精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第一学期高二年级英语学科1月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Artists Show Concern for Environment at Smithsonian Craft Show The United Nations says more than one million plant and animal species are likely to die out because of human activity. That threat ____1____ the environment and concerns about climate change influenced people attending the Smithsonian Craft Show last month. The show gave recognition to artists ____2____ (create) environmentally sustainable works. The Smithsonian Committee is made up of volunteers from the Washington, D.C. area. Joann Symons is the group’s president. “In recent years, we’ve noticed that the artists in our shows have been working with more renewable materials and methods ____3____ are environmentally safe. That’s ____4____ we’ve decided that we will reward those efforts by offering a Sustainability Award every year at our show,” said Symons. At the show last month, 120 artists from across the United States presented works of art in 12 different materials. Twenty-one artists met the requirements for sustainability. By doing so, they won the right ____5____ (compete) for the Honoring the Future Sustainability Award. The winner received a prize of 1,000 dollars. Mary Jaeger creates her works of art in a nearly 100-year-old factory building in Brooklyn, New York. She makes artworks that ____6____ be worn as clothing. It combines the time-honored qualities of Japanese textiles with modern Western designs. Jaeger won the “Honoring the Future Sustainability Award” for her silk creations. She makes them by hand, combining earlier projects with materials ____7____ (leave) over. The artist said, “____8____ I look at these beautiful silks that I have acquired over the years of designing, I wanted to repurpose them into something that was truly beautiful, but completely different than the original product...” Fran Dubrowski ____9____ (head) Honoring the Future, a nonprofit organization that provides the sustainability award. She said the group _____10_____ (set) up to take advantage of the power of art to educate and engage the public on climate change. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. argument B. attentive C. dull D. disengaged E. contrast F. mildly G. posted H. resist I. solve J. tedious K. variation The Lecture Is Not Broken For twenty years the university lecture has been declared obsolete. It is passive, critics say; students sit in rows, copying words that could be read at home, and what they retain afterwards is ____11____. The case seems overwhelming, and it has produced a whole industry of replacements — flipped classrooms, podcasts, interactive platforms. Yet the lecture refuses to die, and there is a respectable ____12____ for that. A well-constructed lecture does something no reading list can: it makes visible a mind at work. Watching an expert move through a problem, hesitate at a difficult step and then change direction is not the same as reading the finished result, and it is precisely the part that the published article strips away. The critics are also drawing a false contrast. A lecture is not passive for a student who is ____13____; it is passive for one who is ____14____. The evidence, in fact, points to a different culprit. Studies of attention in lectures find that it declines sharply after about fifteen minutes — but recovers when the speaker poses a question, and this happens whatever the format. The problem, in other words, is not the medium but the absence of ____15____. Nor is the digital alternative as helpful as it looks. When the same material was presented as a recording, students were ____16____ more likely to postpone watching it, and those who watched at doubled speed performed no better than those who had never watched at all. Convenience is not the same as learning. This does not mean that lectures should go unchanged. They should be shorter, and they should stop every quarter of an hour to demand something of the audience. The ____17____ in quality between a good and a poor lecture is wider than in almost any other form of teaching, which is why the format is so often blamed for what is really the speaker’s fault. Students, meanwhile, should be told the truth: that no format will ever ____18____ the hard work of understanding, and that a lecture is an invitation to think, not a substitute for it. The question worth asking is not whether we should ____19____ the lecture, but whether we are willing to prepare for it. A student who arrives having read the material will find the hour ____20____; one who arrives empty-handed will be bored by any format we design. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. As managers think about how to draw workers back into the office, they are offering free food, free drinks and free massages. But in the minds of many office ____21____, there is now an unspoken question: if I went back to the office, would I feel like I was the boss of my own desk? That question is easy for managers to overlook, yet it ____22____ more than we think. In 2010, the psychologists Alex Haslam and Craig Knight set up an experiment in which participants were asked to perform simple administrative tasks in a variety of office spaces. They tested four different office layouts. One was in the ____23____ style: bare desk, chair, pencil, paper, nothing else. The second layout was softened with plants and almost abstract flower images. Workers ____24____ this layout more than the first one and got more and better work done there. The third and fourth layouts were similar, yet produced dramatically different outcomes. In each, workers were invited to use the same plants and pictures to decorate the space before they started work, if they wished. But in one of them, the experimenter came in after the subject had finished decorating, and then rearranged it all. The ____25____ difference was small, but the impact on productivity and job satisfaction was dramatic. When workers were ____26____ to shape their own space, they did more and better work and felt far more content. When workers were disempowered, their work suffered and, of course, they ____27____ it. It wasn't the environment itself that was stressful or distracting — it was the lack of ____28____. Yet there is a long tradition of disempowering workers. In the 1960s, the designer Robert Propst worked with the Herman Miller company to produce “The Action Office”, a stylish system of open-plan office furniture that ____29____ workers to sit, stand, move around and shape the space as they wished. Propst then watched in____30____ as his ideas were turned into cheap modular dividers, and then to cubicle farms (小隔间). Managers had pushed the style and the space out of the action office, but ____31____ they had denied workers their rights to make choices about the place where they spent much of their waking lives. At least the cube farms had a money-saving logic. Many ____32____ attempts to control the office environment had no logic at all. In the early 1990s, Jay Chiat of the Chiat-Day advertising agency brought on some star architects to provide him with fashionable office spaces over which the actual workers had no control. The Chiat-Day office redesign has become a (n) ____33____ tale, reminding us of what happens when style is put ahead of substance and hot-desking goes too far. Yet ____34____ disempowering office layouts and rules remain far too common. Occasionally the media will report one of these more extreme efforts. Everyone laughs ____35____ at such stories. We all know our workplace could be next. 21. A. designers B. bosses C. workers D. builders 22. A. requires B. leaves C. matters D. remains 23. A. conventional B. dominant C. domestic D. minimalist 24. A. applied B. questioned C. enjoyed D. overlooked 25. A. physical B. qualitative C. growing D. natural 26. A. empowered B. estimated C. chosen D. forbidden 27. A. needed B. hated C. accepted D. changed 28. A. control B. progress C. concern D. discipline 29. A. taught B. allowed C. selected D. appointed 30. A. general B. respect C. response D. horror 31. A. after all B. above all C. at all D. in all 32. A. occasional B. theoretical C. legal D. managerial 33. A. inspiring B. curious C. warning D. boring 34. A. pointlessly B. effortlessly C. selflessly D. harmlessly 35. A. delightedly B. nervously C. moderately D. dutifully Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Our environments can affect the way we feel. This is not a new concept. Recently, scientific research concluded that the design of healthcare environments could support patients in their recovery. Increasingly, however, it is our homes that are being seen as places we can improve our wellness. A new approach to interior design suggests that many of us now care less about how our homes look and more about how they make us feel. How we feel can be influenced by a number of different things, including the furniture and objects within our homes and how these are arranged. For example, “to create warmth and the ability to connect with others, we want our furniture facing each other”, says Lindsay T. Graham, a personality and social psychologist. Smaller objects, too, have a lot of power, according to Monica Khemsurov, one of the founders of online design magazine Sight Unseen. Whether it’s something an old friend made for us or a souvenir purchased while travelling, objects allow us to relive those important moments or feel closer to people we love at a glance. It makes sense, therefore, that taking a more active approach to where we place objects in our home, can affect our mood. Other elements that help create a personal space that makes you feel good include the type of lighting, the use of color and texture, as well as bringing nature into the home. “Plants and natural materials, particularly unpainted wood, are really great for keeping our stress levels in check”, says environmental psychologist Sally Augustin. And controlling stress levels can also be helped by making sure our workspace and any clutter are hidden from sight when we want to feel calm, for example, during our night-time routine before going to bed. However we choose to adjust our living spaces to improve wellness, the final tip from the experts is to not treat our homes as a museum. Instead, we should see them as unique and constantly changing — just like us. 36. Which of the following factors is most likely to influence how we feel at home? A. Where the furniture is made. B. The arrangement of furniture items. C. Whether our rooms face south. D. The number of souvenirs we have. 37. Why do small objects in our home matter to us? A. They help bring back our memories. B. They help us get to know more people. C. They are usually gifts from our old friends. D. They remind us of those common moments. 38. According to Sally Augustin, which of the following can make you feel good in your own space? A. Avoiding artificial lighting. B. Studying gardening techniques. C. Wearing light-colored pajamas. D. Using furniture made of natural materials. 39. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Our home should be viewed as a museum. B. We need often to change how our living spaces look. C. The practice of feng shui is widely accepted on a global scale. D. We should consult a psychologist when we decorate our home. （B） Good manners used to mean simple courtesy (礼节) and being kind. Today it seems we may fear doing or saying the wrong thing, and for good reason. Given the power of the Internet, a faux pas can mean losing a friend-or your job. Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better. TO HOLD OR NOT TO HOLD — THE DOOR Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style? -Jo Garcia A: Let me uncomplicate things: If I’m first to the door, I’m going to pull it open and let you go first, whether you’re a man or a woman. A push door can be awkward, but I’ll usually go through first (with my most charming “Allow me!”) and then hold it for you. I give the same advice to my sister (and all women): First one there opens the door and holds it. The one time to break the rule: If the person ahead of you needs assistance or is much older, step up and open the door. And for those of us on the receiving end of a door kindness, I hope we all say “Thank you” as we pass by. NO THANK-YOU NOTES=NO MORE GIFTS? Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options? -Sharon Taft A: I’m the quick-witted uncle to three nieces, which means I rely on humor to make a point. One time, several weeks after the holidays had gone by, I e-mailed one of the girls: “I can’t thank you enough for thank-you note.” That inspired a quick, and guilty, thank-you from her. Then there was the year I boycotted them: no gifts. You bet they noticed, and they did a fine job with their thank-you e-mails once I resumed gift giving. (Yes, e-mail is just fine, especially when compared with the alternative-no response.) But I learned a lesson, too: I try my best to thank those who express kindness to me, whether it’s a flight attendant helping me with a bag or these same nieces-now young adults — who recently made an amazing dinner for our family. There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now. 40. Both Jo Garcia and Sharon Taft are puzzled by A. what makes young people so rude B. what kindness means to young adults C. why kindness is not infectious nowadays D. why some good manners are out of date 41. Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Men should always hold the door for women. B. It is always necessary to express our gratitude. C. Jo should remind her husband of his impoliteness. D. Being humorous matters more than being polite. 42. The word “begets” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “_______” A. takes care of B. makes use of C. gives rise to D. attaches importance to （C） No spacecraft will ever land on the surface of the sun, but next year, a ship from Earth will fly closer to its fires than ever before in a mission that represents a big development not just for scientists but, potentially, for everyone else. NASA plans to launch a probe (航天探测器) that will journey nearly 90 million miles, eventually flying within 3.8 million miles of the sun. The Parker Solar Probe is expected to reach the sun’s outer envelope of fiery gases, known as the corona, by November, providing new insights not only into our home star but into all stars — which is no small thing, given that the closest star system is an unreachable four light-years away. That’s 24 trillion miles. The sun, just 93 million miles away, is well within our reach. After its launch, the unmanned spacecraft will enter a preliminary solar orbit (初步太阳轨道) and then make seven flybys of Venus, using the planet’s gravity to edge closer and closer to the sun. The ship will finally be so close that it will make a single trip around the sun in just 88 days — a quick trip compared with Earth’s 365 days. At its peak speeds, the Parker Solar Probe will move fast enough to get from Philadelphia to Washington in a second. While temperatures in the corona can reach 1 million °F, the probe will limit itself to regions where things get no hotter than 2,500 °F. Still, that’s four times as hot as the melting point of lead — a heavy heat load for a spacecraft that will cost $1.5 billion to build, launch and operate. But a 4.5-inch heat shield will allow the probe’s camera and scientific instruments to operate at a comfortable room temperature. NASA says the data it collects could provide insight into the physics of stars at large. Our sun may be special to us, but it’s rather common in the sweep of space; the better we understand how it works, the better we understand all stars of its mass and color. Perhaps most important is what the probe may reveal about the cause and nature of solar storms. During solar storms, charged particles (带电微粒) streaming through the solar system can disable communications satellites and shut down electrical grids over vast areas of the planet. A National Academy of Sciences study revealed that a particularly violent storm could cause up to $2 trillion in damage in the U.S. alone and black out the Eastern seaboard for a year. A better understanding of what causes the storms might enable us to predict them — and protect ourselves in advance. That could make even a mission with a billion-plus price tag one of NASA’s great bargains. 43. Why is an understanding of the sun important? A. It enables us to know about similar but inaccessible stars. B. It makes it possible for us to use the planets’ gravity in a wise way. C. It helps to reveal the accurate distance between the Earth and the sun. D. It provides insights into why there are living creatures in the solar system. 44. Philadelphia and Washington are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to ______. A. stress how close the probe might be to the sun B. illustrate the greatest speed at which the probe moves C. inform readers of how fast the probe moves on average D. explain why the probe needs to finish its trip in 88 days 45. What does the writer imply about NASA’s mission to the sun in the last two paragraphs? A. It may be well worth its high costs. B. It may stop solar storms from happening. C. It may tell us what solar storms will lead to. D. It may find where charged particles can’t arrive. 46. Which of the following statements is true of the probe? A. It is linked to a camera on the earth. B. It will circle the sun at a steady speed. C. It is one of NASA’s projects to explore the sun. D. It cannot stand the temperature of over 2,500°F. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Day When I Gave Up Smoking I thought everyone would be pleased, but one of my colleagues was absolutely angry, “What do you mean? If it was that easy, why didn’t you stop years ago?” ____47____ I find it curious myself. The stop-smoking session (阶段) took place exactly two months and three weeks ago. I had not intended to stop and I did not even particularly want to. For one thing, I wholly hated the pressure from the anti-smoking fighter—and I still do. For another, I had low blood pressure and a long-living and healthy family. I did not cough or feel unwell and threw off colds more easily, it seemed to me, than friends with consciously healthier lifestyles. On that unexceptional Thursday afternoon, I had simply gone along to the Birmingham session of The East Way to Stop Smoking to write an article about other people trying to give up. ‘I shan’t be trying to stop myself. It wouldn’t be fair,’ I announced firmly. ____48____ I could not have been more reasonable. After all, I positively enjoyed smoking. It gave me real pleasure. I thought the counsellor (顾问) looked at me rather knowingly. We were encouraged to smoke as much as we wished and most of the afternoon was conducted in a room so smoke-filled that we had to open the windows. I noticed with interest that when I was told to smoke I was reluctant to do so — and so were the others. ____49____ Just as smoking itself had become a challenge in the face of opposition, so the concept of stopping began to feel attractive. The possibility of not being a smoker was beginning to make me feel powerful. It was a secret feeling that had nothing to do with anyone except myself. Now I do miss my cigarettes, but not too much. ____50____ All are key moments in which I would have previously smoked cigarettes. A. Each ‘new’ experience as a non-smoker has to be addressed — eating out, waiting for an aero-plane, a theatre interval. B. My work, which I thought would be the most difficult to accomplish without cigarettes, did not cause a single problem. C. I suppose my inability to explain how one afternoon I had been a heavy smoker, and four hours later I was not, was faintly annoying. D. Since my motivation for being here is writing, not stopping, it would not be right to expect your method to work on me. E. Having a cigarette was an activity in itself. F. I suppose what happened was that the stop-smoking messages made intellectual sense. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Understanding Stress Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. Forty-eight percent of people in the United States report that they feel more stressed today than they did five years ago. In addition, most doctor visits in the world (three out of five) happen because of problems related to stress. Scientists and health workers are interested in this subject because high stress levels have serious consequences that can affect people’s health and daily lives. Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. These problems include trouble sleeping, sickness, and pain. Heart disease and even cancer probably result from stress. Moreover, people under stress are in more danger of having an accident at work or while driving, and they might start bad habits more easily such as smoking or eating too much. It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. Eustress provides the amount of stress that is just right for a person to grow, to stay energetic, and to feel happy with life. For instance, getting married is a happy life event for most people. However, getting married is also a big change, so it causes stress. Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. Problems with money, school, or relationships are common causes of distress in modern life. Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 亨利抓住弟弟的手臂。(by) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 53. 越靠近那幢屋子，我们的步伐就越缓慢。(close)(汉译英) _____________________________________________ 54. 在一次心理课上，当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，你可以想象这有多尴尬。(embarrassing) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 55. 这个应用程序很快就无人问津的原因是它的开发者没有将用户的实际需求考虑在内。(account) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你有意参加某英文报举行的题为“My future home”征文调查活动，征文内容从这些住房特征中选择：交通便利；住房外部环境宜居；家居内部设施齐全；用具及装饰健康环保；住房智能化。现请你一写篇文章，具体要求如下： （1）你未来理想的住房应该有以上哪三个特征？ （2）说明理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Artists Show Concern for Environment at Smithsonian Craft Show The United Nations says more than one million plant and animal species are likely to die out because of human activity. That threat ____1____ the environment and concerns about climate change influenced people attending the Smithsonian Craft Show last month. The show gave recognition to artists ____2____ (create) environmentally sustainable works. The Smithsonian Committee is made up of volunteers from the Washington, D.C. area. Joann Symons is the group’s president. “In recent years, we’ve noticed that the artists in our shows have been working with more renewable materials and methods ____3____ are environmentally safe. That’s ____4____ we’ve decided that we will reward those efforts by offering a Sustainability Award every year at our show,” said Symons. At the show last month, 120 artists from across the United States presented works of art in 12 different materials. Twenty-one artists met the requirements for sustainability. By doing so, they won the right ____5____ (compete) for the Honoring the Future Sustainability Award. The winner received a prize of 1,000 dollars. Mary Jaeger creates her works of art in a nearly 100-year-old factory building in Brooklyn, New York. She makes artworks that ____6____ be worn as clothing. It combines the time-honored qualities of Japanese textiles with modern Western designs. Jaeger won the “Honoring the Future Sustainability Award” for her silk creations. She makes them by hand, combining earlier projects with materials ____7____ (leave) over. The artist said, “____8____ I look at these beautiful silks that I have acquired over the years of designing, I wanted to repurpose them into something that was truly beautiful, but completely different than the original product...” Fran Dubrowski ____9____ (head) Honoring the Future, a nonprofit organization that provides the sustainability award. She said the group _____10_____ (set) up to take advantage of the power of art to educate and engage the public on climate change. 【答案】1. to 2. creating 3. that##which 4. why 5. to compete 6. can 7. left 8. When##As 9. heads 10. was set## had been set 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了艺术家在史密森尼工艺展上表达对环境的关心。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：对环境的威胁和对气候变化的担忧影响了上个月参加史密森工艺展的人们。threat to为固定用法，意为“对……的威胁”。故填to。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该展览表彰了创造环境可持续发展作品的艺术家。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语动词gives，空处需填非谓语动词，artists和create为逻辑上的主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。故填creating。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：近年来，我们注意到我们展览中的艺术家一直在使用更多的可再生材料和环保的方法。空处引导定语从句，先行词methods，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词that/which引导。故填that/which。 【4题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么我们决定每年在展会上颁发一个可持续发展奖来奖励这些努力。空处引导表语从句，从句缺少原因状语，需用连接副词why引导。故填why。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：通过这样做，他们赢得了竞争未来可持续发展奖的权利。空处修饰名词the right，需用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to compete。 【6题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：她制作可以当衣服穿的艺术品。结合语境可知，空处需填情态动词can，表示“可以，能够”。故填can。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：她将早期的作品和剩余的材料结合起来，手工制作这些作品。“with+宾语+宾语补足语”为固定用法，空处需填非谓语动词作宾语补足语，materials和leave为逻辑上的动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。故填left。 【8题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：这位艺术家说:“当我看到这些我经过多年设计获得的美丽的丝绸时，我想把它们改造成真正美丽的东西，但又和原来的产品完全不同……”。空处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，需用as/when引导。故填as/when。 【9题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：弗兰·杜博洛斯基(Fran Dubrowski)是“尊重未来”(honor the Future)的负责人，这是一家提供可持续发展奖的非营利组织。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为Fran Dubrowski，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填heads。 【10题详解】 考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：她说，成立这个组织是为了利用艺术的力量来教育公众，让公众参与气候变化问题。空处为宾语从句的谓语动词，从句可以看作陈述客观事实，也可看作陈述过去的动作，再根据said可知，从句使用一般过去时或者过去完成时，主语the group和set为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为单数名词，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填was set/had been set。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. argument B. attentive C. dull D. disengaged E. contrast F. mildly G. posted H. resist I. solve J. tedious K. variation The Lecture Is Not Broken For twenty years the university lecture has been declared obsolete. It is passive, critics say; students sit in rows, copying words that could be read at home, and what they retain afterwards is ____11____. The case seems overwhelming, and it has produced a whole industry of replacements — flipped classrooms, podcasts, interactive platforms. Yet the lecture refuses to die, and there is a respectable ____12____ for that. A well-constructed lecture does something no reading list can: it makes visible a mind at work. Watching an expert move through a problem, hesitate at a difficult step and then change direction is not the same as reading the finished result, and it is precisely the part that the published article strips away. The critics are also drawing a false contrast. A lecture is not passive for a student who is ____13____; it is passive for one who is ____14____. The evidence, in fact, points to a different culprit. Studies of attention in lectures find that it declines sharply after about fifteen minutes — but recovers when the speaker poses a question, and this happens whatever the format. The problem, in other words, is not the medium but the absence of ____15____. Nor is the digital alternative as helpful as it looks. When the same material was presented as a recording, students were ____16____ more likely to postpone watching it, and those who watched at doubled speed performed no better than those who had never watched at all. Convenience is not the same as learning. This does not mean that lectures should go unchanged. They should be shorter, and they should stop every quarter of an hour to demand something of the audience. The ____17____ in quality between a good and a poor lecture is wider than in almost any other form of teaching, which is why the format is so often blamed for what is really the speaker’s fault. Students, meanwhile, should be told the truth: that no format will ever ____18____ the hard work of understanding, and that a lecture is an invitation to think, not a substitute for it. The question worth asking is not whether we should ____19____ the lecture, but whether we are willing to prepare for it. A student who arrives having read the material will find the hour ____20____; one who arrives empty-handed will be bored by any format we design. 【答案】11. J 12. A 13. B 14. D 15. K 16. F 17. E 18. I 19. H 20. C 【解析】 【导语】文章为大学讲座正名，论证其不可替代的教学核心价值。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：批评者说，它是被动的；学生们坐成一排，抄写那些可以在家里读到的文字，而他们之后记住的东西是乏味的。根据空前is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；结合前文“copying words that could be read at home”可知，学生记住的内容是枯燥的。tedious“单调乏味的”符合语境。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，讲座拒绝消亡，而且对此有一个有说服力的理由。根据空前a respectable可知，空处需用单数可数名词；argument“论点，理由”符合语境，指代前文讲座不消亡的合理理由。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：对于一个专注的学生来说，讲座不是被动的；对于一个走神的学生来说，它是被动的。根据空前who is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；与后半句“it is passive for one who is”形成对比，此处指专注的学生。attentive“专注的”符合语境。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：同上。根据空前who is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；与第3空形成反义对比，此处指不专注的学生。disengaged“脱离的，不专注的”符合语境。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：换句话说，问题不在于媒介，而在于缺乏变化。根据空前of可知，空处需用名词；前文提到注意力在约15分钟后急剧下降，但演讲者提问后会恢复，说明需要变化来维持注意力。variation“变化”符合语境，此处指讲座中缺乏节奏或内容的变化。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：当同样的材料以录音形式呈现时，学生推迟观看的可能性略微更高，而那些以双倍速度观看的学生表现并不比那些根本没看过的学生好。根据空后more likely可知，空处需用副词修饰比较级；mildly“略微，稍微”符合语境，表示程度不高的增加。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：好讲座与差讲座的质量差距，比几乎任何其他教学形式的好坏质量差距都要大，这就是为什么这种形式经常被归咎于演讲者的过错。根据空前The和空后in quality可知，空处需用名词；contrast“对比，差距”符合语境，指好坏讲座之间的质量差别。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：同时，应该告诉学生真相：没有任何形式能够解决理解的艰苦工作，讲座是思考的邀请，而不是替代品。根据空前will ever可知，空处需用动词原形；solve“解决”符合语境，指代免去理解所需付出的努力。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：值得问的问题不是我们是否应该抵制讲座，而是我们是否愿意为之准备。根据空前whether we should可知，空处需用动词原形；resist“抵制”符合语境，与文章开头“lecture has been declared obsolete”呼应。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：事先读过材料而来的学生会觉得这一小时单调乏味；一个空手而来的学生会对我们设计的任何形式感到无聊。根据空前find the hour可知，空处需用形容词作宾补。此处指不无聊，find the hour dull意为“觉得这一小时乏味”，与后句bored呼应。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. As managers think about how to draw workers back into the office, they are offering free food, free drinks and free massages. But in the minds of many office ____21____, there is now an unspoken question: if I went back to the office, would I feel like I was the boss of my own desk? That question is easy for managers to overlook, yet it ____22____ more than we think. In 2010, the psychologists Alex Haslam and Craig Knight set up an experiment in which participants were asked to perform simple administrative tasks in a variety of office spaces. They tested four different office layouts. One was in the ____23____ style: bare desk, chair, pencil, paper, nothing else. The second layout was softened with plants and almost abstract flower images. Workers ____24____ this layout more than the first one and got more and better work done there. The third and fourth layouts were similar, yet produced dramatically different outcomes. In each, workers were invited to use the same plants and pictures to decorate the space before they started work, if they wished. But in one of them, the experimenter came in after the subject had finished decorating, and then rearranged it all. The ____25____ difference was small, but the impact on productivity and job satisfaction was dramatic. When workers were ____26____ to shape their own space, they did more and better work and felt far more content. When workers were disempowered, their work suffered and, of course, they ____27____ it. It wasn't the environment itself that was stressful or distracting — it was the lack of ____28____. Yet there is a long tradition of disempowering workers. In the 1960s, the designer Robert Propst worked with the Herman Miller company to produce “The Action Office”, a stylish system of open-plan office furniture that ____29____ workers to sit, stand, move around and shape the space as they wished. Propst then watched in____30____ as his ideas were turned into cheap modular dividers, and then to cubicle farms (小隔间). Managers had pushed the style and the space out of the action office, but ____31____ they had denied workers their rights to make choices about the place where they spent much of their waking lives. At least the cube farms had a money-saving logic. Many ____32____ attempts to control the office environment had no logic at all. In the early 1990s, Jay Chiat of the Chiat-Day advertising agency brought on some star architects to provide him with fashionable office spaces over which the actual workers had no control. The Chiat-Day office redesign has become a (n) ____33____ tale, reminding us of what happens when style is put ahead of substance and hot-desking goes too far. Yet ____34____ disempowering office layouts and rules remain far too common. Occasionally the media will report one of these more extreme efforts. Everyone laughs ____35____ at such stories. We all know our workplace could be next. 21. A. designers B. bosses C. workers D. builders 22. A. requires B. leaves C. matters D. remains 23. A. conventional B. dominant C. domestic D. minimalist 24. A. applied B. questioned C. enjoyed D. overlooked 25. A. physical B. qualitative C. growing D. natural 26. A. empowered B. estimated C. chosen D. forbidden 27. A. needed B. hated C. accepted D. changed 28. A. control B. progress C. concern D. discipline 29. A. taught B. allowed C. selected D. appointed 30. A. general B. respect C. response D. horror 31. A. after all B. above all C. at all D. in all 32. A. occasional B. theoretical C. legal D. managerial 33. A. inspiring B. curious C. warning D. boring 34. A. pointlessly B. effortlessly C. selflessly D. harmlessly 35. A. delightedly B. nervously C. moderately D. dutifully 【答案】21. C 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了实验证明员工能否掌控自己的办公环境会极大影响工作效率与满意度；回顾开放式办公隔间的演变，指出很多管理者设计办公室时剥夺员工自主掌控空间的权利，一味追求形式，这种无意义的办公布局至今仍十分普遍。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：但在许多办公室员工心中，存在一个心照不宣的问题：如果我回到办公室，我能感觉自己是办公桌的主人吗？A. designers设计师；B. bosses老板；C. workers员工；D. builders建造者。根据上文“As managers think about how to draw workers back into the office”可知，管理者想召回员工，问题是员工内心的疑问。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：管理者很容易忽略这个问题，但它的重要性远超我们想象。A. requires要求；B. leaves留下；C. matters要紧，重要；D. remains 仍然是。根据上文“That question is easy for managers to overlook, yet ”可知，yet 表转折：问题虽容易被忽视，但很重要。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：第一种是极简主义风格：光秃秃的桌子、椅子、铅笔、纸张，别无他物。A. conventional传统的；B. dominant占主导的；C. domestic国内的，家庭的；D. minimalist极简的。根据下文“bare desk, chair, pencil, paper, nothing else.”可知，桌子空空，没有多余物品，对应极简风格。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：相比第一种布局，员工更喜欢这种布置，并且在此完成更多、质量更好的工作。A. applied应用；B. questioned质疑；C. enjoyed喜欢；D. overlooked忽视。根据下文“got more and better work done”可知，工作产出更好，说明员工喜爱这个环境。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：实物外观差别很小，但对生产力和工作满意度的影响巨大。A. physical实体的，有形的；B. qualitative定性的；C. growing增长的；D. natural自然的。根据上文“In each, workers were invited to use the same plants and pictures to decorate the space before they started work”可知，两组实验用的植物和图片完全一样，只是摆放位置不同，实物外观差别不大，但是心理和工作效果差异巨大。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：当员工被赋予权力塑造自己的空间时，他们工作量更大、质量更高，并且感到满足得多。A. empowered授权，赋予自主权；B. estimated估计；C. chosen选择；D. forbidden禁止。根据下文“When workers were disempowered”可知，空处和“被剥夺自主权”形成反义词复现。disempower是empower的反义词。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：当员工自主权被剥夺，工作表现变差，当然，他们讨厌这种状态。A. needed需要；B. hated厌恶；C. accepted接受；D. changed改变。根据上文“their work suffered”可知，工作受到影响，顺承情绪是反感、讨厌。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：并不是环境本身带来压力或让人分心，而是缺少掌控权。A. control掌控；B. progress进步；C. concern担忧；D. discipline纪律。根据后文“control the office environment”可知，全文核心是讨论员工能否自主布置空间，本质就是对环境的掌控权。 【29题详解】 考查动词。句意：20 世纪 60 年代，设计师Robert Propst与Herman Miller 公司打造 “行动办公室”，一套时髦的开放式办公家具系统，允许员工坐、站、随意走动，并按自己想法改造空间。A. taught教；B. allowed允许；C. selected挑选；D. appointed任命。根据下文“shape the space as they wished”可知，按照自己意愿改造空间，说明这套系统允许员工自主调整。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：随后 Propst 惊恐地看着自己的理念被改造成廉价模块化隔断，最后变成格子间。A. general大体；B. respect尊重；C. response回应；D. horror恐惧，震惊。根据下文“as his ideas were turned into cheap modular dividers, and then to cubicle farms (小隔间).”可知，设计师原本的美好设想被扭曲成廉价隔间，内心是震惊、无奈。 【31题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：管理者抛弃了行动办公室原本的风格与空间理念，但最重要的是，他们剥夺了员工对自己大部分清醒时间所处空间做出选择的权利。A. after all毕竟；B. above all最重要的是；C. at all根本；D. in all总共。根据上文“Managers had pushed the style and the space out of the action office”和下文“they had denied workers their rights to make choices about the place where they spent much of their waking lives.”可知，上下文是递进逻辑：不只是改动了空间设计，最关键的是剥夺员工选择权。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：很多管理层试图管控办公环境的做法完全毫无逻辑。A. occasional偶尔的；B. theoretical理论上的；C. legal合法的；D. managerial管理层的。上文主语是“managers”管理者，对应管理层面的。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：Chiat-Day 办公室的重新设计已经成为一则警示故事，提醒我们当形式凌驾于实质，共享工位走向极端时会发生什么。A. inspiring鼓舞人心的；B. curious好奇的；C. warning警示的；D. boring无聊的。根据下文“reminding us of what happens”可知，提醒我们后果，说明是警示故事。 【34题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，毫无意义地剥夺员工自主权的办公布局与规则仍然十分普遍。A. pointlessly无意义地；B. effortlessly毫不费力地；C. selflessly无私地；D. harmlessly无害地。根据上文“had no logic at all”可知，完全没有逻辑，对应毫无意义。 【35题详解】 考查副词。句意：大家听到这类故事时，只是紧张地一笑。我们都知道，下一个遭殃的可能就是我们自己的工作场所。A. delightedly开心地；B. nervously紧张地；C. moderately适度地；D. dutifully尽责地。根据下文“We all know our workplace could be next.”可知，我们知道这种糟糕的办公室改造可能落到自己头上，所以笑声是紧张不安的。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Our environments can affect the way we feel. This is not a new concept. Recently, scientific research concluded that the design of healthcare environments could support patients in their recovery. Increasingly, however, it is our homes that are being seen as places we can improve our wellness. A new approach to interior design suggests that many of us now care less about how our homes look and more about how they make us feel. How we feel can be influenced by a number of different things, including the furniture and objects within our homes and how these are arranged. For example, “to create warmth and the ability to connect with others, we want our furniture facing each other”, says Lindsay T. Graham, a personality and social psychologist. Smaller objects, too, have a lot of power, according to Monica Khemsurov, one of the founders of online design magazine Sight Unseen. Whether it’s something an old friend made for us or a souvenir purchased while travelling, objects allow us to relive those important moments or feel closer to people we love at a glance. It makes sense, therefore, that taking a more active approach to where we place objects in our home, can affect our mood. Other elements that help create a personal space that makes you feel good include the type of lighting, the use of color and texture, as well as bringing nature into the home. “Plants and natural materials, particularly unpainted wood, are really great for keeping our stress levels in check”, says environmental psychologist Sally Augustin. And controlling stress levels can also be helped by making sure our workspace and any clutter are hidden from sight when we want to feel calm, for example, during our night-time routine before going to bed. However we choose to adjust our living spaces to improve wellness, the final tip from the experts is to not treat our homes as a museum. Instead, we should see them as unique and constantly changing — just like us. 36. Which of the following factors is most likely to influence how we feel at home? A. Where the furniture is made. B. The arrangement of furniture items. C. Whether our rooms face south. D. The number of souvenirs we have. 37. Why do small objects in our home matter to us? A. They help bring back our memories. B. They help us get to know more people. C. They are usually gifts from our old friends. D. They remind us of those common moments. 38. According to Sally Augustin, which of the following can make you feel good in your own space? A. Avoiding artificial lighting. B. Studying gardening techniques. C. Wearing light-colored pajamas. D. Using furniture made of natural materials. 39. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Our home should be viewed as a museum. B. We need often to change how our living spaces look. C. The practice of feng shui is widely accepted on a global scale. D. We should consult a psychologist when we decorate our home. 【答案】36. B 37. A 38. D 39. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要讲述了环境如何影响我们的感受，尤其是家居环境对身心健康的作用，包括家具摆放、小物件的情感价值、灯光色彩与自然元素的运用，以及专家建议我们应将家视为不断变化的独特空间而非博物馆。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“How we feel can be influenced by a number of different things, including the furniture and objects within our homes and how these are arranged. (我们的感受会受到许多不同事物的影响，包括家中的家具和物品以及它们的摆放方式。)”可知，家具的摆放方式最可能影响我们在家中的感受。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Whether it's something an old friend made for us or a souvenir purchased while travelling, objects allow us to relive those important moments or feel closer to people we love at a glance. (无论是老朋友为我们制作的东西还是旅行时购买的纪念品，这些物品都能让我们重温那些重要的时刻，或者一眼就感觉与我们所爱的人更亲近。)”可知，小物件之所以重要，是因为它们能帮助我们唤起记忆。故选A项。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Other elements that help create a personal space that makes you feel good include the type of lighting, the use of color and texture, as well as bringing nature into the home. “Plants and natural materials, particularly unpainted wood, are really great for keeping our stress levels in check”, says environmental psychologist Sally Augustin. (其他有助于营造让你感觉良好的个人空间的元素包括灯光类型、色彩和质感的运用，以及将自然带入家中。“植物和天然材料，特别是未上漆的木材，对控制我们的压力水平非常有效”，环境心理学家Sally Augustin说。)”可知，使用天然材料制成的家具能让人在自己的空间里感觉良好。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However we choose to adjust our living spaces to improve wellness, the final tip from the experts is to not treat our homes as a museum. Instead, we should see them as unique and constantly changing — just like us. (无论我们如何选择调整居住空间来改善健康，专家给出的最后建议是不要把我们的家当作博物馆。相反，我们应该把它们看作是独特的、不断变化的——就像我们自己一样。)”可推知，我们需要经常改变居住空间的样子，使其不断变化。 （B） Good manners used to mean simple courtesy (礼节) and being kind. Today it seems we may fear doing or saying the wrong thing, and for good reason. Given the power of the Internet, a faux pas can mean losing a friend-or your job. Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better. TO HOLD OR NOT TO HOLD — THE DOOR Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style? -Jo Garcia A: Let me uncomplicate things: If I’m first to the door, I’m going to pull it open and let you go first, whether you’re a man or a woman. A push door can be awkward, but I’ll usually go through first (with my most charming “Allow me!”) and then hold it for you. I give the same advice to my sister (and all women): First one there opens the door and holds it. The one time to break the rule: If the person ahead of you needs assistance or is much older, step up and open the door. And for those of us on the receiving end of a door kindness, I hope we all say “Thank you” as we pass by. NO THANK-YOU NOTES=NO MORE GIFTS? Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options? -Sharon Taft A: I’m the quick-witted uncle to three nieces, which means I rely on humor to make a point. One time, several weeks after the holidays had gone by, I e-mailed one of the girls: “I can’t thank you enough for thank-you note.” That inspired a quick, and guilty, thank-you from her. Then there was the year I boycotted them: no gifts. You bet they noticed, and they did a fine job with their thank-you e-mails once I resumed gift giving. (Yes, e-mail is just fine, especially when compared with the alternative-no response.) But I learned a lesson, too: I try my best to thank those who express kindness to me, whether it’s a flight attendant helping me with a bag or these same nieces-now young adults — who recently made an amazing dinner for our family. There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now. 40. Both Jo Garcia and Sharon Taft are puzzled by A. what makes young people so rude B. what kindness means to young adults C. why kindness is not infectious nowadays D. why some good manners are out of date 41. Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Men should always hold the door for women. B. It is always necessary to express our gratitude. C. Jo should remind her husband of his impoliteness. D. Being humorous matters more than being polite. 42. The word “begets” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “_______” A. takes care of B. makes use of C. gives rise to D. attaches importance to 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要通过解答读者关于让门和感谢信的礼仪困惑，指出善意行为永不过时，并强调表达感激的重要性。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第一个问题部分“Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style?(Q： 我丈夫总是为女人开门（他已经80多岁了），但那些年轻女人向他投去十分震惊的眼神，从他身边冲过去，没有一句感谢。真让人难过。为什么这种基本的善意已经过时了？)”以及第二个问题部分“Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options?(Q： 当我给孩子送礼物，而父母或孩子都没有表示感谢时，我尤其感到困扰。我有什么选择？)”可知，Jo Garcia对基本的善意（让门）被认为过时感到困惑，Sharon Taft对送礼后得不到感谢（不回复感谢信）感到困扰，两人都对为什么一些良好的礼仪不再被遵循感到不解。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。​根据第一段中“Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better.(过去二十多年来，我一直关注文明举止的方方面面，我认识到，幸运的是，善意永远不会过时。更妙的是，科学告诉我们，善举是会传染的：如果我对你好，你就更有可能对下一个人更好)”以及作者讲述自己尽量感谢那些对自己表达善意的人可知，作者最可能同意“表达我们的感激总是必要的”这一观点。 【42题详解】 词句猜测题。​根据最后一段中“There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now.(有一种理论认为感恩begets感恩。我现在相信这一点)”结合前文作者通过幽默方式促使侄女写感谢信，以及自己恢复送礼后侄女们写好感谢邮件的例子可知，感恩会带来更多的感恩，即感恩“产生”感恩。C项“gives rise to(引起，产生)”与begets意思最接近。 （C） No spacecraft will ever land on the surface of the sun, but next year, a ship from Earth will fly closer to its fires than ever before in a mission that represents a big development not just for scientists but, potentially, for everyone else. NASA plans to launch a probe (航天探测器) that will journey nearly 90 million miles, eventually flying within 3.8 million miles of the sun. The Parker Solar Probe is expected to reach the sun’s outer envelope of fiery gases, known as the corona, by November, providing new insights not only into our home star but into all stars — which is no small thing, given that the closest star system is an unreachable four light-years away. That’s 24 trillion miles. The sun, just 93 million miles away, is well within our reach. After its launch, the unmanned spacecraft will enter a preliminary solar orbit (初步太阳轨道) and then make seven flybys of Venus, using the planet’s gravity to edge closer and closer to the sun. The ship will finally be so close that it will make a single trip around the sun in just 88 days — a quick trip compared with Earth’s 365 days. At its peak speeds, the Parker Solar Probe will move fast enough to get from Philadelphia to Washington in a second. While temperatures in the corona can reach 1 million °F, the probe will limit itself to regions where things get no hotter than 2,500 °F. Still, that’s four times as hot as the melting point of lead — a heavy heat load for a spacecraft that will cost $1.5 billion to build, launch and operate. But a 4.5-inch heat shield will allow the probe’s camera and scientific instruments to operate at a comfortable room temperature. NASA says the data it collects could provide insight into the physics of stars at large. Our sun may be special to us, but it’s rather common in the sweep of space; the better we understand how it works, the better we understand all stars of its mass and color. Perhaps most important is what the probe may reveal about the cause and nature of solar storms. During solar storms, charged particles (带电微粒) streaming through the solar system can disable communications satellites and shut down electrical grids over vast areas of the planet. A National Academy of Sciences study revealed that a particularly violent storm could cause up to $2 trillion in damage in the U.S. alone and black out the Eastern seaboard for a year. A better understanding of what causes the storms might enable us to predict them — and protect ourselves in advance. That could make even a mission with a billion-plus price tag one of NASA’s great bargains. 43. Why is an understanding of the sun important? A. It enables us to know about similar but inaccessible stars. B. It makes it possible for us to use the planets’ gravity in a wise way. C. It helps to reveal the accurate distance between the Earth and the sun. D. It provides insights into why there are living creatures in the solar system. 44. Philadelphia and Washington are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to ______. A. stress how close the probe might be to the sun B. illustrate the greatest speed at which the probe moves C. inform readers of how fast the probe moves on average D. explain why the probe needs to finish its trip in 88 days 45. What does the writer imply about NASA’s mission to the sun in the last two paragraphs? A. It may be well worth its high costs. B. It may stop solar storms from happening. C. It may tell us what solar storms will lead to. D. It may find where charged particles can’t arrive. 46. Which of the following statements is true of the probe? A. It is linked to a camera on the earth. B. It will circle the sun at a steady speed. C. It is one of NASA’s projects to explore the sun. D. It cannot stand the temperature of over 2,500°F. 【答案】43. A 44. B 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍帕克太阳探测器探测太阳的任务、原理及科研价值。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Parker Solar Probe is expected to reach the sun’s outer envelope of fiery gases, known as the corona, by November, providing new insights not only into our home star but into all stars — which is no small thing, given that the closest star system is an unreachable four light-years away.(帕克太阳探测器预计将于 11 月抵达太阳炽热气体的外层，即日冕，它不仅会为研究我们的母恒星，还会为研究所有恒星提供新见解 —— 考虑到距离最近的恒星系统远在4光年之外、无法抵达，这意义重大)”可知，了解太阳之所以重要，是因为它让我们得以了解那些类似但无法触及的其他恒星。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“At its peak speeds, the Parker Solar Probe will move fast enough to get from Philadelphia to Washington in a second.(在最高速度下，帕克太阳探测器的速度快到一秒钟就能从费城抵达华盛顿)”可知，举费城到华盛顿的例子是为了形象说明探测器运行速度之快。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后两段：倒数第二段说数据能帮我们理解恒星物理；最后一段说更好理解太阳风暴成因可让我们提前预测并保护自己，并且根据最后一段中的“That could make even a mission with a billion-plus price tag one of NASA’s great bargains.(这甚至会让这项耗资十多亿美元的任务成为美国航空航天局性价比很高的项目之一)”可知，作者暗示这项任务虽然成本高昂，但物有所值。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“NASA plans to launch a probe (航天探测器) that will journey nearly 90 million miles, eventually flying within 3.8 million miles of the sun.(美国国家航空航天局计划发射一枚航天探测器，它将飞行近9000万英里，最终飞到距离太阳380万英里的范围内)”可知，帕克太阳探测器是美国国家航空航天局的探日项目之一。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Day When I Gave Up Smoking I thought everyone would be pleased, but one of my colleagues was absolutely angry, “What do you mean? If it was that easy, why didn’t you stop years ago?” ____47____ I find it curious myself. The stop-smoking session (阶段) took place exactly two months and three weeks ago. I had not intended to stop and I did not even particularly want to. For one thing, I wholly hated the pressure from the anti-smoking fighter—and I still do. For another, I had low blood pressure and a long-living and healthy family. I did not cough or feel unwell and threw off colds more easily, it seemed to me, than friends with consciously healthier lifestyles. On that unexceptional Thursday afternoon, I had simply gone along to the Birmingham session of The East Way to Stop Smoking to write an article about other people trying to give up. ‘I shan’t be trying to stop myself. It wouldn’t be fair,’ I announced firmly. ____48____ I could not have been more reasonable. After all, I positively enjoyed smoking. It gave me real pleasure. I thought the counsellor (顾问) looked at me rather knowingly. We were encouraged to smoke as much as we wished and most of the afternoon was conducted in a room so smoke-filled that we had to open the windows. I noticed with interest that when I was told to smoke I was reluctant to do so — and so were the others. ____49____ Just as smoking itself had become a challenge in the face of opposition, so the concept of stopping began to feel attractive. The possibility of not being a smoker was beginning to make me feel powerful. It was a secret feeling that had nothing to do with anyone except myself. Now I do miss my cigarettes, but not too much. ____50____ All are key moments in which I would have previously smoked cigarettes. A. Each ‘new’ experience as a non-smoker has to be addressed — eating out, waiting for an aero-plane, a theatre interval. B. My work, which I thought would be the most difficult to accomplish without cigarettes, did not cause a single problem. C. I suppose my inability to explain how one afternoon I had been a heavy smoker, and four hours later I was not, was faintly annoying. D. Since my motivation for being here is writing, not stopping, it would not be right to expect your method to work on me. E. Having a cigarette was an activity in itself. F. I suppose what happened was that the stop-smoking messages made intellectual sense. 【答案】47. C 48. D 49. F 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述作者一次偶然的戒烟经历，原本只是去戒烟活动现场写文章，没有打算戒烟，最后却在短短几个小时内成功戒烟以及戒烟之后的感受。 【47题详解】 上文“What do you mean? If it was that easy, why didn’t you stop years ago?(你什么意思？要是那么容易，你几年前为什么不戒？)”说明同事对作者突然戒烟这件事感到不解和生气，下文“I find it curious myself.(我自己也觉得很奇怪。)”说明作者自己也难以解释这件事。选项C“我想，我没法解释为什么一个下午我还是老烟民，四个小时之后就不再抽烟了，这多少让人恼火。”承接同事的质疑，引出作者自己也觉得这件事难以说清。 【48题详解】 上文“I shan’t be trying to stop myself. It wouldn’t be fair(我自己不会尝试戒烟。这不公平)”说明作者表明自己来这里的目的不是戒烟，下文“I could not have been more reasonable.(我说得再合情合理不过了。)”说明作者认为自己的理由很充分。选项D“既然我来这儿的目的是写作，不是戒烟，指望你们的方法对我起作用是不合适的。”承接前文作者的表态，解释自己不戒烟的理由。 【49题详解】 上文“I noticed with interest that when I was told to smoke I was reluctant to do so — and so were the others.(我饶有兴致地注意到，当要求我们抽烟的时候，我不太想抽，其他人也是如此。)”说明大家被要求抽烟时反而不情愿，下文“Just as smoking itself had become a challenge in the face of opposition, so the concept of stopping began to feel attractive.(正如抽烟这件事本身在反对声中成了一种挑战，戒烟这个想法开始变得有吸引力。)”讲戒烟的概念开始变得有吸引力，F项“我想事情是这样的：那些戒烟的宣传道理上说得通”衔接前后，解释了作者心态转变的原因。 【50题详解】 下文“All are key moments in which I would have previously smoked cigarettes.(这些全都是我以前会抽烟的关键时刻。)”说明横线处要列举多个不同场景。选项A“每一个身为非吸烟者的全新体验都需要适应 —— 外出就餐、等飞机、剧院中场休息。”列举了多个场景，和下文的All对应，衔接自然。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Understanding Stress Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. Forty-eight percent of people in the United States report that they feel more stressed today than they did five years ago. In addition, most doctor visits in the world (three out of five) happen because of problems related to stress. Scientists and health workers are interested in this subject because high stress levels have serious consequences that can affect people’s health and daily lives. Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. These problems include trouble sleeping, sickness, and pain. Heart disease and even cancer probably result from stress. Moreover, people under stress are in more danger of having an accident at work or while driving, and they might start bad habits more easily such as smoking or eating too much. It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. Eustress provides the amount of stress that is just right for a person to grow, to stay energetic, and to feel happy with life. For instance, getting married is a happy life event for most people. However, getting married is also a big change, so it causes stress. Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. Problems with money, school, or relationships are common causes of distress in modern life. Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Stress, a common problem in modern society, is experienced more today than in the past. Experiencing too much stress or for too long a time may cause physical or mental problems. However, there are two kinds of stress. Eustress is the kind that will give people positive motivation while distress will affect people negatively. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍压力是全球普遍的经历，如今人们承受的压力比过去更大，高压力会危害健康与日常生活，同时压力分为良性压力和恶性压力，前者带来积极作用，后者会造成身心伤害。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Stress — the way a person responds to changes and difficult situations — is a common experience that people all over the world share. In fact, most people have stressful experiences every day. However, research shows that people experience more stress today than they did in the past. ②Too much stress — or stress that continues for a long time — can cause serious physical and emotional problems. ③It is important to point out that stress is not always bad, however; actually, today’s busy lifestyles cause two kinds of stress — eustress and distress. ④Eustress is the effect of positive events that cause a change in a person’s life. ⑤Distress, on the other hand, is the effect of bad or difficult experiences. ⑥Distress can cause serious health and emotional problems, but eustress can actually improve a person’s well-being. 2. 缜密构思 将要点①、②进行重组，将要点③、④、⑤、⑥进行整合。 3. 遣词造句 ①Stress is a common experience, yet people suffer more stress nowadays than before. ②Long‑term or excessive stress may bring about physical and mental troubles. ③There exist two types of stress: eustress and distress. ④Eustress from positive events benefits people while distress from bad ones affects people negatively. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Experiencing too much stress or for too long a time may cause physical or mental problems. (使用了动名词作主语) 【高分句型2】Eustress is the kind that will give people positive motivation while distress will affect people negatively. (使用了that引导定语从句、while连接前后句子表示对比) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 亨利抓住弟弟的手臂。(by) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】Henry held his brother by the arm. 【解析】 【详解】表示“亨利”用Henry，作主语，位于句首首字母大写。表示“抓住”用hold，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，hold的过去式为held。表示“弟弟”用his brother，作held的宾语。表示“抓住弟弟的手臂”用held his brother by the arm。 53. 越靠近那幢屋子，我们的步伐就越缓慢。(close)(汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】The closer we were to the house, the more slowly we walked. 【解析】 【详解】“越…越…”用“the + 比较级 + 陈述语序，the + 比较级 + 陈述语序”结构；表示“我们”用we，作主语；“靠近”用close的比较级closer；“越靠近那幢屋子”为The closer we were to the house；“慢”表达为slowly，描述过去的事情，用一般过去时，表示“走”用walked。 54. 在一次心理课上，当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，你可以想象这有多尴尬。(embarrassing) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】You can imagine how embarrassing it was when I was asked during a psychology class to say whether I liked this course. 【解析】 【详解】表示“你可以想象”用You can imagine；表示“当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，这有多尴尬”用how引导的宾语从句，表示“多尴尬”用how embarrassing，从句用it作形式主语，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，系动词用was；表示“表态是否喜欢这个课程”用不定式短语to say whether I liked this course，作真正的主语，其中whether I liked this course为宾语从句；表示“在一次心理课上，当我被问”用when引导时间状语从句，从句主语用I，主语I和ask“问”是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态was asked；表示“在一次心理课上”用during a psychology class。 55. 这个应用程序很快就无人问津的原因是它的开发者没有将用户的实际需求考虑在内。(account) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】The reason why no one showed interest in this application soon was that its developer didn’t take users’ actual needs into account. 【解析】 【详解】句子可看作是陈述过去的情况，时态可用一般过去时；“……的原因是……”可用固定句型the reason why... was that...，其中why引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词the reason，that引导表语从句陈述原因的具体内容；定语从句中“无人问津”可用no one showed interest in，“这个应用程序”可用名词短语this application，“很快”可用副词soon；表语从句中“它的开发者”可用名词短语its developer，“将……考虑在内”可用动词短语take... into account，“用户的实际需求”可用名词短语users’ actual needs。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你有意参加某英文报举行的题为“My future home”征文调查活动，征文内容从这些住房特征中选择：交通便利；住房外部环境宜居；家居内部设施齐全；用具及装饰健康环保；住房智能化。现请你一写篇文章，具体要求如下： （1）你未来理想的住房应该有以上哪三个特征？ （2）说明理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Everyone has their dream home. I hope the ideal housing in the future should have convenient transportation, livable external environment and intelligent housing. In my opinion, convenient transportation should be the first choice for housing. Convenient transportation is good for us to go to work, go shopping and take the children to school. In case of emergency, convenient transportation will allow you to get to your destination smoothly, and you will not miss the opportunity because of traffic. The external environment of housing is livable and more suitable for people to live. I hope my future home will be built in a beautiful place with flowers and trees, which is good for our health. In the information age, intelligent housing is beyond reproach. Such a home can make the family feel more secure and save unnecessary wasted time to do more meaningful things. All in all, I want to have an ideal home that belongs to me. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于记叙文，假设你有意参加某英文报举行的题为“My future home”征文调查活动，征文内容从这些住房特征中选择：交通便利；住房外部环境宜居；家居内部设施齐全；用具及装饰健康环保；住房智能化。你未来理想的住房应该有以上的三个特征并说出理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 依我看来：in my opinion→in my view→personally 对某人好：be good for sb.→be beneficial to sb. →do sb. good 安全的：secure→safe 合适的：be suitable for→be fit for 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：In case of emergency, convenient transportation will allow you to get to your destination smoothly, and you will not miss the opportunity because of traffic. 拓展句：In case of emergency, convenient transportation will allow you to get to your destination smoothly, not missing the opportunity because of traffic. 【点睛】[高分句型1] I hope my future home will be built in a beautiful place with flowers and trees, which is good for our health. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] I hope the ideal housing in the future should have convenient transportation, livable external environment and intelligent housing. (运用了省略that的宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $