精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科11月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科11月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How your nose beats bacteria Scientists have discovered an incredible defence system in the human nose. Your nose is a powerful weapon ____1____ harmful bacteria entering your body. When you breathe in through your nose, you breathe in hundreds of different types of bacteria, some of ____2____ can make you ill. Cells ____3____ (line) the inside of your nose produce a sticky mucus (粘液) that traps these tiny microbugs, and small hairs move the mucus out of your nose or to the back of your throat. ____4____ scientists from Massachusetts Eye and Ear, a specialist teaching hospital in the US, have found is that your nose cells not only produce mucus, but also tiny sacs (囊) called exosomes. These exosomes are filled with antibacterial substances that kill bacteria directly. They ____5____ (release) in their billions at the first sign of infection. They also get a boost from the system that gets mucus ____6____ (move) out of your nose. The transport system of tiny hairs sweeps exosomes backwards, alerting the cells at the back of the nose to the incoming danger and arming them with antibacterial proteins ____7____ (fight) off the bugs. Scientists ____8____ (think) that the immune system only worked inside the body, but this shows that it protects you outside your body, too. “We have demonstrated in ____9____ live patient that the immune system reaches outside of the body, and actually goes and attacks pathogens (病原体) before they get into the body,” says Benjamin Bleier, a surgeon, who took part in the study. “It is the only example of this I know of.” Next, scientists want to find out how the exosomes stick to cells to alert them ____10____ this could help doctors find new, more efficient ways to deliver drugs into the body. 【答案】1. against 2. which 3. lining 4. What 5. are released 6. moved 7. to fight 8. thought##had thought 9. a 10. because 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了人类鼻腔内一套神奇的防御系统：鼻腔细胞可分泌外泌体，在病菌侵入人体前就将其杀灭，刷新了人们对免疫系统的认知。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：你的鼻子是抵御有害细菌进入体内的强大武器。a weapon against sth.为固定搭配，表示“抵御……的武器”，against表示“抵御、对抗”，符合语境。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：当你用鼻子吸气时，会吸入数百种不同的细菌，其中一些会让你生病。先行词为bacteria，介词of后用which，some of which引导非限制性定语从句。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：分布在鼻腔内部的细胞会分泌黏稠的粘液，困住这些微小病菌，而细小的纤毛会把粘液送出鼻腔，或是推到咽喉后部。本句已有谓语动词produce，空处应用非谓语动词；Cells与line之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现在分词lining，作后置定语。 【4题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：美国一家专科教学医院马萨诸塞眼耳医院的科学家所发现的是，鼻腔细胞不仅分泌粘液，还会分泌一种叫做外泌体的微小囊泡。此处为主语从句，从句中缺少found的宾语，表示“……的事物/东西”，应用What引导，句首单词首字母需大写。 【5题详解】 考查动词时态语态。句意：一旦出现感染迹象，数十亿个外泌体就会被释放出来。此处描述一般情况，应用一般现在时；They指代exosomes，与release之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语为复数，应用are released。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：它们还会从负责将粘液排出鼻腔的系统中获得助力。get sth done为固定结构，意为“使某物被……”；mucus与move之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词moved，作宾补。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：微小纤毛的输送系统把外泌体向后推送，提醒鼻腔后部细胞危险将至，并用抗菌蛋白来抵御病菌。此处表示目的，应用不定式to fight作目的状语。 【8题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：科学家曾认为免疫系统只在体内起作用，但这项研究表明它也能在体外保护人体。根据语境及后文only worked可知，此处描述科学家过去的观点，应用一般过去时，think的过去式为thought。“认为”这个想法发生在研究成果被发现之前，属于过去的过去，也可以用过去完成时had thought。 【9题详解】 考查冠词。句意：“我们已经在一位活体患者中证明，免疫系统可以到达体外，并在病原体进入身体之前就去攻击它们，”参与该研究的外科医生Benjamin Bleier说。patient为可数名词单数，此处表示泛指“一位活体患者”，live以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。 【10题详解】 考查连词。句意：接下来科学家想弄清楚外泌体如何附着在细胞上发出警报，因为这有助于医生找到更高效的给药新方式。前后分句为因果关系，后句解释科学家想弄清楚的原因，应用because引导原因状语从句。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. concerned B. contributes C. durable D. equal E. inaccurately F. infeasible G. promotes H. post-consumer I. repurposed J. ultimately K. unrecycled Think you know where your old plastic ends up? Once a week, you dutifully set out your bin full of recyclables for collection. You’re happy to do your part for the environment because plastic ____11____ to pollution and climate change. And while it has its good points — plastic is both lightweight and ____12____, saving fuel in transport — the best thing about it is that it’s easily recycled. Now, about that. In fact, over the past four decades, less than 10 percent of all plastic in the United States has been recycled. Some items are reused more than others. About 30 percent of used water, soda, and shampoo bottles are ____13____. But that still leaves 70 percent piling up in dumps, or worse. NPR, working with the PBS series Frontline, recently dug up reports sent to industry executives that called recycling plastic “costly...difficult... ____14____”. And this was way back in the 1970s and ’80s! “There was never an enthusiastic belief that recycling was ____15____ going to work in a significant way,” Lew Freeman, former vice president of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), told NPR and Frontline. Though not much has changed since those reports were written, the plastics industry ____16____ recycling through ads and education. Why? Public Relations. “If the public thinks the recycling is working, then they’re not going to be as ____17____ about the environment,” says Larry Thomas, another former SPI executive. Communities have to do something with all that ____18____ plastic. That often means burning it with the rest of the trash. “About six times more ____19____ plastic waste is burned in the United States than is domestically recycled,” reports the Plastic Pollution Coalition, while the Center for International Environmental Law points out that producing and burning plastics will add more than 850 million metric tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere annually, “an amount _____20_____ to the emissions (排放) from 189 coal power plants.” That’s probably not what you’re thinking when you throw away your bottles. 【答案】11. B 12. C 13. I 14. F 15. J 16. G 17. A 18. K 19. H 20. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍塑料回收的真实现状，塑料行业早已知回收困难却仍宣传回收维护公关。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：每周你都会尽责地把装满可回收物的垃圾桶放到外面等待收集，你愿意为环境尽自己一份力，因为塑料会加剧污染与气候变化。根据“to pollution and climate change”可知，塑料会促成污染，此处表示“促成”，用contributes。主语plastic为单数，contributes to为固定搭配. 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：虽然塑料存在优点——质地轻便并且经久耐用，可以节约运输燃料，但人们认为它最大的优势就是易于回收。空处和lightweight并列作表语，用形容词，根据前文介绍塑料的优势可知，此处表示“耐用的”，用durable。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：有些物品的再利用率更高，大约30%使用过的水瓶、汽水瓶以及洗发水瓶都被重新改造利用。本句为被动语态，根据下文“But that still leaves 70 percent piling up in dumps”可知，一部分塑料瓶能够被再次加工使用，此处表示“被重新利用”，用repurposed。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：美国国家公共电台联合PBS纪录片栏目，找到了提交给行业高管的报告，报告称塑料回收“成本高昂……难度大……不可行”。空处和costly、difficult并列，用形容词，根据并列词汇描述回收的弊端可知，此处表示“不可行的”，用infeasible。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：早在20世纪七八十年代，行业内部就有这样的报告，塑料行业协会前副总裁Lew Freeman向NPR和Frontline表示，“从来没有人坚定地相信回收最终能大规模发挥作用。”空处修饰动词短语going to work，用副词，根据上下文几十年前行业就对回收前景不看好可知，此处表示“最终”，用ultimately。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：尽管这些报告撰写之后情况没有发生太大变化，但塑料行业依旧通过广告和科普宣传推广回收。主语the plastics industry为单数，根据下文“If the public thinks the recycling is working”可知，行业对外宣传回收，此处表示“推广”，用promotes。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：另一位塑料行业协会前高管Larry Thomas说道，“如果公众认为回收能起作用，那么他们就不会如此担忧环境。”根据“If the public thinks the recycling is working”，可知，公众知晓回收有效就会减少对环境的担心，所以此处为be concerned about，表示“担忧的”，用concerned。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：社区必须想办法处理所有这些未被回收的塑料，而处理方式往往是将它和其他垃圾一起焚烧。空处修饰名词plastic，用形容词，根据后文“That often means burning it with the rest of the trash”可知，这部分塑料没有被回收，只能焚烧，此处表示“未被回收的”，用unrecycled。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：塑料污染联盟称，“在美国，被焚烧的消费后塑料垃圾大约是本土回收量的六倍”，同时国际环境法中心指出，生产和焚烧塑料每年会向大气排放超8.5亿吨温室气体，“这一排放量等同于189座燃煤发电厂的排放。”空处修饰plastic waste，post-consumer plastic为固定表达，指代人们使用之后产生的塑料废弃物，此处表示“消费后的”，用post-consumer。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：塑料污染联盟称，“在美国，被焚烧的消费后塑料垃圾大约是本土回收量的六倍”，同时国际环境法中心指出，生产和焚烧塑料每年会向大气排放超8.5亿吨温室气体，“这一排放量等同于189座燃煤发电厂的排放。”根据“to the emissions (排放) from 189 coal power plants.”可知，此处表示“相等的”，equal to为固定搭配，用equal。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, a psychology professor at Carleton University. “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination ____21____: We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even ____22____ tasks such as planning a vacation. Research has shown that the top tasks people delay are cleaning, advancing their careers, and taking care of their health. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old functional health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That ____23____ to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to ____24____ the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers ____25____. “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under ____26____ of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor at DePaul University. “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they ____27____ they did better.” Whatever the ____28____ (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause ____29____. “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own ____30____ and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to ____31____. “We used to believe ____32____ follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you’ve been putting off a work project, reread your boss’s notes about it. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. ____33____ you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) ____34____,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, ____35____ yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around!) 21. A. comes down to B. runs out of C. puts up with D. breaks away from 22. A. repetitive B. household C. educational D. enjoyable 23. A. opportunity B. inflexibility C. inability D. responsibility 24. A. show B. face C. apply D. question 25. A. observe B. disagree C. cooperate D. confirm 26. A. concepts B. progression C. restrictions D. measurement 27. A. realized B. doubted C. thought D. neglected 28. A. consequence B. motivation C. occasion D. origin 29. A. variation B. reaction C. sympathy D. discomfort 30. A. negative B. overjoyed C. renewed D. vivid 31. A. think small B. push the boundaries C. aim high D. accept calculated risks 32. A. expressions B. purposes C. promises D. behaviors 33. A. In addition B. For instance C. As a result D. On the contrary 34. A. intention B. opinion C. plan D. identity 35. A. challenge B. prepare C. improve D. reward 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. D 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了拖延是人类普遍存在的现象，分析拖延产生的原因、拖延带来的危害，同时给出克服拖延的实用方法。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：我们喜欢逃避，而这归根结底就是拖延的本质：我们想要当下感觉舒服。A. comes down to归根结底；B. runs out of耗尽；C. puts up with忍受；D. breaks away from脱离。根据上文“We love avoidance”以及下文“We want to feel good now”可知，这句话点明拖延本质。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：你几乎可以在任何事情上拖延，甚至是规划假期这类令人愉快的任务。A. repetitive重复的；B. household家庭的；C. educational教育的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据下文“such as planning a vacation”可知，规划假期是让人愉悦的事。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种无法采取行动的状态，恰恰印证了她的想法：自己永远无法做得更好。A. opportunity机会；B. inflexibility固执；C. inability无能力，无法；D. responsibility责任。根据上文“procrastinated about looking for a new job for years”可知，她没有办法付诸行动。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果我不冒险、不做决定、不投入，我就不必面对评判。A. show展示；B. face面对；C. apply申请；D. question质疑。根据上文“It’s totally fear of judgment”可知，她害怕面对他人的评判。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：但研究人员并不认同。A. observe观察；B. disagree不同意；C. cooperate合作；D. confirm证实。根据下文第三段“They did worse than non-procrastinators”可知，研究者不认同“压力下表现更好”这个观点。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：一位德保罗大学的心理学教授Joseph Ferrari说：“几年前我做过一项实验，把拖延者置于时间限制之下。”A. concepts概念；B. progression进展；C. restrictions限制；D. measurement测量。根据下文“They did worse than non-procrastinators”可知，实验设置了时间约束，将受试者放在时间限制中。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：“他们做得比非拖延者差，但他们认为自己表现更好。”A. realized意识到；B. doubted怀疑；C. thought认为；D. neglected忽视。根据上文第二段“believing that they perform better under pressure”可知，拖延者主观上认为自己发挥更好。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：无论动机是什么（或缺乏动机），拖延通常对你没有好处。A. consequence后果；B. motivation动力；C. occasion场合；D. origin起源。根据下文“procrastination is usually not going to be good for you”可知，此处指不管有没有做事的动力，拖延都有害。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：仅仅想到那些你还没有完成的事情，就可能引发不适。A. variation变化；B. reaction反应；C. sympathy同情；D. discomfort不适。根据下文第四段“Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress”可知，未完成的事情会带来不适感。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“拖延者承受着更高程度的压力，这种压力一方面源于把事情拖到最后一刻，另一方面来自他们自身对于拖延行为所产生的消极、自我批评的情绪。”谢菲尔德大学心理学讲师Fuschia Sirois说道。A. negative消极的；B. overjoyed狂喜的；C. renewed更新的；D. vivid生动的。根据下文“self-critical feelings about their procrastination”可知，是负面情绪。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：对于需要动力的我们来说，最好的建议或许是从小处着手。A. think small从小处着手；B. push the boundaries挑战极限；C. aim high志存高远；D. accept calculated risks接受可控风险。根据下文“if you can make progress, even a little”可知，建议从小事开始行动。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：Pychyl说：“我们过去认为行为跟随态度，但如果你能取得进展，哪怕只是一点点，这就会激励你。”A. expressions表达；B. purposes目的；C. promises承诺；D. behaviors行为。根据下文“but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you”可知，过去的观点是态度决定行为。 【33题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：例如，你可以把灯接到定时调光开关上，帮你保持固定的就寝时间。A. In addition此外；B. For instance例如；C. As a result因此；D. On the contrary相反。根据下文“you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime.”可知，空后通过举例子来解释该方法。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：Anderson说：“他们形成了一种意向。”A. intention意向，意图；B. opinion观点；C. plan计划；D. identity身份。根据下文“When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed”可知，这是预先建立的行动意向。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：最后，为朝着目标迈出的每一步奖励自己。A. challenge挑战；B. prepare准备；C. improve改善；D. reward奖励。根据下文“After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show”可知，这些都是对自己的奖励。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Fancy an evening at the theatre but can’t face sitting here for hours? Theatre companies will happily stream performances live. Want to see a band but put off by the ticket prices? No worries. Many mainstream bands allow their concerts to be streamed free of charge. Now galleries are getting in on the act too, enabling sofa-bound art lovers to wander around the world’s greatest art institutions. But is it really the same as seeing paintings in person? I decided to find out. My first stop is the Uffizi in Florence, where I am immediately deposited in front of Botticelli’s fifteenth-century Birth of Venus. In technological terms, it’s very impressive. I can see every bump and line in the surface of the paint. If I were there in person, I would need one magnifying glass to view it like this. It occurs to me that Botticelli would never have seen it in such detail and I wonder what he would have thought of us all marvelling at every piece of paint on the internet. Next, I head to the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid, one of my favourite galleries. I enjoy myself racing past sculptures and going eyeball to eyeball with portraits in a manner that would annoy me if I were actually there. There’s a lot to be said for viewing art this way. Admission is free and there aren’t any queues. Plus, you won’t have to listen to the fellow visitors as they loudly broadcast their knowledge of surrealism. But it’s no substitute for the real thing. Billions of pixels (像素) can’t accurately transmit the scale or colour or atmosphere of a painting, or convey the sense of wonder you feel when standing in front of it. And only in a gallery do you have the opportunity to shut out the rest of the world, engage with a work and view it in context. My enduring thought, while strolling around the Reina Sofia online, is how much nicer it would be if I were actually in Madrid. Lying on the sofa, with computers, phones and remote controls all within easy reach, is my setting. But when it comes to art appreciation, even a slob like me can recognise the basic requirement to leave the house. It’s a bit like watching holidays on TV. Yes, you can cut out the sweat, the aching legs and the mosquitoes. By staying at home, you can take in the finest views. But it’s just not the same if you can’t feel the sun on your face. 36. What point is the writer making about Birth of Venus in the second paragraph? A. Modern technology reveals the flaws in the painter’s technique. B. She enjoyed it more when she actually went to the art gallery. C. We can examine it more closely than the artist himself could. D. The painting lacks interest when seen over the Internet. 37. What, according to the writer, is a disadvantage of going to an art gallery in person? A. There is a risk of being disturbed by people trying to show off. B. It is impossible to concentrate on paintings because of distractions. C. There are often too many paintings of famous people from the past. D. You may be tempted to spend more time seeing the city than the gallery. 38. The pronoun “it” in the first sentence of paragraph 4 refers to ________. A. a knowledge of surrealism B. an online visit to a gallery C. the sense of wonder D. free admission 39. The writer compares online art with holidays on TV to show that ________. A. appreciating art is more relaxing than going on holiday B. art appreciation is less popular than watching TV C. art cannot be fully appreciated from a distance D. to appreciate art it is best to see it in sunny countries 【答案】36. C 37. A 38. B 39. C 【解析】 【导语】作者体验线上参观美术馆，承认线上观展有便利之处，但认为线上欣赏无法替代亲临美术馆欣赏艺术品的真实感受。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“It occurs to me that Botticelli would never have seen it in such detail and I wonder what he would have thought of us all marvelling at every piece of paint on the internet.(我突然想到波提切利本人都从来没有如此细致地看过这幅画，我很好奇，如果他看到我们在网上惊叹画作的每一处颜料痕迹，会作何感想。)”可知，我们借助线上方式可以比画家本人看得更仔细。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Plus, you won’t have to listen to the fellow visitors as they loudly broadcast their knowledge of surrealism.(此外，你不必听同行游客大声炫耀他们关于超现实主义的知识。)”可知，亲自去美术馆的一个弊端就是可能会被想要炫耀学识的人打扰。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段“There’s a lot to be said for viewing art this way. Admission is free and there aren’t any queues. Plus, you won't have to listen to the fellow visitors as they loudly broadcast their knowledge of surrealism. But it’s no substitute for the real thing.(用这种方式欣赏艺术有不少优点。免费入场而且不用排队。此外，你不必听同行游客大声炫耀他们关于超现实主义的知识。但它无法替代亲临现场观展。)”可知，这里的 it 指代线上参观美术馆。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Yes, you can cut out the sweat, the aching legs and the mosquitoes. By staying at home, you can take in the finest views. But it’s just not the same if you can’t feel the sun on your face.(没错，你可以免去汗水、腿疼和蚊虫叮咬。待在家里，你也能欣赏最美的景色。但如果你感受不到阳光洒在脸上，一切就不一样了。)”可知，作者把线上看艺术比作电视上看度假，是为了说明艺术无法隔着距离被充分欣赏。 （B） Jackson & Brown Ltd Head Office, Bradford House 234 Manningham Road Bolton BL3 5QS t: 01204 249241 f: 01204 790061 1 June 2020 Dear Colleague, Re: ___60___ I am writing to make you aware of some forthcoming changes to the payment dates for your salary. During the past few weeks, we have been discussing with your trade union representatives our intention to change the frequency of the payment of your salary from monthly to every four weeks. The reason for this change is to enable us to improve the efficiency of the payroll system and to make it easier for you to understand what you have been paid. On Thursday 30 August, you will be paid your monthly basic pay up to and including 31 August. The last Thursday in the month is the normal monthly pay day. On 13 September you will be paid basic pay up to and including 14 September. You will then be paid again 4 weeks later on 11 October, for time up to 12 October. The timetable of 4-weekly payments for the remainder of the financial year is listed below: 8 November 31 January 6 December 28 February 3 January 2021 28 March I understand that the transfer to a four-weekly pay cycle may cause some of you disruption to your monthly pay routines, for example mortgage (按揭) or rent repayments. In recognition of this initial disturbance and to assist you through this time, we are offering a loan facility for a maximum of three weeks’ wages (net pay), for those who may find it difficult to budget for this change. I have enclosed a form detailing this loan. Please ensure you complete and return the form by 30 June if you wish to take advantage of this offer. If you choose to use the loan facility, this will be paid on 13 September. Of course, should you wish to discuss the contents of this letter, your line manager will have further information. If you still have any concerns or you have a personal query you wish to discuss, then from 13 June until 1 July you can call the following number: 01204 249259. I hope that this letter clarifies the changes for you and would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your continued hard work. Yours sincerely, Signature 40. Which of the following best fits the blank labelled with “60” in the paragraph? A. Notice of pay rise B. Changes to pay cycle C. Information of pay D. Cancellation of payslips 41. According to the e-mail, which of the following statements is true? A. The company’s financial year ends every March. B. It’s not easy to understand the new payment system. C. The system of 4-weekly payments is thought inefficient. D. Employees will be paid on the last Thursday of the month. 42. Which of the following statements is true of the loan facility? A. Employees can apply through the hotline available until 1 July. B. Everyone can apply for a loan that equals four week’s wages. C. The applicants will receive the loan every month. D. The deadline for the application is 30 June. 【答案】40. B 41. A 42. D 【解析】 【导语】本文主要是关于改变员工支付周期的情况告知。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“I am writing to make you aware of some forthcoming changes to the payment dates for your salary. During the past few weeks, we have been discussing with your trade union representatives our intention to change the frequency of the payment of your salary from monthly to every four weeks.(特此通知大家，薪资发放日期即将做出调整。过去几周，公司已与工会代表沟通，计划将薪资发放周期由按月发放改为每四周发放一次。)”可知，这封信的主要内容是关于工资支付周期的变更，60处的横线上应填入“Changes to pay cycle(支付周期的变更)”。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“The timetable of 4-weekly payments for the remainder of the financial year is listed below(本财年剩余时段的四周一次发薪时间表如下)”及表格可知，公司的财政年度在每年三月结束。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“Please ensure you complete and return the form by 30 June if you wish to take advantage of this offer.(如果你想享受该福利，请务必在 6 月 30 日前填好并交回表格。)”可知，关于贷款安排，申请的截止日期是6月30日。 （C） Why is productivity growth low if information technology is advancing rapidly? A heated topic in the 1980s and early 1990s, this question has in recent years again become one of the hottest in economics. Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income). A lot of economists think that a huge increase in productivity that would leave millions unemployed is unlikely soon, if at all. Yet this year’s meeting of the American Economic Association showed they are taking the tech believes seriously. Recent history seems to support productivity pessimism (悲观). From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%. Elsewhere in the G7 group of rich countries, the pace has been slower still. An obvious explanation is that the financial crisis of 2007-08 led firms to delay productivity-promoting investment. Not so, say John Fernald, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and co-authors, who estimate that in America the slow-down began in 2006. Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending. This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered. Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns. They can, for instance, outperform humans at recognising most images — crucial to the technology behind driverless cars — and match doctors’ accuracy in diagnosing skin cancer. Mr Brynjolfsson and his co-authors forecast that such advances will eventually lead to a widespread re-organisation of jobs, affecting high- and low-skilled workers alike. Productivity pessimism remains common among official forecasters, but more academics are trying to understand how automation may affect the economy. In a series of papers, Daron Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University present new theoretical models of innovation. They propose that technological progress be divided into two categories: the sort that replaces labour with machines; and that which creates new, more complex tasks for humans. The first, automation, pushes down wages and employment. The second, the creation of new tasks, can restore workers’ fortunes. Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance, encouraged by market forces. If automation leads to a labour glut (供应过剩), wages fall, reducing the returns to further automation, so firms find new, more productive ways to put people to work instead. As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong. 43. Bill Gates and Elon Musk are mentioned in the passage in order to ______. A. support some economists’ view of productivity pessimism B. illustrate that techies worry about joblessness related to technology C. give examples of tech believers who think robots should be limited D. propose that a new taxation system should be set up in the digital age 44. The word “stagnated” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A. kept falling B. continued leaping C. stopped progressing D. quitted working 45. The “opposite view” (in paragraph 3) refers to the opinion that ______. A. people should be optimistic about our job opportunities B. fundamental advancements can still occur in technologies C. low-skilled workers will be more affected by high-skilled ones D. transformative technologies will have a negative effect on productivity 46. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo are most likely to agree with ______. A. technological progresses will cause more problems than expected B. the two types of innovation prove to be impossible to keep in balance C. we needn’t worry about the unemployment associated with technology D. automation will lead to a labour glut and then leave people out of work 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. B 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文探讨信息技术飞速发展但生产率增长却低迷的经济学热点问题。文中介绍生产率悲观论及其依据，同时呈现对立观点；还介绍两类技术创新理论：替代劳动力的自动化技术与为人类创造新型负责任务的技术，历史上二者大致平衡，因此不必过度担忧技术带来的失业问题。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income).(随着技术从业者确信机器学习和人工智能（AI）很快会让许多工人失业（比尔·盖茨呼吁征收机器人税，埃隆·马斯克提倡全民基本收入），该问题愈发重要)”可知，举二人例子是为说明科技从业者担忧技术引发失业问题。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%.(1995年至2004年每小时产出年均增长2.5%；2004年至2016年增速仅1%)”和“Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending.(尽管科研支出增加，生产率却stagnated)”可知，生产率增长缓慢，陷入停滞。stagnated表示“停滞”，与stopped progressing(停止发展)词义接近。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered.(这支撑一种流行看法：可供发掘的变革性技术已经变少)”以及第三段“Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns.(另一些人持相反观点。麻省理工学院的埃里克·布林约尔弗森在一次演讲中指出，最近机器识别模式的能力有了显著提高)”可知，与“可供发掘的变革性技术变少”相反的观点是重大的技术进步仍然可以发生，比如机器识别模式显著提高这种技术性突破。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance...As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong.(作者们提出，从历史来看，两类创新似乎一直处于平衡状态……结果证明，过去对于技术造成失业的预测大多是错误的)”可知，他们认为不必担忧技术带来的失业问题。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is a Food Chain A food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. This essay will describe the three types of organism which form food chains, and explain how each organism acts as a food source for the next one in the chain.____47____ Green plants are an example of a producer. They use photosynthesis (光合作用), that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (有机化合物) using energy from light from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots.____48____ Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds.____49____ For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. Consumers can also be divided into groups according to what they eat: herbivores, which eat only plants or plant products, carnivores, which eat animals, and omnivores, which eat both plants and animals.____50____ When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food chain begins again. To summarize, a food chain shows that every organism is dependent on another for its source of energy, and in turn acts as a food source for the next organism in the chain. A. The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. B. The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. C. Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. D. Firstly, producers are those that rely on green plants for energy. E. They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. F. Once a cycle ends, it starts another one. 【答案】47. B 48. E 49. C 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍食物链的概念，依次介绍生产者、消费者、分解者在食物链中的功能，解释能量传递和物质循环过程。 【47题详解】 上文“A food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. This essay will describe the three types of organism which form food chains, and explain how each organism acts as a food source for the next one in the chain. (食物链展示了相互捕食的生物之间的关系。本文将介绍构成食物链的三类生物，并解释每种生物如何作为链中下一个生物的食物来源)”总起全文，引出食物链中的三类生物。下文“Green plants are an example of a producer. (绿色植物就是生产者的一个例子)”开始介绍生产者。空处引出生产者这一概念。选项B“The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. (食物链中的第一种生物不以其他生物为食，被称为生产者，因为它能自己制造食物)”，引出生产者，和后文衔接紧密。 【48题详解】 上文“These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots. (这些有机化合物存在于植物的各个部位，例如叶子、果实和根部)”说明植物合成的有机物储存在自身各部分。下文“Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis.(消费者通常是食用光合作用产物的动物和人类)”转到介绍消费者。空处起到承上启下的作用。选项E“They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. (它们是食物链中下一级生物——消费者的能量来源)”，句中They指代前文植物里的有机化合物，自然过渡到消费者。 【49题详解】 上文“Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds. (消费者通常是食用光合作用产物的动物和人类，例如羊吃草、鸟吃种子)”，简单引入消费者。下文“For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. (例如，人类吃蔬菜时属于初级消费者，也就是直接食用光合作用产物；吃肉时属于次级消费者)”，按照消费者在食物链的位置进行分类举例。选项C“Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. (消费者依据它们在食物链中的位置来划分)”，总领下文初级、次级消费者的分类说明。 【50题详解】 上文“Consumers can also be divided into groups according to what they eat: herbivores, which eat only plants or plant products, carnivores, which eat animals, and omnivores, which eat both plants and animals. (消费者也可以按照食性分为：只吃植物或植物产物的植食动物、捕食其他动物的肉食动物，以及动植物都吃的杂食动物)”讲消费者按食性分类。下文“When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. (当最终消费者死亡后，它的遗体在食物链最后环节被细菌这类分解者分解成简单分子)”，转入食物链终点和分解者。选项A“The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. (能量在不同物种之间可以传递数次，但食物链最终会走向终点)”，承接消费者部分，引出食物链末尾分解者的内容。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Romantic Attraction Sometimes, it seems we are attracted towards people romantically in a puzzling manner. We see someone and our romantic side bursts out. However, it is not a mystery to science and people who study sociology. There are definite causes as to why people become romantically attracted to each other. These factors are, similarity, communication, and honesty. Though people often say opposites attract, similarity often connects individuals in a romantic way. In fact, based on research done by the University of Colorado Boulder, we tend to choose partners who have a similar DNA to ours. Of course we cannot examine the DNA of others readily, but we can naturally “feel” if people are a genetic match for us. Communication is another essential factor in the romantic attraction way. If we feel a deep connection to someone through the ease of talking with them, we are much more likely to be attracted to that person. It is difficult to be romantically involved with someone you can barely communicate with. And as a side note, there are people we are not attracted to each other in appearance, but after communicating with them for some time, we suddenly become romantically interested in them. Friends often connect through noticing the honesty of others, but this also lends to romantic attraction. According to Kelly Campbell, PhD, “Chemistry occurs most often between people who are down-to-earth and sincere. This is because if a person is comfortable with themselves, they are better able to express their true self to the world, which makes it easier to get to know them, even if perspectives on important matters differed”. This adds to the perspective that easy communication between people contributes to romantic attraction. 【答案】Similarity, communication and honesty are the reasons why people draw others’ attention. Firstly, research shows genetic similarity makes a good match. Secondly, communicating with each other makes us feel connected and interested. Thirdly, honesty leads to romantic attraction, as we are happy with honest people and understand each other easily. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了有趣的灵魂如何能相互吸引背后的原因：相似点、沟通和诚实。我们似乎天生会被那些有相同基因的人所吸引，研究也证实了这一点；沟通会让我们与其他人产生共鸣并且对对方产生兴趣；而诚实的品质让我们诚实地面对自己，面对世界，也就更容易吸引他人。 【详解】1 要点摘录①There are definite causes as to why people become romantically attracted to each other. These factors are, similarity, communication, and honesty.②In fact, according to research done by the University of Colorado Boulder, it seems that we can naturally “feel” if people are a genetic match for us.③If we feel a deep connection to someone, we are much more likely to be attracted to that person. Besides, there are people we are not attracted to each other in appearance, but after communicating with them for some time, we suddenly become romantically interested in them. ④Friends often connect through noticing the honesty of others, but this also lends to romantic attraction. 2.缜密构思将第1、2、3两个要点进行重组。 3.遣词造句As to why people become romantically attracted to each other, there are definite causes which include similarity, communication, and honesty. Not only can communicating with those whose appearance are not attractive make us romantically interested in them, but it also strengthens our connection with others. In fact, research done by the University of Colorado Boulder suggests that we seems to naturally “feel” if people are a genetic match for us. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Similarity, communication and honesty are the reasons why people draw others’ attention.运用一个定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中why引导定语从句表达较高级。 [高分句型2]：Firstly, research shows genetic similarity makes a good match. 用省略关联词that的宾语从句对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他俩性格相似，已是多年的朋友了。(resemble)（汉译英） 【答案】They resemble each other in personality, and/so they’ve been friends for years. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态。表示“他们”应用they；表示“相似”应用resemble，此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为they，谓语动词用原形；表示“彼此”应用each other；表示“在性格方面”应用in personality；此处为并列句，表示顺承关系或者因果关系，需用连词and/so连接；表示“已经成为”应用现在完成时have been；表示“朋友”应用friends；表示“很多年了”应用for years。故翻译成：They resemble each other in personality, and/so they’ve been friends for years. 53. 拐角处突然窜出一只猫，把老人吓得倒退了几步。(Out) （汉译英） 【答案】Out of the corner rushed a cat, which frightened the old man back a few steps. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态，倒装和非限制性定语从句。分析句意可知，为过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。“拐角处突然窜出一只猫”，此句中主语是a cat，谓语动词是rushed，表地点、方位的介词短语Out of the corner置于句首，句子发生全部倒装，故翻译为Out of the corner rushed a cat。表示“把老人吓得倒退了几步”应用非限制性定语从句which frightened the old man back a few steps，来修饰先行词a cat，which代替先行词，指物，在从句中作主语。故翻译为Out of the corner rushed a cat, which frightened the old man back a few steps. 54. 这位摄影师工作孜孜不倦，技术又精湛，人们预测他的成名指日可待。(so…that…) （汉译英） 【答案】The photographer works so tirelessly and his skills are so good that people predict his fame is just around the corner. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、短语和从句。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；句中涉及so...that...“如此……以至于……”引导的结果状语从句；“这位摄影师”表达为the photographer，作主句主语，“工作”表达为work，作主句谓语动词，“孜孜不倦地”表达为tirelessly，作状语；“预测”表达为predict，作结果状语从句的谓语动词；“他的成名指日可待”翻译为predict后的宾语从句；“他的成名”表达为his fame，作宾语从句的谓语动词，“指日可待”表达为be around the corner，作宾语从句的谓语动词。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：The photographer works so tirelessly and his skills are so good that people predict his fame is just around the corner. 55. 看着孩子们渴求知识的眼睛，这位支教老师义无反顾地放弃了城市里的高薪工作，选择了留在这个小山村。(long) （汉译英） 【答案】Looking at the children’s eyes longing for knowledge, the volunteer teacher gave up his high-paying job in the city without hesitation and chose to stay in this small mountain village. 【解析】 【详解】考查句子结构。本句为主谓宾结构，描述过去的情况，使用一般过去时，“这位支教老师”翻译为the volunteer teacher，作句子主语；“放弃”翻译为give up，使用过去式形式gave up作谓语；“城市里的高薪工作”翻译为his high-paying job in the city，作宾语；“义无反顾地”翻译为without hesitation，介词短语作状语置于句末；“选择”翻译为choose，与gave up作并列谓语，使用过去式形式chose；“留在这个小山村”翻译为 stay in this small mountain village；choose to do sth.表示“选择做某事”，所以stay使用不定式形式作宾语；“看着”翻译为look at，与逻辑主语the volunteer teacher之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，置于句首，首字母大写；“孩子们的眼睛”翻译为the children’s eyes；“渴求知识”翻译为long for knowledge，long for与逻辑主语eyes之间是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语，即“孩子们渴求知识的眼睛”翻译为the children’s eyes longing for knowledge，作look at的宾语。故翻译为Looking at the children’s eyes longing for knowledge, the volunteer teacher gave up his high-paying job in the city without hesitation and chose to stay in this small mountain village. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。你注意到午餐时间食堂的餐盘里经常剩下大量饭菜，于是想向学生会提出一项减少浪费的倡议。请给学生会主席写一封信，内容包括： 1. 描述你观察到的浪费现象及可能原因； 2. 提出两项可行的具体措施； 3. 说明你为什么相信这些措施会有效。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Chairman of the Students’ Union, I am Li Ming, a senior three student. I am writing to propose a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. During lunch hours I have repeatedly noticed that plenty of rice and vegetables are left on the trays. In my view, two causes are mainly responsible: portions are fixed and often larger than a student can finish, and many of us take more than we are hungry for simply because it costs nothing extra to do so. I would therefore suggest two measures. First, the canteen could offer two portion sizes at different prices, so that students can choose according to their appetite. Second, a small poster above the tray-return counter could show the weight of food wasted each day; making waste visible usually changes behaviour more effectively than a rule. I believe these measures would work because they rely on the choices students already make rather than on supervision. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】文章要求考生就食堂浪费问题给学生会主席写信，描述现象、提出措施并说明理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 浪费：waste → squander 措施：measure →initiative 提出：propose → advance 依赖：rely on → depend on 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I am writing to propose a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. 拓展句：I am writing to put forward a proposal that we launch a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. 【点睛】[高分句型1] In my view, two causes are mainly responsible: portions are fixed and often larger than a student can finish, and many of us take more than we are hungry for simply because it costs nothing extra to do so.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句） [高分句型2] I believe these measures would work because they rely on the choices students already make rather than on supervision.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句以及省略that的宾语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科11月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How your nose beats bacteria Scientists have discovered an incredible defence system in the human nose. Your nose is a powerful weapon ____1____ harmful bacteria entering your body. When you breathe in through your nose, you breathe in hundreds of different types of bacteria, some of ____2____ can make you ill. Cells ____3____ (line) the inside of your nose produce a sticky mucus (粘液) that traps these tiny microbugs, and small hairs move the mucus out of your nose or to the back of your throat. ____4____ scientists from Massachusetts Eye and Ear, a specialist teaching hospital in the US, have found is that your nose cells not only produce mucus, but also tiny sacs (囊) called exosomes. These exosomes are filled with antibacterial substances that kill bacteria directly. They ____5____ (release) in their billions at the first sign of infection. They also get a boost from the system that gets mucus ____6____ (move) out of your nose. The transport system of tiny hairs sweeps exosomes backwards, alerting the cells at the back of the nose to the incoming danger and arming them with antibacterial proteins ____7____ (fight) off the bugs. Scientists ____8____ (think) that the immune system only worked inside the body, but this shows that it protects you outside your body, too. “We have demonstrated in ____9____ live patient that the immune system reaches outside of the body, and actually goes and attacks pathogens (病原体) before they get into the body,” says Benjamin Bleier, a surgeon, who took part in the study. “It is the only example of this I know of.” Next, scientists want to find out how the exosomes stick to cells to alert them ____10____ this could help doctors find new, more efficient ways to deliver drugs into the body. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. concerned B. contributes C. durable D. equal E. inaccurately F. infeasible G. promotes H. post-consumer I. repurposed J. ultimately K. unrecycled Think you know where your old plastic ends up? Once a week, you dutifully set out your bin full of recyclables for collection. You’re happy to do your part for the environment because plastic ____11____ to pollution and climate change. And while it has its good points — plastic is both lightweight and ____12____, saving fuel in transport — the best thing about it is that it’s easily recycled. Now, about that. In fact, over the past four decades, less than 10 percent of all plastic in the United States has been recycled. Some items are reused more than others. About 30 percent of used water, soda, and shampoo bottles are ____13____. But that still leaves 70 percent piling up in dumps, or worse. NPR, working with the PBS series Frontline, recently dug up reports sent to industry executives that called recycling plastic “costly...difficult... ____14____”. And this was way back in the 1970s and ’80s! “There was never an enthusiastic belief that recycling was ____15____ going to work in a significant way,” Lew Freeman, former vice president of the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), told NPR and Frontline. Though not much has changed since those reports were written, the plastics industry ____16____ recycling through ads and education. Why? Public Relations. “If the public thinks the recycling is working, then they’re not going to be as ____17____ about the environment,” says Larry Thomas, another former SPI executive. Communities have to do something with all that ____18____ plastic. That often means burning it with the rest of the trash. “About six times more ____19____ plastic waste is burned in the United States than is domestically recycled,” reports the Plastic Pollution Coalition, while the Center for International Environmental Law points out that producing and burning plastics will add more than 850 million metric tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere annually, “an amount _____20_____ to the emissions (排放) from 189 coal power plants.” That’s probably not what you’re thinking when you throw away your bottles. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, a psychology professor at Carleton University. “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination ____21____: We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even ____22____ tasks such as planning a vacation. Research has shown that the top tasks people delay are cleaning, advancing their careers, and taking care of their health. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old functional health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That ____23____ to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to ____24____ the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers ____25____. “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under ____26____ of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor at DePaul University. “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they ____27____ they did better.” Whatever the ____28____ (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause ____29____. “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own ____30____ and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to ____31____. “We used to believe ____32____ follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you’ve been putting off a work project, reread your boss’s notes about it. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. ____33____ you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) ____34____,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, ____35____ yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around!) 21. A. comes down to B. runs out of C. puts up with D. breaks away from 22. A. repetitive B. household C. educational D. enjoyable 23. A. opportunity B. inflexibility C. inability D. responsibility 24. A. show B. face C. apply D. question 25. A. observe B. disagree C. cooperate D. confirm 26. A. concepts B. progression C. restrictions D. measurement 27. A. realized B. doubted C. thought D. neglected 28. A. consequence B. motivation C. occasion D. origin 29. A. variation B. reaction C. sympathy D. discomfort 30. A. negative B. overjoyed C. renewed D. vivid 31. A. think small B. push the boundaries C. aim high D. accept calculated risks 32. A. expressions B. purposes C. promises D. behaviors 33. A. In addition B. For instance C. As a result D. On the contrary 34. A. intention B. opinion C. plan D. identity 35. A. challenge B. prepare C. improve D. reward Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Fancy an evening at the theatre but can’t face sitting here for hours? Theatre companies will happily stream performances live. Want to see a band but put off by the ticket prices? No worries. Many mainstream bands allow their concerts to be streamed free of charge. Now galleries are getting in on the act too, enabling sofa-bound art lovers to wander around the world’s greatest art institutions. But is it really the same as seeing paintings in person? I decided to find out. My first stop is the Uffizi in Florence, where I am immediately deposited in front of Botticelli’s fifteenth-century Birth of Venus. In technological terms, it’s very impressive. I can see every bump and line in the surface of the paint. If I were there in person, I would need one magnifying glass to view it like this. It occurs to me that Botticelli would never have seen it in such detail and I wonder what he would have thought of us all marvelling at every piece of paint on the internet. Next, I head to the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid, one of my favourite galleries. I enjoy myself racing past sculptures and going eyeball to eyeball with portraits in a manner that would annoy me if I were actually there. There’s a lot to be said for viewing art this way. Admission is free and there aren’t any queues. Plus, you won’t have to listen to the fellow visitors as they loudly broadcast their knowledge of surrealism. But it’s no substitute for the real thing. Billions of pixels (像素) can’t accurately transmit the scale or colour or atmosphere of a painting, or convey the sense of wonder you feel when standing in front of it. And only in a gallery do you have the opportunity to shut out the rest of the world, engage with a work and view it in context. My enduring thought, while strolling around the Reina Sofia online, is how much nicer it would be if I were actually in Madrid. Lying on the sofa, with computers, phones and remote controls all within easy reach, is my setting. But when it comes to art appreciation, even a slob like me can recognise the basic requirement to leave the house. It’s a bit like watching holidays on TV. Yes, you can cut out the sweat, the aching legs and the mosquitoes. By staying at home, you can take in the finest views. But it’s just not the same if you can’t feel the sun on your face. 36. What point is the writer making about Birth of Venus in the second paragraph? A. Modern technology reveals the flaws in the painter’s technique. B. She enjoyed it more when she actually went to the art gallery. C. We can examine it more closely than the artist himself could. D. The painting lacks interest when seen over the Internet. 37. What, according to the writer, is a disadvantage of going to an art gallery in person? A. There is a risk of being disturbed by people trying to show off. B. It is impossible to concentrate on paintings because of distractions. C. There are often too many paintings of famous people from the past. D. You may be tempted to spend more time seeing the city than the gallery. 38. The pronoun “it” in the first sentence of paragraph 4 refers to ________. A. a knowledge of surrealism B. an online visit to a gallery C. the sense of wonder D. free admission 39. The writer compares online art with holidays on TV to show that ________. A. appreciating art is more relaxing than going on holiday B. art appreciation is less popular than watching TV C. art cannot be fully appreciated from a distance D. to appreciate art it is best to see it in sunny countries （B） Jackson & Brown Ltd Head Office, Bradford House 234 Manningham Road Bolton BL3 5QS t: 01204 249241 f: 01204 790061 1 June 2020 Dear Colleague, Re: ___60___ I am writing to make you aware of some forthcoming changes to the payment dates for your salary. During the past few weeks, we have been discussing with your trade union representatives our intention to change the frequency of the payment of your salary from monthly to every four weeks. The reason for this change is to enable us to improve the efficiency of the payroll system and to make it easier for you to understand what you have been paid. On Thursday 30 August, you will be paid your monthly basic pay up to and including 31 August. The last Thursday in the month is the normal monthly pay day. On 13 September you will be paid basic pay up to and including 14 September. You will then be paid again 4 weeks later on 11 October, for time up to 12 October. The timetable of 4-weekly payments for the remainder of the financial year is listed below: 8 November 31 January 6 December 28 February 3 January 2021 28 March I understand that the transfer to a four-weekly pay cycle may cause some of you disruption to your monthly pay routines, for example mortgage (按揭) or rent repayments. In recognition of this initial disturbance and to assist you through this time, we are offering a loan facility for a maximum of three weeks’ wages (net pay), for those who may find it difficult to budget for this change. I have enclosed a form detailing this loan. Please ensure you complete and return the form by 30 June if you wish to take advantage of this offer. If you choose to use the loan facility, this will be paid on 13 September. Of course, should you wish to discuss the contents of this letter, your line manager will have further information. If you still have any concerns or you have a personal query you wish to discuss, then from 13 June until 1 July you can call the following number: 01204 249259. I hope that this letter clarifies the changes for you and would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your continued hard work. Yours sincerely, Signature 40. Which of the following best fits the blank labelled with “60” in the paragraph? A. Notice of pay rise B. Changes to pay cycle C. Information of pay D. Cancellation of payslips 41. According to the e-mail, which of the following statements is true? A. The company’s financial year ends every March. B. It’s not easy to understand the new payment system. C. The system of 4-weekly payments is thought inefficient. D. Employees will be paid on the last Thursday of the month. 42. Which of the following statements is true of the loan facility? A. Employees can apply through the hotline available until 1 July. B. Everyone can apply for a loan that equals four week’s wages. C. The applicants will receive the loan every month. D. The deadline for the application is 30 June. （C） Why is productivity growth low if information technology is advancing rapidly? A heated topic in the 1980s and early 1990s, this question has in recent years again become one of the hottest in economics. Its importance has grown as techies have become convinced that machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will soon put many workers out of work (Bill Gates has called for a robot tax and Elon Musk for a universal basic income). A lot of economists think that a huge increase in productivity that would leave millions unemployed is unlikely soon, if at all. Yet this year’s meeting of the American Economic Association showed they are taking the tech believes seriously. Recent history seems to support productivity pessimism (悲观). From 1995 to 2004 output per hour worked grew at an annual average pace of 2.5%; from 2004 to 2016 the pace was just 1%. Elsewhere in the G7 group of rich countries, the pace has been slower still. An obvious explanation is that the financial crisis of 2007-08 led firms to delay productivity-promoting investment. Not so, say John Fernald, of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and co-authors, who estimate that in America the slow-down began in 2006. Productivity has stagnated despite increasing research spending. This supports the popular idea that fewer transformative technologies are left to be discovered. Others take the opposed view. A presentation by Erik Brynjolfsson of MIT pointed to recent sharp gains in machines’ ability to recognise patterns. They can, for instance, outperform humans at recognising most images — crucial to the technology behind driverless cars — and match doctors’ accuracy in diagnosing skin cancer. Mr Brynjolfsson and his co-authors forecast that such advances will eventually lead to a widespread re-organisation of jobs, affecting high- and low-skilled workers alike. Productivity pessimism remains common among official forecasters, but more academics are trying to understand how automation may affect the economy. In a series of papers, Daron Acemoglu of MIT and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University present new theoretical models of innovation. They propose that technological progress be divided into two categories: the sort that replaces labour with machines; and that which creates new, more complex tasks for humans. The first, automation, pushes down wages and employment. The second, the creation of new tasks, can restore workers’ fortunes. Historically, the authors argue, the two types of innovation seem to have been in balance, encouraged by market forces. If automation leads to a labour glut (供应过剩), wages fall, reducing the returns to further automation, so firms find new, more productive ways to put people to work instead. As a result, previous predictions of technology-related joblessness have proved mostly wrong. 43. Bill Gates and Elon Musk are mentioned in the passage in order to ______. A. support some economists’ view of productivity pessimism B. illustrate that techies worry about joblessness related to technology C. give examples of tech believers who think robots should be limited D. propose that a new taxation system should be set up in the digital age 44. The word “stagnated” (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A. kept falling B. continued leaping C. stopped progressing D. quitted working 45. The “opposite view” (in paragraph 3) refers to the opinion that ______. A. people should be optimistic about our job opportunities B. fundamental advancements can still occur in technologies C. low-skilled workers will be more affected by high-skilled ones D. transformative technologies will have a negative effect on productivity 46. Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo are most likely to agree with ______. A. technological progresses will cause more problems than expected B. the two types of innovation prove to be impossible to keep in balance C. we needn’t worry about the unemployment associated with technology D. automation will lead to a labour glut and then leave people out of work Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is a Food Chain A food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. This essay will describe the three types of organism which form food chains, and explain how each organism acts as a food source for the next one in the chain.____47____ Green plants are an example of a producer. They use photosynthesis (光合作用), that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (有机化合物) using energy from light from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots.____48____ Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds.____49____ For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. Consumers can also be divided into groups according to what they eat: herbivores, which eat only plants or plant products, carnivores, which eat animals, and omnivores, which eat both plants and animals.____50____ When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food chain begins again. To summarize, a food chain shows that every organism is dependent on another for its source of energy, and in turn acts as a food source for the next organism in the chain. A. The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. B. The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. C. Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. D. Firstly, producers are those that rely on green plants for energy. E. They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. F. Once a cycle ends, it starts another one. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Romantic Attraction Sometimes, it seems we are attracted towards people romantically in a puzzling manner. We see someone and our romantic side bursts out. However, it is not a mystery to science and people who study sociology. There are definite causes as to why people become romantically attracted to each other. These factors are, similarity, communication, and honesty. Though people often say opposites attract, similarity often connects individuals in a romantic way. In fact, based on research done by the University of Colorado Boulder, we tend to choose partners who have a similar DNA to ours. Of course we cannot examine the DNA of others readily, but we can naturally “feel” if people are a genetic match for us. Communication is another essential factor in the romantic attraction way. If we feel a deep connection to someone through the ease of talking with them, we are much more likely to be attracted to that person. It is difficult to be romantically involved with someone you can barely communicate with. And as a side note, there are people we are not attracted to each other in appearance, but after communicating with them for some time, we suddenly become romantically interested in them. Friends often connect through noticing the honesty of others, but this also lends to romantic attraction. According to Kelly Campbell, PhD, “Chemistry occurs most often between people who are down-to-earth and sincere. This is because if a person is comfortable with themselves, they are better able to express their true self to the world, which makes it easier to get to know them, even if perspectives on important matters differed”. This adds to the perspective that easy communication between people contributes to romantic attraction. IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他俩性格相似，已是多年的朋友了。(resemble)（汉译英） 53. 拐角处突然窜出一只猫，把老人吓得倒退了几步。(Out) （汉译英） 54. 这位摄影师工作孜孜不倦，技术又精湛，人们预测他的成名指日可待。(so…that…) （汉译英） 55. 看着孩子们渴求知识的眼睛，这位支教老师义无反顾地放弃了城市里的高薪工作，选择了留在这个小山村。(long) （汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。你注意到午餐时间食堂的餐盘里经常剩下大量饭菜，于是想向学生会提出一项减少浪费的倡议。请给学生会主席写一封信，内容包括： 1. 描述你观察到的浪费现象及可能原因； 2. 提出两项可行的具体措施； 3. 说明你为什么相信这些措施会有效。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $