精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科10月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科10月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Accidents That Changed History Different though they may be, Stephen King and Dr Seuss have two things in common. They’re both hugely successful authors, and they both made a narrow escape ____1____ a life of obscurity (默默无闻). Theodor Geisel — Dr Seuss’s given name — wrote his first children’s book, A Story No One Can Beat, in the mid-1930s. ____2____ (work) as an advertising illustrator at the time, Geisel sent his manuscript (手稿) to 27 publishers. They all rejected it. After the last cold shoulder, Geisel walked down New York City’s Madison Avenue, determined ____3____ (burn) the manuscript and, perhaps, his writing career. ____4____ he was cooling off, he bumped into his old university roommate, Mike McClintock, who happened to edit children’s books at Vanguard Press. Geisel ____5____ (share) his problem with McClintock, who asked to see the story. McClintock suggested a few changes, and Vanguard published the book in 1937, ____6____ new title was And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. According to Geisel, “If I had just been walking down the other side of Madison Avenue, I’d be in the dry-cleaning business today.” Stephen King’s first ____7____ (publish) book was about a teenage girl who discovers that she has fantastic mental powers. King’s worst critic wasn’t the publishers — it was ____8____. He disliked his story so much that he threw it away after only three pages, according to his memoir (回忆录) On Writing. A few hours later, his wife found the pages covered with cigarette ash in their wastepaper basket. She took the pages out and started reading, and she ____9____ (fascinate). “She wanted me to go on,” King later wrote. “She wanted to know ____10____ the rest of the story would be like.” And so he did go on. Carrie went on to sell over a million paperback copies in its first year alone. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. consumer B. economy C. objective D. otherwise E. preferences F. productive G. stimulate H. subconsciously I. substantial J. support K. unnecessary The Effect of Advertising Advertising is the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services, and it has increasingly deep and wide-ranging effects on present-day society. The effects on consumer ____11____ and on the economy in general are particularly significant. It is difficult to evaluate the influence of advertising campaigns on consumer choices, but it must be ____12____ or companies would not spend so much on them. Firstly, they inform people about new products, special offers and so forth. In addition, they increase demand by showing brands being used by people like you — or by people you want to be like. This may, however, indicate that consumers are being sold ____13____ items. Secondly, some advertising works ____14____ so people don’t even know why they are choosing particular brands. Advertising is a major industry. Besides employing thousands of people itself, it does ____15____ demand for products which in turn leads to higher production and more jobs. What is more, it helps ____16____ newspapers, television channels and even top football clubs. Advertising, though, is expensive, and the cost is finally passed on to the ____17____. Also, the large salaries it pays attract some of the country’s brightest and most creative young people, who could ____18____ be employed in more productive or socially useful sections. My own view is that the biggest effect of advertising is on the ____19____ as it creates employment both directly and indirectly. Its influence on what people choose may have been exaggerated (夸张), especially as nowadays more ____20____ sources of information about products are available online. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems a(n) ____21____ dream, but it is happening. While those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be ____22____ our 20th-century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now moving down the other side. That ____23____ takes several forms. Sales of new cars have almost halved in the US, down from nearly 11 million in 1985 to about 5.5 million now. We shouldn’t ____24____ that to a great degree, though. Cars last longer these days, and sales go up and down with the economy. But we have hit peak car ownership, too. And, more to the point, peak per-capita travel (人均出行). The phenomenon was first ____25____ in The Road...Less Traveled, a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talk there of “demotorisation”. The west had its ____26____ point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres an average person travelled in a car that ____27____ today. What could be driving us ____28____? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums (保险费) may be a factor. And urban congestion, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a(n) ____29____ way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics (人口统计数据) are another possible ____30____. It is surely no ____31____ that ‘peak car’ happened first in Japan, which has the world’s oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don’t drive at all. There is also the rise of “virtual commuters” who work from home through the Internet. Besides these new ____32____ patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. The biggest ____33____ in car use in the US is among people under 35. The number of American 17-year-olds with a driver’s licence has fallen from about three-quarters to about half since 1998. Twenty-somethings have recently gone from driving more than the average to driving less. Social scientists detect a new ‘culture of urbanisms’. The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments, not the ____34____. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face-to-face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a(n) ____35____. 21. A. amazing B. impossible C. emerging D. realistic 22. A. admitting B. discovering C. causing D. breaking 23. A. side B. peak C. love D. road 24. A. give rise to B. lose interest in C. take notice of D. keep pace with 25. A. recognized B. underestimated C. neglected D. overrated 26. A. missed B. common C. tipping D. focal 27. A. suffers B. occurs C. pauses D. continues 28. A. into a state B. onto the street C. off the road D. off a phenomenon 29. A. dumb B. individual C. wise D. efficient 30. A. tendency B. explanation C. condition D. alternative 31. A. obstacle B. accident C. defense D. evidence 32. A. thought B. behaviour C. progression D. employment 33. A. fall B. growth C. difference D. problem 34. A. downtown B. houses C. suburbs D. campus 35. A. car B. computer C. apartment D. phone Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 36. What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A. He has produced objects with different materials. B. He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C. He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D. He has written about his love for shell objects. 37. When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A. is attracted by Cooke’s personality B. realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C. feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D. senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 38. The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A. the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B. the display of Cooke’s ornaments C. the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D. the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 39. When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A. is unaware of the unique quality his work has B. accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C. undervalues the materials that he uses D. underrates his creative contribution （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. （C） Transhumanism, first coined in 1957 by biologist Julian Huxley, meant “man remaining man, but going beyond himself by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.” Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature. The species into which humanity transforms this way will be called post human, or trans human, as it would have been something new — based on human nature, but going beyond it at the same time. There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement, as well as there are countless proposals on the means of such enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones, transhumanists believe that the human body is imperfect, and that it should be improved. All kinds of nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs; nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions; brain implants and implanted technologies to allow interconnectivity between multiple human beings and to advance intelligence—these and many more actions are just some of the means transhumanists plan to use to make humanity better. Some of the technologies transhumanists plan to employ to push the boundaries of humanity are available already. For example, gene therapy allowing to cure or stop certain diseases that were considered terminal; CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods, which were discovered not so long ago, have already proved to be efficient in treating a number of complicated medical conditions, and in case further research is conducted, they might significantly improve the quality of medicine worldwide. Virtual reality, another technology from science-fiction movies of the late 1980s, has become not so virtual either, after all. VR device can be easily purchased from online stores, and the prices are affordable — given that we are speaking of technology capable of substituting actual reality. So far, it has been mostly used for games and education, but in the future, the range of its useful applications will definitely broaden. Other technologies, which have not yet been invented but which definitely will, include large scale engineering, self-copying robotics, artificial intelligence, mind uploading technologies, molecular manufacturing, space colonization, and other technological wonders. About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. Who knows, perhaps in a couple of decades the concepts listed here, no matter how fantastic they look now, will become reality. Moral aspects and the price humanity will have to pay for such advancements are a different subject. 43. Which of the following statements is true about transhumanism? A. Promoting human health but remaining their physical appearances B. Improving the human condition through social and cultural change C. Developing human beings beyond their natural capabilities by technology. D. Going beyond human beings physical limitations through natural evolution. 44. Transhumanists’ plan is based on the belief that_________. A. replacing organs with their artificial ones is ideal B. aging is rather a disease than a natural process C. it’s practical to use nanotechnologies to improve life D. the human body is imperfect and needs improvement 45. The underlined word “absurd” (last paragraph) is closest in meaning to_________. A. ridiculous B. creative C. reasonable D. practical 46. This passage is particularly written about_________. A. various kinds of definitions of transhumanism B. different technologies substituting human reality C. proposals on the human beings enhancement D. artificial intelligence and human beings life Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. US Businesses Give in to Worker Demands to Keep Employees As many American businesses struggle to fill jobs, some have started negotiating demands that used to be non-negotiable for most hourly employees. One of the top demands for many workers is scheduling — the days and time they spend on the job. ____47____ That means employees are pushing back against requirements to work weekends, late nights or holidays. ____48____ Therefore, workers can be more careful about the jobs they choose. There were 10.4 million job openings at the end of August and 11.1 million openings the month before. Those numbers are the highest since at least December 2000, when the government started recording the data. At the same time, the U.S. Labor Department said the number of people quitting their jobs jumped to 4.3 million in August from 4 million in July. A recent study from an employment company found that nearly 40 percent of jobseekers worldwide said schedule flexibility was one of their top three issues in career decisions. Instawork is an employment marketplace that connects local businesses with hourly workers. ____49____ Such changes are happening as companies try to hire more workers for the upcoming holiday season. Target Corporation, for example, said this month it will pay $2 an hour more to employees who agree to work schedules during busy days of the holiday season. Sumir Meghani is co-founder and CEO of Instawork. ____50____ Hourly workers are now asking how they can get the same work-life balance as workers in other kinds of jobs who can work remotely. During the pandemic (大流行病), hourly workers were hit especially hard when businesses like department stores and restaurants were forced to close for a few months during the spring of 2020. Those who remained employed at essential businesses like grocery stores found themselves working too much and too hard. A. There are currently many job openings in the United States. B. Hourly workers are now seeking more flexibility in their schedules. C. He thinks companies are learning that money alone cannot solve their hiring issues. D. Now, he notes, it’s more about what you need as an employee and how we can make you happy. E. It says the rate at which employers were able to fill weekend schedules dropped from January through August compared with weekday work. F. That contributed to a labor shortage, forcing employers to look for ways to make their jobs seem more attractive while also cutting back on hours of operation. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Conspiracy Theories Comfort Conspiracy theories are usually explained as a failure of reasoning. The people who hold them, the argument runs, are credulous, or badly educated, or have been misled by something they read online. The explanation is satisfying, and it is almost certainly incomplete: it says nothing about why a belief with no evidential support should be so attractive in the first place. The first thing to notice is that conspiracy theories are not random. They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. When something terrible happens and the official account is either thin or self-serving, the mind is left holding an unanswered question. A conspiracy theory supplies the missing answer, and it does so immediately. What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. Nothing is accidental; everything is connected; the confusion of daily life resolves into a single plan with a single author. For people who feel that events happen to them rather than being shaped by them, this is genuinely consoling. Randomness is harder to live with than malice. There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. The theory also predicts its own rejection: the fact that most people disagree is treated as further evidence that the plot is working. None of this makes the theories true, and it does not mean the beliefs are harmless. But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 旅行是放松和体验新事物的好方法。(way) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 53. 提前计划可以帮助你节省时间和金钱。(help) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 54. 轻装旅行可以避免携带沉重的行李。(avoid) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 55. 尊重当地文化可以避免麻烦。(avoid) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，最近在一份以历史为主题的英语杂志上看到一则征文通知，题目为“If I could go back to the past...”。你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1. 你最想生活在过去的哪一段时间； 2. 你的理由。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科10月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Accidents That Changed History Different though they may be, Stephen King and Dr Seuss have two things in common. They’re both hugely successful authors, and they both made a narrow escape ____1____ a life of obscurity (默默无闻). Theodor Geisel — Dr Seuss’s given name — wrote his first children’s book, A Story No One Can Beat, in the mid-1930s. ____2____ (work) as an advertising illustrator at the time, Geisel sent his manuscript (手稿) to 27 publishers. They all rejected it. After the last cold shoulder, Geisel walked down New York City’s Madison Avenue, determined ____3____ (burn) the manuscript and, perhaps, his writing career. ____4____ he was cooling off, he bumped into his old university roommate, Mike McClintock, who happened to edit children’s books at Vanguard Press. Geisel ____5____ (share) his problem with McClintock, who asked to see the story. McClintock suggested a few changes, and Vanguard published the book in 1937, ____6____ new title was And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. According to Geisel, “If I had just been walking down the other side of Madison Avenue, I’d be in the dry-cleaning business today.” Stephen King’s first ____7____ (publish) book was about a teenage girl who discovers that she has fantastic mental powers. King’s worst critic wasn’t the publishers — it was ____8____. He disliked his story so much that he threw it away after only three pages, according to his memoir (回忆录) On Writing. A few hours later, his wife found the pages covered with cigarette ash in their wastepaper basket. She took the pages out and started reading, and she ____9____ (fascinate). “She wanted me to go on,” King later wrote. “She wanted to know ____10____ the rest of the story would be like.” And so he did go on. Carrie went on to sell over a million paperback copies in its first year alone. 【答案】1. from 2. Working 3. to burn 4. when##while 5. shared 6. whose 7. published 8. himself 9. was fascinated 10. what 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了两个改变历史的偶然事件：知名作家苏斯博士和斯蒂芬·金都曾险些与写作生涯无缘，靠着意外的机遇才得以走上成功的创作道路。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：他们都是非常成功的作家，而且都侥幸逃脱了默默无闻的人生。固定搭配make a narrow escape from sth.表示“侥幸逃脱某事”。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当时盖塞尔是一名广告插画师，他把手稿寄给了27家出版商。本句主句是Geisel sent his manuscript to 27 publishers，设空处为非谓语作伴随状语，逻辑主语Geisel和work是主动关系，用现在分词形式，首字母应大写。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在最后一次被冷落后，盖塞尔沿着纽约麦迪逊大道走，决心把手稿烧掉，甚至可能结束他的写作生涯。固定搭配(be) determined to do sth.表示“决心做某事”，后接不定式。 【4题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：当他正在平复心情的时候，他偶遇了大学时的老室友迈克·麦克林托克，后者恰好是先锋出版社的儿童书籍编辑。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”，从句动作和主句动作同时发生，使用连词when/while。 【5题详解】 考查一般过去时。句意：盖塞尔把自己的难题告诉了麦克林托克，对方要求看一下这个故事。设空处作主句的谓语，全文叙述过去发生的事，用一般过去时。 【6题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：麦克林托克建议做几处修改，1937年先锋出版社出版了这本书，新书名为《想想我在桑树街看到的一切》。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the book，关系词在从句中作定语修饰new title，表示“书的新标题”，使用关系代词whose。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：斯蒂芬·金出版的第一本书是关于一个拥有超强精神力量的十几岁女孩的故事。设空处修饰名词book，publish和book是被动关系，用过去分词作定语表示“已出版的”。 【8题详解】 考查反身代词。句意：金最糟糕的批评家不是出版商，而是他自己。设空处作表语，指代主语King本人，表示“他自己”，使用反身代词himself。 【9题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：她把稿子拿出来开始读，然后就被深深吸引了。设空处作并列分句的谓语，主语she和fascinate是被动关系，叙述过去的事用一般过去时，主语表示单数意义，be动词使用was。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：她想知道故事的其余部分会是什么样子。设空处引导宾语从句作know的宾语，引导词在从句中作be like的宾语，表示“什么”，使用连接代词what。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. consumer B. economy C. objective D. otherwise E. preferences F. productive G. stimulate H. subconsciously I. substantial J. support K. unnecessary The Effect of Advertising Advertising is the business of trying to persuade people to buy products or services, and it has increasingly deep and wide-ranging effects on present-day society. The effects on consumer ____11____ and on the economy in general are particularly significant. It is difficult to evaluate the influence of advertising campaigns on consumer choices, but it must be ____12____ or companies would not spend so much on them. Firstly, they inform people about new products, special offers and so forth. In addition, they increase demand by showing brands being used by people like you — or by people you want to be like. This may, however, indicate that consumers are being sold ____13____ items. Secondly, some advertising works ____14____ so people don’t even know why they are choosing particular brands. Advertising is a major industry. Besides employing thousands of people itself, it does ____15____ demand for products which in turn leads to higher production and more jobs. What is more, it helps ____16____ newspapers, television channels and even top football clubs. Advertising, though, is expensive, and the cost is finally passed on to the ____17____. Also, the large salaries it pays attract some of the country’s brightest and most creative young people, who could ____18____ be employed in more productive or socially useful sections. My own view is that the biggest effect of advertising is on the ____19____ as it creates employment both directly and indirectly. Its influence on what people choose may have been exaggerated (夸张), especially as nowadays more ____20____ sources of information about products are available online. 【答案】11. E 12. I 13. K 14. H 15. G 16. J 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. C 【解析】 【导语】本文剖析广告的多重影响，既刺激需求、带动经济，也存在弊端，作者认为其对经济的作用最为突出。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：广告对消费者偏好以及整体经济产生的影响尤为重大。此空应填名词，根据“The effects on consumer”可知，此处指消费者的选择喜好。preferences，表“偏好，喜好”，符合“广告影响消费者喜好”的语境。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：很难评估广告宣传活动对消费者选择的影响，但这种影响肯定是实实在在的，否则企业不会在广告上投入巨额资金。此空应填形容词作表语，根据“or companies would not spend so much on them”可知，此处指广告的影响是真实可观的。substantial，表“大量的，实实在在的”，符合“广告具备切实影响力”的语境。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，这或许表明消费者被推销了不必要的商品。此空应填形容词修饰名词items，根据上下文广告诱导消费可知，此处指买到并非必需的物品。unnecessary，表“不必要的”，符合“广告推销非必需商品”的语境。 【14题详解】 考查副词。句意：其次，有些广告在潜意识层面起作用，人们甚至不知道自己为何会选择特定品牌。此空应填副词修饰动词works，根据“so people don’t even know why they are choosing particular brands”可知，此处指在无意识状态下发挥作用。subconsciously，表“潜意识地”，符合“广告潜移默化影响人”的语境。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：广告行业除自身雇佣数千人之外，还会刺激产品需求，进而带来更高产量与更多就业岗位。此空应填动词，根据“demand for products which in turn leads to higher production and more jobs”可知，广告拉动产品需求。stimulate，表“刺激，促进”，does后接动词原形表强调，符合“广告刺激商品需求”的语境。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：此外，广告还助力扶持报社、电视频道，甚至顶级足球俱乐部。此空应填动词，根据“newspapers, television channels and even top football clubs”可知，广告为这些机构提供资金支撑。support，表“支持，扶持”，固定搭配 help do sth.，后接动词原形，符合“广告为各类机构提供经济支撑”的语境。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：不过广告成本高昂，这笔开销最终会转嫁到消费者身上。此空应填名词作介词to的宾语，根据“the cost is finally passed on to”可知，此处指成本由消费者承担。consumer，表“消费者”，符合“广告成本转嫁给消费者”的语境。 【18题详解】 考查副词。句意：同时广告行业的高薪吸引国内许多才华出众、富有创造力的年轻人，不然这些人本可以投身更有产出、对社会更有益的领域。此空应填副词，根据“be employed in more productive or socially useful sections”可知，此处表达另一种可能性。otherwise，表“否则，要不然”，符合“年轻人本可从事其他行业”的语境。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：我个人认为广告最大的影响体现在经济层面，因为它直接和间接创造就业机会。此空应填名词作介词on的宾语，根据“as it creates employment both directly and indirectly”可知，此处谈论对经济的作用。economy，表“经济”，符合“广告对经济产生重大作用”的语境。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：广告对人们选择的影响或许被夸大了，尤其是如今网上可以获取更多客观的产品信息。此空应填形容词修饰名词sources，根据“sources of information about products are available online”可知，此处指网上客观的产品信息。objective，表“客观的”，符合“网络有客观产品信息可供参考”的语境。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems a(n) ____21____ dream, but it is happening. While those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be ____22____ our 20th-century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now moving down the other side. That ____23____ takes several forms. Sales of new cars have almost halved in the US, down from nearly 11 million in 1985 to about 5.5 million now. We shouldn’t ____24____ that to a great degree, though. Cars last longer these days, and sales go up and down with the economy. But we have hit peak car ownership, too. And, more to the point, peak per-capita travel (人均出行). The phenomenon was first ____25____ in The Road...Less Traveled, a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talk there of “demotorisation”. The west had its ____26____ point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres an average person travelled in a car that ____27____ today. What could be driving us ____28____? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums (保险费) may be a factor. And urban congestion, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a(n) ____29____ way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics (人口统计数据) are another possible ____30____. It is surely no ____31____ that ‘peak car’ happened first in Japan, which has the world’s oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don’t drive at all. There is also the rise of “virtual commuters” who work from home through the Internet. Besides these new ____32____ patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. The biggest ____33____ in car use in the US is among people under 35. The number of American 17-year-olds with a driver’s licence has fallen from about three-quarters to about half since 1998. Twenty-somethings have recently gone from driving more than the average to driving less. Social scientists detect a new ‘culture of urbanisms’. The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments, not the ____34____. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face-to-face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a(n) ____35____. 21. A. amazing B. impossible C. emerging D. realistic 22. A. admitting B. discovering C. causing D. breaking 23. A. side B. peak C. love D. road 24. A. give rise to B. lose interest in C. take notice of D. keep pace with 25. A. recognized B. underestimated C. neglected D. overrated 26. A. missed B. common C. tipping D. focal 27. A. suffers B. occurs C. pauses D. continues 28. A. into a state B. onto the street C. off the road D. off a phenomenon 29. A. dumb B. individual C. wise D. efficient 30. A. tendency B. explanation C. condition D. alternative 31. A. obstacle B. accident C. defense D. evidence 32. A. thought B. behaviour C. progression D. employment 33. A. fall B. growth C. difference D. problem 34. A. downtown B. houses C. suburbs D. campus 35. A. car B. computer C. apartment D. phone 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. A 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述了西方国家民众对汽车的喜爱正在消退，汽车保有量、人均驾车出行里程相继达到峰值后开始下降，文章分析了燃油、保险、城市拥堵、人口结构以及年轻人生活方式转变等多方面原因。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：对环保人士来说，这似乎是一个不可能的梦想，但它正在发生。A. amazing令人惊奇的；B. impossible不可能的；C. emerging新兴的；D. realistic现实的。根据下文“but it is happening”可知，前后构成转折，说明这件原本看似不可能的事正在发生。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：虽然有年幼孩子的家庭可能还会继续开车，但人口老龄化加上年轻人当中的新观念，似乎正在打破我们二十世纪对汽车的依赖。A. admitting承认；B. discovering发现；C. causing导致；D. breaking打破。根据上文“While those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young”可知，while表达让步、转折关系，故此处指虽然有年幼孩子的家庭可能还会继续开车，但是这种趋势打破了人们对汽车的依赖。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：这个峰值体现在好几个方面。A. side方面；B. peak峰值；C. love喜爱；D. road道路。根据上文“we reached the high point of the car”可知，这里指汽车使用的峰值。 【24题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：不过，我们不必过度关注这一点。A. give rise to引起；B. lose interest in失去兴趣；C. take notice of注意，留意；D. keep pace with跟上。根据下文“Cars last longer these days, and sales go up and down with the economy”可知，汽车销量减半有客观因素，不必过度关注这个现象。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：这一现象最先在华盛顿布鲁金斯学会2008年的一份报告《少有人走的路》中被识别出来，但是多年来它一直很少被人注意。A. recognized识别，意识到；B. underestimated低估；C. neglected忽视；D. overrated高估。根据下文“a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years”可知，这份报告最先识别出该现象。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：西方在2004年到达它的临界点。A. missed错过的；B. common普通的；C. tipping倾斜的；D. focal焦点的。根据下文“That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres an average person travelled in a car(那一年，美国、英国、德国、法国、澳大利亚和瑞典都出现了人均汽车出行公里数下降的趋势)”可知，此处指转折点，tipping point为固定搭配，译为临界点、转折点。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：就在那一年，美国、英国、德国、法国、澳大利亚和瑞典都开始出现人均驾车行驶公里数下降的情况，这种情况一直持续到今天。A. suffers遭受；B. occurs发生；C. pauses暂停；D. continues持续。根据语境和下文“today”可知，下降趋势从2004年开始一直延续至今。 【28题详解】 考查短语。句意：是什么让我们离开公路（不再开车）？A. into a state进入一种状态；B. onto the street到街上；C. off the road离开道路；D. off a phenomenon脱离一种现象。根据上文“the start of a decline in the number of kilometres an average person travelled in a car”可知，此处指人们减少驾车，不再开车上路。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：城市拥堵、停车位不足加上拥堵收费，让越来越多人觉得，在有公共交通可选的城市里，开车出行是一种不明智的方式。A. dumb愚蠢的，不明智的；B. individual个人的；C. wise明智的；D. efficient高效的。根据上文“And urban congestion, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging”可知，在一系列不利条件以及有公共交通替代的情况下，开车不再是好选择。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：人口统计数据是另一种可能的解释。A. tendency趋势；B. explanation解释；C. condition条件；D. alternative可供选择的事物。根据上文“What could be driving us ? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums (保险费) may be a factor”可知，前文在分析人们减少开车的原因，本句表示人口因素是另外一个原因。 【31题详解】 考查名词。句意：“汽车峰值”最先出现在日本绝非偶然，日本拥有世界上老龄化最严重的人口。A. obstacle障碍；B. accident意外；C. defense防御；D. evidence证据。根据下文“which has the world’s oldest population”可知，该现象率先发生在日本不是巧合，It is no accident that...是固定句型，表示……绝非偶然。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：除了这些新的就业模式之外，休闲生活方式也在改变。A. thought想法；B. behaviour行为；C. progression进展；D. employment就业。根据上文“There is also the rise of “virtual commuters” who work from home through the Internet”可知，居家办公属于就业模式。 【33题详解】 考查名词。句意：美国汽车使用量最大幅度的下降出现在35岁以下人群中。A. fall下降；B. growth增长；C. difference差异；D. problem问题。根据下文“The number of American 17-year-olds with a driver’s licence has fallen from about three-quarters to about half since 1998”可知，年轻人驾照持有比例下降，对应汽车使用量下降。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：如今时髦的生活方式是住在市中心公寓，而不是郊区。A. downtown市中心；B. houses房子；C. suburbs郊区；D. campus校园。根据上文“The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments”可知，和市中心公寓形成对比的是郊区。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：考虑到这些变化，他们能想到比买车更好的花钱方式。A. car汽车；B. computer电脑；C. apartment公寓；D. phone手机。根据上文“the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face-to-face visiting”可知，整篇文章围绕年轻人不再热衷买车开车展开。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 36. What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A. He has produced objects with different materials. B. He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C. He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D. He has written about his love for shell objects. 37. When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A. is attracted by Cooke’s personality B. realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C. feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D. senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 38. The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A. the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B. the display of Cooke’s ornaments C. the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D. the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 39. When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A. is unaware of the unique quality his work has B. accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C. undervalues the materials that he uses D. underrates his creative contribution 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. A 39. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了Peter Cooke一直希望将来能使用其他材料，但他的画廊损失严重，他后悔自己的工作不再那么熟练了。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. (不过，就目前而言，他将坚持他在过去十年中一直乐于完善的技能：用贝壳制作精致而不寻常的物体。)”可知，Peter Cooke希望将来能使用其他材料，故选C。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Tell me if I am boring you (如果我让你无聊，就告诉我)”可知，当环顾他的公寓时作者意识到他觉得库克的作品很无聊，故选B。 【38题详解】 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. (考虑到这些装饰品的高昂价格—大约2000美元—在壁炉上方腾出一块空地对库克来说似乎是一个小小的牺牲。)”可知，以大约2000美元的价格把Cooke的饰品卖掉对他来说是一个损失。可知划线词组的意思是“库克的饰品损失”。故选A。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. (然而，他对细节、色调和对称性的关注看起来绝非偶然。)”可知，在谈到艺术家的工作方法时，作者想表明的是库克低估了他的创造性贡献，故选D。 （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了伊冯娜接受采访，讲述她收养宠物狗斯坎普的经过及其独特外貌和带给人们的快乐。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据空格后“When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face.(当我在Petfinder上看到斯坎普时，我突然明白了爱是什么感觉。我突然发现自己爱他，因为我爱上了他的脸。)”可知，这是在回答“如何第一次遇到斯坎普”的问题，D项“How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder?(你是如何第一次遇见神奇的斯坎普的?)”与下文回答衔接最自然。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable.(这是纯天然的!他确实用了芒果洗发水和椰子护发素，但这些灰色的乱发就是出现在他的头、背和尾巴上。宠物美容师说他的头发无法控制。)”可知，伊冯娜说“It’s au naturel!”是表示斯坎普的“床头发型”是自然形成的，并没有人为改变它的外貌。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s.(他一直住在加利福尼亚州康普顿的街上，人们喂他吃麦当劳。)”可知，斯坎普过去在街头过着艰难的生活。 （C） Transhumanism, first coined in 1957 by biologist Julian Huxley, meant “man remaining man, but going beyond himself by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.” Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature. The species into which humanity transforms this way will be called post human, or trans human, as it would have been something new — based on human nature, but going beyond it at the same time. There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement, as well as there are countless proposals on the means of such enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones, transhumanists believe that the human body is imperfect, and that it should be improved. All kinds of nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs; nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions; brain implants and implanted technologies to allow interconnectivity between multiple human beings and to advance intelligence—these and many more actions are just some of the means transhumanists plan to use to make humanity better. Some of the technologies transhumanists plan to employ to push the boundaries of humanity are available already. For example, gene therapy allowing to cure or stop certain diseases that were considered terminal; CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods, which were discovered not so long ago, have already proved to be efficient in treating a number of complicated medical conditions, and in case further research is conducted, they might significantly improve the quality of medicine worldwide. Virtual reality, another technology from science-fiction movies of the late 1980s, has become not so virtual either, after all. VR device can be easily purchased from online stores, and the prices are affordable — given that we are speaking of technology capable of substituting actual reality. So far, it has been mostly used for games and education, but in the future, the range of its useful applications will definitely broaden. Other technologies, which have not yet been invented but which definitely will, include large scale engineering, self-copying robotics, artificial intelligence, mind uploading technologies, molecular manufacturing, space colonization, and other technological wonders. About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. Who knows, perhaps in a couple of decades the concepts listed here, no matter how fantastic they look now, will become reality. Moral aspects and the price humanity will have to pay for such advancements are a different subject. 43. Which of the following statements is true about transhumanism? A. Promoting human health but remaining their physical appearances B. Improving the human condition through social and cultural change C. Developing human beings beyond their natural capabilities by technology. D. Going beyond human beings physical limitations through natural evolution. 44. Transhumanists’ plan is based on the belief that_________. A. replacing organs with their artificial ones is ideal B. aging is rather a disease than a natural process C. it’s practical to use nanotechnologies to improve life D. the human body is imperfect and needs improvement 45. The underlined word “absurd” (last paragraph) is closest in meaning to_________. A. ridiculous B. creative C. reasonable D. practical 46. This passage is particularly written about_________. A. various kinds of definitions of transhumanism B. different technologies substituting human reality C. proposals on the human beings enhancement D. artificial intelligence and human beings life 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. A 46. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了超人类主义这一概念，并通过举例来说明人类可以通过哪些技术来突破自然设定的生物局限和能力，从而成为超人类。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature.(一般来说，现代意义上的超人类主义意味着，通过科学手段，人类可以提升到超越自然设定的生物局限和能力的程度)”可知，超人类主义认为，通过技术可以使人类超越其自然能力。故选C项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement, as well as there are countless proposals on the means of such enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. (根据超人类主义者的说法，有许多领域需要改进，同时也有无数关于改进方法的建议。特别是，超人类主义者致力于克服人类身体的物理局限等问题)”和“Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones, transhumanists believe that the human body is imperfect, and that it should be improved.(从衰老开始，他们认为衰老是一种自然过程而不是一种疾病，最后是用人造器官替换器官。超人类主义者认为人类的身体是不完美的，应该得到改善)”可推知，超人类主义者克服人类身体物理局限的计划是基于他们认为人类的身体是不完美的，应该得到改善这一观点。故选D项。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。结合常识和最后一段“About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. (大约一百年前，在天空中飞翔的想法似乎是absurd，直到威尔伯和奥维尔·赖特证明了这一臆断是错误的) ”中“Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong”可推知，一百年前的人们认为天空飞翔的想法是不切实际的，但威尔伯和奥维尔·赖特证明了他们的观念是错误的，划线词absurd在句中指“不可能的，不切实际的”，与ridiculous(可笑的，荒谬的)语义相近 。故选A项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了超人类主义这一概念，并通过举例来说明人类可以通过哪些技术来突破自然设定的生物局限和能力，从而成为超人类。文章详细列举了replacing organs with their artificial ones(用他们的人造器官替换器官)、nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs(修复受损器官的纳米技术)、nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions(神经兴奋剂和药物改变情绪和消除消极情)、brain implants and implanted technologies(大脑植入和植入技术)、gene therapy(基因治疗)、CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods(CRISPRi或SHARP-2方法)、Virtual reality(虚拟现实)、large scale engineering(大型工程)和self-copying robotics(自我复制机器人)等技术，因此本文主要写的是用于取代了人类现实的不同技术。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. US Businesses Give in to Worker Demands to Keep Employees As many American businesses struggle to fill jobs, some have started negotiating demands that used to be non-negotiable for most hourly employees. One of the top demands for many workers is scheduling — the days and time they spend on the job. ____47____ That means employees are pushing back against requirements to work weekends, late nights or holidays. ____48____ Therefore, workers can be more careful about the jobs they choose. There were 10.4 million job openings at the end of August and 11.1 million openings the month before. Those numbers are the highest since at least December 2000, when the government started recording the data. At the same time, the U.S. Labor Department said the number of people quitting their jobs jumped to 4.3 million in August from 4 million in July. A recent study from an employment company found that nearly 40 percent of jobseekers worldwide said schedule flexibility was one of their top three issues in career decisions. Instawork is an employment marketplace that connects local businesses with hourly workers. ____49____ Such changes are happening as companies try to hire more workers for the upcoming holiday season. Target Corporation, for example, said this month it will pay $2 an hour more to employees who agree to work schedules during busy days of the holiday season. Sumir Meghani is co-founder and CEO of Instawork. ____50____ Hourly workers are now asking how they can get the same work-life balance as workers in other kinds of jobs who can work remotely. During the pandemic (大流行病), hourly workers were hit especially hard when businesses like department stores and restaurants were forced to close for a few months during the spring of 2020. Those who remained employed at essential businesses like grocery stores found themselves working too much and too hard. A. There are currently many job openings in the United States. B. Hourly workers are now seeking more flexibility in their schedules. C. He thinks companies are learning that money alone cannot solve their hiring issues. D. Now, he notes, it’s more about what you need as an employee and how we can make you happy. E. It says the rate at which employers were able to fill weekend schedules dropped from January through August compared with weekday work. F. That contributed to a labor shortage, forcing employers to look for ways to make their jobs seem more attractive while also cutting back on hours of operation. 【答案】47. B 48. A 49. E 50. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了为了留住员工，美国企业屈服于工人的要求。 【47题详解】 根据上文“One of the top demands for many workers is scheduling — the days and time they spend on the job.”（对许多工人来说，最重要的要求之一就是在时间上的安排——他们在工作上花费的天数和时间）根据下文“That means employees are pushing back against requirements to work weekends, late nights or holidays.”（这意味着员工们正在抵制周末、深夜或假期工作的要求。）可知，选项承接上文说明小时工对于工作时间的安排。flexibility in their schedules呼应下文的pushing back against requirements to work weekends, late nights or holidays。故B选项“小时工现在正在寻求更灵活的工作时间”切题。故选B项。 【48题详解】 根据下文“There were 10.4 million job openings at the end of August and 11.1 million openings the month before. Those numbers are the highest since at least December 2000, when the government started recording the data.”（8月底有1040万个职位空缺，前一个月有1110万个。这是至少自2000年12月政府开始记录数据以来的最高数字）可知，本段在说目前美国有很多职位空缺。many job openings呼应10.4 million job openings at the end of August and 11.1 million openings。故A选项“目前美国有很多职位空缺”切题，为本段的标题。故选A项。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Instawork is an employment marketplace that connects local businesses with hourly workers.”（Instawork是一个连接当地企业和小时工的就业市场）可知，选项承接上文说明改就业市场的统计情况。故E选项“报告称，从1月到8月，雇主能够安排周末时间的比例与工作日相比有所下降”切题。故选E项。 【50题详解】 根据上文“Target Corporation, for example, said this month it will pay $2 an hour more to employees who agree to work schedules during busy days of the holiday season. Sumir Meghani is co-founder and CEO of Instawork.”（例如，Target Corporation本月表示，它将向同意在假日旺季工作的员工每小时多支付2美元。苏米尔·梅加尼是Instawork的联合创始人兼首席执行官。）可知选项承接上文说明苏米尔·梅加尼对于Target Corporation的做法的观点。He指代的是上文的苏米尔·梅加尼。故C选项“他认为，企业正在认识到，单靠金钱无法解决他们的招聘问题。”切题。故选C项。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Conspiracy Theories Comfort Conspiracy theories are usually explained as a failure of reasoning. The people who hold them, the argument runs, are credulous, or badly educated, or have been misled by something they read online. The explanation is satisfying, and it is almost certainly incomplete: it says nothing about why a belief with no evidential support should be so attractive in the first place. The first thing to notice is that conspiracy theories are not random. They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. When something terrible happens and the official account is either thin or self-serving, the mind is left holding an unanswered question. A conspiracy theory supplies the missing answer, and it does so immediately. What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. Nothing is accidental; everything is connected; the confusion of daily life resolves into a single plan with a single author. For people who feel that events happen to them rather than being shaped by them, this is genuinely consoling. Randomness is harder to live with than malice. There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. The theory also predicts its own rejection: the fact that most people disagree is treated as further evidence that the plot is working. None of this makes the theories true, and it does not mean the beliefs are harmless. But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Conspiracy theories offer more than answers: they make frightening, poorly explained events coherent, and they give believers the comfort of certainty and of belonging to a knowing minority. Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility. Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了阴谋论并非单纯是推理失败，它之所以吸引人，是因为它能在可怕且解释不清的事件中提供连贯答案，给予信徒确定感和归属感。嘲讽只会适得其反，更好的应对方式是诚实地解释已知与未知。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. ②.They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. ③A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. ④ There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. ⑤But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. ⑥If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. 2. 缜密构思 将第1要点进行整合，说明阴谋论的吸引力来源；将第2、3、4两个要点进行重组，将5点进行总结，将6.点进行总结 3. 遣词造句 Conspiracy theories offer more than answers: they make frightening, poorly explained events coherent, and they give believers the comfort of certainty and of belonging to a knowing minority. Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility. Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better.（运用了what引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 旅行是放松和体验新事物的好方法。(way) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 【答案】Travel is a good way to relax and experience new things. 【解析】 【详解】表示“旅行”应用travel；表示“是”应用be，陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为travel，be动词用is；表示“一个好方法”应用a good way；表示“放松和体验新事物”应用relax and experience new things，修饰名词way，需用动词不定式作后置定语。 53. 提前计划可以帮助你节省时间和金钱。(help) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 【答案】Planning ahead can help you save time and money. 【解析】 【详解】表示“提前计划”应用plan ahead，此处作主语，需用动名词形式planning ahead；表示“可以”应用can；表示“帮助某人做某事”应用help sb. do sth.，位于情态动词can后面，使用动词原形；表示“你”应用you；表示“节省”应用save；表示“时间和金钱”应用time and money。 54. 轻装旅行可以避免携带沉重的行李。(avoid) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 【答案】You can avoid carrying heavy luggage by traveling light. 【解析】 【详解】句子主语是you；表示“可以”应用can；表示“避免做某事”应用avoid doing sth.，位于情态动词can后面，使用动词原形；表示“携带”应用carry，此处为动名词carrying作宾语；表示“沉重的行李”应用heavy luggage；表示“通过轻装旅行”应用by traveling light。 55. 尊重当地文化可以避免麻烦。(avoid) （汉译英） _________________________________________________ 【答案】You can avoid trouble by respecting local culture. 【解析】 【详解】句子主语是you；表示“可以”应用can；表示“避免”应用avoid，位于情态动词can后面，使用动词原形；表示“麻烦”应用trouble；表示“通过”应用by；表示“尊重当地文化”应用respect local culture，位于介词by后面，使用动名词形式respecting。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，最近在一份以历史为主题的英语杂志上看到一则征文通知，题目为“If I could go back to the past...”。你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1. 你最想生活在过去的哪一段时间； 2. 你的理由。 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 If I could go back to the past... If I could go back to the past, I would choose to live in the Renaissance period, an age of extraordinary cultural and intellectual flourishing in Europe. Above all, I long to witness its artistic achievements. Watching masters like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo create their masterpieces would be an invaluable experience, allowing me to understand the inspirations behind their works. Moreover, the Renaissance marked the transition to a more rational and scientific approach. Groundbreaking discoveries by scientists such as Galileo and Copernicus revolutionized our understanding of the universe, and observing these breakthroughs firsthand would be thrilling. Finally, it was a time when humanism flourished. I would love to engage in philosophical discussions with the great thinkers of the age and immerse myself in the vibrant intellectual atmosphere. In short, the Renaissance's remarkable achievements make it the era I would most like to experience. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以 “If I could go back to the past...”为话题，写一篇文章投稿，讲述自己最想生活在过去的哪一段时间以及理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 非凡的，卓越的：extraordinary → phenomenal/exceptional 成就：achievement → accomplishment 无价的：invaluable → priceless 参加：engage in → get involved in 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Moreover, the Renaissance marked the transition to a more rational and scientific approach. 拓展句：Moreover, it is the Renaissance that marked the transition to a more rational and scientific approach. 【点睛】【高分句型1】If I could go back to the past, I would choose to live in the Renaissance period, an age of extraordinary cultural and intellectual flourishing in Europe.（运用了虚拟语气句型和同位语结构） 【高分句型2】Watching masters like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo create their masterpieces would be an invaluable experience, allowing me to understand the inspirations behind their works.（运用了动名词作主语，现在分词作结果状语） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $