精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科12月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试题
切换试卷
切换试卷
|
2份
|
34页
|
66人阅读
|
1人下载
内容正文：
复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期
高二年级英语学科12月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
It takes a cockatoo to tango. Birds just want to have fun! Snowball the cockatoo, who first ____1____ (gain) internet fame in 2007 dancing to the Backstreet Boys’ Everybody (Backstreet’s Back), has been shaking a tail feather for science. The researchers, from Tufts University and Harvard University in the US, were trying ____2____ (understand) why he can move to the beat when primates such as gorillas and chimpanzees, humans’ closest relatives, can’t. Snowball displayed ____3____ impressive range of 14 different dance moves, plus two combined moves.
While ____4____ (dance) to 80s classics Another One Bites The Dust and Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, the cockatoo bounced, lifted his foot, posed with his crest raised, did some headbanging and even showed off a move ____5____ (call) “voguing” by the researchers. “What interests us most is the diversity of his movements to music,” said Prof Aniruddh Patel, who took part in the research. The team says that Snowball’s ability to come up with new moves, as well as his ability to perform a different dance ____6____ he hears a song, shows flexibility and creativity.
So why ____7____ humans and cockatoos dance, while gorillas and chimps can’t even tap their feet to the beat? It comes down to the fact that we share a number of features with the birds, such as the ability to learn and copy voices, imitate movement, and form long-term relationships, all of ____8____ add up to a fondness for moving to the music, the team say. For us, dancing is a social activity, and we’re more likely to dance in a group than ____9____ our own. The researchers now want to find out _____10_____ the same is true for Snowball.
【答案】1. gained
2. to understand
3. an 4. dancing
5. called 6. whenever
7. can 8. which
9. on 10. whether
【解析】
【导语】文章介绍网红葵花凤头鹦鹉Snowball会随音乐跳舞的相关科学研究。
【1题详解】
考查一般过去时。句意：葵花凤头鹦鹉Snowball，2007年因跟着后街男孩的歌曲《Everybody (Backstreet’s Back)》跳舞首次在网络走红，一直为科学研究展示舞姿。根据时间状语in 2007可知动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。gain的过去式为gained。
【2题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：来自美国塔夫茨大学和哈佛大学的研究人员试图弄明白为什么它能跟着节拍舞动，而大猩猩、黑猩猩这类人类近亲灵长类动物却不能。固定搭配try to do sth. 意为“尽力/试图做某事”，不定式作宾语。
【3题详解】
考查冠词。句意：Snowball展示出令人惊叹的14种不同舞蹈动作，外加两种组合动作。固定搭配a range of意为“一系列”；impressive以元音音素开头，不定冠词用an。
【4题详解】
考查状语从句的省略。句意：在伴着 80 年代经典歌曲《Another One Bites The Dust》和《Girls Just Wanna Have Fun》跳舞时，这只葵花凤头鹦鹉蹦跳、抬脚、竖起羽冠摆出姿势、甩头，甚至还展示了一个被研究人员称为 “voguing” 的动作。完整结构为While (he was) dancing，从句主语与主句主语一致，且含有be动词，可省略主语和be动词，用现在分词。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在伴着 80 年代经典歌曲《Another One Bites The Dust》和《Girls Just Wanna Have Fun》跳舞时，这只葵花凤头鹦鹉蹦跳、抬脚、竖起羽冠摆出姿势、甩头，甚至还展示了一个被研究人员称为 “voguing” 的动作。move和call之间是被动关系，表示“被称作”，用过去分词作后置定语。
【6题详解】
考查时间状语从句。句意：研究团队称，Snowball能够想出新动作，并且每当听到一首歌就能跳出不一样的舞蹈，这体现了灵活性与创造力。whenever引导时间状语从句，表示“每当”。
【7题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：那么为什么人类和葵花凤头鹦鹉能够跳舞，而大猩猩、黑猩猩甚至不能跟着节拍踏脚呢？本句表示“能够”，用情态动词can。
【8题详解】
考查非限制性定语从句。句意：研究团队称，原因归结于我们和鸟类拥有许多共同特征，例如学习模仿声音、模仿动作、建立长期关系的能力，所有这些共同促成了随乐而动的喜好。先行词是前面the ability to learn and copy voices, imitate movement, and form long-term relationships一整串事物，介词of后只能用which引导非限制性定语从句，不能用that。
【9题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：对我们来说，跳舞是社交活动，我们集体跳舞的可能性比独自跳舞更大。on one’s own是固定短语，意为“独自，单独”。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：研究者现在想弄清楚Snowball是否也是如此。find out后面接宾语从句，表达“是否”，可用whether。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. approach B. bare C. consistent D. covered E. economies
F. hit G. record H. set I. stormed J. tough K. updates
Hopes Lift at Ski Resorts
The weather has been so warm, and snow so scarce, that Windham Mountain Resort in the Catskills opened its chairlifts to mountain bikers last weekend instead of skiers. Ski resorts and their fans in the Northeast are hoping for a much better January. It has been a(n) ___11___ season. Judging by listings on Sno-country.com, which provides ___12___ on the slopes (山坡), roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aim to do so soon. Snow making equipment needs temperatures in the high 20s or below.
At Windham, eight rails (滑道) out of 54 had enough snow to open on Friday, but Chip Seamans, general manager at Windham, predicted many more will be ___13___ next weekend. “It looks like finally tonight and tomorrow and into next week we’ll get some ___14___ cold so we’re very excited,” Mr. Seamans said. Last month was the warmest December on ___15___ in Central Park, according to the National Weather Service. Last month the average daily temperature in New York City ___16___ 50.8 degrees, which is 13.3 degrees warmer than normal. Last month beat the previous December record of 44.1 degrees, ___17___ in 2001.
Tyler Fairbank, chief executive of the Fairbank Group, said the ski industry overall typically did 20% to 25% of its business over the Christmas holidays so the ___18___ slopes had a terrible impact. It also hurt hotels, equipment stores and local ___19___. Mr. Fairbank said about 25% to 30% of the slopes were open at his group’s mountains and he expected that to rise to 70% in a week. The National Weather Service predicted Friday’s late night lows would range from the mid-20s inland to the lower 30s for New York City. It said a cold front would ____20____ Sunday evening, with the chilliest air of the season thus far coming on Monday.
【答案】11. J 12. K
13. D 14. C
15. G 16. F
17. H 18. B
19. E 20. A
【解析】
【导语】主要介绍了美国东北部滑雪场遭遇暖冬降雪稀少，雪场运营艰难，各界期待降温降雪，气象预报显示冷空气即将到来有望改善现状。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这是一个艰难的雪季。空处修饰名词season，应用形容词，tough表示“艰难的”，符合降雪稀缺、雪场经营困难的语境。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：Sno-country.com网站提供山坡的最新消息，根据网站信息，东北部大约一半的滑雪区域还未对滑雪者开放，但计划很快开放。空处位于动词provides后，应用名词，updates表示“最新消息，更新信息”，符合网站发布雪场动态的语境。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：在温德姆滑雪场，54条滑道中有8条在周五积雪充足得以开放，但温德姆总经理Chip Seamans预测下周末会有更多滑道被积雪覆盖。空处为被动结构，应用过去分词，covered表示“覆盖”，符合滑道被雪覆盖才能开放的语境。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：“看起来终于在今晚、明天以及接下来的一周，我们会迎来持续的低温，所以我们非常激动。”Seamans先生说。空处修饰名词cold，应用形容词，consistent表示“持续的，稳定的”，符合造雪需要稳定低温的语境。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：根据美国国家气象局的数据，上个月是中央公园有记录以来最温暖的十二月。空处跟在介词on后，应用名词，record表示“记录”，on record是固定搭配，表示“有记录以来”，符合句意。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：上个月纽约市的日平均气温达到了50.8华氏度，比正常温度高出13.3度。空处作句子谓语，时态为一般过去时，hit表示“达到（数值）”，符合描述气温数值的语境。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：上个月打破了此前在2001年创下的十二月44.1度的纪录。空处作后置定语，应用过去分词，set表示“创造（纪录）”，set a record是固定搭配，符合句意。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：Fairbank集团首席执行官Tyler Fairbank称，滑雪行业通常在圣诞假期完成20%至25%的业务，因此光秃秃无雪的山坡造成了严重影响。空处修饰名词slopes，应用形容词，bare表示“光秃秃的，无积雪的”，符合缺少积雪的语境。
【19题详解】
考查名词。句意：这也损害了酒店、器材商店以及当地经济。空处和hotels, equipment stores并列，应用名词，economies表示“经济体，经济”，符合当地相关产业受冲击的语境。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：气象局称一股冷锋将于周日晚间抵达，本季迄今为止最冷的空气会在周一到来。空处位于情态动词would后，应用动词原形，approach表示“来临，抵达”，符合冷空气将至的语境。
II. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives. They ____21____ making decisions in different areas that range from advertising products to diagnosing medical conditions. It’s already clear that the impact of such systems cannot be understood ____22____ by examining the underlying code or even the data used to build them. We must look to ____23____ for answers as well. Two recent studies do exactly that. The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage.
By inviting those with ____24____ experiences to participate, both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence. The Ipsos Mori survey found that 60 per cent of adults ____25____ that products and services using AI will deeply change their daily lives in the next three to five years. Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____26____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes.
The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences in both surveys are revealing. ____27____ about half said AI technology has more benefits than drawbacks, while two-thirds felt worried about its impact on their individual freedom and legal rights. But figures for countries show a significant ____28____ within this. Citizens from non-Western countries were much more likely to “have a ____29____ outlook on the impact of AI-powered products and services in their lives”.
Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies. ____30____ only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust. The surveys underline the importance of AI designers ____31____ that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world. But they’re less insightful about why difference exists. “This is really necessary to understand because of the ____32____ that often exists between the demographics developing AI and those impacted by it,” says Reema Patel, Ipsos Mori’s incoming head of deliberative engagement.
She is pointing to the fact that recent innovation in tech has been very much ____33____, with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China. To identify harms and improve ______34______, Patel argues, developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms. Tabitha Goldstaub, the chair of the UK government’s AI council, says the studies are a “call to arms” for companies and governments building AI systems. “AI designers need to understand what people want, on a ____35____ human level, not just what they think they need,” she says.
21. A. assist in B. depend on C. look at D. wait for
22. A. recently B. seriously C. simply D. possibly
23. A. people B. systems C. data D. designers
24. A. shared B. work C. education D. lived
25. A. doubt B. expect C. remember D. prove
26. A. learning B. public C. security D. social
27. A. Unfortunately B. Globally C. Similarly D. Ultimately
28. A. framework B. decision C. difference D. influence
29. A. renewed B. scientific C. stable D. positive
30. A. In summary B. In turn C. In contrast D. In particular
31. A. objecting B. recognizing C. implying D. hoping
32. A. link B. balance C. period D. gap
33. A. short-term B. well-known C. top-down D. large-scale
34. A. reputations B. benefits C. accesses D. conditions
35. A. fundamental B. professional C. conceptual D. financial
【答案】21. A 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A
【解析】
【导语】文章探讨了AI对日常生活日益增长的影响，并通过两项调查揭示了公众对AI的态度、信任度及其影响的看法，强调了理解这种差异对于负责任地设计和部署AI的重要性。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：它们协助在各个领域做出决策，从推广产品到诊断医疗状况。A. assist in在……上给予协助；B. depend on依赖；C. look at看；D. wait for等待。根据上文“AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives.”可知，AI驱动的算法影响着我们的日常生活，这里描述其具体影响，指算法在推广产品和诊断医疗等领域协助决策。
【22题详解】
考查副词。句意：很明显，仅仅通过检查底层代码甚至用于构建它们的数据，是无法理解此类系统的影响的。A. recently最近；B. seriously认真地；C. simply仅仅；D. possibly可能地。根据下文“We must look to ____ for answers as well.”可知，我们还需要从其他方面寻找答案，表明仅检查代码或数据是不够的。
【23题详解】
考查名词。句意：我们也必须向人们寻求答案。A. people人们；B. systems系统；C. data数据；D. designers设计师。根据下文“The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage.”可知，两项研究涉及对公众态度、观点的调查，表明我们必须向人们寻求答案。
【24题详解】
考查名词和形容词。句意：通过邀请那些有亲身经历的人参与，这两项研究都捕捉到了那些研究AI影响的人们的情绪。A. shared共享的；B. work工作；C. education教育；D. lived亲身经历的。根据下文“both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence”可知，两项研究捕捉到研究AI影响的人们的情绪，表明邀请的是有亲身经历的人。
【25题详解】
考查动词。句意：Ipsos Mori调查发现，60%的成年人预期在未来三到五年内，使用AI的产品和服务将深刻改变他们的日常生活。A. doubt怀疑；B. expect预期；C. remember记得；D. prove证明。根据下文“Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes.”可知，此处呈现调查中关于未来信念的发现，指60%的成年人预期AI将改变他们的生活。
【26题详解】
考查形容词和名词。句意：特别是拉丁美洲人认为，AI将导致教育、就业等社会需求方面的变化，而中国受访者则最有可能认为它将改变交通和他们的家庭。A. learning学习；B. public公共的；C. security安全；D. social社会的。根据下文“such as education and employment”可知，教育和就业属于社会层面的需求。
【27题详解】
考查副词。句意：在全球范围内，大约一半的人表示，AI技术的好处多于坏处，而三分之二的人担心它会对他们的个人自由和法定权利产生影响。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Globally全球地；C. Similarly相似地；D. Ultimately最终地。根据下文“figures for countries”可知，此处与特定国家的数据形成对比，描述全球范围的调查情况。
【28题详解】
考查名词。句意：但各国的数据表明，在这方面存在显著差异。A. framework框架；B. decision决定；C. difference差异；D. influence影响。根据上文“The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences”可知，各国的数据显示出显著差异。
【29题详解】
考查形容词。句意：来自非西方国家的公民更有可能“对AI驱动的产品和服务在他们生活中的影响持积极看法”。A. renewed更新的；B. scientific科学的；C. stable稳定的；D. positive积极的。根据第四段中“Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies.”可知，中国和印度的大多数民众信任AI公司，表明非西方国家的公民对这种影响持积极看法。
【30题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：相比之下，在英国、法国和美国，只有35%的人表达了类似的信任。A. In summary总之；B. In turn反过来；C. In contrast相比之下；D. In particular尤其。根据上文“Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies.”和下文“only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust”可知，文章先提供了中国和印度的统计数据，接着给出了与之不同的另一组数据，“相比之下”表明这两组数据之间存在对比差异。
【31题详解】
考查动词。句意：这些调查强调了AI设计者意识到并非所有人都对世界有相同理解的重要性。A. objecting反对；B. recognizing意识到；C. implying暗示；D. hoping希望。根据上文“The surveys underline the importance of AI designers”和下文“that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world”可知，此处揭示调查结果的意义，强调AI设计师需要意识到一个事实。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：“理解这一点确实很有必要，因为AI开发人群和受其影响人群之间常常存在差距，”Ipsos Mori即将上任的参与式讨论负责人Reema Patel表示。A. link链接；B. balance平衡；C. period时期；D. gap差距。根据上文“But they’re less insightful about why difference exists.”可知，AI设计师不怎么了解人群中的差异存在的原因，表明开发AI的人群与受其影响的人群之间存在差距。
【33题详解】
考查形容词。句意：她指出，最近的技术创新在很大程度上是自上而下的，AI系统主要由硅谷和中国男性计算机科学家设计。A. short-term短期的；B. well-known著名的；C. top-down自上而下的；D. large-scale大规模的。根据下文“with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China”可知，AI系统主要由男性计算机科学家设计，其他人较少参与其中，表明技术创新是自上而下的。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：Patel认为，为了识别危害和扩大益处，开发者和政策制定者需要更多地思考如何让人们参与到算法的设计和生命周期中。A. reputations名声；B. benefits益处；C. accesses访问；D. conditions条件。根据下文“developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms”可知，让更多人参与设计和生命周期的目的，是扩大益处。
【35题详解】
考查形容词。句意：她说：“AI设计者需要从根本的人类层面去理解人们想要什么，而不仅仅是他们认为人们需要什么。”A. fundamental根本的；B. professional职业的；C. conceptual概念的；D. financial财政的。根据下文“not just what they think they need”可知，AI设计师不能仅从自身出发设想使用者需要什么，他们需要从根本的人类层面去理解使用者想要什么。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830, when a stagecoach won a race against America’s first domestically manufactured steam locomotive (蒸汽机车).
Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.
The contest over the gently rolling hills of the Sauerland, a pretty district in western Germany, started as a joke.
Klaus-Peter Kappest, a photographer from Oberkirchen, had been frustrated for years by the slow pace of his uploads. At 15 megabits (比特,一种信息量单位) per second, it sometimes takes him several hours to send a batch of high-resolution images to his clients. One day Mr Kappest, 52, was chatting to his colleagues at Woll, a local magazine. He suggested that he would be better off delivering his photographs by horse. “That was the most reliable communications technology in the Middle Ages,” he said. “And the editor said, ‘Well let’s do it then, let’s see which is truly faster.”
Mr Kappest turned to Jakob Schutte, a rider who lives in the same village, and Favo, his horse. The photographer burnt 4.2GB of images on to a DVD, packed it into a bag and sent it off with Favo and Mr Schutte on the 10km ride to the printer’s office in Schmallenberg.
At the same time he uploaded the data through WeTransfer, a popular file-sharing service. The computer had a 20-minute head start while Mr Schutte started off down the road, past Wilzenberg mountain. Favo made the journey in 104 minutes. The file transfer, however, was not finished until the horse had returned to Oberkirchen more than two hours later. In total it took five hours.
There was a serious point behind the story. Germany has long been known for its poor broadband and mobile internet coverage, particularly in the countryside. Two years ago a report by a network regulator found that 29 per cent of internet users received less than half the speed to which they were contractually entitled. While things have improved, a global survey carried out this year found that it took on average 16 minutes and eight seconds to download a 5GB film through a German internet connection—a little better than the UK but worse than Puerto Rico and Barbados.
In the Sauerland, Mr Kappest’s area, millions of euros have been spent on a new network but the connections have yet to be switched on in dozens of towns and villages, including Oberkirchen. The horse race did its job: Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.
36. The story of a stagecoach is mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to _______.
A. lead in the topic B. introduce a new race
C. highlight a historical year D. correct people’s misunderstanding
37. Which of the following is true of Jakob Schutte and his horse?
A. They were hired by WeTransfer.
B. They used to live in Schmallenberg.
C. They completed the task in less than two hours.
D. They spent five hours on the way to Oberkirchen.
38. Which of the following is a consequence of the horse race?
A. Germany will realize its poor broadband service.
B. Mr Kappest will soon have a better internet connection.
C. More euros will be spent on the new network in the Sauerland.
D. Oberkirchen will be the first in Germany to stop any horse race,
39. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
A. Germany falls behind in wifi connection
B. History hardly repeats itself in normal ways
C. Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy
D. Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi
【答案】36. A 37. C 38. B 39. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830, when a stagecoach won a race against America’s first domestically manufactured steam locomotive (蒸汽机车).(上一次马与人造交通工具在速度上的激烈竞争是在1830年，当时一辆公共马车赢得了与美国第一辆国产蒸汽机车的比赛)”以及第二段“Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.(现在，“马”战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接)”可推知，第一段提到公共马车的故事主要是为了引出话题。故选A。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段“Favo made the journey in 104 minutes.(Favo只用了104分钟就走完了全程)”可知，C选项“他们在不到两个小时内完成了任务”正确。故选C。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The horse race did its job: Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.(这场“赛马”起到了它的作用：从那以后，Kappest先生得到了保证，他的宽带将于下个月投入使用)”可知，比赛结果是Kappest先生很快就会有更好的网络连接。故选B。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.(现在，“马”战胜了理论上强大得多的对手——宽带互联网连接)”结合文章主要说明了一场通过赛马进行网速比拼的比赛，介绍了经过以及背后存在的网速问题。可知，D选项“在与乡村wifi的比赛中，马力仍然有优势”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（B）
Michael Blastland’s new book, The Hidden Half, looks at how our urge to constantly find order affects science, politics, business and economics, with sometimes terrible results.
What’s The Hidden Half all about?
It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives.
That’s an uncomfortable thought...
There are clearly some instances in which uncertainty is actually a good thing. The question is, can we talk about uncertainty in ways that people find acceptable for the tricky questions about what’s going on in the world? Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority.
There’s research being done by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication. They tell you in different ways how many tigers there are in the world. Then they ask you if you trust the information, and whether you trust the person telling you two separate questions.
They say, “There are X thousand tigers. What do you say to that, and do you trust me?” Then they say, “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re not quite sure. Now how well do you trust the information and how well do you trust me?” And the third one: “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re pretty confident that the answer is within a thousand more or a thousand fewer.” The last of those achieves the highest level of trust. People lose confidence in the number a bit, which they should, because we’re not that sure about the number. But they gain confidence in the person giving them the information. So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility.
What practical tips should we take from the book?
You can still make any decision you like. You just have to acknowledge the uncertainties, because that might change the kind of decision that you make. You can recognise that your policy that has been demonstrated in a few schools in the West Midlands may not translate to many other schools if the sample isn’t big enough. Don’t expect things to generalise with perfection if you’re a decision maker. There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations.
40. According to Michael Blastland, what is his book, The Hidden Half, intended to do?
A. To warn readers against any generalization.
B. To encourage readers to challenge authority.
C. To get readers to realize their own limitations.
D. To remind readers that uncertainty is a fact of life.
41. What does the research by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication show?
A. People prefer to have a definite answer to a question.
B. You may not lose authority even if you admit you are unsure.
C. We can say for certain how many tigers there are in the world.
D. It's important to reveal uncertainty in an unnoticeable way.
42. What suggestion does Michael Blastland give?
A. Decision-makers should read his book.
B. We should be careful with any translated works.
C. We should be honest with what we don’t know for sure.
D. Decision-makers should demonstrate their policy-making processes.
【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C
【解析】
【导语】文章主要介绍Michael Blastland的新书，探讨生活中不确定性的客观存在以及坦诚不确定性的意义。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives.(这是一本讲述谜团与谬误的书，它反映一个事实：我们的知识远比自己想象的薄弱、不可靠。我试着用一些故事告诉读者，对于生活里的一些因果过程，我们现在没有、或许永远也无法拥有确定的认知。)”可知，这本书旨在让读者意识到不确定性是生活的客观事实。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority.(因为人们害怕，如果承认不确定性，就会失去自己的权威。)” 和第五段中的 “So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility.(所以我们可以用坦诚真实、无法规避的不确定性的方式来呈现信息，同时还能获得信任。)” 可知，这项研究证明：就算承认自己没有十足把握，也不一定会失去权威。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations.(世上存在我们不知道的事，但如果我们坦诚自己的局限，我们会把事情做得好很多。)”可知，他的建议是对于自己无法确定的事情保持诚实。
（C）
In 2003, in Bremen, Germany, astronomer Seth Shostak gave a lecture. “I bet everybody in the audience a cup of Starbucks that we would find E.T. within two dozen years,” he told a new audience in October. Shostak is senior astronomer at the Center for SETI Research based in Mountain View, Calif. SETI stands for “Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence (ETI)” of course, as the millions who have loaned out their home computer time for the SETI@home project know. He mentioned the bet at a session on the current state of the search for any signs of alien intelligence at the World Conference of Science Journalists in the San Francisco Bay Area.
“To have some reasonable chance of success,” Shostak said, “you’d have to look at at least a million star systems.” Which may be possible within the coffee challenge’s timeframe, thanks to $100 million from Russian physicist and entrepreneur Yuri Milner in 2015 to establish what is called Breakthrough Listen — an effort to use multiple radio and telescopes to survey the million stars closest to us. Shostak thinks his Bremen audience comes out ahead either way. “Because either [by 2027] a signal has been found and you have something to talk about at lunch — or you get a cup of coffee. You can’t lose.”
But what about sending out messages inviting contact with intelligent aliens rather than just listening for signals? “I think the risks outweigh the benefits,” said Dan Werthimer, chief scientist at the Berkeley SETI Research Center, which oversees Breakthrough Listen. “When advanced civilizations come in contact with less advanced civilizations, it hasn’t been good on Earth. So I think there’s a lot of risk.”
But Shostak thinks we already might have attracted somebody’s attention: “The kind of equipment that we have today is within four orders of magnitude of being able to detect radars on nearby worlds, within a few tens of light-years. Now this speed of increase in the collecting area of radio telescopes on Earth is roughly two orders of magnitude per century... That means that any society that’s at least 200 years more advanced than we are has equipment that can pick up SFO, alright? That’s the local airport for those of you from out of town. So... if you really think there’s a potential of killing seven billion people because the aliens get ticked off by hearing I Love Lucy and send their interstellar battlewagons here to wipe us out…, you better turn them off forever. And to me, that doesn’t sound like a good idea.”
43. According to Seth Shostak, what conditions would be required for a reasonable chance of success in finding ETI?
A. We survey at least a million star systems.
B. We communicate more actively with aliens.
C. We understand the coffee challenge’s timeframe.
D. We search far more star systems than we can see.
44. What does Seth Shostak suggest about the technological capabilities of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations?
A. They are unlikely to have technology to get our signals.
B. Their technology could easily detect our signals.
C. Their technology is far inferior to ours.
D. They show no interest in our signals.
45. What can be learned about Seth Shostak and Dan Werthimer from the passage?
A. They disagree on whether to send out messages inviting contact with ETI.
B. They disagree on whether enough has been done to look for intelligent aliens.
C. They both think that we may have caught the attention of advanced civilizations.
D. They both think that we should wait for ETI to find us instead of searching for them.
46. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The creation of the Breakthrough Listen project.
B. A bet made decades ago about whether ETI can be located.
C. The ongoing efforts and debates surrounding the search for ETI.
D. The capabilities of current equipment to detect signals from nearby worlds.
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. A 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文围绕搜寻地外智慧生命展开，讲述天文学家Seth Shostak曾打赌24年内会找到外星智慧生命，介绍“突破聆听(Breakthrough Listen)”搜寻项目，同时呈现他与Dan Werthimer对于是否主动向外星人发送联络信息的不同观点。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段““To have some reasonable chance of success,” Shostak said, “you’d have to look at at least a million star systems.”(Shostak说：“想要拥有一定的成功几率，你必须观测至少一百万个恒星系统。”)”可知，想要有较大机会找到地外智慧生命，需要观测至少一百万个恒星系统。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段Shostak的话“That means that any society that’s at least 200 years more advanced than we are has equipment that can pick up SFO, alright?(这意味着任何比我们至少先进200年的社会，拥有能够接收到旧金山国际机场信号的设备，明白吗？)”可知，高等外星文明的技术能够轻易探测到来自地球的信号。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But what about sending out messages inviting contact with intelligent aliens rather than just listening for signals? “I think the risks outweigh the benefits,” said Dan Werthimer, chief scientist at the Berkeley SETI Research Center, which oversees Breakthrough Listen.(但如果不只是监听信号，而是主动发送信息，邀请智慧外星文明和我们取得联系，这样做会怎样呢？伯克利SETI研究中心的首席科学家Dan Werthimer（该中心负责监管突破聆听（Breakthrough Listen）项目）表示：“我认为风险大于收益。”)”以及第四段“But Shostak thinks we already might have attracted somebody’s attention:(但Shostak认为我们或许已经引起了某人的注意:)”可知，二人对于是否主动发送信息联络地外智慧生命持不同看法。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，文章介绍搜寻地外智慧生命的赌注、“突破聆听”项目，并且展示相关专家对是否主动向外星人发送联络信息的不同争论，主要讲述搜寻地外智慧生命正在进行的努力以及相关争议。
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Right to Cognitive Freedom The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. ____47____ Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. While these advances have a great potential for research and medicine, they pose a fundamental ethical, legal and social challenge: determining whether or under what conditions it is all right to gain access to another person’s mental activity.
This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. ____48____ For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood.
Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. ____49____ People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. ____50____ A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. Neurotechnology brings benefits, but to minimize unintended risks, we need an open debate involving neuroscientists, legal experts, ethicists and general citizens.
A. It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts.
B. But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion.
C. If brain-scanning tools become common, new possibilities for misuse will arise.
D. Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way.
E. Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold.
F. This new understanding would not only protect people from being denied access to treatment for mental illness.
【答案】47. E 48. D 49. B 50. A
【解析】
【导语】文章围绕认知自由权展开，介绍脑科技的发展、滥用风险，并提出需要建立相关权利、多方讨论规避风险。
【47题详解】
上文“The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. (人脑应当免受外界侵入的观点已经存在了几个世纪)”提出长久以来的固有看法。下文“Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. (神经影像设备和脑机接口能够检测神经元的电活动，让我们可以解码甚至改变伴随心理活动的神经系统信号)”介绍新技术打破了原有状态。E选项“Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold. (然而如今，这个设想可能不再成立)”中this assumption指代上文旧观点，形成转折，承上启下。
【48题详解】
上文“This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. (这个问题具有特殊的社会意义，因为很多神经技术已经走出医疗领域，进入商业领域)”引出神经技术在非医疗场景的应用。下文“For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood. (例如，2008年，印度一名女性被控谋杀罪，并依据脑部扫描结果被判处无期徒刑。法官称，该扫描显示她拥有与这起案件相关的“体验性认知”。尽管专家对此心存质疑，一些商业公司仍在推广使用功能性磁共振成像和基于脑电图的技术来辨别真伪。)”举法庭案件例子。D选项“Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way. (通过影像解码大脑信息的尝试也出现在法庭案件中，有时在科学层面尚存争议)”总领下文法庭案例，衔接自然。
【49题详解】
上文“Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. (读脑技术可被视作又一个不可避免的趋势，它进一步侵蚀我们数字世界中的私人空间)”点明读脑技术会侵犯私人空间。下文“People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. (事实上，人们认为这项技术要求我们重新理解基本人权，甚至设立专门针对神经领域的权利)”引出要构建新权利。B选项“But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion.(但考虑到我们的精神隐私，我们或许不会愿意接受这种侵入)”承接上文“侵蚀私人空间”，引出下文对新权利的思考。
【50题详解】
上文“Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. (律师们已经在讨论认知自由权)”引出认知自由权这一概念。下文“A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. (精神隐私权将保护个人，禁止第三方未经许可侵入其大脑数据，也禁止未经授权采集这类数据。)”介绍相关权利的作用。A选项“It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts.(它将赋予人们自主决定是否使用能够影响思想的技术的权利)”中It指代a right to cognitive liberty，解释认知自由权的内涵。
III. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is the “Real” You Real?
We all want others to appreciate us for who we really are. In striving to achieve such relationships, we typically assume there is a “real me”. But how do we actually know who we are? It may seem simple — we are a product of our life experiences, which are easily accessible through our memories of the past. But it turns out that identity is often not a truthful representation of who we are even if we have a good memory. When creating personal narratives, we rely on a psychological screening mechanism, which labels certain mental concepts which are rather vivid and rich in detail and emotion as memories, but not others.
Remembering is unlike playing a video from the past in your mind; instead, it is a highly reconstructive process depending on knowledge, self-image, needs, and goals. Memories are therefore malleable — they can be twisted and changed easily. For example, Jean Piaget, a famous developmental psychologist, remembered an event in which he was kidnapped with his nanny — she often told him about it. After many years, she confessed to having made up the story. At that point, Piaget stopped believing in the memory, but it nevertheless remained as vivid as it was before. Is all this an unfavorable thing?
There are heated discussions about how people suffering from depression tend to remember routine events. Some self-help books therefore make suggestions about how to obtain a more accurate sense of self. For example, we could try to get feedback from others. But it is essential to be cautious that they may have false memories about us, too. Crucially, there are upsides to our malleable memory. Picking and choosing memories is actually guided by self-enhancing biases (偏向) leading us to rewrite our past so it resembles what we feel and believe now. Inaccurate memories are necessary, resulting from the need to maintain a positive, up-to-date sense of self.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Memory and identity are not fixed; they are reconstructive and influenced by self-enhancing preferences. While some inaccuracies exist, they help maintain a positive self-image. Seeking feedback for self-awareness is crucial, but it must be taken with care due to potential false memories in others.
【解析】
【导语】文章指出记忆与身份并非固定不变，而是可重构并受自我提升偏向影响，不准确的记忆有助于维持积极的自我形象。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①But it turns out that identity is often not a truthful representation of who we are even if we have a good memory.
②When creating personal narratives, we rely on a psychological screening mechanism, which labels certain mental concepts which are rather vivid and rich in detail and emotion as memories, but not others.
③Remembering is unlike playing a video from the past in your mind; instead, it is a highly reconstructive process depending on knowledge, self-image, needs, and goals.
④Memories are therefore malleable — they can be twisted and changed easily.
⑤At that point, Piaget stopped believing in the memory, but it nevertheless remained as vivid as it was before.
⑥For example, we could try to get feedback from others.
⑦But it is essential to be cautious that they may have false memories about us, too.
⑧Picking and choosing memories is actually guided by self-enhancing biases (偏向) leading us to rewrite our past so it resembles what we feel and believe now.
⑨Inaccurate memories are necessary, resulting from the need to maintain a positive, up-to-date sense of self.
2. 缜密构思
将第1、2、3、4四个要点整合，说明记忆与身份并非固定，而是经过心理筛选、高度可重构且易变的；将第6、7两个要点整合，说明寻求他人反馈以提升自我认知需谨慎，因为他人也可能持有错误记忆；将第8、9两个要点整合，说明自我提升偏好使记忆不准确，而这有助于维持积极的自我认知。
3. 遣词造句
Memory and identity are not fixed; they are reconstructive and influenced by self-enhancing preferences.
While some inaccuracies exist, they help maintain a positive self-image.
Seeking feedback for self-awareness is crucial, but it must be taken with care due to potential false memories in others.
【点睛】[高分句型1] While some inaccuracies exist, they help maintain a positive self-image. (运用了while引导的让步状语从句和不定式作宾语补足语)
[高分句型2] Seeking feedback for self-awareness is crucial, but it must be taken with care due to potential false memories in others. (运用了动名词短语作主语)
IV. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 具备自动驾驶技术的汽车在道路上已经屡见不鲜。（familiar） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Cars equipped with self-driving technology have become all too familiar on the roads.
【解析】
【详解】 “具备自动驾驶技术的”表达为equipped with self-driving technology，过去分词作后置定语；“汽车”为cars；“已经屡见不鲜”用have become all too familiar；“在道路上”为on the roads，作状语；陈述过去动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时。
53. 村子里弃用已久的一处旧仓库被改造成了饭店。 (turn)
________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】An old warehouse that had been out of use for a long time in the village was converted into a restaurant.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态和固定短语和从句。先翻译句子主干，句子主语“一处旧仓库”An old warehouse，an位于句首首字母大写，“被改造成”be converted into，句子描述过去发生的动作应用一般过去时，单数名词作主语be用was，“饭店”a restaurant，然后用that引导限制性定语从句表示“村子里弃用已久的”，that指代先行词An old warehouse，在从句中作主语，“不用”be out of use，该动作发生在“被改造”之前，表示过去的过去，应用过去完成时，“很久”for a long time，“村子里”in the village。故翻译为An old warehouse that had been out of use for a long time in the village was converted into a restaurant.
54. 这是一个经营了 20 年的品牌，它见证了中国数字娱乐行业的崛起。（witness） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】This brand, which has been operating for 20 years, has witnessed the rise of China’s digital entertainment industry.
【解析】
【详解】“这是一个经营了20年的品牌”拆分为主句This brand，用which引导非限制性定语从句which has been operating for 20 years；“见证”为witness，主语是品牌，强调到目前为止的影响，用现在完成时has witnessed；“中国数字娱乐行业的崛起”表达为the rise of China’s digital entertainment industry。
55. 这位曾经的排球运动员惊喜地辨认着照片上的一个个队友，感慨万分。（as） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】The former volleyball player was pleasantly surprised as he recognized one teammate after another in the photos, filled with deep emotions.
【解析】
【详解】 “这位曾经的排球运动员” 表达为The former volleyball player，“惊喜地”对应副词pleasantly，此处处理为系表结构be pleasantly surprised表达主语的惊喜状态；“当……的时候”为as；“辨认着照片上的一个个队友”表达为recognized one teammate after another in the photos；“感慨万分”表达为filled with deep emotions，过去分词作状语。句子描述过去发生的连贯动作，主从句均使用一般过去时。
V. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校即将在下周举行体育节，委托学校英语报征求全校同学对本次体育节主题的建议。写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）你对体育节主题的建议； 2）你的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Editors,
I am writing to share my suggestion for the upcoming school sports day theme.
My suggestion for the theme of the sports day is “Together We Achieve”. This theme emphasizes the importance of teamwork in sports and how it can lead to success both on and off the field. It also highlights the value of sportsmanship, which is essential in building a healthy and supportive school community.
I believe that this theme is an excellent choice for several reasons. Firstly, it encourages students to work together towards a common goal, which can foster a sense of unity and collaboration among students. Secondly, it promotes the development of important skills such as communication, problem-solving, and leadership.
In conclusion, I strongly believe that the “Together We Achieve” theme would be an excellent choice for the school sports day. I hope that my suggestion will be taken into consideration.
Sincerely,
Li Ming
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以明启中学高三学生李明的身份，向校英语报投稿，推荐体育节主题并说明理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
即将到来的：upcoming → approaching
重要性：importance → significance
培养：foster → cultivate
考虑：take … into consideration → take … into account
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：I believe that this theme is an excellent choice for several reasons.
拓展句：I am convinced that this theme stands out for a variety of reasons.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It also highlights the value of sportsmanship, which is essential in building a healthy and supportive school community. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] In conclusion, I strongly believe that the “Together We Achieve” theme would be an excellent choice for the school sports day. (运用了that引导的宾语从句)
第1页/共1页
学科网（北京）股份有限公司
$
复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期
高二年级英语学科12月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
It takes a cockatoo to tango. Birds just want to have fun! Snowball the cockatoo, who first ____1____ (gain) internet fame in 2007 dancing to the Backstreet Boys’ Everybody (Backstreet’s Back), has been shaking a tail feather for science. The researchers, from Tufts University and Harvard University in the US, were trying ____2____ (understand) why he can move to the beat when primates such as gorillas and chimpanzees, humans’ closest relatives, can’t. Snowball displayed ____3____ impressive range of 14 different dance moves, plus two combined moves.
While ____4____ (dance) to 80s classics Another One Bites The Dust and Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, the cockatoo bounced, lifted his foot, posed with his crest raised, did some headbanging and even showed off a move ____5____ (call) “voguing” by the researchers. “What interests us most is the diversity of his movements to music,” said Prof Aniruddh Patel, who took part in the research. The team says that Snowball’s ability to come up with new moves, as well as his ability to perform a different dance ____6____ he hears a song, shows flexibility and creativity.
So why ____7____ humans and cockatoos dance, while gorillas and chimps can’t even tap their feet to the beat? It comes down to the fact that we share a number of features with the birds, such as the ability to learn and copy voices, imitate movement, and form long-term relationships, all of ____8____ add up to a fondness for moving to the music, the team say. For us, dancing is a social activity, and we’re more likely to dance in a group than ____9____ our own. The researchers now want to find out _____10_____ the same is true for Snowball.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. approach B. bare C. consistent D. covered E. economies
F. hit G. record H. set I. stormed J. tough K. updates
Hopes Lift at Ski Resorts
The weather has been so warm, and snow so scarce, that Windham Mountain Resort in the Catskills opened its chairlifts to mountain bikers last weekend instead of skiers. Ski resorts and their fans in the Northeast are hoping for a much better January. It has been a(n) ___11___ season. Judging by listings on Sno-country.com, which provides ___12___ on the slopes (山坡), roughly half of the ski areas in the Northeast haven’t opened yet for skiers but aim to do so soon. Snow making equipment needs temperatures in the high 20s or below.
At Windham, eight rails (滑道) out of 54 had enough snow to open on Friday, but Chip Seamans, general manager at Windham, predicted many more will be ___13___ next weekend. “It looks like finally tonight and tomorrow and into next week we’ll get some ___14___ cold so we’re very excited,” Mr. Seamans said. Last month was the warmest December on ___15___ in Central Park, according to the National Weather Service. Last month the average daily temperature in New York City ___16___ 50.8 degrees, which is 13.3 degrees warmer than normal. Last month beat the previous December record of 44.1 degrees, ___17___ in 2001.
Tyler Fairbank, chief executive of the Fairbank Group, said the ski industry overall typically did 20% to 25% of its business over the Christmas holidays so the ___18___ slopes had a terrible impact. It also hurt hotels, equipment stores and local ___19___. Mr. Fairbank said about 25% to 30% of the slopes were open at his group’s mountains and he expected that to rise to 70% in a week. The National Weather Service predicted Friday’s late night lows would range from the mid-20s inland to the lower 30s for New York City. It said a cold front would ____20____ Sunday evening, with the chilliest air of the season thus far coming on Monday.
II. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives. They ____21____ making decisions in different areas that range from advertising products to diagnosing medical conditions. It’s already clear that the impact of such systems cannot be understood ____22____ by examining the underlying code or even the data used to build them. We must look to ____23____ for answers as well. Two recent studies do exactly that. The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage.
By inviting those with ____24____ experiences to participate, both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence. The Ipsos Mori survey found that 60 per cent of adults ____25____ that products and services using AI will deeply change their daily lives in the next three to five years. Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____26____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes.
The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences in both surveys are revealing. ____27____ about half said AI technology has more benefits than drawbacks, while two-thirds felt worried about its impact on their individual freedom and legal rights. But figures for countries show a significant ____28____ within this. Citizens from non-Western countries were much more likely to “have a ____29____ outlook on the impact of AI-powered products and services in their lives”.
Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies. ____30____ only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust. The surveys underline the importance of AI designers ____31____ that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world. But they’re less insightful about why difference exists. “This is really necessary to understand because of the ____32____ that often exists between the demographics developing AI and those impacted by it,” says Reema Patel, Ipsos Mori’s incoming head of deliberative engagement.
She is pointing to the fact that recent innovation in tech has been very much ____33____, with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China. To identify harms and improve ______34______, Patel argues, developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms. Tabitha Goldstaub, the chair of the UK government’s AI council, says the studies are a “call to arms” for companies and governments building AI systems. “AI designers need to understand what people want, on a ____35____ human level, not just what they think they need,” she says.
21. A. assist in B. depend on C. look at D. wait for
22. A. recently B. seriously C. simply D. possibly
23. A. people B. systems C. data D. designers
24. A. shared B. work C. education D. lived
25. A. doubt B. expect C. remember D. prove
26. A. learning B. public C. security D. social
27. A. Unfortunately B. Globally C. Similarly D. Ultimately
28. A. framework B. decision C. difference D. influence
29. A. renewed B. scientific C. stable D. positive
30. A. In summary B. In turn C. In contrast D. In particular
31. A. objecting B. recognizing C. implying D. hoping
32. A. link B. balance C. period D. gap
33. A. short-term B. well-known C. top-down D. large-scale
34. A. reputations B. benefits C. accesses D. conditions
35. A. fundamental B. professional C. conceptual D. financial
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
The last time the horse seriously competed with man-made transport for speed was 1830, when a stagecoach won a race against America’s first domestically manufactured steam locomotive (蒸汽机车).
Now horsekind has emerged victorious over what is in theory a far more powerful opponent — the broadband internet connection.
The contest over the gently rolling hills of the Sauerland, a pretty district in western Germany, started as a joke.
Klaus-Peter Kappest, a photographer from Oberkirchen, had been frustrated for years by the slow pace of his uploads. At 15 megabits (比特,一种信息量单位) per second, it sometimes takes him several hours to send a batch of high-resolution images to his clients. One day Mr Kappest, 52, was chatting to his colleagues at Woll, a local magazine. He suggested that he would be better off delivering his photographs by horse. “That was the most reliable communications technology in the Middle Ages,” he said. “And the editor said, ‘Well let’s do it then, let’s see which is truly faster.”
Mr Kappest turned to Jakob Schutte, a rider who lives in the same village, and Favo, his horse. The photographer burnt 4.2GB of images on to a DVD, packed it into a bag and sent it off with Favo and Mr Schutte on the 10km ride to the printer’s office in Schmallenberg.
At the same time he uploaded the data through WeTransfer, a popular file-sharing service. The computer had a 20-minute head start while Mr Schutte started off down the road, past Wilzenberg mountain. Favo made the journey in 104 minutes. The file transfer, however, was not finished until the horse had returned to Oberkirchen more than two hours later. In total it took five hours.
There was a serious point behind the story. Germany has long been known for its poor broadband and mobile internet coverage, particularly in the countryside. Two years ago a report by a network regulator found that 29 per cent of internet users received less than half the speed to which they were contractually entitled. While things have improved, a global survey carried out this year found that it took on average 16 minutes and eight seconds to download a 5GB film through a German internet connection—a little better than the UK but worse than Puerto Rico and Barbados.
In the Sauerland, Mr Kappest’s area, millions of euros have been spent on a new network but the connections have yet to be switched on in dozens of towns and villages, including Oberkirchen. The horse race did its job: Mr Kappest has since been assured that his broadband will be up and running next month.
36. The story of a stagecoach is mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to _______.
A. lead in the topic B. introduce a new race
C. highlight a historical year D. correct people’s misunderstanding
37. Which of the following is true of Jakob Schutte and his horse?
A. They were hired by WeTransfer.
B. They used to live in Schmallenberg.
C. They completed the task in less than two hours.
D. They spent five hours on the way to Oberkirchen.
38. Which of the following is a consequence of the horse race?
A. Germany will realize its poor broadband service.
B. Mr Kappest will soon have a better internet connection.
C. More euros will be spent on the new network in the Sauerland.
D. Oberkirchen will be the first in Germany to stop any horse race,
39. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?
A. Germany falls behind in wifi connection
B. History hardly repeats itself in normal ways
C. Uploading photographs in a modern world is all that easy
D. Horse power still has an advantage in race with village wifi
（B）
Michael Blastland’s new book, The Hidden Half, looks at how our urge to constantly find order affects science, politics, business and economics, with sometimes terrible results.
What’s The Hidden Half all about?
It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives.
That’s an uncomfortable thought...
There are clearly some instances in which uncertainty is actually a good thing. The question is, can we talk about uncertainty in ways that people find acceptable for the tricky questions about what’s going on in the world? Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority.
There’s research being done by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication. They tell you in different ways how many tigers there are in the world. Then they ask you if you trust the information, and whether you trust the person telling you two separate questions.
They say, “There are X thousand tigers. What do you say to that, and do you trust me?” Then they say, “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re not quite sure. Now how well do you trust the information and how well do you trust me?” And the third one: “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re pretty confident that the answer is within a thousand more or a thousand fewer.” The last of those achieves the highest level of trust. People lose confidence in the number a bit, which they should, because we’re not that sure about the number. But they gain confidence in the person giving them the information. So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility.
What practical tips should we take from the book?
You can still make any decision you like. You just have to acknowledge the uncertainties, because that might change the kind of decision that you make. You can recognise that your policy that has been demonstrated in a few schools in the West Midlands may not translate to many other schools if the sample isn’t big enough. Don’t expect things to generalise with perfection if you’re a decision maker. There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations.
40. According to Michael Blastland, what is his book, The Hidden Half, intended to do?
A. To warn readers against any generalization.
B. To encourage readers to challenge authority.
C. To get readers to realize their own limitations.
D. To remind readers that uncertainty is a fact of life.
41. What does the research by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication show?
A. People prefer to have a definite answer to a question.
B. You may not lose authority even if you admit you are unsure.
C. We can say for certain how many tigers there are in the world.
D. It's important to reveal uncertainty in an unnoticeable way.
42. What suggestion does Michael Blastland give?
A. Decision-makers should read his book.
B. We should be careful with any translated works.
C. We should be honest with what we don’t know for sure.
D. Decision-makers should demonstrate their policy-making processes.
（C）
In 2003, in Bremen, Germany, astronomer Seth Shostak gave a lecture. “I bet everybody in the audience a cup of Starbucks that we would find E.T. within two dozen years,” he told a new audience in October. Shostak is senior astronomer at the Center for SETI Research based in Mountain View, Calif. SETI stands for “Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence (ETI)” of course, as the millions who have loaned out their home computer time for the SETI@home project know. He mentioned the bet at a session on the current state of the search for any signs of alien intelligence at the World Conference of Science Journalists in the San Francisco Bay Area.
“To have some reasonable chance of success,” Shostak said, “you’d have to look at at least a million star systems.” Which may be possible within the coffee challenge’s timeframe, thanks to $100 million from Russian physicist and entrepreneur Yuri Milner in 2015 to establish what is called Breakthrough Listen — an effort to use multiple radio and telescopes to survey the million stars closest to us. Shostak thinks his Bremen audience comes out ahead either way. “Because either [by 2027] a signal has been found and you have something to talk about at lunch — or you get a cup of coffee. You can’t lose.”
But what about sending out messages inviting contact with intelligent aliens rather than just listening for signals? “I think the risks outweigh the benefits,” said Dan Werthimer, chief scientist at the Berkeley SETI Research Center, which oversees Breakthrough Listen. “When advanced civilizations come in contact with less advanced civilizations, it hasn’t been good on Earth. So I think there’s a lot of risk.”
But Shostak thinks we already might have attracted somebody’s attention: “The kind of equipment that we have today is within four orders of magnitude of being able to detect radars on nearby worlds, within a few tens of light-years. Now this speed of increase in the collecting area of radio telescopes on Earth is roughly two orders of magnitude per century... That means that any society that’s at least 200 years more advanced than we are has equipment that can pick up SFO, alright? That’s the local airport for those of you from out of town. So... if you really think there’s a potential of killing seven billion people because the aliens get ticked off by hearing I Love Lucy and send their interstellar battlewagons here to wipe us out…, you better turn them off forever. And to me, that doesn’t sound like a good idea.”
43. According to Seth Shostak, what conditions would be required for a reasonable chance of success in finding ETI?
A. We survey at least a million star systems.
B. We communicate more actively with aliens.
C. We understand the coffee challenge’s timeframe.
D. We search far more star systems than we can see.
44. What does Seth Shostak suggest about the technological capabilities of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations?
A. They are unlikely to have technology to get our signals.
B. Their technology could easily detect our signals.
C. Their technology is far inferior to ours.
D. They show no interest in our signals.
45. What can be learned about Seth Shostak and Dan Werthimer from the passage?
A. They disagree on whether to send out messages inviting contact with ETI.
B. They disagree on whether enough has been done to look for intelligent aliens.
C. They both think that we may have caught the attention of advanced civilizations.
D. They both think that we should wait for ETI to find us instead of searching for them.
46. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The creation of the Breakthrough Listen project.
B. A bet made decades ago about whether ETI can be located.
C. The ongoing efforts and debates surrounding the search for ETI.
D. The capabilities of current equipment to detect signals from nearby worlds.
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Right to Cognitive Freedom The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. ____47____ Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. While these advances have a great potential for research and medicine, they pose a fundamental ethical, legal and social challenge: determining whether or under what conditions it is all right to gain access to another person’s mental activity.
This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. ____48____ For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood.
Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. ____49____ People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. ____50____ A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. Neurotechnology brings benefits, but to minimize unintended risks, we need an open debate involving neuroscientists, legal experts, ethicists and general citizens.
A. It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts.
B. But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion.
C. If brain-scanning tools become common, new possibilities for misuse will arise.
D. Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way.
E. Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold.
F. This new understanding would not only protect people from being denied access to treatment for mental illness.
III. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is the “Real” You Real?
We all want others to appreciate us for who we really are. In striving to achieve such relationships, we typically assume there is a “real me”. But how do we actually know who we are? It may seem simple — we are a product of our life experiences, which are easily accessible through our memories of the past. But it turns out that identity is often not a truthful representation of who we are even if we have a good memory. When creating personal narratives, we rely on a psychological screening mechanism, which labels certain mental concepts which are rather vivid and rich in detail and emotion as memories, but not others.
Remembering is unlike playing a video from the past in your mind; instead, it is a highly reconstructive process depending on knowledge, self-image, needs, and goals. Memories are therefore malleable — they can be twisted and changed easily. For example, Jean Piaget, a famous developmental psychologist, remembered an event in which he was kidnapped with his nanny — she often told him about it. After many years, she confessed to having made up the story. At that point, Piaget stopped believing in the memory, but it nevertheless remained as vivid as it was before. Is all this an unfavorable thing?
There are heated discussions about how people suffering from depression tend to remember routine events. Some self-help books therefore make suggestions about how to obtain a more accurate sense of self. For example, we could try to get feedback from others. But it is essential to be cautious that they may have false memories about us, too. Crucially, there are upsides to our malleable memory. Picking and choosing memories is actually guided by self-enhancing biases (偏向) leading us to rewrite our past so it resembles what we feel and believe now. Inaccurate memories are necessary, resulting from the need to maintain a positive, up-to-date sense of self.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 具备自动驾驶技术的汽车在道路上已经屡见不鲜。（familiar） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
53. 村子里弃用已久的一处旧仓库被改造成了饭店。 (turn)
________________________________________________________________________________
54. 这是一个经营了 20 年的品牌，它见证了中国数字娱乐行业的崛起。（witness） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
55. 这位曾经的排球运动员惊喜地辨认着照片上的一个个队友，感慨万分。（as） （汉译英）
________________________________________________________________________
V. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校即将在下周举行体育节，委托学校英语报征求全校同学对本次体育节主题的建议。写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）你对体育节主题的建议； 2）你的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第1页/共1页
学科网（北京）股份有限公司
$
资源预览图
