精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科10月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科10月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why the Brain Needs the Night For most of the twentieth century, sleep was regarded as a period of inactivity — a nightly shutdown during which the body repaired itself and the brain simply rested. That view has collapsed. Over the past two decades, researchers ____1____ (analyse) the sleeping brain in detail, and what they have found is not rest but work: memories are sorted, connections are strengthened or pruned, and waste products are flushed away. Sleep, it turns out, is one of the most ____2____ (persist) forms of mental labour we perform. The most ____3____ (strike) discovery concerns memory. In experiments, volunteers who learned a list of word pairs in the evening recalled around a fifth more of them after a night’s sleep ____4____ those who stayed awake for the same period. Brain imaging offers an explanation. During deep sleep, the hippocampus — a structure that stores new experiences — replays the day’s events at high speed, ____5____ (promote) the cortex to file them away as lasting knowledge. Deprive an animal ____6____ that replay and the memory never consolidates. The finding has an uncomfortable implication for students. Advice ____7____ (prioritise) revision over sleep during examination periods is, on this evidence, self-defeating: material studied at the cost of sleep is material the brain has not yet stored. Nor is the effect limited to memory. After only one night of restricted sleep, emotional responses become disproportionately intense, and the brain regions that normally damp down anxiety become less active. There is a further twist. Until recently, the brain was thought to have no lymphatic vessels, and therefore no way of clearing the chemical waste that accumulates during waking hours. It now appears that a network of channels, ____8____ (discover) in 2012, carries fluid through brain tissue at a rate far higher during sleep ____9____ during waking. The channels clear proteins associated with degenerative disease. In animals that are ____10____ (deprive) of sleep, those same proteins increase markedly. None of this makes late nights harmless, and the research has not yet produced a pill that substitutes for rest. But it has demolished the assumption that sleep is time taken away from living. If anything, the evidence points the other way. 【答案】1. have analysed##have analyzed 2. persistent 3. striking 4. than 5. prompting 6. of 7. to prioritise##to prioritize 8. discovered 9. than 10. deprived 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍睡眠时大脑并非休息，而是整理记忆、清理代谢废物，揭示睡眠对大脑的重要作用。 【1题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：在过去二十年里，研究人员详细分析了睡眠中的大脑，他们发现的不是休息而是工作：记忆被分类，神经连接被强化或修剪，代谢废物被冲走。根据over the past two decades可知，用现在完成时，主语researchers为复数，谓语用have analysed/analyzed。 【2题详解】 考查形容词。句意：事实证明，睡眠是我们进行的最持久的脑力活动之一。修饰名词forms要用形容词persistent，意为“持久的”。 【3题详解】 考查形容词。句意：最引人注目的发现和记忆有关。修饰名词discovery要用形容词striking“引人注目的”。 【4题详解】 考查连词。句意：实验中，晚上学习一组单词配对的志愿者，睡一晚之后的回忆量比同等时长保持清醒的志愿者多出大约五分之一。根据more可知空处填than...，more...than...表示“比……更……”。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在深度睡眠期间，负责存储新体验的大脑结构海马体会高速回放白天的事件，促使大脑皮层将这些信息归档为持久的知识。本空逻辑主语是前面整个主句描述的“海马体高速回放日间事件”这一行为，二者是主动关系，该行为自然引出后续大脑皮层归档记忆的结果，因此用现在分词prompting作结果状语。 【6题详解】 考查介词。句意：剥夺动物的这种回放过程，记忆就无法巩固。固定搭配deprive sb. of sth.表示“剥夺某人某物”。 【7题详解】 考查动词。句意：有证据表明，考试期间“优先复习而非睡觉”的建议是适得其反的：以牺牲睡眠为代价学习的内容，大脑尚未完成存储。本空位于抽象名词Advice之后，作后置定语修饰该名词，英语中表示“做某事的建议”需用固定搭配advice to do sth.，因此填入不定式形式to prioritise/prioritize。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：现在看来，一个2012年被发现的管道网络，在睡眠期间输送液体穿过脑组织的速度远高于清醒状态。a network of channels和discover是被动关系，用过去分词discovered作后置定语。 【9题详解】 考查连词。句意：现在看来，一个2012年被发现的管道网络，在睡眠期间输送液体穿过脑组织的速度远高于清醒状态。此处为比较级结构higher...than...，表示“比……”。 【10题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：在被剥夺睡眠的动物体内，这类蛋白质会显著增多。that引导的定语从句中，主语that（指代animals）与deprive为被动关系，本空用过去分词，固定搭配be deprived of表示“被剥夺……”。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. battle B. emerged C. encountered D. field E. investigate F. less-than-heroic G. neighboring H. picture I. regretted J. tracked K. upper The Wolf at the Door Russ Fee was asleep inside his tent last summer when a series of screams woke him up. Throwing on his shoes, he ran out to ____11____. Fee and his wife were traveling through Canada’s Banff National Park to enjoy its shocking beauty and awesome wildlife. It was the latter he now ____12____. Although it was dark, Fee could see a(n) ____13____ tent in a mess. Backing out was a wolf, dragging something in his teeth. That thing was a man. Moments earlier, Elisa and Matt Rispoli, from New Jersey, were asleep with their two young children when the wolf tore into their tent. “It was like something out of a horror movie,” Elisa posted on Facebook. For three minutes, “Matt threw his body in front of me and the boys and fought the wolf”. At one point, Matt got the ____14____ hand, getting the wolf to the ground. But the wolf clamped (夹紧) its jaw onto Matt’s arm, set its powerful legs, and began pulling Matt outside “while I was pulling on his legs trying to get him back,” Elisa wrote. It was then that Russ Fee entered the ____15____. He ran at the wolf, kicking it “like I was kicking in a door,” he told ABC New York. The wolf dropped Matt and ____16____ from the tent. Wolves are large, Fee told the radio show Calgary Eyeopener. “I felt like I had hit someone that way out of my weight class.” Before the wolf could turn its anger on Fee, Matt, his arms bloodied, flew out of the tent to rejoin in the ____17____. The men hit the wolf with rocks, forcing it back, then the Fees and the Rispolis ran to the shelter of the Fees’ minivan. An ambulance was called, and Matt was taken to a local hospital. He has fully recovered. The wolf was ____18____ down by park officials. As for Fee, whom Elisa called their guardian angel, he does admit to a(n)____19____ thought during the heat of battle. The moment the wolf locked eyes with him, Fee says, “I immediately ____20____ kicking it.” 【答案】11. E 12. C 13. G 14. K 15. H 16. B 17. A 18. J 19. F 20. I 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了Russ Fee在露营时听到呼救，发现一只狼袭击另一帐篷里的Matt。他冲上前驱赶恶狼，Matt一同搏斗，最终狼逃走。事后公园工作人员追踪到这只狼，Fee坦言搏斗时曾闪过胆怯的念头。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：他穿上鞋子，跑出去查看情况。根据上文“Russ Fee was asleep inside his tent last summer when a series of screams woke him up.”以及“Throwing on his shoes, he ran out to”以及句意“一探究竟”可知应填动词investigate，to为不定式符号，后面用动词原形。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：而此刻他遇上了后者（野生动物）。根据上文“Fee and his wife were traveling through Canada’s Banff National Park to enjoy its shocking beauty and awesome wildlife.”以及句意“遇到”可知应填动词encounter，发生在过去为一般过去时。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：尽管天色很黑，Fee看见隔壁的帐篷一片狼藉。根据后文“tent in a mess.”以及句意“旁边的”可知应填形容词neighboring，修饰名词tent。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：有一刻，马特占了上风，把狼摁倒在地。根据后文“getting the wolf to the ground”以及句意“占了上风”可知应填upper，固定搭配get the upper hand表示“占上风”。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：就在那时，Russ Fee登场，加入这场冲突。根据后文“He ran at the wolf, kicking it “like I was kicking in a door,” he told ABC New York.”以及句意“加入这场场面/事态当中”可知应填picture，enter the picture表示“参与进来、登场”。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：狼松开马特，从帐篷里冲了出来。根据后文“from the tent”以及句意“冲了出来”可知应填动词emerge，发生在过去为一般过去时。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：手臂流血的马特冲出帐篷，重新投入这场搏斗。根据上文“Matt, his arms bloodied, flew out of the tent to rejoin in the”以及句意“搏斗”可知应填名词battle，作宾语。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：公园管理人员追踪找到了这只狼。根据后文“down by park officials”以及句意“追踪”可知应填动词track，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他承认在激烈搏斗的过程中闪过一个算不上英勇的念头。根据“he does admit to a(n)”以及句意“不那么英勇的”可知应填形容词less-than-heroic，作定语修饰名词thought。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：当狼和他对视的那一刻，我立刻后悔踢了这只狼。根据“The moment the wolf locked eyes with him, Fee says, “I immediately”以及句意“后悔”可知应填动词regret，发生在过去用一般过去时。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. So far, to reduce congestion, cities have mainly tried a combination of discouraging driving and encouraging walking and cycling. Paris has ____21____ traffic from some streets, while Barcelona has received much international attention for its plan to organise the city into a series of “superblocks” — where cars are restricted to certain big roads, with streets in-between ____22____ pedestrian-only parks and playgrounds. But new technologies could bring more changes. Micromobility, including electric scooters and bikes, is seen as a potential solution to moving people more ____23____ around cities. Dozens of start-ups including Bird, Lime, Voi and Bolt have ____24____ cities with shared scooters that can be rented by the minute. In a survey, some 34 per cent of riders in Portland, Oregon, said they had used a scooter ____25____ driving a personal car or using a ride-hailing app or taxi for their most recent ride. Scooter safety, however, is making city planners ____26____. Sweden’s transport agency is calling for electric scooters to be banned following the death of a man riding a Voi scooter in Helsingborg. For scooters to work, cities will have to ____27____ more safe pathways for them-possibly high above the city streets. Xiamen in south-east China, ____28____, has built a nearly 8km elevated cycle-way for bikes. BMW group and China’s Tongji University, meanwhile, have drawn up even more ambitious plans for a network of covered tubes above the streets for scooter and bike traffic. They say, several cities have expressed ____29____. Electric self-driving cars could also greatly change the ____30____ of cities. Such cars could change the way cities are laid out, says Willem Strijbosch, head of self-driving at Tom Tom, the mapping company. “It could ____31____ a lot of space. If the vast majority of transport is done by self-driving vehicles the streets could be narrower,” he says. Self-driving cars communicating with each other through a wireless network would be able to pass each other with centimeter ____32____. “You may be able to fit four lanes in where you previously had three. Traffic lights will be no longer needed. Cars will communicate by means of maps and will ____33____ right of way at crossings in a different way.” Public transport could become highly personalised, says Warwick Goodall, a partner at PA Consulting, who focuses on transport and mobility. “For the last century, transport has been about building train sets. The next decades of transport will be built around personal ____34____. That is why Uber and other ride-hailing services have grown so quickly — you can hail a cab and it will arrive in two minutes. We will go from transport on ____35____ rails and routes to one that is highly personalised.” 21. A. removed B. increased C. brought D. heard 22. A. traded with B. turned into C. based upon D. mistaken for 23. A. naturally B. directly C. efficiently D. regularly 24. A. flooded B. designed C. presented D. struck 25. A. in spite of B. with regard to C. in addition to D. instead of 26. A. decide B. hesitate C. compete D. request 27. A. affect B. close C. guard D. create 28. A. even so B. for example C. in a word D. what’s more 29. A. concern B. frustration C. surprise D. interest 30. A. look B. role C. centre D. economy 31. A. call for B. use up C. free up D. make for 32. A. length B. width C. precision D. scale 33. A. figure out B. hand over C. stand for D. relate to 34. A. behaviours B. needs C. feelings D. methods 35. A. varied B. old C. fixed D. new 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍城市缓解拥堵的现有措施，分析电动微出行与自动驾驶汽车两类新技术对城市交通带来的多重变革。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：巴黎已经禁止部分街道通行机动车，而巴塞罗那因一项规划城市为一系列“超级街区”的方案广受国际关注，在超级街区内，机动车仅能在主干道行驶，街区之间的小路则被改造为仅供行人使用的公园与活动场地。A. removed移除；B. increased增加；C. brought带来；D. heard听说。根据后文“where cars are restricted to certain big roads”可知，巴黎将车流从部分街道清走以缓解拥堵。 【22题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：巴黎已经禁止部分街道通行机动车，而巴塞罗那因一项规划城市为一系列“超级街区”的方案广受国际关注，在超级街区内，机动车仅能在主干道行驶，街区之间的小路则被改造为仅供行人使用的公园与活动场地。A. traded with与……交易；B. turned into转变为；C. based upon基于；D. mistaken for误认为。根据前文“cars are restricted to certain big roads”以及后文“pedestrian-only parks and playgrounds.”可知，内部街道不再通车，转变为行人专属区域。 【23题详解】 考查副词。句意：微型交通工具包括电动滑板车与自行车，被视作能让市民在城市内更高效出行的潜在方案。A. naturally自然地；B. directly直接地；C. efficiently高效地；D. regularly定期地。根据前文“to reduce congestion”以及“Micromobility, including electric scooters and bikes”可知，治理城市拥堵，小型代步工具可以提升出行效率、缓解堵车。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：包括Bird、Lime、Voi和Bolt在内的数十家初创企业向各大城市投放了大量可按分钟租赁的共享电动滑板车。A. flooded涌入、充斥；B. designed设计；C. presented呈现；D. struck撞击。根据后文“shared scooters that can be rented by the minute”可知，各类共享滑板车铺满城市各处。 【25题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：一项调查显示，俄勒冈州波特兰市约34%的使用者表示，他们最近一次出行选择滑板车，而非私家车、网约车或出租车。A. in spite of尽管；B. with regard to关于；C. in addition to除……之外；D. instead of代替、而不是。根据后文“driving a personal car or using a ride-hailing app or taxi”可知，滑板车替代了传统机动车出行。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：但滑板车的安全隐患，让城市规划者犹豫不决。A. decide决定；B. hesitate犹豫；C. compete竞争；D. request要求。根据后文“the death of a man riding a Voi scooter”可知，出现致死事故，部分地区提议禁行，安全问题令规划者难以抉择。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：要让电动滑板车普及落地，城市必须为其修建更多安全专用通道——通道或许可以修建在城市道路上空。A. affect影响；B. close关闭；C. guard守护；D. create修建、开辟。根据后文“has built a nearly 8km elevated cycle-way for bikes.”可知，厦门修建空中车道，城市需要开辟专属通路。 【28题详解】 考查短语。句意：比如中国东南部的厦门，就修建了一条近8公里的空中自行车专用道。A. even so即便如此；B. for example例如；C. in a word总而言之；D. what’s more此外。根据前文“.Xiamen in south-east China”可知，此处提出高空通道设想，列举厦门工程作为实例。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：企业称已有多座城市对此方案表达出兴趣。A. concern担忧；B. frustration沮丧；C. surprise惊讶；D. interest兴趣。根据前文“drawn up even more ambitious plans for a network of covered tubes”可知，不少城市愿意了解采纳该管网方案，对此感兴趣。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：电动自动驾驶汽车也会极大改变城市的整体面貌。A. look外观、样貌；B. role作用；C. centre中心；D. economy经济。根据后文“Such cars could change the way cities are laid out”可知，自动驾驶车辆会改变城市整体布局样貌。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：它能够腾出大量城市空间。A. call for需要；B. use up耗尽；C. free up腾出；D. make for促成。根据后文“the streets could be narrower”可知，道路可以修建得更窄，车道占用的空间会被释放出来。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：通过无线网络互通信息的自动驾驶车辆，能够以厘米级的精准度会车避让。A. length长度；B. width宽度；C. precision精准度；D. scale规模。根据前文“with centimeter”可知，厘米级体现车辆交互避让的操作精准程度极高。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：车辆依靠地图互通信息，并且会以全新方式判断路口的通行优先权。A. figure out弄清楚、判定；B. hand over移交；C. stand for代表；D. relate to与……相关。根据后文“right of way at crossings”可知，路口无红绿灯，车辆自主判定路权顺序。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：未来数十年的交通体系将以满足个人需求为核心搭建。A. behaviours行为；B. needs需求；C. feelings感受；D. methods方法。根据后文“you can hail a cab and it will arrive in two minutes”可知，网约车贴合每个人的出行诉求。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：我们将从依托固定轨道与固定线路的交通模式，转向高度个性化的出行服务。A. varied多样的；B. old老旧的；C. fixed固定的；D. new崭新的。根据前文“rails and routes to one that is highly personalised”可知，传统火车拥有固定轨道、固定行驶路线，和后文个性化灵活出行形成对比。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it. And almost everyone had one. I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget. A woman I worked with told me she used the name of her first son, who’d died of leukemia, as a workplace password (“a reminder not to get too stressed about work”). A man I know uses the name of his dog that ran away, as a reminder not to go bucolic. The 4-year-old Oscar Aswor is the name of the baby boy she lost (“my way of trying to keep him alive, I guess”). Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”). Some passwords were striking for their creativity, folding big thoughts down into tidy little codes. After being inspired by Sheryl Sandberg’s book Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Courtney Kerver, a running partner of mine, began using Wws$$do13, which stood for “What would Sheryl Sandberg do” plus “13” for the year (2013) of the password’s creation. TnsitTpsif was the password of another friend, a computer scientist who loves wordplay. It stands for “The next sentence is true. The previous sentence is false,” which in philosophy is called a liar’s paradox. For my friend, it was a playful reference to the knots that language can tie. While asking strangers about their passwords is a touchy proposition, it’s not every day that you come across a conversation topic that teaches you new things about people you’ve known for years. The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength. Apparently when the former 270-pound football standout, a scholarship athlete and the pride of his working-class neighborhood in west Tulsa, was a small boy, he had to sing his home address (4622 South 28th West Avenue) in one full breath rather than try to say it normally; otherwise, his stutter (口吃) would trip him up. 36. What does the phrase “a bum rap” (paragraph 1) most probably mean? A. imaginative plotting B. an unreasonable structure C. unfair treatment D. a notable exception 37. Which of the following passwords does the writer use as an example of those with a touch of humour? A. An identification number. B. The word “incorrect”. C. Ww$$do13. D. TnsitTpsif. 38. Why does the writer’s wife use the number “4622” in her passwords? A. It reminded her of her father. B. It helped her to overcome stutter. C. It was the address of her childhood home. D. It was part of the name of her favourite song. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Development of Passwords B. The Secret Lives of Passwords C. Why Everybody Hates Passwords D. Passwords: What We Can’t Live Without 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. A 39. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述作者调研密码背后的故事，揭示密码承载人们的回忆、情感与巧思。 【36题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget.(我渐渐认为，这些小小的个性化密码蒙受了a bum rap。所有人都讨厌密码，但它们也是一扇饱受非议、得以窥见内心的窗口。人们用密码留住那些不愿忘却的人和瞬间。)”可知，所有人都讨厌密码，但它们也是一扇饱受非议、得以窥见内心的窗口。人们用密码留住那些不愿忘却的人和瞬间。这些小小的个性化密码蒙受了不实的非议。a bum rap意思是“受到不公正的对待”，与“unfair treatment”意思相同。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”).(些时候，这些密码颇具趣味性。有几个人说他们用incorrect作密码，这样忘记密码时，软件就会自动提示正确信息：你的密码不正确。)”可知，单词incorrect是带有幽默感的密码例子。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength.(我妻子密码里的4622不仅是她父亲儿时家的地址，还能让她想起父亲的脆弱与坚强。)”可知，这个数字让她想起父亲。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it.(几年前，我开始向人们询问他们的密码，算是一项非正式的小实验。大多数人都会微微一愣，接着腼腆地笑一笑，说类似这样的话：“我可不能告诉你！” 或者 “这可是最高机密！” 但从来没有真正的麻烦，因为我并不索要密码本身。我想知道的是密码背后的故事，而几乎每个人都有一段故事。)”文章介绍各类密码背后承载的个人故事与情感秘密。“The Secret Lives of Passwords(密码不为人知的故事)”最贴合全文主旨。 （B） “There was a desert wind blowing... it was one of those hot dry Santa Anas that come down through the mountain passes and curl your hair and make your nerves jump...” Raymond Chandler’s 1938 short story “Red Wind” captures the “devil winds” of Los Angeles that at times seem to drive people mad. But if you think that’s just a lot of hot air, think again. “Human responses to the Santa Anas have been shown to be generally unfavorable,” says Dennis Driscoll, a professor at Texas A&M University. “We don’t know why. It may have something to do with the electrical charges and an increase in positive ions (离子). At least, that’s the theory.” What else can the weather do to your mood? Here’s a forecast: Cold Snap: Lawrence Palinkas, professor at the University of Southern California, has studied the impact of extremely cold temperatures on Antarctic researchers. “We’ve noticed an increase in anger after long exposure,” he says, although he believes isolation plays a part. “In addition, thyroid hormones (甲状腺激素) are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature. People sometimes exhibit symptoms of depression, short-term memory loss, and anxiety.” And last year, some Canadian newspapers started using the term snow rage. “At the end of March 2019, we'd had over 16 feet of snow,” says Catherine Viel, with the Quebec City Police. “During that month, we had several incidents, like a man who threatened his neighbor because someone had blown snow onto his lawn.” Hot-headed: Heat waves really can make tempers boil. In fact, from 1950 to 1995, rates of serious attacks were higher during hotter years, according to research in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 1997. The authors suggest that uncomfortably high temperatures increase annoyance-related crimes, in which the primary goal is to hurt someone. (Crimes like burglary, where the incentive is money, did not increase.) They predicted at least 115,000 additional serious and fatal attacks a year in the United States due to global warming. Spring Fever: “We studied about 600 people and found that in springtime, sunny days and warm weather seem to boost mood and have a broadening effect on cognition, basically opening the mind to new ideas,” says Matthew Keller, assistant professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. “You just have to get outside.” 40. By “that’s the theory”, Dennis Driscoll implies ________. A. the explanation he gives hasn't been proved true B. there is no sufficient theory to explain the phenomenon C. the Santa Anas have been the focus of research for some time D. there are many electrical charges and positive ions in the Santa Anas 41. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Those who like getting outside perform better academically. B. Crimes intended for money are more likely to happen in hot days. C. The global warming may be to blame for the increase in fatal attacks. D. Thyroid hormones have nothing to do with symptoms like depression. 42. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Can the Weather Drive You Crazy? B. Can You Be More Open-Minded in the Spring? C. How Can the Weather Affect You Physically? D. How Can You Use the Weather to Lift Your Mood? 【答案】40. A 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍不同天气，包括圣塔安娜风、严寒、热浪、春日暖阳，会对人的情绪、心理甚至攻击性行为产生不同影响。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“We don’t know why. It may have something to do with the electrical charges and an increase in positive ions. (我们不知道原因。这可能和电荷以及正离子增多有关。)”以及第二段“At least, that’s the theory.(至少，理论上是这样。)”可知，Dennis Driscoll暗示他给出的解释还没有被证实。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“They predicted at least 115,000 additional serious and fatal attacks a year in the United States due to global warming.(他们预测，由于全球变暖，美国每年至少会新增115000起严重及致命袭击事件。)”可知，全球变暖可能是致命袭击增多的原因。 【42题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Raymond Chandler’s 1938 short story “Red Wind” captures the “devil winds” of Los Angeles that at times seem to drive people mad.(雷蒙德・钱德勒1938年的短篇小说《红风》描绘了洛杉矶的“恶魔之风”，这种风有时仿佛能把人逼疯。)”以及后文介绍不同天气对人情绪、行为的影响可知，文章围绕天气是否会使人情绪失控展开。所以A项“Can the Weather Drive You Crazy?(天气会把你逼疯吗？)”符合语境。 （C） Science changes as it makes its way on to television, just as it does as it travels to newspapers, magazines, books, exams and through the various media of the scientific community. People who take a dim view of media professors need to get over themselves and stop assuming the difference between professional and popular science on a frame that places the former on top. Popularisation doesn’t make knowledge something less than it was. Done well, it isn’t the opposite of research; it’s lifeblood. Still, there are problems with many traditional approaches to the way we share science. There is a history of snobbishness (势利) against scientists who talk to the public, but equally silly is a snobbishness against presenters who aren’t actually scientists. These days the serious TV channels favour professional scientists to present, even if they rarely write the script and often talk about something outside their area of expertise (专业领域). I especially worry that science is often presented as something to be simply consumed by the public. Retelling science for explanatory or entertainment purposes might give us a great picture of what the scientific idea looks like, but often removes a lot about how the scientists got to these conclusions, meaning it’s harder to review or get involved with. I’d like to see an attempt to share the means of production of science, not just sell its products. The interviews with working scientists on a current radio series bring out the texture of science, a sense of what drives scientists, the frustrations, boredom, adventure and accidents their work can include. But this is still a matter of telling a story rather than involving audiences. That’s not to say I’m against storytelling science, just that we have to be aware of the narrative forces in play. Some time ago there was a lot of complaints about a nature documentary filming polar bears in a wildlife centre rather than in the wild, as appeared to be the case. But this is routine, just as we routinely leave out bits of science to tell interesting, exciting and useful stories. We’d get lost otherwise. Televisual science is always a construction, and it’s often worth deconstructing and arguing over how we choose to do this. But it can be a meaningful and necessary construction too, just as a scientific paper is a meaningful construction we might argue over. I don’t mind the odd bit of showmanship around science. Nor do I mind shows that just invite audiences to passively watch or listen — as long as we have more critical and interactive projects too. We might be in a golden age of science television but we shouldn’t stop asking questions about it. We need to be imaginative about what science is, who it talks to and how it might be better not simply find ever more ways. 43. What point is the writer making in the first paragraph? A. Science can benefit from becoming more popular. B. Popular science is inferior to professional science. C. Scientific communities report on science without altering it. D. The quality of research is being harmed by popular science. 44. The writer believes that the public are frequently being denied ________. A. the opportunity to enjoy programmes about science B. information about the results of scientific research C. the experience of hearing scientists talk about their work D. an understanding of how the scientific process works 45. The writer mentions the programme about polar bears to show that ________. A. scientists often find it impossible to agree with one another B. the makers of science documentaries are often untrustworthy C. in science it is impossible to report every detail of the story D. documentaries cannot show the scientific process realistically 46. What does the writer call for in the last paragraph? A. An end to the disapproval of science in television programmes. B. A more balanced approach when covering science on television. C. Greater public awareness of the current nature of science. D. Television quiz shows that focus exclusively on science. 【答案】43. A 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要探讨了科学通过电视等媒体向公众传播的方式及其存在的问题。作者认为科学普及并不会降低知识的价值，做得好的话它是研究的生命线，但也指出了当前科学传播中存在的诸多不足，并呼吁采用更平衡、更具批判性的方式来呈现科学。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“People who take a dim view of media professors need to get over themselves and stop assuming the difference between professional and popular science on a frame that places the former on top. Popularisation doesn't make knowledge something less than it was. Done well, it isn't the opposite of research; it's lifeblood. (那些对媒体教授持否定态度的人应当收起自命不凡的心态，不要再秉持“专业科学优于大众科学”的框架来界定二者的差异科普并不会使知识贬值。做得好的话，它并非研究的对立面，而是其生命线。)”可知，作者认为科学可以从变得更加大众化中获益。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Retelling science for explanatory or entertainment purposes might give us a great picture of what the scientific idea looks like, but often removes a lot about how the scientists got to these conclusions, meaning it’s harder to review or get involved with.  (为了说明或娱乐目的而重新讲述科学内容，或许能让我们清晰地了解科学观点的面貌，但往往忽略了科学家是如何得出这些结论的，因此更难进行审查或参与其中。)”可知，作者认为公众经常被剥夺了理解科学研究过程如何运作的机会。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Some time ago there was a lot of complaints about a nature documentary filming polar bears in a wildlife centre rather than in the wild, as appeared to be the case. But this is routine, just as we routinely leave out bits of science to tell interesting, exciting and useful stories. We'd get lost otherwise. (不久前，有一部自然纪录片遭到大量投诉，原因是它并未像影片呈现的那样在野外拍摄北极熊，拍摄实际是在野生动物中心完成的。但这是常规做法，正如我们常规性地省略部分科学内容来讲述有趣、刺激且有用的故事。否则我们会迷失方向。)”可知，作者提到北极熊节目是为了说明在科学传播中不可能报道故事的每一个细节。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I don't mind the odd bit of showmanship around science. Nor do I mind shows that just invite audiences to passively watch or listen — as long as we have more critical and interactive projects too. (我不介意科学节目中偶尔有些表演成分，也不介意那些只是邀请观众被动观看或聆听的节目——只要我们同时也有更多批判性和互动性的项目。)”以及“We need to be imaginative about what science is, who it talks to and how it might be better not simply find ever more ways. (我们需要有想象力地思考科学的本质、它所面向的对象，以及如何让它变得更好，而不仅仅是寻找更多的(传播）途径)。”可知，作者呼吁在电视上报道科学时采取更平衡的方法。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sustainable Communities In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively. ____47____ Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities. One such example is the Oakland EcoBlock project, which I lead at the University of California, Berkeley. It is a multidisciplinary attempt involving urban designers, engineers, social scientists and policy experts from city, state and federal governments, academia, private industry, nonprofits and grassroots organizations. The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California's famous Golden Gate Bridge. ____48____ We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents' long-term comfort and security. To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations. ____49____ The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California's home water consumption goes towards gardening. ____50____ The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps. Our estimates suggest that the EcoBlock's system-level redesign will cut demand for water by up to 70 percent. The Oakland EcoBlock project will provide local construction jobs and help revitalize a community. If it is as successful as we predict, it could serve as a model of sustainability that can be copied elsewhere in the world. A. Treated water, meanwhile, will be made drinkable again. B. We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines. C. Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea. D. These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero. E. It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. F. More than a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions emanate from residences. 【答案】47. C 48. E 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍可持续社区Oakland EcoBlock项目，阐述其改造方案、节水减碳措施以及作为示范样板的价值。 【47题详解】 由上文“In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively. (过去十年间，为减少能源和水资源消耗而进行的单户住宅建设与改造实现了爆发式增长。)”及下文“Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities. (共享资源和基础设施可以减少浪费，对中低收入社区进行改造也能为原本难以获得这类机会的人群节约成本、带来现代技术。)”可知，上文肯定了单户绿色改造的发展，下文转向连片社区改造的优势，本空需形成语义转折递进，引出更优方案。C选项“Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea. (然而，将绿色建筑理念同时应用于多栋建筑或许是一个更优的思路。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 【48题详解】 由上文“The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California’s famous Golden Gate Bridge. (这个项目已完成详细规划但尚未动工，将对加州著名金门大桥附近一个中低收入社区内的30至40栋老旧住宅进行改造。)”及下文“We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents’ long-term comfort and security. (我们预计能通过运营成本的节约快速收回基础设施投入，同时保障居民长期的舒适与安全。)”可知，上文介绍项目基本属性，下文说明项目的收益预期，本空需点明项目的核心目标。E选项“It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. (该项目旨在运用现有技术大幅降低燃料、水资源消耗与温室气体排放。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 【49题详解】 由上文“To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations. (为引入可再生能源，我们将在整个社区的建筑上安装相关设备，把电力输送至智能微电网。多余的太阳能将通过安置在公共建筑内的飞轮进行存储。居民还可以共享电动汽车，社区内将配备20多个本地充电桩。)”及下文“The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California's home water consumption goes towards gardening. (美国环境保护署估算，加州家庭多达50%的用水量都用于园艺灌溉。)”可知，上文集中介绍电力系统相关改造措施，下文转向水资源节约主题，本空需总结电力改造的成效，完成电力板块的收尾。D选项“These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero. (这些举措预计将使年电力消耗量降低一半以上，实现碳排放归零。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 【50题详解】 由上文“The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California's home water consumption goes towards gardening. (美国环境保护署估算，加州家庭多达50%的用水量都用于园艺灌溉。)”及下文“The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps. (再生水将被输送至草坪和花园。我们将收集雨水用于马桶冲水和洗衣机供水，并安装高效节水设施与水龙头。)”可知，上文点明加州家庭园艺用水占比极高的现状，下文介绍再生水的具体用途，本空需引出污水和灰水的处理再利用方案，衔接前后内容。B选项“We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines. (我们将处理并重复利用马桶产生的污水，以及从排水管道排出、由洗衣机产生的灰水。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Hosting the Olympics Today, the Olympic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this? What are the advantages of hosting such an event? A world-class event demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come. Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008. Another consideration is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right. 【答案】Hosting the Olympics brings various benefits. Firstly, infrastructures, like accommodation and transport, will remain for citizens to enjoy afterwards. Besides, companies can make profit from advertising or broadcasting during the Games, so they compete to sponsor it. Finally, job opportunities are created to ensure the Games go on smoothly. Above all, the host city benefits greatly, gaining a significant place. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述举办奥运会带来各种好处。主要有以下几点：住宿和交通等基础设施将留待公民在事后享用，主办城市获得了重要地位；公司竞争赞助奥运会，可以从奥运会期间的广告或广播中获利；创造就业机会。 【详解】2. 要点摘录 ①What are the advantages of hosting such an event ②These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. ③Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. ④Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. ⑤It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. 2.缜密构思将第2、5两个要点进行重组，将第1、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It’s beneficial to host the Olympics. Citizens can enjoy infrastructures, like accommodation and transport after the Olympics. The host city has benefited a lot and gained worldwide attention. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Hosting the Olympics brings various benefits.(运用动名词短语hosting the Olympics作主语，表达高级) [高分句型2]： Finally, job opportunities are created to ensure the Games go on smoothly.（用动词不定式to ensure the Games go on作目的状语，表达非常高级） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 雨越下越大，他不得已只有打车回家。（oblige）(汉译英) 【答案】It rained harder and harder/ more and more heavily, so he was obliged to take taxi home/go/return home by taxi/taxi home. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词及短语。雨越下越大应用“It rained harder and harder/ more and more heavily”，被迫做某事应用“be obliged to do”，打车回家应用“take taxi home/go/return home by taxi/taxi home”陈述过去的事情，要使用一般过去时，故翻译为It rained harder and harder/ more and more heavily, so he was obliged to take taxi home/go/return home by taxi/taxi home. 53. 一年四季，这一旅游胜地都值得观光。(worth) (汉译英) 【答案】This tourist attraction /resort/ tourist resort/destination is worth visiting/ a visit at all seasons/all the year (a)round / throughout the year/the whole year. 【解析】 【详解】考查介词和形容词短语。表示“旅游胜地”短语应用tourist attraction或resort或tourist resort或destination；表示“值得观光”短语可使用be worth visiting/a visit；表示“一年四季”短语可使用at all seasons/all the year (a)round / throughout the year/the whole year。根据句意可知，该句应使用一般现在时。故翻译为：This tourist attraction /resort/ tourist resort/destination is worth visiting/ a visit at all seasons/all the year (a)round / throughout the year/the whole year. 54. 研究表明，人们极有可能因为自己没有充分发挥出全部潜能而懊悔莫及。（likely）(汉译英) 【答案】Research shows people are most/very likely to regret thinking they have not reached/achieved /realized their full potential. Research shows people are most/very likely to feel regretful because they have not reached/achieved /realized/tapped/ developed their full potential. Research shows it’s very likely that people regret (it) because they have not reached/achieved/realized/tapped/ developed their potential fully/ to the full. 【解析】 【详解】考查一般现在时、现在完成时、原因状语从句和固定句型。该句是复合句，含that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略，该句在描述一个客观事实，所以主句用一般现在时，从句中表示完成的动作，用现在完成时；表示“研究表明”用Research shows；表示“人们极有可能懊悔莫及”用“people are most/very likely to regret；people are most/very likely to feel regretful；it’s very likely that people regret(it) ”；表示“因为自己没有充分发挥出全部潜能”用“thinking they have not reached/achieved /realized their full potential；because they have not reached/achieved /realized/tapped/ developed their full potential；because they have not reached/achieved/realized/tapped/ developed their potential fully/ to the full”。故答案为Research shows people are most/very likely to regret thinking they have not reached/achieved /realized their full potential. Research shows people are most/very likely to feel regretful because they have not reached/achieved /realized/tapped/ developed their full potential. Research shows it’s very likely that people regret (it) because they have not reached/achieved/realized/tapped/ developed their potential fully/ to the full. 55. 这是一部适合家长和孩子共同阅读的书籍，不仅能促进亲子关系更加和谐，还能让孩子在以后的成长和学习的道路上少走弯路。（…such…that…）(汉译英) 【答案】This is such a suitable book for parents and children to read together that it can not only promote a more harmonious parent-child relationship/ relationship between parents and children, but also help children take short cut/avoid making a detour/taking indirect courses/save twists and turns/ on their way to growth and learning in the future. 【解析】 【详解】考查结果状语从句/形容词/动词/固定短语。由句意和提示词可知，本句是由such…that引导的结果状语从句，时态用一般现在时，本句主干“这是一本……的书籍”，所以主句主谓为“这是（This is）”，such修饰的表语部分为“a suitable book for parents and children to read together(一部适合家长和孩子共同阅读的书籍)”，其中suitable(适合的)作定语修饰名词book，表示“给家长和孩子一起阅读”用介词短语“for parents and children to read together”，作book的后置定语 ；that后接从句，从句中的“不仅……，而且……”用连词短语“not only…but also…”连接动作“促进”和“让（帮助）”，第一个动作“promote a more harmonious parent-child relationship/ relationship between parents and children(促进亲子关系更加和谐)”，其中promote(促进)作谓语，表示“更和谐的”用形容词词比较级“more harmonious”作定语修饰宾语“亲子关系”，表示“亲子关系”可以用“parent-child relationship”或“relationship between parents and children”；第二个动作“help childrentake short cut/avoid making a detour/taking indirect courses/save twists and turns/ on their way to growth and learning in the future.(让（帮助）孩子在以后的成长和学习的道路上少走弯路)”，其中表示“让某人……”可用help sb do(帮助某人做)结构，表示“少走弯路”用动词短语“take short cut/avoid making a detour/taking indirect courses/save twists and turns”，表示“在成长和学习的道路上”用介词短语“on their way to growth and learning”；表示“将来”用固定短语“in the future”，结合其他汉语意思，故翻译为：This is such a suitable book for parents and children to read together that it can not only promote a more harmonious parent-child relationship/ relationship between parents and children, but also help children take short cut/avoid making a detour/taking indirect courses/save twists and turns/ on their way to growth and learning in the future. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是中华中学的高二学生李方，你的表弟Rob是美国华裔，生在美国、长在美国，今年也将高中毕业，最近在考虑留在美国读大学还是到中国来读大学。前几天他写了封电子邮件给你，询问你的意见。给Rob回一封邮件，在邮件中你必须： 1. 就他该留在美国读大学还是到中国来读大学表达你的意见； 2. 比较两种选择，陈述你的理由。 注：文中不得提及你的真实姓名或学校。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Rob, I completely understand your dilemma regarding where to pursue higher education. From my point of view, I highly recommend that you choose to study in China. Firstly, studying in China offers an unmatched opportunity to immerse yourself in your ancestral culture. As an American-born Chinese, you will find that living there helps you master the language and truly connect with your cultural roots. Secondly, acquiring a degree in China will significantly enhance your competitive edge. In today’s globalized economy, you can build a valuable local network and gain profound insights into the Chinese market, which multinational corporations highly value. Admittedly, remaining in the US provides familiarity and stability. However, stepping out of your comfort zone in China will foster your independence and resilience, bringing far more rewarding experiences. In conclusion, the cultural immersion and career prospects in China outweigh the advantages of staying in the US. I sincerely hope my advice helps you make the right decision. Yours, Li Fang 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以李方的身份给表弟Rob回复邮件，针对他纠结在美国还是在中国读大学的问题给出建议，并对比两种选择、阐述理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 观点：point of view → perspective 无可比拟的：unmatched → unparalleled 增强：enhance → boost 培养：foster → cultivate 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：I sincerely hope my advice helps you make the right decision. 拓展句：I earnestly hope that what I have recommended can contribute to your reaching a wise decision. 【点睛】【高分句型1】As an American-born Chinese, you will find that living there helps you master the language and truly connect with your cultural roots. (运用了that引导的宾语从句) 【高分句型2】In today’s globalized economy, you can build a valuable local network and gain profound insights into the Chinese market, which multinational corporations highly value. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科10月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why the Brain Needs the Night For most of the twentieth century, sleep was regarded as a period of inactivity — a nightly shutdown during which the body repaired itself and the brain simply rested. That view has collapsed. Over the past two decades, researchers ____1____ (analyse) the sleeping brain in detail, and what they have found is not rest but work: memories are sorted, connections are strengthened or pruned, and waste products are flushed away. Sleep, it turns out, is one of the most ____2____ (persist) forms of mental labour we perform. The most ____3____ (strike) discovery concerns memory. In experiments, volunteers who learned a list of word pairs in the evening recalled around a fifth more of them after a night’s sleep ____4____ those who stayed awake for the same period. Brain imaging offers an explanation. During deep sleep, the hippocampus — a structure that stores new experiences — replays the day’s events at high speed, ____5____ (promote) the cortex to file them away as lasting knowledge. Deprive an animal ____6____ that replay and the memory never consolidates. The finding has an uncomfortable implication for students. Advice ____7____ (prioritise) revision over sleep during examination periods is, on this evidence, self-defeating: material studied at the cost of sleep is material the brain has not yet stored. Nor is the effect limited to memory. After only one night of restricted sleep, emotional responses become disproportionately intense, and the brain regions that normally damp down anxiety become less active. There is a further twist. Until recently, the brain was thought to have no lymphatic vessels, and therefore no way of clearing the chemical waste that accumulates during waking hours. It now appears that a network of channels, ____8____ (discover) in 2012, carries fluid through brain tissue at a rate far higher during sleep ____9____ during waking. The channels clear proteins associated with degenerative disease. In animals that are ____10____ (deprive) of sleep, those same proteins increase markedly. None of this makes late nights harmless, and the research has not yet produced a pill that substitutes for rest. But it has demolished the assumption that sleep is time taken away from living. If anything, the evidence points the other way. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. battle B. emerged C. encountered D. field E. investigate F. less-than-heroic G. neighboring H. picture I. regretted J. tracked K. upper The Wolf at the Door Russ Fee was asleep inside his tent last summer when a series of screams woke him up. Throwing on his shoes, he ran out to ____11____. Fee and his wife were traveling through Canada’s Banff National Park to enjoy its shocking beauty and awesome wildlife. It was the latter he now ____12____. Although it was dark, Fee could see a(n) ____13____ tent in a mess. Backing out was a wolf, dragging something in his teeth. That thing was a man. Moments earlier, Elisa and Matt Rispoli, from New Jersey, were asleep with their two young children when the wolf tore into their tent. “It was like something out of a horror movie,” Elisa posted on Facebook. For three minutes, “Matt threw his body in front of me and the boys and fought the wolf”. At one point, Matt got the ____14____ hand, getting the wolf to the ground. But the wolf clamped (夹紧) its jaw onto Matt’s arm, set its powerful legs, and began pulling Matt outside “while I was pulling on his legs trying to get him back,” Elisa wrote. It was then that Russ Fee entered the ____15____. He ran at the wolf, kicking it “like I was kicking in a door,” he told ABC New York. The wolf dropped Matt and ____16____ from the tent. Wolves are large, Fee told the radio show Calgary Eyeopener. “I felt like I had hit someone that way out of my weight class.” Before the wolf could turn its anger on Fee, Matt, his arms bloodied, flew out of the tent to rejoin in the ____17____. The men hit the wolf with rocks, forcing it back, then the Fees and the Rispolis ran to the shelter of the Fees’ minivan. An ambulance was called, and Matt was taken to a local hospital. He has fully recovered. The wolf was ____18____ down by park officials. As for Fee, whom Elisa called their guardian angel, he does admit to a(n)____19____ thought during the heat of battle. The moment the wolf locked eyes with him, Fee says, “I immediately ____20____ kicking it.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. So far, to reduce congestion, cities have mainly tried a combination of discouraging driving and encouraging walking and cycling. Paris has ____21____ traffic from some streets, while Barcelona has received much international attention for its plan to organise the city into a series of “superblocks” — where cars are restricted to certain big roads, with streets in-between ____22____ pedestrian-only parks and playgrounds. But new technologies could bring more changes. Micromobility, including electric scooters and bikes, is seen as a potential solution to moving people more ____23____ around cities. Dozens of start-ups including Bird, Lime, Voi and Bolt have ____24____ cities with shared scooters that can be rented by the minute. In a survey, some 34 per cent of riders in Portland, Oregon, said they had used a scooter ____25____ driving a personal car or using a ride-hailing app or taxi for their most recent ride. Scooter safety, however, is making city planners ____26____. Sweden’s transport agency is calling for electric scooters to be banned following the death of a man riding a Voi scooter in Helsingborg. For scooters to work, cities will have to ____27____ more safe pathways for them-possibly high above the city streets. Xiamen in south-east China, ____28____, has built a nearly 8km elevated cycle-way for bikes. BMW group and China’s Tongji University, meanwhile, have drawn up even more ambitious plans for a network of covered tubes above the streets for scooter and bike traffic. They say, several cities have expressed ____29____. Electric self-driving cars could also greatly change the ____30____ of cities. Such cars could change the way cities are laid out, says Willem Strijbosch, head of self-driving at Tom Tom, the mapping company. “It could ____31____ a lot of space. If the vast majority of transport is done by self-driving vehicles the streets could be narrower,” he says. Self-driving cars communicating with each other through a wireless network would be able to pass each other with centimeter ____32____. “You may be able to fit four lanes in where you previously had three. Traffic lights will be no longer needed. Cars will communicate by means of maps and will ____33____ right of way at crossings in a different way.” Public transport could become highly personalised, says Warwick Goodall, a partner at PA Consulting, who focuses on transport and mobility. “For the last century, transport has been about building train sets. The next decades of transport will be built around personal ____34____. That is why Uber and other ride-hailing services have grown so quickly — you can hail a cab and it will arrive in two minutes. We will go from transport on ____35____ rails and routes to one that is highly personalised.” 21. A. removed B. increased C. brought D. heard 22. A. traded with B. turned into C. based upon D. mistaken for 23. A. naturally B. directly C. efficiently D. regularly 24. A. flooded B. designed C. presented D. struck 25. A. in spite of B. with regard to C. in addition to D. instead of 26. A. decide B. hesitate C. compete D. request 27. A. affect B. close C. guard D. create 28. A. even so B. for example C. in a word D. what’s more 29. A. concern B. frustration C. surprise D. interest 30. A. look B. role C. centre D. economy 31. A. call for B. use up C. free up D. make for 32. A. length B. width C. precision D. scale 33. A. figure out B. hand over C. stand for D. relate to 34. A. behaviours B. needs C. feelings D. methods 35. A. varied B. old C. fixed D. new Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it. And almost everyone had one. I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget. A woman I worked with told me she used the name of her first son, who’d died of leukemia, as a workplace password (“a reminder not to get too stressed about work”). A man I know uses the name of his dog that ran away, as a reminder not to go bucolic. The 4-year-old Oscar Aswor is the name of the baby boy she lost (“my way of trying to keep him alive, I guess”). Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”). Some passwords were striking for their creativity, folding big thoughts down into tidy little codes. After being inspired by Sheryl Sandberg’s book Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Courtney Kerver, a running partner of mine, began using Wws$$do13, which stood for “What would Sheryl Sandberg do” plus “13” for the year (2013) of the password’s creation. TnsitTpsif was the password of another friend, a computer scientist who loves wordplay. It stands for “The next sentence is true. The previous sentence is false,” which in philosophy is called a liar’s paradox. For my friend, it was a playful reference to the knots that language can tie. While asking strangers about their passwords is a touchy proposition, it’s not every day that you come across a conversation topic that teaches you new things about people you’ve known for years. The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength. Apparently when the former 270-pound football standout, a scholarship athlete and the pride of his working-class neighborhood in west Tulsa, was a small boy, he had to sing his home address (4622 South 28th West Avenue) in one full breath rather than try to say it normally; otherwise, his stutter (口吃) would trip him up. 36. What does the phrase “a bum rap” (paragraph 1) most probably mean? A. imaginative plotting B. an unreasonable structure C. unfair treatment D. a notable exception 37. Which of the following passwords does the writer use as an example of those with a touch of humour? A. An identification number. B. The word “incorrect”. C. Ww$$do13. D. TnsitTpsif. 38. Why does the writer’s wife use the number “4622” in her passwords? A. It reminded her of her father. B. It helped her to overcome stutter. C. It was the address of her childhood home. D. It was part of the name of her favourite song. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Development of Passwords B. The Secret Lives of Passwords C. Why Everybody Hates Passwords D. Passwords: What We Can’t Live Without （B） “There was a desert wind blowing... it was one of those hot dry Santa Anas that come down through the mountain passes and curl your hair and make your nerves jump...” Raymond Chandler’s 1938 short story “Red Wind” captures the “devil winds” of Los Angeles that at times seem to drive people mad. But if you think that’s just a lot of hot air, think again. “Human responses to the Santa Anas have been shown to be generally unfavorable,” says Dennis Driscoll, a professor at Texas A&M University. “We don’t know why. It may have something to do with the electrical charges and an increase in positive ions (离子). At least, that’s the theory.” What else can the weather do to your mood? Here’s a forecast: Cold Snap: Lawrence Palinkas, professor at the University of Southern California, has studied the impact of extremely cold temperatures on Antarctic researchers. “We’ve noticed an increase in anger after long exposure,” he says, although he believes isolation plays a part. “In addition, thyroid hormones (甲状腺激素) are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature. People sometimes exhibit symptoms of depression, short-term memory loss, and anxiety.” And last year, some Canadian newspapers started using the term snow rage. “At the end of March 2019, we'd had over 16 feet of snow,” says Catherine Viel, with the Quebec City Police. “During that month, we had several incidents, like a man who threatened his neighbor because someone had blown snow onto his lawn.” Hot-headed: Heat waves really can make tempers boil. In fact, from 1950 to 1995, rates of serious attacks were higher during hotter years, according to research in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 1997. The authors suggest that uncomfortably high temperatures increase annoyance-related crimes, in which the primary goal is to hurt someone. (Crimes like burglary, where the incentive is money, did not increase.) They predicted at least 115,000 additional serious and fatal attacks a year in the United States due to global warming. Spring Fever: “We studied about 600 people and found that in springtime, sunny days and warm weather seem to boost mood and have a broadening effect on cognition, basically opening the mind to new ideas,” says Matthew Keller, assistant professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder. “You just have to get outside.” 40. By “that’s the theory”, Dennis Driscoll implies ________. A. the explanation he gives hasn't been proved true B. there is no sufficient theory to explain the phenomenon C. the Santa Anas have been the focus of research for some time D. there are many electrical charges and positive ions in the Santa Anas 41. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Those who like getting outside perform better academically. B. Crimes intended for money are more likely to happen in hot days. C. The global warming may be to blame for the increase in fatal attacks. D. Thyroid hormones have nothing to do with symptoms like depression. 42. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Can the Weather Drive You Crazy? B. Can You Be More Open-Minded in the Spring? C. How Can the Weather Affect You Physically? D. How Can You Use the Weather to Lift Your Mood? （C） Science changes as it makes its way on to television, just as it does as it travels to newspapers, magazines, books, exams and through the various media of the scientific community. People who take a dim view of media professors need to get over themselves and stop assuming the difference between professional and popular science on a frame that places the former on top. Popularisation doesn’t make knowledge something less than it was. Done well, it isn’t the opposite of research; it’s lifeblood. Still, there are problems with many traditional approaches to the way we share science. There is a history of snobbishness (势利) against scientists who talk to the public, but equally silly is a snobbishness against presenters who aren’t actually scientists. These days the serious TV channels favour professional scientists to present, even if they rarely write the script and often talk about something outside their area of expertise (专业领域). I especially worry that science is often presented as something to be simply consumed by the public. Retelling science for explanatory or entertainment purposes might give us a great picture of what the scientific idea looks like, but often removes a lot about how the scientists got to these conclusions, meaning it’s harder to review or get involved with. I’d like to see an attempt to share the means of production of science, not just sell its products. The interviews with working scientists on a current radio series bring out the texture of science, a sense of what drives scientists, the frustrations, boredom, adventure and accidents their work can include. But this is still a matter of telling a story rather than involving audiences. That’s not to say I’m against storytelling science, just that we have to be aware of the narrative forces in play. Some time ago there was a lot of complaints about a nature documentary filming polar bears in a wildlife centre rather than in the wild, as appeared to be the case. But this is routine, just as we routinely leave out bits of science to tell interesting, exciting and useful stories. We’d get lost otherwise. Televisual science is always a construction, and it’s often worth deconstructing and arguing over how we choose to do this. But it can be a meaningful and necessary construction too, just as a scientific paper is a meaningful construction we might argue over. I don’t mind the odd bit of showmanship around science. Nor do I mind shows that just invite audiences to passively watch or listen — as long as we have more critical and interactive projects too. We might be in a golden age of science television but we shouldn’t stop asking questions about it. We need to be imaginative about what science is, who it talks to and how it might be better not simply find ever more ways. 43. What point is the writer making in the first paragraph? A. Science can benefit from becoming more popular. B. Popular science is inferior to professional science. C. Scientific communities report on science without altering it. D. The quality of research is being harmed by popular science. 44. The writer believes that the public are frequently being denied ________. A. the opportunity to enjoy programmes about science B. information about the results of scientific research C. the experience of hearing scientists talk about their work D. an understanding of how the scientific process works 45. The writer mentions the programme about polar bears to show that ________. A. scientists often find it impossible to agree with one another B. the makers of science documentaries are often untrustworthy C. in science it is impossible to report every detail of the story D. documentaries cannot show the scientific process realistically 46. What does the writer call for in the last paragraph? A. An end to the disapproval of science in television programmes. B. A more balanced approach when covering science on television. C. Greater public awareness of the current nature of science. D. Television quiz shows that focus exclusively on science. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Sustainable Communities In the past decade the construction and retrofitting (改造) of individual homes to reduce energy and water use has grown explosively. ____47____ Sharing resources and infrastructure (基础设施) could reduce waste, and retrofitting poor or moderate-income neighborhoods could also bring cost savings and modern technology to people who would typically lack such opportunities. One such example is the Oakland EcoBlock project, which I lead at the University of California, Berkeley. It is a multidisciplinary attempt involving urban designers, engineers, social scientists and policy experts from city, state and federal governments, academia, private industry, nonprofits and grassroots organizations. The program, which has been planned in great detail but has not yet begun construction, will retrofit 30 to 40 old homes in a lower- to middle-income neighborhood near California's famous Golden Gate Bridge. ____48____ We expect to rapidly get back the money spent on infrastructure with savings from operating expenses while ensuring residents' long-term comfort and security. To bring in renewable power, we will install some devices on buildings throughout the area and send the energy to a smart microgrid (微电网). Extra solar energy will be stored via flywheels housed in a communal building. The residents will also share electric cars, which will have access to more than two dozen local charging stations. ____49____ The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that as much as 50 percent of California's home water consumption goes towards gardening. ____50____ The recycled water will go to lawns and gardens. We will collect rainwater and deliver it to toilets and washers and install efficient fixtures and taps. Our estimates suggest that the EcoBlock's system-level redesign will cut demand for water by up to 70 percent. The Oakland EcoBlock project will provide local construction jobs and help revitalize a community. If it is as successful as we predict, it could serve as a model of sustainability that can be copied elsewhere in the world. A. Treated water, meanwhile, will be made drinkable again. B. We will treat and reuse wastewater from toilets as well as gray water sent down drains and released by washing machines. C. Yet applying green construction to multiple buildings at once may be an even better idea. D. These measures should reduce annual electricity consumption by more than half and bring carbon emissions to zero. E. It aims to apply existing technology to dramatically reduce fuel and water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. F. More than a quarter of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions emanate from residences. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Hosting the Olympics Today, the Olympic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this? What are the advantages of hosting such an event? A world-class event demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come. Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008. Another consideration is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right. IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 雨越下越大，他不得已只有打车回家。（oblige）(汉译英) 53. 一年四季，这一旅游胜地都值得观光。(worth) (汉译英) 54. 研究表明，人们极有可能因为自己没有充分发挥出全部潜能而懊悔莫及。（likely）(汉译英) 55. 这是一部适合家长和孩子共同阅读的书籍，不仅能促进亲子关系更加和谐，还能让孩子在以后的成长和学习的道路上少走弯路。（…such…that…）(汉译英) V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是中华中学的高二学生李方，你的表弟Rob是美国华裔，生在美国、长在美国，今年也将高中毕业，最近在考虑留在美国读大学还是到中国来读大学。前几天他写了封电子邮件给你，询问你的意见。给Rob回一封邮件，在邮件中你必须： 1. 就他该留在美国读大学还是到中国来读大学表达你的意见； 2. 比较两种选择，陈述你的理由。 注：文中不得提及你的真实姓名或学校。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $