拉伯印刷业的中心。结合后文“for it was the centre of the Arabic printing industry”可知，此处表示“潜力”，选用potential。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：日渐消亡行业里的从业者，往往对陪伴自己一生的机器怀有深厚的感情。结合后文对旧印刷机器的保护可知，此处表示“消亡的”，选用dying，修饰名词industries。 【13题详解】 考查动词过去分词。句意：这种情感在那些从事文化传播行业的人身上或许被放大了。结合上下文语境可知，此处表示“放大”，选用magnified，和is构成被动语态。 【14题详解】 考查动词过去分词。句意：2000年，宗村和泉在东京筹备创办印刷博物馆、寻找展品材料时，凸版印刷公司的前员工主动找到了他，这家公司在1985年基本不再使用活版印刷。结合句意可知，此处表示“接洽、靠近”，选用approached，和was构成被动语态。 【15题详解】 考查动词现在分词。句意：他们一直保存着公司的部分热金属活字。结合后文仓库存放活字的内容可知，此处表示“储存”，选用storing，与had been构成过去完成进行时。 【16题详解】 考查名词复数。句意：在世界上少数角落，比如东京的Kazui印刷所，这类老式设备仍在运转。结合句意可知，此处表示“角落”，选用corners，a few后接可数名词复数。 【17题详解】 考查名词复数。句意：用日语做活版印刷要比英语难得多；印刷一本书或者一份报纸需要三千到四千个字符。结合日语活字印刷特点可知，此处表示“字符、文字”，选用characters，数字后用复数形式。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这项工艺成本也很高：Kazui印刷的名片一百张售价185美元。结合后文高昂的价格可知，此处表示“昂贵的”，选用costly，作表语。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：为了解释这一点，他指着一只已经倒好茶的灰色瓷杯。结合下文用杯子喝茶举例的内容可知，此处表示“解释”，选用explanation，作宾语。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但是用瓷杯喝茶更有格调，不是吗？结合瓷杯和纸杯、塑料杯的对比可知，此处表示“雅致的、有品味的”，选用tasteful，在句中作表语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology. And just as we have to break the endless cycle of Band-Aid fixes to roads and rails, long-term investments in ___21___ are vital. Curiosity-driven basic research has brought truly ___22___ transformations, such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life. It also ___23___ new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web, originally developed for physicists to cultivate scientific cooperation. It ___24___ the sharpest minds on the toughest challenges, and its products are widely used by industry and society. No one can exclusively capture its rewards — it is a truly ___25___ good. The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear, but rather it is complex and ___26___. The ___27___ technologies enable even more fundamental discoveries, such as quantum mechanics, which has led to computer chips and other inventions that are responsible for a significant part of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). To ___28___ the full potential of human intellect and imagination, we need to balance short-term expectations with long-term investment. Just as a financial expert would never ___29___ giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account, we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short- and long-term research initiatives. ____30____, driven by decreasing funding, against a background of economic uncertainty, and ever shortening time cycles, research is becoming ____31____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term. It is human to ____32____ necessities in times of stress. But investing in basic research, just like saving for retirement, is a prerequisite (先决条件) for ____33____ welfare, innovation and societal progress. Long-term investments in basic research are crucial and lead to an even higher goal: the global ____34____ of accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, ____35____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit. 21. A. construction B. imagination C. knowledge D. freedom 22. A. revolutionary B. synthetic C. biological D. social 23. A. depends on B. consists of C. conflicts with D. leads to 24. A. trains B. questions C. congratulates D. enlightens 25. A. lasting B. temporary C. public D. personal 26. A. careful B. pointless C. direct D. cyclic 27. A. resulting B. surprising C. remaining D. disappointing 28. A. add to B. take up C. set about D. tap into 29. A. postpone B. recommend C. escape D. confess 30. A. Besides B. Namely C. Therefore D. However 31. A. necessarily B. dangerously C. successfully D. mutually 32. A. talk about B. focus on C. point at D. carry out 33. A. ensuring B. considering C. cutting D. reforming 34. A. issues B. benefits C. crisis D. economy 35. A. respect B. fitness C. requirement D. context 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文论述了好奇心驱动的基础研究的重大价值，并讲述了受经费等现实因素影响，如今研究危险地偏向短期目标，呼吁兼顾短期需求与对基础研究的长期投入，以此保障社会福祉并收获科学文化带来的全球益处。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：正如我们必须打破道路和铁路权宜修补的恶性循环一样，对知识的长期投入至关重要。A. construction建造；B. imagination想象力；C. knowledge知识；D. freedom自由。根据上文“Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology.”可知，基础研究为所有应用研究和技术提供基础，它产出知识，因此需要对知识进行长期投入。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由好奇心驱动的基础研究带来了真正革命性的变革，例如基于计算机的智能飞速发展以及生命遗传基础的发现。A. revolutionary革命性的；B. synthetic合成的；C. biological生物的；D. social社会的。根据下文“such as the rapid growth of computer-based intelligence and the discovery of the genetic basis of life”可知，基于计算机的智能飞速发展、生命遗传基础的发现，举例均属于颠覆性重大改变。 【23题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：它还催生在全社会普及的全新工具与技术，例如万维网，最初是为物理学家促进科研合作而开发。A. depends on依靠；B. consists of由……组成；C. conflicts with与……冲突；D. leads to导致，催生。根据下文“new tools and techniques that spread throughout society, such as the World Wide Web”可知，万维网是基础研究带来的产物，即基础研究催生新技术。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：它培养顶尖人才去攻克最棘手的难题，它的成果被工业界与社会广泛使用。A. trains培养，训练；B. questions质疑；C. congratulates祝贺；D. enlightens启发。根据本句宾语“the sharpest minds”可知，基础研究可以训练、培养科研领域优秀人才。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：没有人能够独占它的回报——它是真正的公共产品。A. lasting持久的；B. temporary暂时的；C. public公共的；D. personal个人的。根据上文“No one can exclusively capture its rewards”可知，成果不为个体独有，属于公共产物。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：从基础研究到应用的路径不是单向、线性的，而是复杂且循环的。A. careful仔细的；B. pointless无意义的；C. direct直接的；D. cyclic循环的。根据but前的“The path from basic research to applications is not one-directional and linear”可知，空格填入与“单向、线性”相反含义的词，即循环往复。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：由此产生的技术能够促成甚至更多根本性发现，例如量子力学，它衍生出计算机芯片以及其他对美国GDP贡献巨大的发明。A. resulting由此产生的，作为结果的；B. surprising令人惊讶的；C. remaining剩余的；D. disappointing令人失望的。根据第一段中“Basic research, driven by curiosity, freedom and imagination, provides the groundwork for all applied research and technology.”可知，基础研究产出技术，这些由此而生的技术又带来新的科学发现。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：为了发掘人类智力与想象力的全部潜能，我们需要平衡短期预期与长期投入。A. add to增添；B. take up占据，从事；C. set about着手；D. tap into发掘。根据后文“the full potential of human intellect and imagination”可知，此处表示发掘潜能。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：就像金融专家绝不会建议放弃养老基金去充实本就充足的支票账户，我们要倡导兼顾短期和长期研究计划的平衡投资组合。A. postpone推迟；B. recommend建议；C. escape逃避；D. confess坦白。根据上文“Just as a financial expert would never”和下文错误做法“giving up a retirement fund to enrich an already sufficient checking account”可知，专家不会提出此种错误建议。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，受资金缩减、经济形势不确定、研究周期不断缩短的驱动，研究正危险地朝着短期目标倾斜：这类目标或许能解决当下的问题，却会错失长期维度下的巨大进步。A. Besides此外；B. Namely也就是；C. Therefore因此；D. However然而。上文“we need to advocate for a balanced portfolio (投资组合) of short-and long-term research initiatives”提出要倡导长短研究平衡的投资组合，下文“research is becoming _____ directed toward short-term goals that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term.”描述现实中失衡的状况，上下文构成转折关系。 【31题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，受资金缩减、经济形势不确定、研究周期不断缩短的驱动，研究正危险地朝着短期目标倾斜：这类目标或许能解决当下的问题，却会错失长期维度下的巨大进步。A. necessarily必要地；B. dangerously危险地；C. successfully成功地；D. mutually相互地。根据下文“that may address current problems but miss out on huge advances in the long term”可知，该发展趋势存在隐患，是危险的。 【32题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：身处压力时期，人类会聚焦于必需品。A. talk about谈论；B. focus on聚焦于；C. point at指向；D. carry out执行。根据下文“necessities in times of stress”，在压力困境之下，人们会优先把注意力放在刚需事物上。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：但是对基础研究的投入，如同为退休储蓄，是保障社会福祉、创新与社会进步的先决条件。A. ensuring保障；B. considering考虑；C. cutting削减；D. reforming改革。根据后文“welfare, innovation and societal progress”可知，投入基础研究的作用是保障社会福祉、创新与社会进步这些社会发展要素。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：对基础研究的长期投入至关重要，还能达成更高目标：让全球都受益于接纳科学文化——这种文化崇尚精准、求真、批判性质疑与对话、合理的怀疑精神、尊重事实与不确定性、惊叹于自然与人类精神的丰富。A. issues问题；B. benefits益处；C. crisis危机；D. economy经济。根据后文“accepting the scientific culture of accuracy, truth seeking, critical questioning and dialogue, healthy skepticism, _____ for facts and uncertainties, and wonder at the richness of nature and the human spirit”可知，接纳拥有诸多特质的科学文化会给全球带来诸多好处。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：对基础研究的长期投入至关重要，还能达成更高目标：让全球都受益于接纳科学文化——这种文化崇尚精准、求真、批判性质疑与对话、合理的怀疑精神、尊重事实与不确定性、惊叹于自然与人类精神的丰富。A. respect尊重；B. fitness健康；C. requirement要求；D. context语境。根据空后“for facts and uncertainties”可知，此处指对待事实和不确定性应抱持尊重的态度。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It is a cold November evening and I am sitting at the top of a tall stepladder in a village hall. On the floor, 16 dogs stare up at me curiously. They are arranged in a square, four by four. I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous. I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier, “Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?” It sounded straightforward enough. He sent me a link to Charlie Bit My Finger, a video of a baby biting his little brother. It is currently YouTube’s most watched video of all time. “I want you to make your own viral and become internet famous,” he said. “If this can get 135 million hits, you can do it too.” To better understand what makes people share videos, I turned to Judith Donath of MIT, who studies online social networks. She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds. Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming. Sharing videos through email or within social networks is just the next step. Donath argues, “Sharing online is equivalent to small talk,” she says. “It’s a little gift of information. It shows I’m thinking of you.” Video sharing is also a way of making a statement. “In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too. I have friends and colleagues who are cool, so I quizzed them for inspiration. Eventually, we hit upon a winning idea. I called it Pets Teach Science. The aim is to demonstrate tricky concepts ranging from quantum physics to chemical structure with the help of man’s best friend and other furry companions. 36. The writer is on a ladder at the beginning of the passage because ______. A. some dogs are watching him from below B. someone is filming him with some animals C. he is trying to make a special type of video D. he is observing people making a film 37. What does the writer’s editor want him to do? A. To make them both famous. B. To get a film of some rare dogs. C. To investigate the success of video-sharing websites. D. To discover the reasons for the popularity of some videos. 38. The phrase “such grooming” (in paragraph 3) refers to ______. A. using small talk B. sharing stuff on the web C. looking after each other like animals do D. establishing social networks through gossiping 39. Which of the following does Donath give as a further reason why people share videos? A. People enjoy entertaining their friends. B. People think it gives them a good image. C. People use videos as a statement of their ideas. D. People want to practice their technical skills. 【答案】36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述作者为探究网络视频走红的原因尝试自制爆款视频。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous.(我透过摄像机的取景器观察，心想这说不定能让我出名。)”可知，作者站在梯子上是为了拍摄制作一款特殊的视频。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier. Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?(这个点子并不是我自己想出来的——一切都是应编辑的要求。几周前他跟我说：“我们想让你写一篇关于爆款视频的报道。去弄清楚为什么有些视频会走红，是什么促使人们转发它们。”)”可知，编辑希望作者去探究部分视频广受欢迎的原因。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds.(她认为促使人们在网上分享内容的因素，和猿类互相从对方毛发中挑出虫子的原因差别不大，这是建立社会联结的一种方式。)”和第三段中“Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming.(其他研究者认为，在人类社会中，语言——尤其是闲聊八卦——已经承担起such grooming社交功能。)”可知，其他研究者认为，在人类社会中，语言——尤其是闲聊八卦——已经承担起这种梳理毛发行为所具备的社交功能。such grooming指代的是“像动物那样互相照料、建立社交联结的行为”。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中““In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too.(“除此之外，人们借助视频来展示自己在“信息技术生态”里所处的位置，”多纳特说，“一个视频也折射出发送它的这个人。”换句话说，如果人们觉得一个视频很酷，就会转发它——因为这也会让自己显得很酷。)”可知，多纳特提出人们分享视频的另一个原因是，他们认为这能给自己塑造良好的形象。 （B） Even if the world makes it hard to relax, we all need to find a way to reset and recharge. We go through life thinking we’ve rested because we have gotten enough sleep―but in reality we are missing out on the other types of rest we desperately need. Saudra Dalton-Smith, a physician, outlines different types of rest that are essential for human growing. Physical rest This is the usual definition of rest were a familiar with. But while we know we need to spend a decent number of hours in bed to stay healthy, a steady persistent support of studies shows a large proportion of us still don’t get enough physical rest. Mental rest Always have a tornado of thoughts spinning in your head from the moment you wake up to the moment you finally fall asleep? You need more mental rest, and even if you sleep a solid eight hours a night, you’re not going to feel fully recharged until you get it. “The good news is you don’t have to quit your job or go on vacation to fix this. Schedule short breaks to occur every two hours throughout your workday these breaks can remind you to slow down. You might also keep a notepad by the bed to write down any painful thoughts that would keep you awake,” suggests Dalton-smith. Sensory rest Staring at screens all day and all night means your eyes never get a proper rest, but this isn’t the only reason many of us never give our senses a break. Noisy cites, sharp sound announcements and loud music all contribute to constant sensory stimulation. Your brain needs a rest now and again. Consciously close your eyes and give yourself the gift of silence for short periods throughout the day. Emotional rest This “means having the time and space to freely express your feelings and cut back on people-pleasing,” Dalton-smith explains. “Emotional rest also requires the courage to be genuine. An emotionally rested person can answer the question, ‘How are you today?’ with a truthful ‘I’m not okay’, and then go on to share some hard things that otherwise go unsaid.” In other words, we all need the space to stop pretending for ourselves and others and get real about our feelings. 40. Which of the following statement is true about the types of rest mentioned in the passage? A. Physical rest means lying in bed for a proper period and exercising. B. Mental rest indicates resting every two hours when you’re working. C. Sensory rest means keeping silent frequently and staring at screens. D. Emotional rest means pretending to share private affairs with others. 41. What type of rest do you need most if you’re working with a computer in an office? A. Physical rest B. Mental rest C. Sensory rest D. Emotional rest 42. It can be concluded that if a person feels tired, he should_________. A. try to identify just what sort of rest he’s lacking exactly B. spend some time with those who can energize him C. have the four types of rest mentioned in the passage in order D. have a need to feel connected to something larger than himself 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了除睡眠以外的四种休息方式。它们可以帮助我们更好地调整生活和工作状态，改善身体和精神健康状况。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Schedule short breaks to occur every two hours throughout your workday (在工作日中，每隔两个小时安排一次短暂的休息)”可知，精神休息指的是工作时每隔两个小时进行短时休息。故选B项。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“Staring at screens all day and all night means your eyes never get a proper rest, but this isn’t the only reason many of us never give our senses a break. (整天整夜盯着屏幕意味着你的眼睛永远得不到适当的休息，但这并非我们许多人从不让我们的感官休息的唯一原因。)”可知，如果我们整天在办公室对着一台电脑工作，我们可能最需要进行感官休息。故选C项。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“We go through life thinking we’ve rested because we have gotten enough sleep―but in reality we are missing out on the other types of rest we desperately need. Saudra Dalton-Smith, a physician, outlines different types of rest that are essential for human growing. (我们终其一生都认为我们已经休息了，因为我们已经得到了足够的睡眠，但实际上我们错过了我们迫切需要的其他类型的休息。医生Saudra Dalton-Smith概述了对人类成长至关重要的不同类型的休息)”可推知，认为足够的睡眠是唯一休息方式是不正确的，所以当一个人感到疲倦时，他需要弄清楚他到底缺少什么样的休息。故选A项。 （C） A recent study published in the journal Science Advances has revealed that the United States ranks as high as third among countries contributing to coastal plastic pollution. The new research challenges the once-held assumption that the US is adequately “managing” its plastic waste. A previous study using 2010 data that did not account for plastic waste exports had ranked the US 20th, globally, in its contribution to ocean plastic pollution. Using plastic waste generation (产生) data from 2016 — the latest available global numbers — scientists calculated that more than half of all plastics collected for recycling (1.99 million tons of 3.91 million tons collected) in the US were shipped abroad. Of this, 88% of exports went to countries struggling to effectively manage plastics; and between 15-25% was low-value or contaminated (受污染的). It means it was unrecyclable. Taking these factors into account, the researchers estimated that up to 1 million tons of US-generated plastic waste ended up polluting the environment beyond its own borders. Using 2016 data, the paper also estimated that between 0.91 and 1.25 million tons of plastic waste generated in the US was either littered or illegally dumped into the environment domestically. Combined with waste exports, this means the US contributed up to 2.25 million tons of plastics into the environment. Of this, up to 1.5 million tons of plastics ended up in coastal environments. This ranks the US as high as third globally in contributing to coastal plastic pollution. “The US generates the most plastic waste of any other country in the world, but rather than looking the problem in the eye, we have outsourced it to developing countries,” said Nick Mallos, senior director of Ocean Conservancy’s Trash Free Seas program and a co-author of the study. “The solution has to start at home. We need to create less, by cutting out unnecessary single-use plastics; we need to create better, by developing innovative new ways to package and deliver goods; and where plastics are inevitable, we need to greatly improve our recycling rates.” “Previous research has provided global values for plastic input into the environment and coastal areas, but detailed analyses like this one are important for individual countries to further assess their contributions,” said Dr. Jenna Jambeck, Distinguished Professor at the University of Georgia’s College of Engineering and a co-author of the study. “In the case of the United States, it is critically important that we examine our own backyard and take responsibility for our global plastic footprint.” 43. Compared with the previous study, the new one ________. A. covers data more comprehensively B. excludes plastic waste shipped abroad C. is contrary to the latest global numbers D. challenges the recycling way of plastics 44. According to 2016 data, what can be learned about the plastic waste generated in the US? A. Over half of it ended up polluting the environment outside the US. B. Most of its exported plastic waste wasn’t worth recycling. C. Less than half of it was actually recycled domestically. D. More of it is littered or illegally dumped than exported. 45. It is implied by Nick Mallos that ________. A. plastic pollution in developing countries is more serious B. US has been irresponsible in dealing with its plastic waste C. US should cooperate with others to handle its plastic waste D. innovative means are needed to eliminate single-use plastics 46. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A. Plastic Pollution Great Risk to Marine Life B. US Top Contributor to Coastal Plastic Pollution C. Plastic Waste Major Source of Coastal Pollution D. Recycling Effective Way to Address Plastic Waste 【答案】43. A 44. C 45. B 46. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最近发表在《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究表明，在造成沿海塑料污染的国家中，美国排名第三，并对相关情况进行介绍。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“A previous study using 2010 data that did not account for plastic waste exports had ranked the US 20th, globally, in its contribution to ocean plastic pollution.（此前的一项研究使用了2010年的数据，但未考虑塑料垃圾出口，将美国对海洋塑料污染的贡献排在全球第20位。）”可以推出，比起先前的研究，新的研究数据更加全面，所以A选项“covers data more comprehensively（覆盖数据更加全面）”为正确选项。故选A项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Using plastic waste generation (产生) data from 2016 — the latest available global numbers — scientists calculated that more than half of all plastics collected for recycling (1.99 million tons of 3.91 million tons collected) in the US were shipped abroad.（利用2016年的塑料垃圾产生数据(全球可获得的最新数据)，科学家们计算出，在美国收集的用于回收的塑料中，有一半以上(391万吨中有199万吨)被运往海外。）”可以推知，只有不到一半的垃圾在国内被回收。故选C项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句““The US generates the most plastic waste of any other country in the world, but rather than looking the problem in the eye, we have outsourced it to developing countries,” said Nick Mallos（海洋保护协会无垃圾海洋项目高级主任、该研究报告的合著者尼克·马洛斯说:“美国产生的塑料垃圾比世界上任何其他国家都多，但我们没有正视这个问题，而是把它外包给了发展中国家。”）”可推知，美国在处理塑料垃圾方面一直很不负责任。故选B项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一句“A recent study published in the journal Science Advances has revealed that the United States ranks as high as third among countries contributing to coastal plastic pollution.（最近发表在《科学进展》杂志上的一项研究表明，在造成沿海塑料污染的国家中，美国排名第三。）” 和最后一句“In the case of the United States, it is critically important that we examine our own backyard and take responsibility for our global plastic footprint.（就美国而言，至关重要的是我们要检查自己的后院，并对我们的全球塑料足迹负责。）”可知本文主要是在介绍美国是沿海塑料垃圾头号罪魁祸首，所以B选项“US Top Contributor to Coastal Plastic Pollution（美国沿海塑料污染的头号贡献者）”为最合适的标题。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Case Against Frictionless Design Ask a designer what makes an interface good and the answer will almost certainly involve the word “frictionless”. The ideal, it is said, is a product that asks nothing of the user: no form to read, no choice to weigh, no step to remember. Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away. ____47____ Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing. ____48____ The argument is easier to see in the physical world, where nobody pretends that the escalator is always an improvement. A staircase demands effort, and the effort is the point: it is exercise, it slows a crowd, and it can be used when the power fails. Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them. ____49____ There is a second, subtler loss. ____50____ Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable. The question worth asking of any product is therefore not how little it asks of us, but what it has decided we should not have to think about — and who benefits from that decision. A. But the friction we are removing is often doing useful work. B. Convenience, in other words, has a cost that is rarely itemised. C. The first is that a decision made without effort is a decision that is not remembered. D. Designers, unsurprisingly, have argued that this is not their responsibility. E. Speed is not, however, the same thing as ease. F. Yet the designers who remove it are rarely asked to justify the removal. 【答案】47. A 48. F 49. B 50. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了反对“无摩擦设计”的理念，指出设计中的摩擦往往有实际用途，消除摩擦会带来隐性成本，并可能削弱用户的决策意识。 【47题详解】 上文“Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away.(用户犹豫的每一秒都被视作需要通过设计消除的缺陷)”说明当下设计领域一味追求无摩擦、消除所有用户停顿的普遍倾向。空处和前文为转折关系，说明这种被消除的摩擦其实在做有用的工作。所以A项“但我们正在移除的摩擦往往在发挥有用的作用”符合语境。该项中的“the friction we are removing”与前文“defect to be engineered away”相呼应，引出后文对摩擦价值的具体论述。 【48题详解】 上文“Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing.(想想摩擦的作用。支付前的确认屏幕增加了四秒钟，但防止了一类不可逆转的错误。一个要求你输入地址而不是接受猜测的表单会产生实际可用的记录。一个有七个选项的设置菜单比只有两个的更繁琐，但它也是用户能发现产品在做什么的唯一版本)”列举了摩擦在防止错误、提高数据质量和增加用户控制感方面的实际作用。​ 空处和前文为转折关系，说明设计师很少被要求为消除这些摩擦的行为辩护。所以F项“然而，那些消除摩擦的设计师很少被要求为这种消除行为辩护。”符合语境。F项中的it指代前文的friction，“justify the removal”与上文摩擦的实用价值形成对比。 【49题详解】 上文“Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them.(消除它（楼梯）是一个会带来后果的决定，而这个决定通常是由那些不必承受这些后果的人做出的)”说明在物理世界中消除摩擦（如用自动扶梯取代楼梯）会带来未被充分考虑的后果。​ 空处和前文为顺接关系，进一步说明便利的隐性代价。所以B项“换句话说，便利有一个很少被详细列出的成本。”符合语境。B项中的cost与上文的consequences相呼应，“rarely itemised”与“will not have to live with them”相呼应。 【50题详解】 上文“There is a second, subtler loss.(还有第二种损失，一种更加微妙的损失。)”说明摩擦被消除带来的第二个损失。空处和前文为顺接关系，具体解释这种损失的内容。C项“首先，毫不费力做出的决定是一个不会被记住的决定。”符合语境，该项中的“The first”与后文“Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable.(当一个选择变成了一次点击时，它根本感觉不到是一个选择，这正是它具有商业价值的原因)”形成并列衔接。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Air Pollution: How to Protect Yourself Breathing in highly polluted air can have severe consequences. In 2018, Public Health England declared that “poor air quality is the largest environmental risk to public health in the UK”. Many people will benefit from reducing their exposure to pollutants. The best long-term plan is to try to clean up the air on a global scale, but that will take a large investment of time and money. So what can we do to protect ourselves? The best way to avoid air pollution is simply to breathe clean air. While many of us can’t uproot and move to the countryside, we can at least keep track of the air quality around us. Online real-time air quality maps, like aqicn.org, use data from monitoring sites around the world to track Air Quality Index (AQI). As well as the raw data, the maps also provide colour-coded advice to help guide users. Though the data is limited by the locations of monitoring sites, the maps are still useful, especially for the most vulnerable. Some even provide a forecast. For more detailed data, consider a personal pollution monitor, but be aware that the Air Quality Expert Group advises that personal monitoring devices can’t provide accurate long-term data. If you live in London, consider checking the annual air pollution map for the least polluted streets and changing your route accordingly. The surgical-style mask is a common sight in heavily polluted cities. But in terms of blocking particulates (颗粒物), these masks are shockingly inefficient. Though they filter the air, there’s no effective seal around the edges, which vastly reduces their effectiveness. That’s not to say that wearing a mask isn’t worthwhile in general. A 2018 study from the Institute for Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh measured the efficacy of various consumer face masks and found that the key factor in reducing the inhaled particulates isn’t the mask’s filtration efficiency, but how well it fits. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Breathing in highly polluted air poses severe health risks. We can find ways to protect ourselves from pollution. Tracking air quality through online maps is helpful, and personal pollution monitors provide detailed and temporary data, which enable us to choose a cleaner route. Surgical-style masks may not be highly effective, but a well-fitted mask can reduce inhaled particulates. 【解析】 【导语】本文指出空气污染危害巨大，介绍了普通人自我防护的办法，包括查询空气质量、更换出行路线以及选择贴合面部的口罩。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Poor air quality is the largest environmental risk to public health in the UK. Many people will benefit from reducing their exposure to pollutants. ②While many of us can’t uproot and move to the countryside, we can at least keep track of the air quality around us. Online real-time air quality maps, like aqicn.org, use data from monitoring sites around the world to track Air Quality Index (AQI). As well as the raw data, the maps also provide colour-coded advice to help guide users. Though the data is limited by the locations of monitoring sites, the maps are still useful, especially for the most vulnerable. ③For more detailed data, consider a personal pollution monitor, but be aware that the Air Quality Expert Group advises that personal monitoring devices can’t provide accurate long-term data. If you live in London, consider checking the annual air pollution map for the least polluted streets and changing your route accordingly. ④The surgical-style mask is a common sight in heavily polluted cities. But in terms of blocking particulates (颗粒物), these masks are shockingly inefficient. ⑤A 2018 study from the Institute for Occupational Medicine in Edinburgh measured the efficacy of various consumer face masks and found that the key factor in reducing the inhaled particulates isn’t the mask’s filtration efficiency, but how well it fits. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点与总起结合，说明空气污染的健康风险；将第2要点进行总结概括；将第3、4个要点进行整合，将第5点进行概括。 3. 遣词造句 Breathing polluted air causes serious health problems. Using online maps helps us track air quality. Personal monitors provide detailed data but only for a short time. A well-fitted mask can reduce inhaled particulates effectively. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Tracking air quality through online maps is helpful, and personal pollution monitors provide detailed and temporary data, which enable us to choose a cleaner route. (运用which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Surgical-style masks may not be highly effective, but a well-fitted mask can reduce inhaled particulates. (用but连接转折关系的并列句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这一幕让年轻的作曲家感受到了大自然的神奇。(enable) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This scene enabled the young composer to feel the magic of nature. 【解析】 【详解】“这一幕”为This scene ；“使某人能够做某事”固定搭配enable sb. to do sth；“年轻的作曲家”为the young composer；“感受到大自然的神奇”为to feel the magic of nature；句子描述发生过的场景，用一般过去时。 53. 能把内心的“真”在公开场合表达出来，这需要怎样的勇气? (take) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】What courage does it take to express the “truth” in your heart in public? 【解析】 【详解】“做某事需要……”为固定句型it takes sth. to do sth； “把内心的‘真’表达出来”为to express the “truth” in your heart； “在公开场合”为in public； “怎样的勇气”为What courage。陈述客观事实，为一般现在时。 54. 她报了“学说上海话”的课程，因为她认为要在上海长期生活，就该学会当地方言。(as) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 【答案】She has signed up for the course “Learning Shanghai Dialect” as she believes that to live in Shanghai for a long time, it is necessary to learn the local dialect. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“她”应用She，作主语；表示“报（名）”应用has signed up for，作主句谓语，时态用现在完成时强调动作对现在的影响；表示“‘学说上海话’的课程”应用 the course “Learning Shanghai Dialect”，作宾语；表示“因为”用as，引导原因状语从句；表示“她认为”应用she believes，作从句主谓，时态用一般现在时陈述客观事实；that引导宾语从句；表示“要在上海长期生活”应用to live in Shanghai for a long time，不定式作目的状语；表示“就该学会当地方言”应用it is necessary to learn the local dialect，it作形式主语，不定式为真正主语。 55. 所有春季新品将在这家餐厅的所有分店上市，让更多市民有机会品一品春天的“限定版”美食。(available) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】All the new spring products will be available at/in all the branches of this restaurant, giving more citizens the opportunity to taste the “limited edition” of spring cuisine. 【解析】 【详解】“所有春季新品”是主语，表示为all the new spring products；根据句意，可知描述将来的事情，用一般将来时，“上市、可获得”用be available，“在这家餐厅的所有分店”表示为at/in all the branches of this restaurant，作地点状语；“让更多市民有机会”表示为give more citizens the opportunity，用现在分词giving作结果状语，表自然而然的结果；固定短语the opportunity to do sth.，不定式作后置定语，“品一品”用taste，“春天的“限定版”美食”表示为the “limited edition” of spring cuisine，作taste的宾语。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为 “How the campus can be improved”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容包括： (1) 你认为校园哪些场所最需要改进 (一到两个)； (2) 你的改进建议和理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 Our school has provided us with an enriching environment, but there are areas that require attention to further enhance our campus experience. On one hand, the school cafeteria demands improvement. I propose a cafeteria makeover with vibrant decor, comfortable seating, and the inclusion of nutritious meals. A pleasant dining environment will encourage students to socialize and make mealtimes enjoyable, fostering a sense of community. On the other, the sports facilities need upgrading. Our existing facilities are outdated and limited, hindering students from fully engaging in physical activities. Investing in modern sports equipment and expanding the sports ground will promote physical fitness and overall well-being among students. In conclusion, by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities, we can create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment. These improvements will not only cater to students’ physical and social needs but also contribute to a more friendly learning experience at Mingqi High School. 【解析】 【导语】要求考生以高三学生身份向校英语报投稿，就校园场所改进提出建议并说明原因。 【详解】1.词汇积累 过时的：outdated→obsolete 鼓励：encourage→motivate 扩大：expand→enlarge 有活力的：dynamic→vibrant 2. 句式拓展 同义句 原句：In conclusion, by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities, we can create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment.. 拓展句：In conclusion, only by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities can we create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment. 【点睛】【高分句型1】A pleasant dining environment will encourage students to socialize and make mealtimes enjoyable, fostering a sense of community.（运用了现在分词作状语） 【高分句型2】Our existing facilities are outdated and limited, hindering students from fully engaging in physical activities.（运用了现在分词作状语） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $