精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题
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复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期
高二年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Deposit-return scheme to fight plastic problem The UK Government has announced plans for a new recycling scheme (计划) in England: People who buy single-use bottles and cans should pay a small deposit (amount of money), which will be returned to ____1____ when they take the empty bottles and cans to specially set up recycling-collection points. The UK suffers from ____2____ is known as a throwaway culture, where many people consider everything to be disposable and don’t think about what happens to all the rubbish. Politicians hope that a deposit-return scheme will encourage more people ____3____ (recycle) and cut the amount of waste that ends up in landfill or dropped on the streets. Schemes like this have already been a big success in countries such as Germany, Israel, Sweden and the US, ____4____ people receive the equivalent of between eight and 22 percent per bottle or can that they return. A similar deposit-return scheme was announced in Scotland in September 2017. Recycling rates in Wales are ____5____ the best in the world and Welsh ministers are considering whether a deposit-return scheme could make a difference there. There ____6____ (already be) a big shift in people’s perception of plastic waste. Last year, BBC One’s Blue Planet II series highlighted the huge problems that plastic pollution creates in the oceans. Not only are chemicals in plastics harmful to marine life, but animals can also get trapped in rubbish, ____7____ (cause) injuries and even death. ____8____ more people have become aware of the effect plastic has on the environment, reusable bottles and boxes have become popular. Since the 5p charge for carrier bags ____9____ (introduce) in England in October 2015, their use in the country has fallen by 83%. With luck, the _____10_____ (propose) deposit-return scheme will also make a difference.
【答案】1. them
2. what 3. to recycle
4. where 5. among
6. has already been
7. causing 8. As
9. was introduced
10. proposed
【解析】
【导语】本文主要介绍英国政府计划在英格兰推行押金返还回收方案来应对塑料污染问题，介绍该方案的运行方式、其他国家实施经验以及民众塑料环保意识的变化。
【1题详解】
考查代词。句意：购买一次性瓶罐的人需要支付少量押金，当他们将空瓶罐送到专门设立的回收点时，这笔押金将会返还给他们。介词to后面接人称代词宾格，此处指代前面的People，所以此处为代词them。
【2题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：英国饱受所谓一次性文化的困扰，许多人认为所有东西都是一次性的，不去思考这些垃圾最终的去向。此处引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“……的事物”，所以用连接代词what。
【3题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：政客们希望押金返还方案能够鼓励更多人进行回收利用，减少最终填埋或丢弃在街道上的垃圾数量。固定搭配encourage sb. to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，所以此处为to recycle作宾补。
【4题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：这类方案在德国、以色列、瑞典和美国等国家已经大获成功，在这些地方，人们每归还一个瓶罐就能获得相当于其价格百分之八至二十二的金额。先行词指国家，在非限制性定语从句中充当地点状语，所以用关系副词where。
【5题详解】
考查介词。句意：威尔士的回收率位居世界前列，威尔士的官员正在考虑押金返还方案是否能在当地产生效果。介词among意为“在……之中”，among the best意为“位列最好的群体之中”，所以此处为介词among。
【6题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：人们对于塑料垃圾的看法已经发生巨大转变。there be句型，根据already可知使用现在完成时，shift为单数，所以谓语动词为has already been。
【7题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：塑料中的化学物质不仅会危害海洋生物，动物还可能被垃圾缠住，造成受伤甚至死亡。此处为非谓语动词作结果状语，cause与前面整件事情之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词causing。
【8题详解】
考查连词。句意：随着更多人意识到塑料对环境造成的影响，可重复使用的瓶子和盒子开始流行起来。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”，所以用连词as，位于句首，首字母需大写。
【9题详解】
考查动词语态。句意：自从2015年10月英格兰开始对塑料袋征收5便士费用以来，该国塑料袋使用量下降了83%。此处为谓语动词，主语the 5p charge和introduce之间是被动关系，时间为2015年，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为单数，所以谓语动词为was introduced。
【10题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：幸运的话，这项被提议的押金返还方案也将会带来改变。此处修饰名词deposit-return scheme，propose与scheme之间为被动关系，用过去分词作定语，proposed意为“被提议的”。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. designed B. discourage C. hold D. impacts E. measure F. necessarily G. process H. relevantly I. reused J. specific K. take-home
Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011. Northern Ireland and Scotland followed suit, and finally England joined the effort in 2015. The idea was to ____11____ shoppers from using new bags every time they shopped, and it had an enormous effect: since then, the ____12____ is estimated to have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone.
Biodegradable bags, ____13____ to be broken down by bacteria, are generally thought to be a kinder option for the environment. However, they need ____14____ conditions to be broken down: a study by the University of Plymouth found that biodegradable bags left in soil or in a marine environment could still ____15____ a full bag of shopping after three years. Cotton bags aren’t ____16____ better.
Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide used in the ____17____, and on top of that, it can’t be recycled. A 2018 Danish study found that a cotton bag has to be ____18____ over 7,000 times to have the same environmental impact as a single-use plastic bag. Take note, however, that littering was not included in the study as one of the environmental ____19____. Whatever you pick, the ____20____ message is to use it as much as possible until it falls apart.
【答案】11. B 12. E
13. A 14. J
15. C 16. F
17. G 18. I
19. D 20. K
【解析】
【导语】本文介绍英国推行一次性塑料袋5便士收费政策，该举措旨在劝阻消费者频繁使用新塑料袋并取得显著成效。
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：此举意在劝阻消费者每次购物都使用新塑料袋，并且效果显著：据估算，自政策实施以来，仅英格兰地区，这项措施就减少了130亿个一次性塑料袋的使用。根据下文“have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone”可知，表示“劝阻某人不要做某事”应用discourage sb. from doing sth.，位于动词不定式符号to后面，需填动词原形。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：此举意在劝阻消费者每次购物都使用新塑料袋，并且效果显著：据估算，自政策实施以来，仅英格兰地区，这项措施就减少了130亿个一次性塑料袋的使用。根据上文“Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011.”可知，表示“措施”应用名词measure，作主语，此处特指上文提到的措施，使用单数形式。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：设计成可被细菌分解的可生物降解袋，通常被认为是对环境更友好的选择。根据下文“to be broken down by bacteria”可知，表示“设计”应用动词design，作后置定语，且design和Biodegradable bags为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：然而，它们需要特定条件才能降解：普利茅斯大学的一项研究发现，置于土壤或海洋环境中的可生物降解袋，三年之后依旧能装下满满一袋采购的物品。根据下文“to be broken down”可知，表示“特定的”应用形容词specific，作定语，修饰名词conditions。
【15题详解】
考查动词。句意：然而，它们需要特定条件才能降解：普利茅斯大学的一项研究发现，置于土壤或海洋环境中的可生物降解袋，三年之后依旧能装下满满一袋采购的物品。根据下文“a full bag of shopping”可知，表示“装，容纳”应用动词hold，位于情态动词could后面，使用动词原形。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：棉布袋也未必更好。根据上文“aren’t”和下文“better”可知，此处与aren’t连用构成固定搭配aren’t necessarily，意为“未必、不一定”，应用副词necessarily，作状语，修饰形容词better。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：棉花生产过程对环境消耗巨大，在加工过程中要消耗能源、水、化肥和杀虫剂，除此之外，棉布袋还无法回收。根据上文“Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide”可知，表示“过程”应用名词process，作介词宾语。
【18题详解】
考查动词。句意：2018 年丹麦一项研究表明，一个棉布袋需要被重复使用7000次以上，其环境影响才能等同于一个一次性塑料袋。根据下文“ over 7,000 times”可知，表示“重复使用”应用动词reuse，结合上文has to be可知，空处需填过去分词reused。
【19题详解】
考查名词。句意：但要注意：该研究并未把乱扔垃圾列为环境影响因素之一。根据上文“littering was not included in the study”可知，表示“影响”应用名词impact，one of修饰可数名词复数形式。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：无论你选择哪一种袋子，核心要义就是尽量反复使用，直到袋子破损。根据下文“to use it as much as possible until it falls apart”可知，表示“核心要点”应用take-home message。
II. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Antibiotics have been one of humanity’s success stories for hundreds of years. They are responsible both for saving the lives of millions of patients and for helping scientists to take enormous steps in the fields of medical and surgical treatment. But this success has come ____21____. The growing resistance of many bacteria to the curative effects of antibiotics is such a(n) ____22____ that it has been referred to, in some quarters, as the greater threat to our continued existence on earth.
We have become ____23____, it is argued, not only in our reliance on the quick fix of medicine if we feel even slightly under the weather, but also in taking the availability of antibiotics for granted, using them ____24____, not following the prescribed dosage (规定的剂量). This has given rise to a new form of superbacteria, a type which is able to ____25____ antibiotic treatment with ease. Although their resistance to antibiotics has been built up over a long period of time, bacteria actually reproduce extraordinarily quickly, and any resistance developed is also duplicable (可复制的) as they divide.
In addition, those bacteria carrying resistance genes happen to spread those genes further through “horizontal gene transfer”, a process in which one bacterium passes on the resistance gene to another without even needing to be its parent. What makes the spread of these genes more difficult to ____26____ is that it occurs in a cyclical process. In the case of humans, when a person becomes infected and the resistant bacteria set up home in the digestive system, the ____27____ has two choices: look for help or stay at home. In seeking medical assistance, whether through an appointment to visit their local doctor, or taking themselves to ____28____, they contaminate (污染) other patients.
The resistant bacteria then spread out into the local community. This is ____29____ the end result if the infected person decides not to seek any medical assistance at all: they keep the bacteria at home and allow them to breed without ____30____. That said, there is always something that can be done to ____31____ any risk, however much of a lost cause it might seem. In 2014, after accumulating data from 114 countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a set of guidelines intended to handle the increasing problem of ____32____.
Doctors were advised to avoid prescribing antibiotics as much and as often as possible. Only when treatment is absolutely necessary should they ____33____ doing so, while the greatest of care should be taken to ensure that the antibiotics they provide are the correct ones to treat the illness. ____34____, the general public must play their part by only taking antibiotics as prescribed by a doctor. Additionally, they should never share their medication with others or — ____35____ as it may seem that this would need to be stated — buy drugs online.
21. A. with an aim B. for a reason C. at a price D. in a way
22. A. proof B. picture C. alternative D. concern
23. A. interested B. disappointed C. successful D. careless
24. A. incorrectly B. impatiently C. intelligently D. immediately
25. A. take over B. fight off C. turn out D. put up
26. A. predict B. control C. adjust D. define
27. A. bacterium B. process C. sufferer D. gene
28. A. society B. school C. work D. hospital
29. A. also B. seldom C. instead D. otherwise
30. A. hesitation B. treatment C. doubt D. assistance
31. A. estimate B. minimize C. confirm D. claim
32. A. resistance B. accumulation C. infection D. extension
33. A. give up B. look into C. put off D. turn to
34. A. To date B. On average C. In turn D. By nature
35. A. annoying B. relieving C. astonishing D. refreshing
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C
【解析】
【导语】抗生素挽救无数生命，但滥用催生耐药超级细菌。世卫组织出台指引，要求医生谨慎开方、民众规范用药，以此降低耐药风险。
【21题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：但这份成功是有代价的。A. with an aim带着目的；B. for a reason因为某个原因；C. at a price付出代价；D. in a way在某种程度上。根据后文“The growing resistance of many bacteria to the curative effects of antibiotics”可知，抗生素带来成功的同时也产生细菌耐药性这一难题，所以说这份成功是有代价的。
【22题详解】
考查名词。句意：许多细菌对抗生素疗效的耐药性日益增强，这一问题令人担忧，在一些领域，它被称作对人类持续生存的更大威胁。A. proof证据；B. picture画面；C. alternative可供选择的事物；D. concern令人担忧的事。根据后文“as the greater threat to our continued existence on earth”可知，细菌耐药是一大隐患，即令人担忧的事。
【23题详解】
考查形容词。句意：有人认为，我们已经变得粗心大意：不仅稍有不适就依赖药物快速缓解，还把抗生素的易得视作理所当然，错误使用，不按规定剂量服用。A. interested感兴趣的；B. disappointed失望的；C. successful成功的；D. careless粗心的。根据后文“not following the prescribed dosage (规定的剂量)”可知，人们使用抗生素时很随意、不规范，careless贴合语境。
【24题详解】
考查副词。句意：有人认为，我们已经变得粗心大意：不仅稍有不适就依赖药物快速缓解，还把抗生素的易得视作理所当然，错误使用，不按规定剂量服用。A. incorrectly错误地；B. impatiently不耐烦地；C. intelligently明智地；D. immediately立刻。根据后文“not following the prescribed dosage (规定的剂量)”可知，这是错误的使用方式。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：这催生了新型超级细菌，这类细菌可以轻易抵御抗生素的治疗。A. take over接管；B. fight off抵御；C. turn out结果是；D. put up张贴。根据第一段“The growing resistance of many bacteria to the curative effects of antibiotics”可知，此处指超级细菌能够抵抗抗生素。
【26题详解】
考查动词。句意：让这些耐药基因更难控制的是，它们以循环方式传播。A. predict预测；B. control控制；C. adjust调整；D. define下定义。根据后文“they contaminate (污染) other patients.”描述耐药细菌不断传播感染他人可知，此处指这种传播很难管控。
【27题详解】
考查名词。句意：以人类为例，当一个人被感染，耐药细菌在消化系统定植后，这名患者有两个选择：寻求帮助或者待在家里。A. bacterium细菌；B. process过程；C. sufferer患者；D. gene基因。根据前文“when a person becomes infected”以及语境可知，这里指被感染的人，sufferer贴合语境。
【28题详解】
考查名词。句意：寻求医疗帮助，无论是预约当地医生，还是前往医院，他们都会传染其他病人。A. society社会；B. school学校；C. work工作场所；D. hospital医院。根据前文“seeking medical assistance”以及后文“other patients”可知，就医会去到医院。
【29题详解】
考查副词。句意：如果感染者选择完全不寻求医疗帮助，这也会造成最终的后果：细菌留在其体内，不受治疗地繁殖。A. also也；B. seldom很少；C. instead相反；D. otherwise否则。根据后文“they keep the bacteria at home and allow them to breed without .”可知，此处说明不就医同样会带来不良结果。
【30题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果感染者选择完全不寻求医疗帮助，这也会造成最终的后果：细菌留在其体内，不受治疗地繁殖。A. hesitation犹豫；B. treatment治疗；C. doubt怀疑；D. assistance帮助。根据前文“decides not to seek any medical assistance at all”可知，此处指没有治疗干预，treatment贴合语境。
【31题详解】
考查动词。句意：尽管看起来像是无力回天，但我们总能采取一些措施把风险降到最低。A. estimate估计；B. minimize使最小化；C. confirm确认；D. claim宣称。根据后文“World Health Organization (WHO) issued a set of guidelines intended to handle the increasing problem”可知，此处描述世卫组织出台指导方案应对耐药问题，由此可知，措施是为了降低风险。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：2014年，世卫组织收集114个国家的数据后，发布一套指导方案，旨在处理日益严重的耐药性问题。A. resistance耐药性；B. accumulation积累；C. infection感染；D. extension延伸。根据第一段“The growing resistance of many bacteria to the curative effects of antibiotics”以及语境可知，全文核心话题细菌对抗生素的耐药性，resistance是原词复现。
【33题详解】
考查动词短语。句意：只有在治疗绝对必要时，医生才转而开具抗生素，同时务必谨慎，保证所用抗生素对症。A. give up放弃；B. look into调查；C. put off推迟；D. turn to转向，求助于。根据前文“Doctors were advised to avoid prescribing antibiotics as much and as often as possible”可知，此处指尽量不开，必要时才求助于抗生素，turn to贴合语境。
【34题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：反过来，普通民众也需要尽自己的一份力，只遵医嘱服用抗生素。A. To date迄今为止；B. On average平均；C. In turn反过来；D. By nature本质上。前文“Doctors were advised to avoid prescribing antibiotics”讲医生该怎么做，后文讲民众的责任，是对应衔接，In turn贴合语境。
【35题详解】
考查形容词。句意：此外，他们绝不能和别人分享药物，还有一件听上去令人吃惊、却仍需要重申的事：不要在网上购药。A. annoying恼人的；B. relieving令人宽慰的；C. astonishing令人吃惊的；D. refreshing耳目一新的。根据后文“as it may seem that this would need to be stated”以及语境可知，这件本该不必强调的事却要提醒，让人觉得意外吃惊，astonishing贴合语境。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Doug Allan films wild animals in cold places. His perfect temperature, he says, is -18°C. Allan trained as a marine biologist and commercial diver. Diving was his first passion, where he learned about survival in cold places. His big break came when a TV crew turned up in Antarctica, where Allan was working, to film a wildlife documentary. ‘I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.’ He is now a top cameraman and has worked on many major TV wildlife series. ‘My value is field experience in cold conditions.
I have a feel for it. I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street. I do get cold toes but the poles are healthy places. There are no diseases or mosquitoes.’ Wildlife filming, Allan says, is full of great successes, but also failures and embarrassments. Once, he was in the Orkneys to film kittiwakes. Unfortunately he could not identify which birds they were.
When Allan recently got permission to film sequences (一组镜头) for a major TV series in Kong Karls Land, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, he did not expect an easy assignment. It is a world of polar bears and is strictly off limits to all but the most fearless or foolish. Usually -32°C in April, the wind is strong and keeping cameras in the deep snow is a nightmare. After walking five or more hours a day and watching polar bear dens (巢穴) in the snow slopes for 23 days, however, Allan had seen just one mother bear and her baby.
By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses. ‘We find a new hole and wait. We try every means to stay warm. Five hours of watching and then with no warning at all I catch a glimpse (瞥见) so brief that I almost miss it. But the camera’s locked on the hole on full zoom and my eye’s very quickly on the viewfinder. Nothing for a couple of seconds and then an unmistakable black nose.
Nose grows bigger to become full head and in less than a minute she has her front legs out and is resting on the snow in front of the hole. She’s looking at me but she’s not bothered. I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... when she sets off on a long slide down the slope. I’d swear it’s partly in sheer pleasure,’ he recalls, adding that two baby bears then appeared at the den entrances. ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’
36. What do we learn about Allan in the first paragraph?
A. He trained as a diver in order to become a wildlife cameraman.
B. Becoming a cameraman suited the interests he already had.
C. Finding work as a cameraman allowed him to remain in Antarctica.
D. He was given the chance to work as a cameraman by a TV crew he met.
37. Why does Allan compare spending time on sea ice to crossing the street?
A. It is an ordinary occurrence for him.
B. He thinks it presents a similar level of danger.
C. He has learnt to approach it in the same way.
D. It requires skills that can be used in winter conditions.
38. When Allan had been on Kong Karls Land for a while, he began to ________.
A. be more hopeful that one bear would lead him to others
B. feel a deep understanding of how polar bears lived
C. get used to the terrible conditions for filming
D. stop worrying about the dangers he was facing
39. What feeling does Allan describe in the last paragraph?
A. Panic when he nearly fails to film a fantastic sequence.
B. Concern that he has disturbed an adult female with her young.
C. Amazement at being lucky enough to capture some great shots.
D. Delight at being able to move around after waiting quietly for ages.
【答案】36. B 37. A 38. B 39. C
【解析】
【导语】本文讲述了野生动物摄影师Doug Allan常年在寒冷地区拍摄野生动物，介绍了他的从业经历、在极地的拍摄感受以及一次在北冰洋岛屿上成功拍到北极熊出洞的难忘经历。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.(最后我带着摄制组去往不同地方，48小时后我意识到，野生动物摄影师这份工作包含了我热爱的一切：旅行、冒险、水下探索。)”可知，成为摄影师契合他原本就拥有的爱好。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street.(我在海冰上待了太久，现在走在上面就像过马路一样。)”可知，对他来说在海冰上活动已经是一件平常的事。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses.(不过到第24天，他说，他融入了北极熊的世界，跟上北极熊的节奏，拥有了感知北极熊的敏锐度。)”可知，一段时间之后，他开始深入理解北极熊的生存方式。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’(我刚拍完特写，心想画面已经再好不过了……显然这是小熊第一次看见这个世界……山坡上的精彩时刻开始了，我们坐拥前排绝佳机位。)” 可知，他为自己有幸捕捉到精彩镜头而惊叹。
（B）
Flexibility
Flexitime helps to maintain a work-life balance. Flexitime is a scheme where an organisation offers its employees the opportunity of a flexible working hours arrangement. How does flexitime work? Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please. For example, you might agree to: Arrive for work between 07:30-10:00 (flexitime). Guarantee to be there between 10:00-12:00 (core time). Take your lunch break between 12:00-14:00 (flexible lunch hour). Guarantee to be there from 14:00-16:00 (core time). Leave between 16:00-19:30 (flexitime). The hours you work between these times are credited to you.
In effect, you set up a time bank with your employer. An employee is obliged to work the basic core hours and has the flexibility to clock in/out during the other hours. Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours. These four weeks are your “accounting period”; if you work more than 140 hours in four weeks then you will be in credit, and if you work fewer hours then you will owe time to your employer.
If you go beyond your credit margin, into surplus, you may have to give up your extra hours; if you go beyond your debit margin, into debt, you may be disciplined or lose pay. One of the best-liked features of flexitime is flexileave. You can turn your credit hours into time off. Depending on the scheme you are in, this might be one or two half days a month or one full day, or you may be able to add days to your holiday entitlement. What are the advantages for employees?
Flexitime offers several advantages for employees: it allows them to schedule their travel time to avoid congestion; to bank extra hours for leisure or personal activities; and to deal with personal matters without having to take time off. Parents can also schedule their working day so that they can pick up young children. In addition, flexitime reduces absenteeism, reduces stress and exhaustion, and helps employees stay focused. It increases morale and improves employee satisfaction and productivity.
For employers, flexitime helps keep and attract new employees. Visits to the doctor or dentist during the working day are made in the employee’s own time. It also makes it easier to measure attendance, because employers pay only for time in attendance, and late arrival caused by traffic congestion, delayed trains and similar problems is at the employee’s expense. Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target.
40. According to how flexitime works, which of the following statements is true?
A. You must work over ten hours a day.
B. You can’t be absent during core hours.
C. You can clock out any time as you please.
D. You mustn’t arrive later than your employer.
41. Your company’s scheme requires you work a 35-hour week and allows you a credit or debit margin of 10 hours. Suppose you worked 155 hours in the past four weeks, then how many hours could be turned into time off?
A. 35. B. 15. C. 10. D. 5.
42. Which of the following is an advantage of flexitime?
A. Employees have more time to travel around.
B. Employees will be paid more for their work.
C. There will be fewer unnecessary overtime hours.
D. There will be fewer visits to doctors at work hours.
【答案】40. B 41. C 42. C
【解析】
【导语】本文介绍弹性工时制度，讲解它的运行模式、时间账户核算规则、弹性休假，以及对于员工以及雇主两方的诸多好处。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please.(本质上，你的组织会约定员工必须在岗的标准/核心工作时间，以及员工可自由上下班的弹性工作时间)”可知，核心时间内员工必须在岗，不能缺席。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours.(大多数方案允许大约10小时的盈余或亏欠额度。例如，如果你每周工作35小时，那么四周内需为雇主完成140小时工作量)”可知，四周实际工作155小时，超出标准（140小时）15小时，但盈余上限为10小时，因此最多10小时可以折算休假。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target.(最后，弹性工时激励员工当日完成任务，不把工作拖到次日，因为加班时长会计入时间账户)”可知，不必要的加班会变少。
（C）
Researchers have been looking for genes related to schizophrenia, a mental disease, for at least 50 years. What makes them think they will find them is that the disorder has a high heritability (遗传力). This term is often interpreted as a measure of the relative role played by genes. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100 percent. Scientists have estimated the heritability of schizophrenia using several approaches, including studies of twins. Most estimates are around 80 percent. Many researchers argue that heritability estimates for schizophrenia can be very misleading, however.
They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins (同卵及异卵双胞胎) to be subject to the same environmental influences. “These basic assumptions are wrong,” says Roar Fosse, a neuroscientist at the Vestre Viken Hospital Trust in Norway, who led a recent critical assessment of the EEA. But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine. Some researchers have an even deeper critique of heritability.
They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment. Heritability, rather, measures only how much the variation of a trait (特征) in a particular population — whether height, IQ or being diagnosed with schizophrenia — reflects genetic differences in that group. As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms. Nearly everyone in a given population has two of them, and there is normally no difference in the number of arms between identical twins — who share nearly 100 percent of their DNA sequence — and fraternal twins, who are assumed to share 50 percent of their genes on average.
Thus, when heritability for arm number is calculated using standard heritability equations, it comes out to 0. And yet we know that having two arms is almost entirely genetically determined. Figuring out what heritability for schizophrenia actually means is key, says Evan Eichel at the University of Washington, Seattle, because even the most high-powered genetic studies have identified only about a third of the predicted genetic part. Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see.
43. It can be inferred from the passage that some researchers criticize heritability because ______.
A. it leads to underestimation of possible cases of schizophrenia
B. it puts emphasis on a small number of genetic differences
C. it fails to take the effect of the environment into account
D. it relies too much on the studies of two kinds of twins
44. According to the passage, ______ is a supporter of EEA.
A. Roar Fosse B. Kenneth Kendler C. Eric Turkheimer D. Evan Eichel
45. Why is the human trait of two arms mentioned in the passage (in paragraph 3)?
A. As an example of the zero difference between twins.
B. To illustrate how wrong heritability estimates can be.
C. To argue against using both identical and fraternal twins.
D. As an approach to explaining what is genetically determined.
46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding?
B. Heritability: A Self-Evident Concept
C. Heritability: A New Method of Research?
D. Heritability: High-powered genetic studies
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A
【解析】
【导语】本文介绍科学家围绕精神分裂症的遗传力展开争论，有人质疑遗传力估算的假设与算法，并提出了“缺失遗传力”这一疑问。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment.(他们认为这一术语的专业计算方式并没有考虑基因和环境各自起到的相对作用。)”可知，一些研究者批判遗传力，是因为它没有把环境的影响纳入考量。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins to be subject to the same environmental influences.(他们质疑了一些关键假设，包括所谓的“环境平等假设”（EEA），该假设认为同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎都受到相同的环境影响)”及下文“But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine.(但是研究双胞胎的学者积极为该研究方法辩护。弗吉尼亚联邦大学医学院的精神病学家Kenneth Kendler说：“我认为目前的遗传力数值不太可能被大幅高估。”)”可知，这里的the approach指代前文的EEA（同等环境假设），由此可知Kenneth Kendler是EEA的支持者。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms.(弗吉尼亚大学遗传学家埃里克·特克海默举出人类拥有两条手臂这一特征作为例子，以此说明遗传力估值具有多大的误导性。)”可知，提到该例子是为了说明遗传力估值可能存在错误。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据最后一段“Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see.(这种所谓的“缺失遗传力” 最终会不会在更复杂的研究中显现出来？还是事实会证明基因发挥的作用并不像长期以来遗传力估值所预测的那样大？让我们拭目以待。)”可知，文章围绕精神分裂症的“缺失遗传力”展开讨论。所以A项“Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding?(遗传力：缺失抑或隐匿？)”符合语境。
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Why You Should Not Worry About Procrastination
Perhaps every person on Earth has at least once been in a situation when he or she has an urgent task to do, but instead of challenging it head on, he or she postpones working on this task for as long as possible. This delay can take various forms: from doing nothing, to doing a lot of work–just not the work that should be done. The phenomenon described here is called procrastination, and its roots go much deeper than mere laziness.
____47____. They invent dozens of strategies how to stop procrastinating and increase their efficiency, forgetting about the fact that like many other psychological mechanisms, procrastination serves its own purpose, and probably even carries a message worth decoding. So, instead of blaming yourself for being lazy, the next time you procrastinate, try to look past it, and figure out what is happening to you. Most likely, procrastination is your friend. Why?
There are several arguments proving this statement. First of all, it helps you figure out your most pressing priorities. Usually, you will not procrastinate over some minor task such as sharpening a pencil or drinking a glass of water. Problems start when there is something important or difficult that needs to be done. Reasons keeping you from doing work can be different, but here is a clue to remember: try to figure out what exactly makes you avoid–as a rule, it should be exactly what your top priority task is at the moment. ____48____. On the other hand, procrastination may serve you as an indicator that you are doing something wrong, or that you are pushing yourself too hard and need to take some time to rest. Either way, the means you use to overcome procrastination is a different story; so far, try seeing procrastination as a marker, an index–and you will discover that it can be quite useful.
Surprisingly enough, procrastination can even help you fix a relationship with another person. If you had a fight, for example, there is a period of time when whatever you say to each other will most likely be perceived with skepticism or even hostility. ____49____. In this case, procrastination may give you enough time to make up your mind, find your courage, and think of the proper words or actions for an apology. The same works for another person: after a cool down period, he or she will be more susceptible to what you have to say. Use this to your advantage.
As we can see, procrastination is not necessarily a bad thing. ____50____. But it is rather a psychological instrument, the main function of which is to slow you down and give you enough time to sort out your priorities, gather information before making an important decision, or finding proper words to make your amends with another person. Thus, instead of avoiding and denying procrastination, you might want to embrace it–at least sometimes.examly.cn
A. Besides, you might have noticed how unwilling you may be when having to apologize in front of a different person–even if it was you who were wrong.
B. This varies depending on the weight of a decision that needs to be made.
C. Unlike many people got used to believing, procrastination is not a negative feature of character such as laziness.
D. Usually, people tend to see procrastination as something bad.
E. In fact, procrastinating in this case is also beneficial.
F. A pressing matter, an urgent document that needs to be written by the end of the day, an especially difficult piece of work, whatever.
【答案】47. D 48. F 49. A 50. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述的是“为什么你不应该担心拖延症”。
【47题详解】
根据下文“They invent dozens of strategies how to stop procrastinating and increase their efficiency, ...（他们发明了几十种策略来阻止拖延并提高效率，……）”可知，人们试图克服拖延症，认为它不好事，D项“Usually, people tend to see procrastination as something bad.（通常，人们倾向于把拖延视为坏事）”与下文语意连贯，构成因果关系。故选D。
【48题详解】
上文“but here is a clue to remember: try to figure out what exactly makes you avoid–as a rule, it should be exactly what your top priority task is at the moment.（但这里有一条线索要记住：试着找出到底是什么让你逃避工作——作为一个原则，它应该正好是你此刻最重要的任务）”说要找出此刻最重要的任务，F项“A pressing matter, an urgent document that needs to be written by the end of the day, an especially difficult piece of work, whatever.（一件紧急的事情，一份需要在一天结束前完成的紧急文件，一件特别困难的工作，不管是什么）”是对上文的举例说明，语意连贯。故选F。
【49题详解】
上文讲“If you had a fight, for example, there is a period of time when whatever you say to each other will most likely be perceived with skepticism or even hostility.（例如，如果你们吵架了，有一段时间你们对彼此说的任何话都很可能被认为是怀疑甚至敌意的）”吵架后无法沟通交流，A 项“Besides, you might have noticed how unwilling you may be when having to apologize in front of a different person–even if it was you who were wrong.(此外，你可能已经注意到，当你不得不在另一个人面前道歉时，你可能是多么不情愿——即使是你错了)”讲吵架后都不愿意道歉，与上文构成并列关系，这两种情况即下文中所说“In this case”，且下文“In this case, procrastination may give you enough time to make up your mind, find your courage, and think of the proper words or actions for an apology.（在这种情况下，拖延可能会给你足够的时间来下定决心，找到勇气，并想出适当的言语或行动来道歉）”提供了解决解决问题的办法：procrastination。上下文语意连贯。故选A。
【50题详解】
根据上文“As we can see, procrastination is not necessarily a bad thing.（正如我们所看到的，拖延不一定是一件坏事）”可知，拖延症并不像人们通常认为的是一件坏事。C项“Unlike many people got used to believing, procrastination is not a negative feature of character such as laziness.（与许多人习惯认为的不同，拖延症不是像懒惰那样的消极性格特征）”是对上文语意的顺承，与上文语意连贯。故选C。
III. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Small Talk Necessary?
What’s the first thing you do when you enter a crowded room? You probably look around for a familiar face. When you can’t find one, you have two choices: you can stand alone, or you can walk up and speak to someone that you don’t know.
Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears. In order to prepare, it helps to learn the art of small talk.
Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances. With small talk, two or more people search for common interests and points of connection. If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
Mastering a few techniques will allow you to enter a room full of strangers with confidence.
When you walk up to a group, notice anyone trying to make eye contact with you because this is often a sign that the person is interested in talking. Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment. Your praise of someone’s scarf might lead to a discussion about favorite places to shop.
Radio host Terry Gross, who has interviewed thousands of people over the years, says one opening request works for her every time: “Tell me about yourself.” This approach gets the ball rolling because people enjoy talking about themselves.
Though small talk takes practice, it’s worth the effort and it’s the stimulus that can lead to deeper conversations.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable. Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations. To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics. You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request. (57 words)
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了闲聊的必要性以及想正确地进行闲聊的方法。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary.
②Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears.
③Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances.
④If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
⑤Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
⑥Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment.
2.缜密构思
将1、2两个要点进行重组，二者为转折关系，将3、4两个要点进行整合，与前面两个要点形成因果关系。
3.遣词造句
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.
it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.
To do small talk right, look for signs of interest and begin with self-introduction and common topics.
You can also start your conversation with praises or an opening request.
【点睛】[高分句型1]
Though starting to talk with a stranger is difficult, it’s unavoidable.（用一个省略的让步状语从句对第二段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
[高分句型2]
Therefore, it’s necessary to know how to start with small talk, which can result in deeper conversations.（用which引导非限制性定语从句对第三段部分内容进行概括，表达高级）
IV. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 人们普遍认为，与其担心失败，不如把精力放在可以改进的地方。(It is widely believed) (汉译英)
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】It is widely believed that rather than worrying about failure, we should spend our energy on what can be improved.
【解析】
【详解】句子陈述普遍道理，用一般现在时；“人们普遍认为……”用固定句型It is widely believed that…，it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；“与其”可用rather than，“担心失败”表达为worry about failure，worry用动名词形式，“我们”用we作主语，“把……花费在……”用spend...on...，spend的宾语“我们的精力”表达为our energy，on的宾语“可以改进的地方”处理为what引导的宾语从句，what作主语，和improve“提高”之间是被动关系，结合汉语提示“可以”可知，此处用含情态动词的被动语态can be improved。
53. 无论这项技术多么先进，如果没有人愿意使用它，它也无法真正改变生活。(no matter how) (汉译英)
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【答案】No matter how advanced the technology is, it cannot really change our lives if nobody is willing to use it.
【解析】
【详解】“无论这项技术多么先进”可翻译成让步状语从句，“无论多么”可翻译为no matter how，后接形容词“先进的”，译为advanced；主语“这项技术”，译为the technology，从句为主系表结构， 陈述一般事实，所以用一般现在时态，系动词用is，即No matter how advanced the technology is；“它也无法真正改变生活”中主语“它”指代技术，翻译为it，“无法”翻译为cannot，“真正”翻译为really，“改变”翻译为change，“生活”翻译为life的复数形式lives，即it cannot really change our lives；“如果没有人愿意使用它”可翻译成条件状语从句，“如果”翻译为if，“没有人”翻译为nobody，“愿意”翻译为be willing to，be用is；“使用”翻译为use，“它”翻译为it，即if nobody is willing to use it。
54. 直到多年以后，他才意识到，当年老师的批评其实是出于关心。(强调句) (汉译英)
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【答案】It was not until many years later that he realized his teacher’s criticism at that time had come out of concern.
【解析】
【详解】此处为强调句：It was not until…that…；表示“多年以后”译为many years later；从句主语为he；表示“意识到”译为realize，发生在过去用一般过去时，且后跟省略that的宾语从句；表示“老师的批评”译为his teacher’s criticism；表示“当年”译为at that time；表示“出于关心”译为come out of concern，从句为过去的过去用过去完成时。
55. 只有当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时，社区的公共空间才能真正得到保护。(only when) (汉译英)
_____________________________________________________________
【答案】Only when everyone is willing to shoulder their own share of the responsibility can the public spaces in a community be truly protected.
【解析】
【详解】“只有”用only。表示“当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时”用when引导条件状语从句，only + 状语从句置于句首，主句要用部分倒装。从句主语“每个人”用everyone，be willing to do表示 “愿意做某事”，主语 everyone 为单数，be动词用is。“承担”用shoulder；“自己的那份责任”译为their own share of the responsibility。主句主语“社区的公共空间”用the public spaces in a community，“得到保护”使用被动语态be protected；副词truly作状语修饰谓语。部分倒装需要把情态动词can提到主句主语the public spaces之前。
V. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为“我的旅行经历”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1) 你最难忘的一次旅行经历； 2) 你的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
My Most Unforgettable Journey
Last summer, my family and I travelled to Xi’an, a city steeped in historical grandeur. What made the trip unforgettable was not merely the renowned Terracotta Warriors, but an evening spent cycling along the ancient city wall.
As dusk descended, the weathered bricks were bathed in a warm golden glow, and the bustling modern city below seemed to coexist harmoniously with its profound past. That moment was profoundly evocative: history no longer felt like abstract knowledge in textbooks but a tangible presence surrounding me.
The journey also broadened my perspective. It taught me that travel is not simply about visiting famous attractions, but about immersing oneself in a place’s cultural atmosphere and developing a deeper appreciation of different civilisations. Since then, I have become more curious about history and more eager to explore the world with an open mind.
【解析】
【导语】题目要求考生写一篇短文，参加主题为“我的旅行经历”的征文活动。
【详解】1.词汇积累
难忘的：unforgettable→memorable
沉浸在：immerse oneself in→be absorbed in
探索：explore→probe
不同的：different→distinct
2.句式拓展
同义句
原句：Since then, I have become more curious about history and more eager to explore the world with an open mind.
拓展句：Since then, not only have I become more curious about history, but also I have become more eager to explore the world with an open mind.
【点睛】[高分句型1]What made the trip unforgettable was not merely the renowned Terracotta Warriors, but an evening spent cycling along the ancient city wall.（运用了what引导主语从句）
[高分句型2]It taught me that travel is not simply about visiting famous attractions, but about immersing oneself in a place’s cultural atmosphere and developing a deeper appreciation of different civilisations.（运用了that引导宾语从句，动名词短语作宾语）
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复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期
高二年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Deposit-return scheme to fight plastic problem The UK Government has announced plans for a new recycling scheme (计划) in England: People who buy single-use bottles and cans should pay a small deposit (amount of money), which will be returned to ____1____ when they take the empty bottles and cans to specially set up recycling-collection points. The UK suffers from ____2____ is known as a throwaway culture, where many people consider everything to be disposable and don’t think about what happens to all the rubbish. Politicians hope that a deposit-return scheme will encourage more people ____3____ (recycle) and cut the amount of waste that ends up in landfill or dropped on the streets. Schemes like this have already been a big success in countries such as Germany, Israel, Sweden and the US, ____4____ people receive the equivalent of between eight and 22 percent per bottle or can that they return. A similar deposit-return scheme was announced in Scotland in September 2017. Recycling rates in Wales are ____5____ the best in the world and Welsh ministers are considering whether a deposit-return scheme could make a difference there. There ____6____ (already be) a big shift in people’s perception of plastic waste. Last year, BBC One’s Blue Planet II series highlighted the huge problems that plastic pollution creates in the oceans. Not only are chemicals in plastics harmful to marine life, but animals can also get trapped in rubbish, ____7____ (cause) injuries and even death. ____8____ more people have become aware of the effect plastic has on the environment, reusable bottles and boxes have become popular. Since the 5p charge for carrier bags ____9____ (introduce) in England in October 2015, their use in the country has fallen by 83%. With luck, the _____10_____ (propose) deposit-return scheme will also make a difference.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. designed B. discourage C. hold D. impacts E. measure F. necessarily G. process H. relevantly I. reused J. specific K. take-home
Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011. Northern Ireland and Scotland followed suit, and finally England joined the effort in 2015. The idea was to ____11____ shoppers from using new bags every time they shopped, and it had an enormous effect: since then, the ____12____ is estimated to have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone.
Biodegradable bags, ____13____ to be broken down by bacteria, are generally thought to be a kinder option for the environment. However, they need ____14____ conditions to be broken down: a study by the University of Plymouth found that biodegradable bags left in soil or in a marine environment could still ____15____ a full bag of shopping after three years. Cotton bags aren’t ____16____ better.
Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide used in the ____17____, and on top of that, it can’t be recycled. A 2018 Danish study found that a cotton bag has to be ____18____ over 7,000 times to have the same environmental impact as a single-use plastic bag. Take note, however, that littering was not included in the study as one of the environmental ____19____. Whatever you pick, the ____20____ message is to use it as much as possible until it falls apart.
II. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Antibiotics have been one of humanity’s success stories for hundreds of years. They are responsible both for saving the lives of millions of patients and for helping scientists to take enormous steps in the fields of medical and surgical treatment. But this success has come ____21____. The growing resistance of many bacteria to the curative effects of antibiotics is such a(n) ____22____ that it has been referred to, in some quarters, as the greater threat to our continued existence on earth.
We have become ____23____, it is argued, not only in our reliance on the quick fix of medicine if we feel even slightly under the weather, but also in taking the availability of antibiotics for granted, using them ____24____, not following the prescribed dosage (规定的剂量). This has given rise to a new form of superbacteria, a type which is able to ____25____ antibiotic treatment with ease. Although their resistance to antibiotics has been built up over a long period of time, bacteria actually reproduce extraordinarily quickly, and any resistance developed is also duplicable (可复制的) as they divide.
In addition, those bacteria carrying resistance genes happen to spread those genes further through “horizontal gene transfer”, a process in which one bacterium passes on the resistance gene to another without even needing to be its parent. What makes the spread of these genes more difficult to ____26____ is that it occurs in a cyclical process. In the case of humans, when a person becomes infected and the resistant bacteria set up home in the digestive system, the ____27____ has two choices: look for help or stay at home. In seeking medical assistance, whether through an appointment to visit their local doctor, or taking themselves to ____28____, they contaminate (污染) other patients.
The resistant bacteria then spread out into the local community. This is ____29____ the end result if the infected person decides not to seek any medical assistance at all: they keep the bacteria at home and allow them to breed without ____30____. That said, there is always something that can be done to ____31____ any risk, however much of a lost cause it might seem. In 2014, after accumulating data from 114 countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a set of guidelines intended to handle the increasing problem of ____32____.
Doctors were advised to avoid prescribing antibiotics as much and as often as possible. Only when treatment is absolutely necessary should they ____33____ doing so, while the greatest of care should be taken to ensure that the antibiotics they provide are the correct ones to treat the illness. ____34____, the general public must play their part by only taking antibiotics as prescribed by a doctor. Additionally, they should never share their medication with others or — ____35____ as it may seem that this would need to be stated — buy drugs online.
21. A. with an aim B. for a reason C. at a price D. in a way
22. A. proof B. picture C. alternative D. concern
23. A. interested B. disappointed C. successful D. careless
24. A. incorrectly B. impatiently C. intelligently D. immediately
25. A. take over B. fight off C. turn out D. put up
26. A. predict B. control C. adjust D. define
27. A. bacterium B. process C. sufferer D. gene
28. A. society B. school C. work D. hospital
29. A. also B. seldom C. instead D. otherwise
30. A. hesitation B. treatment C. doubt D. assistance
31. A. estimate B. minimize C. confirm D. claim
32. A. resistance B. accumulation C. infection D. extension
33. A. give up B. look into C. put off D. turn to
34. A. To date B. On average C. In turn D. By nature
35. A. annoying B. relieving C. astonishing D. refreshing
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Doug Allan films wild animals in cold places. His perfect temperature, he says, is -18°C. Allan trained as a marine biologist and commercial diver. Diving was his first passion, where he learned about survival in cold places. His big break came when a TV crew turned up in Antarctica, where Allan was working, to film a wildlife documentary. ‘I ended up taking the crew to different places, and after 48 hours I realised that being a wildlife cameraman had all the things I love: travel, adventure, underwater.’ He is now a top cameraman and has worked on many major TV wildlife series. ‘My value is field experience in cold conditions.
I have a feel for it. I have spent so much time on sea ice it now feels like crossing the street. I do get cold toes but the poles are healthy places. There are no diseases or mosquitoes.’ Wildlife filming, Allan says, is full of great successes, but also failures and embarrassments. Once, he was in the Orkneys to film kittiwakes. Unfortunately he could not identify which birds they were.
When Allan recently got permission to film sequences (一组镜头) for a major TV series in Kong Karls Land, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, he did not expect an easy assignment. It is a world of polar bears and is strictly off limits to all but the most fearless or foolish. Usually -32°C in April, the wind is strong and keeping cameras in the deep snow is a nightmare. After walking five or more hours a day and watching polar bear dens (巢穴) in the snow slopes for 23 days, however, Allan had seen just one mother bear and her baby.
By day 24, though, he says, he was living in bear world, at bear speed, with bear senses. ‘We find a new hole and wait. We try every means to stay warm. Five hours of watching and then with no warning at all I catch a glimpse (瞥见) so brief that I almost miss it. But the camera’s locked on the hole on full zoom and my eye’s very quickly on the viewfinder. Nothing for a couple of seconds and then an unmistakable black nose.
Nose grows bigger to become full head and in less than a minute she has her front legs out and is resting on the snow in front of the hole. She’s looking at me but she’s not bothered. I’ve just taken a close-up, thinking this can’t get much better... when she sets off on a long slide down the slope. I’d swear it’s partly in sheer pleasure,’ he recalls, adding that two baby bears then appeared at the den entrances. ‘Clearly it’s their first view of the world... It’s show time on the slopes and we have front-row seats.’
36. What do we learn about Allan in the first paragraph?
A. He trained as a diver in order to become a wildlife cameraman.
B. Becoming a cameraman suited the interests he already had.
C. Finding work as a cameraman allowed him to remain in Antarctica.
D. He was given the chance to work as a cameraman by a TV crew he met.
37. Why does Allan compare spending time on sea ice to crossing the street?
A. It is an ordinary occurrence for him.
B. He thinks it presents a similar level of danger.
C. He has learnt to approach it in the same way.
D. It requires skills that can be used in winter conditions.
38. When Allan had been on Kong Karls Land for a while, he began to ________.
A. be more hopeful that one bear would lead him to others
B. feel a deep understanding of how polar bears lived
C. get used to the terrible conditions for filming
D. stop worrying about the dangers he was facing
39. What feeling does Allan describe in the last paragraph?
A. Panic when he nearly fails to film a fantastic sequence.
B. Concern that he has disturbed an adult female with her young.
C. Amazement at being lucky enough to capture some great shots.
D. Delight at being able to move around after waiting quietly for ages.
（B）
Flexibility
Flexitime helps to maintain a work-life balance. Flexitime is a scheme where an organisation offers its employees the opportunity of a flexible working hours arrangement. How does flexitime work? Essentially, your organisation will agree standard or core hours that must be worked by employees as well as flexible working hours where employees can come and go as they please. For example, you might agree to: Arrive for work between 07:30-10:00 (flexitime). Guarantee to be there between 10:00-12:00 (core time). Take your lunch break between 12:00-14:00 (flexible lunch hour). Guarantee to be there from 14:00-16:00 (core time). Leave between 16:00-19:30 (flexitime). The hours you work between these times are credited to you.
In effect, you set up a time bank with your employer. An employee is obliged to work the basic core hours and has the flexibility to clock in/out during the other hours. Most schemes allow you a credit or debit margin, often of about 10 hours. For example, if you work a 35-hour week, then over four weeks, you will “owe” your employer 140 hours. These four weeks are your “accounting period”; if you work more than 140 hours in four weeks then you will be in credit, and if you work fewer hours then you will owe time to your employer.
If you go beyond your credit margin, into surplus, you may have to give up your extra hours; if you go beyond your debit margin, into debt, you may be disciplined or lose pay. One of the best-liked features of flexitime is flexileave. You can turn your credit hours into time off. Depending on the scheme you are in, this might be one or two half days a month or one full day, or you may be able to add days to your holiday entitlement. What are the advantages for employees?
Flexitime offers several advantages for employees: it allows them to schedule their travel time to avoid congestion; to bank extra hours for leisure or personal activities; and to deal with personal matters without having to take time off. Parents can also schedule their working day so that they can pick up young children. In addition, flexitime reduces absenteeism, reduces stress and exhaustion, and helps employees stay focused. It increases morale and improves employee satisfaction and productivity.
For employers, flexitime helps keep and attract new employees. Visits to the doctor or dentist during the working day are made in the employee’s own time. It also makes it easier to measure attendance, because employers pay only for time in attendance, and late arrival caused by traffic congestion, delayed trains and similar problems is at the employee’s expense. Finally, flexitime provides an incentive for employees to complete tasks rather than carry them over to the next day, since extra hours worked count towards the final target.
40. According to how flexitime works, which of the following statements is true?
A. You must work over ten hours a day.
B. You can’t be absent during core hours.
C. You can clock out any time as you please.
D. You mustn’t arrive later than your employer.
41. Your company’s scheme requires you work a 35-hour week and allows you a credit or debit margin of 10 hours. Suppose you worked 155 hours in the past four weeks, then how many hours could be turned into time off?
A. 35. B. 15. C. 10. D. 5.
42. Which of the following is an advantage of flexitime?
A. Employees have more time to travel around.
B. Employees will be paid more for their work.
C. There will be fewer unnecessary overtime hours.
D. There will be fewer visits to doctors at work hours.
（C）
Researchers have been looking for genes related to schizophrenia, a mental disease, for at least 50 years. What makes them think they will find them is that the disorder has a high heritability (遗传力). This term is often interpreted as a measure of the relative role played by genes. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100 percent. Scientists have estimated the heritability of schizophrenia using several approaches, including studies of twins. Most estimates are around 80 percent. Many researchers argue that heritability estimates for schizophrenia can be very misleading, however.
They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins (同卵及异卵双胞胎) to be subject to the same environmental influences. “These basic assumptions are wrong,” says Roar Fosse, a neuroscientist at the Vestre Viken Hospital Trust in Norway, who led a recent critical assessment of the EEA. But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine. Some researchers have an even deeper critique of heritability.
They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment. Heritability, rather, measures only how much the variation of a trait (特征) in a particular population — whether height, IQ or being diagnosed with schizophrenia — reflects genetic differences in that group. As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms. Nearly everyone in a given population has two of them, and there is normally no difference in the number of arms between identical twins — who share nearly 100 percent of their DNA sequence — and fraternal twins, who are assumed to share 50 percent of their genes on average.
Thus, when heritability for arm number is calculated using standard heritability equations, it comes out to 0. And yet we know that having two arms is almost entirely genetically determined. Figuring out what heritability for schizophrenia actually means is key, says Evan Eichel at the University of Washington, Seattle, because even the most high-powered genetic studies have identified only about a third of the predicted genetic part. Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see.
43. It can be inferred from the passage that some researchers criticize heritability because ______.
A. it leads to underestimation of possible cases of schizophrenia
B. it puts emphasis on a small number of genetic differences
C. it fails to take the effect of the environment into account
D. it relies too much on the studies of two kinds of twins
44. According to the passage, ______ is a supporter of EEA.
A. Roar Fosse B. Kenneth Kendler C. Eric Turkheimer D. Evan Eichel
45. Why is the human trait of two arms mentioned in the passage (in paragraph 3)?
A. As an example of the zero difference between twins.
B. To illustrate how wrong heritability estimates can be.
C. To argue against using both identical and fraternal twins.
D. As an approach to explaining what is genetically determined.
46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding?
B. Heritability: A Self-Evident Concept
C. Heritability: A New Method of Research?
D. Heritability: High-powered genetic studies
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Why You Should Not Worry About Procrastination
Perhaps every person on Earth has at least once been in a situation when he or she has an urgent task to do, but instead of challenging it head on, he or she postpones working on this task for as long as possible. This delay can take various forms: from doing nothing, to doing a lot of work–just not the work that should be done. The phenomenon described here is called procrastination, and its roots go much deeper than mere laziness.
____47____. They invent dozens of strategies how to stop procrastinating and increase their efficiency, forgetting about the fact that like many other psychological mechanisms, procrastination serves its own purpose, and probably even carries a message worth decoding. So, instead of blaming yourself for being lazy, the next time you procrastinate, try to look past it, and figure out what is happening to you. Most likely, procrastination is your friend. Why?
There are several arguments proving this statement. First of all, it helps you figure out your most pressing priorities. Usually, you will not procrastinate over some minor task such as sharpening a pencil or drinking a glass of water. Problems start when there is something important or difficult that needs to be done. Reasons keeping you from doing work can be different, but here is a clue to remember: try to figure out what exactly makes you avoid–as a rule, it should be exactly what your top priority task is at the moment. ____48____. On the other hand, procrastination may serve you as an indicator that you are doing something wrong, or that you are pushing yourself too hard and need to take some time to rest. Either way, the means you use to overcome procrastination is a different story; so far, try seeing procrastination as a marker, an index–and you will discover that it can be quite useful.
Surprisingly enough, procrastination can even help you fix a relationship with another person. If you had a fight, for example, there is a period of time when whatever you say to each other will most likely be perceived with skepticism or even hostility. ____49____. In this case, procrastination may give you enough time to make up your mind, find your courage, and think of the proper words or actions for an apology. The same works for another person: after a cool down period, he or she will be more susceptible to what you have to say. Use this to your advantage.
As we can see, procrastination is not necessarily a bad thing. ____50____. But it is rather a psychological instrument, the main function of which is to slow you down and give you enough time to sort out your priorities, gather information before making an important decision, or finding proper words to make your amends with another person. Thus, instead of avoiding and denying procrastination, you might want to embrace it–at least sometimes.examly.cn
A. Besides, you might have noticed how unwilling you may be when having to apologize in front of a different person–even if it was you who were wrong.
B. This varies depending on the weight of a decision that needs to be made.
C. Unlike many people got used to believing, procrastination is not a negative feature of character such as laziness.
D. Usually, people tend to see procrastination as something bad.
E. In fact, procrastinating in this case is also beneficial.
F. A pressing matter, an urgent document that needs to be written by the end of the day, an especially difficult piece of work, whatever.
III. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Is Small Talk Necessary?
What’s the first thing you do when you enter a crowded room? You probably look around for a familiar face. When you can’t find one, you have two choices: you can stand alone, or you can walk up and speak to someone that you don’t know.
Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, you’re sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears. In order to prepare, it helps to learn the art of small talk.
Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances. With small talk, two or more people search for common interests and points of connection. If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
Mastering a few techniques will allow you to enter a room full of strangers with confidence.
When you walk up to a group, notice anyone trying to make eye contact with you because this is often a sign that the person is interested in talking. Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment. Your praise of someone’s scarf might lead to a discussion about favorite places to shop.
Radio host Terry Gross, who has interviewed thousands of people over the years, says one opening request works for her every time: “Tell me about yourself.” This approach gets the ball rolling because people enjoy talking about themselves.
Though small talk takes practice, it’s worth the effort and it’s the stimulus that can lead to deeper conversations.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 人们普遍认为，与其担心失败，不如把精力放在可以改进的地方。(It is widely believed) (汉译英)
_____________________________________________________________
53. 无论这项技术多么先进，如果没有人愿意使用它，它也无法真正改变生活。(no matter how) (汉译英)
_____________________________________________________________
54. 直到多年以后，他才意识到，当年老师的批评其实是出于关心。(强调句) (汉译英)
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55. 只有当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时，社区的公共空间才能真正得到保护。(only when) (汉译英)
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V. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为“我的旅行经历”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1) 你最难忘的一次旅行经历； 2) 你的理由。
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