精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高二年级英语学科6月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科6月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Exploring Beyond Following the call of our restless genes has not ended well for all explorers. The British explorer Captain James Cook died in a fight with Hawaiians ten years after he received the precious map from Tupaia. His death, some say, brought to a close ____1____ Western historians call the Age of Exploration. Yet it hardly ____2____ (end) our exploring. We have remained enthusiastic about filling in the Earth’s maps; reaching its farthest poles, highest peaks, and deepest trenches (海沟); sailing to its every corner and then flying off the planet entirely. With the NASA Rover Curiosity now ____3____ (stir) us all as it explores Mars, some countries and private companies are preparing to send humans to the red planet as well. Some visionaries even talk of having a spacecraft ____4____ (send) to the nearest star. NASA’s Michael Barratt — a doctor, diver, and jet pilot, a sailor for 40 years and an astronaut for 12 — is among those ____5____ ache to go to Mars. Barratt consciously sees himself as an explorer like Cook and Tupaia. “We’re doing what ____6____ did,” he says. “It works this way at every point in human history. A society develops an enabling technology, ____7____ it’s the ability to preserve and carry food or build a ship or launch a rocket.” Not all of us ____8____ ride a rocket or sail the infinite sea. Yet, ____9____ a species, we’re curious enough and interested enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the voyagers’ return. Yes, we hope to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply _____10_____ (discover) what’s there. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. bunch B. closeness C. confused D. disrupted E. encounters F. heavily G. recomposed H. reserved I. unconsciously J. unrecognisable K. valuable Relationship in the Digital Age People from our past whom we no longer directly communicate with but who are active on social networks can “occupy ____11____ space in your mind, and you think about them instead of about your close friends,” said Carlin Flora, the author of Friendfluence: The Surprising Ways Friends Make Us Who We are. “If my high school friend posts frequently about her life, it’s almost like it’s celebrity gossip, or it seems as if I am watching a reality show about her,” Ms. Flora said. “Our brains get ____12____ about whether we know celebrities; if we see someone a lot, our brain thinks we know them.” Ms. Schiller, the Iowa graduate, goes out often with friends at night but also lives on a digital diet of texting (____13____ enough that she recently hurt her thumb), Google Chat and social media. As with many young people, talking on the phone was never a big part of her routine and is now ____14____ for the rarest of occasions. There are physiological benefits to face-to-face ____15____, however, that doesn’t belong to digital interactions or the phone. “Your blood pressure goes down, and you imitate your friend’s gesture ____16____,” Ms. Flora said. “It’s a kind of harmony humans have developed over thousands of years, and you don’t get that when you only follow someone on social media.” But now it’s common for the synchrony (同步性) to be ____17____ in person, thanks to smartphones. Imagine Edward Hopper’s 1942 painting Nighthawks (right) ____18____ today, with the three late-night diners and counterman all gazing at screens. “If there’s a(n) ____19____ of guys at a bar together and they’re all on their phones,” Ms. Flora said, “they’re not doing much to stimulate the body system to create the sense of _____20_____.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In recent years breakfast cereals (谷物) seem to have lost their appeal. Many contain things that ____21____ consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain. Add to this a rising ____22____ for big brands and adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales. The market for “ready-to-eat” cereals shrank by 9% in America between 2012 and 2015, according to Euromonitor, a data firm. In Britain, the second-biggest cereal market, sales fell by 6%. Now, the manufacturers are boasting a(n) ____23____. On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. But it will take hard work to make breakfast’s business ____24____ again. Cereal firms have tried many ways to cope with customer’s ____25____ appetites. They have ____26____. Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes. Some firms have ____27____ trendier brands, with mixed results. After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000, many of its loyal customers ____28____. Kellogg is now trying to win them back, returning Kashi’s headquarters to California. A new Kashi cereal features popped sorghum （高粱）, crispy yellow peas and smashed red beans. Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to ____29____ all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023. Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline — it is too ____30____ for them. Jim Holbrook, who led Post’s cereal business and is now boss of Daymon Worldwide, a retail consultant, says grocers might ____31____ sales by placing milk or bananas alongside cereal. For now, cereal-makers can take ____32____ that at least some brands are still popular. Sales of Kellogg’s Froot Loops and General Mills’ Cinnamon Toast Crunch have ____33____ in recent years, points out Alexia Howard of Sanford C. Bernstein, a research firm, even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing. ____34____ shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans. But cereal’s most ____35____ customers are those who don’t mind heaps of sugar, or “red #40” food colouring, in their breakfast bowls. 21. A. anxious B. regular C. satisfied D. potential 22. A. demand B. standard C. reputation D. disrespect 23. A. continuity B. distinction C. turnaround D. equivalent 24. A. compete B. succeed C. protest D. refuse 25. A. shrinking B. promoted C. inexhaustible D. intellectual 26. A. declined B. regretted C. diversified D. patented 27. A. changed B. embarrassed C. acquired D. replaced 28. A. doubted B. fled C. ignored D. wandered 29. A. conceal B. receive C. remove D. expect 30. A. distant B. traditional C. mysterious D. profitable 31. A. boost B. review C. reject D. describe 32. A. responsibility B. comfort C. charge D. action 33. A. failed B. risen C. paused D. mattered 34. A. Warm-hearted B. Fun-loving C. Would-be D. Health-conscious 35. A. reliable B. wealthy C. famous D. intelligent Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） For years, spring in our town was welcomed by Leon and Jo Martin, who owned the Dairy Queen. Every year, after their winter stay in Florida, they would post the words “Now Hiring” on their sign. I would walk past, see the sign, see Leon and Jo readying for their spring opening, and feel winter’s departure. It was as accurate an indication of spring as any calendar. When they died and their children sold the Dairy Queen to an out-of-town outfit who kept it open year-round, it threw off our town’s circadian rhythms (生物钟). Something terrible. We’re still not sure when spring begins. Well, that’s not entirely accurate. When the implement store on the west edge of town, where Johnston’s IGA grocery store used to be, stops selling snowplows and starts selling lawn mowers, that’s a pretty good sign winter is coming to an end. If they should drop the ball, Frank Gladden is sure to stand at our Quaker meeting and announce that volunteers are needed for our spring fish fry. Frank’s announcement is as reliable as any clock and invariably mixed with worry and regret that this might be the last year of the fish fry if volunteers aren’t forthcoming. “We’re not getting any younger,” he announces. Frank is 82 years old, but he’s been saying that since 1961, so we Quakers aren’t alarmed. The Fairfield Friends Fish Fry is as constant as sunrise. But let us suppose both the implement store and Frank Gladden neglect their duties and we are cast adrift, unaware of spring’s arrival. We would then have to look and see whether Bill Eddy, our town’s plumber, was wearing a coat. When the first leaf falls to the ground in the autumn, Bill pulls on his Carhartt coat and doesn’t remove it until spring. I’ve known Bill since we were in first grade together, so I know well about his habits. He wears that Carhartt everywhere, inside and outside. There are other signs of spring if one is watchful. The deer lighten in color, the dog sheds, the buds swell, the snow melts on the south hillside, and the bloodroot in our woodlot pushes out its petals. The calf (牛犊) appears, following its mother because of hunger. Who needs a calendar when a calf is nearby? 36. What can be learned about the Dairy Queen from the first paragraph? A. It was moved to Florida. B. It used to be closed in winter. C. It is now owned by Leon and Jo’s children. D. It has several branches out of the town. 37. According to the writer, which of the following is a sign that winter is over? A. The deer turns into a darker color. B. Bill Eddy stops wearing his Carhartt coat. C. The Quaker meeting starts to call for volunteers. D. Johnston’s IGA grocery store starts to sell lawn mowers. 38. By “as constant as sunrise”, the writer means that the Fairfield Friends Fish Fry ________. A. has a long history B. makes excellent fried fish C. opens very early every day D. is sure to continue its business 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Why I Love Spring B. Every Changing Spring C. How I Know It’s Spring D. Spring: All Comes to Life （B） Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. ‘Choosing What to wear for my day at Marie Claire was tricky because normally I wear a uniform at work. first I went to a still-life photo studio, then to press previews, all before lunch. The zoo is such a tranquil, peaceful place—and here I was rushing around when I could be sitting quietly giving an animal a cuddle. Some of the members of the fashion team seemed quite stressed—my job doesn’t really get pressurised. At a fashion shoot in the afternoon, it made me laugh to think that I’d usually be cleaning out cages or handling rats. I’m fascinated to see how magazines work, but I really enjoy my job at the zoo so I’ll stay put.’ Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. ‘I arrived at the zoo in my leather boots and dark blue trousers. The zoo gave me a green T-shirt instead to work in, which was just as well as I got very dirty. While I was bathing one of the elephants, I thought Mandie would probably be packing up clothes in the cupboard. By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa.’ Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. ‘I was extremely excited about meeting the team, and Alan Titchmarsh, the programme presenter, was really nice. One of the things I liked was the chance to be in the fresh air Depending on my shifts, I sometimes never see daylight. Even though it was hard work, it was great fun. I thought I was pretty strong but I felt weak compared with the rest of the team. My romantic vision of landscape gardening had not included physical hard work or careful planning. I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job.’ Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. ‘I made beds and handed out tablets. I expected to faint when I was doing some jobs, but I amazed myself by finding that it didn’t bother me. The friendship among the nurses is great, and it felt tremendously ‘girlie’ compared with my normal male environment. I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing. My day at the hospital was not exactly pleasant but it left me with a great sense of satisfaction.’ 40. The four people in the passage are talking about their experience of ________. A. taking up a career they never tried before B. giving up their secure job for a new one C. staying at a strange place for some time D. living somebody else’s life for a day 41. It can be inferred from the passage that ________are most probably unwilling to do the job they tried. A. Mandle Currie and Karen Hodson B. Alice Cutler and Charlie Dimmock C. Mandle Currie and Charlie Dimmock D. Alice Cutler and Karen Hodson 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Mandle Currie found her own job more stressful than the one she tried. B. Karen Hodson expected there to be much hard work as a landscape gardener. C. Alice Cutler disliked working in a zoo as she smelt terrible at the end of the day. D. Charlie Dimmock thought being a nurse was more worthwhile than his own job. （C） History does not repeat but sometimes it rhymes. So, it seems, do efforts to protect netizens’ privacy. The European Union led the world with its General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into force in May 2018. That law shook up internet giants and global advertising firms, both of which had previously used consumer data with little oversight. On December 11th India’s government introduced a bill that would force firms to handle data only with consumer agreement and give the authorities sweeping access to them. But the piece of legislation (立法) rhyming with GDPR right now is the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which comes into force on January 1st. To online businesses, it jars. The Californian law copies some of the GDPR’s items. It gives consumers the right to know what online information is collected about them and how it is used, permits them to demand that their data be destroyed and to charge companies with releasing data. In some ways, the CCPA is looser than its European predecessor (前身). It does not, for instance, insist that firms have a “legal basis” for collecting and using personal data or restrict the international transfer of data. It also stops short of demanding the appointment of corporate data-protection officers and assessments of projects’ data-protection risks. In other respects, though, California goes further than the EU. The CCPA adopts a broader definition of personal information (which extends to such things as internet cookies that identify users on websites) and it forbids discrimination (by offering discounts to those who grant firms access to their data). Companies must enable Californians to choose not to engage in the sale of personal data with a clear “do not sell” link on their home page, rather than through GDPR’s process. “Initial compliance” with the CCPA may, for its part, cost the estimated 500,000-odd affected American firms $55bn according to a study. Any such estimates should be taken with a grain of salt. For one thing, global firms that are already GDPR-compliant have a head start, even if differences between the two laws mean observing the Californian one will be far from automatic. Big firms, which are already on the hook for GDPR, are expected to spend another $2m each. For the tech giants that looks like small change. For smaller online sellers, app-makers or other firms present on the internet the Californian law will be unwelcomed. They can ignore European regulations, because most have no EU business, but cannot easily stay away from one of America’s biggest domestic markets. A new survey by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a lobby group, claims that only 12% of small businesses in America know about the law, let alone have prepared for it. 43. The word “jars” (in paragraph 2) most probably means ________. A. stops a company from developing B. causes unpleasant feelings C. rhymes with history D. comes into force 44. CCPA is different from GDPR in that ________. A. CCPA doesn’t require companies to assign data-protection officers B. CCPA asks consumers to assess projects’ data-protection risks for a company C. CCPA doesn’t give consumers the right to know about their own information D. CCPA permits companies to destroy data as long as they find something illegal 45. Which of the following is forbidden by CCPA? A. Going through GDPR’s process. B. Using cookies online to identify users. C. Labelling a website with a clear “do not sell” link. D. Offering discounts to users who let firms use their data. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about big firms? A. They don’t have much business in Europe. B. They will find CCPA easier to observe than GDPR. C. They won’t care about the cost of observing CCPA. D. They will choose to stay away from domestic markets. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Spray bacteria may prevent its spread Desertification is a big problem for China. Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses — the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) — that binds the sand and soil to the ground. ____47____ Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert. Planting hardy grasses helps keep sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses. ____48____ She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (半干旱的) environment. Grown in nearby ponds, the cyanobacteria are trucked into the desert every few days and sprayed over the dunes, where they form sticky substances that hold soil particles in place and prevent them from being blown away. Cyanobacteria get their energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, and as part of the chemical reactions involved, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere and provide the organic matter the soil needs to be productive. Hu’s long-running trials show that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes. ____49____ The topsoil improved where the crust developed, helping plant growth. The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK. ____50____ Hu says the cyanobacteria are now being used to hold the verges of roads and railways in northern China as well as the margins of farmland. Her team plans to seed 133 square kilometres over the next five years. A. So Chunxiang Hu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan has developed an alternative approach. B. That might change soon, though. C. “Unless you do something to help, you’re probably talking centuries for it to recover naturally,” he says. D. If left unchecked, sands can slowly engulf roads and railways. E. On the sunny side, the crust was about half as thick. F. People have been trying to use bacteria in this way since the 1980s, says Matthew Bowker, a soil ecologist at Northern Arizona University. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Role of the Modern Zoo Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. Nowadays, however, zoos have a lot more to offer than perhaps some people realise. Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space. Indeed, scientists believe that a third of all animal and plant species on Earth risk extinction within this century. The modern zoo, therefore, has developed dramatically as a major force in conserving biodiversity, that is, the large variety of animal species worldwide. Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals outside their natural environment in restricted conditions such as farms, zoos or other closed areas. It is a method used to increase the populations of endangered species, in order to prevent extinction. One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. Zoo staff are fully trained in this area, and manage the programmes carefully to ensure genetic variation. Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. These programmes release animals that have been in the zoo back into their natural living spaces. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. These zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Visiting the zoo not only raises money for conserving projects, but also reminds individuals about environmental issues. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 近三年来，我一直在练习潜水。(practise)(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 奇怪的是，照相机的备用电池找不到了。(nowhere) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 作为对于这起食物中毒事件网络报道的回应，这家饭店发布了最新检验结果。(response) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 为了找到一间在自己预算范围的公寓，小王几乎走遍了这个街区所有的房产中介，但一无所获。(In order to) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近看到学校英语报上正在开展主题为 “The books I have read” 的征文活动，你对此很感兴趣，有意撰文参加。写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 对你曾经读过的书进行分类； 2) 每一类的特点，并用具体实例进行说明。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科6月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Exploring Beyond Following the call of our restless genes has not ended well for all explorers. The British explorer Captain James Cook died in a fight with Hawaiians ten years after he received the precious map from Tupaia. His death, some say, brought to a close ____1____ Western historians call the Age of Exploration. Yet it hardly ____2____ (end) our exploring. We have remained enthusiastic about filling in the Earth’s maps; reaching its farthest poles, highest peaks, and deepest trenches (海沟); sailing to its every corner and then flying off the planet entirely. With the NASA Rover Curiosity now ____3____ (stir) us all as it explores Mars, some countries and private companies are preparing to send humans to the red planet as well. Some visionaries even talk of having a spacecraft ____4____ (send) to the nearest star. NASA’s Michael Barratt — a doctor, diver, and jet pilot, a sailor for 40 years and an astronaut for 12 — is among those ____5____ ache to go to Mars. Barratt consciously sees himself as an explorer like Cook and Tupaia. “We’re doing what ____6____ did,” he says. “It works this way at every point in human history. A society develops an enabling technology, ____7____ it’s the ability to preserve and carry food or build a ship or launch a rocket.” Not all of us ____8____ ride a rocket or sail the infinite sea. Yet, ____9____ a species, we’re curious enough and interested enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the voyagers’ return. Yes, we hope to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply _____10_____ (discover) what’s there. 【答案】1. what 2. ended 3. stirring 4. sent 5. who 6. they 7. whether 8. can 9. as 10. to discover 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述虽然探险家库克的离世标志着西方所谓的“大航海时代”落幕，但人类探索的热情并未终结，从地球极地、深海，再到太空，人类作为一个物种始终心怀好奇开展探索，探索既是为谋求生存空间，也单纯为发现未知事物。 【1题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：有人说，他的死亡结束了西方历史学家所谓的大航海时代。bring sth. to a close意为“终结，结束”，call sb./sth. sth.意为“把某人/某物称作……”。空处引导宾语从句，从句中call后面缺少宾语，所以用what引导宾语从句，表示“……的事物”。 【2题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：然而这几乎没有终结我们的探索。根据上一句的brought可知，陈述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，end的过去式是ended。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：随着现在美国国家航空航天局火星探测器“好奇号”在探索火星时激起了我们所有人的热情，一些国家和私人公司也正准备将人类送上这颗红色星球。此处为“with+宾语+宾语补足语”复合结构，宾语Curiosity和stir是主动关系，用现在分词stirring。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一些有远见的人甚至谈及把一艘宇宙飞船送往距离最近的恒星。固定结构have sth. done表示“让某物被……”，spacecraft和send之间是被动关系，用过去分词sent作宾补。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：NASA的迈克尔·巴拉特是一名医生、潜水员、喷气式飞机驾驶员、有着40年经历的水手和12年经历的宇航员，也是那些渴望去火星的人之一。先行词those指代人，关系代词在从句中作主语，用who引导定语从句。 【6题详解】 考查代词。句意：“我们正在做他们曾经做过的事。”他说。根据上文“Barratt consciously sees himself as an explorer like Cook and Tupaia.”，此处指代Cook和Tupaia两位前人，在从句中作主语，用人称代词they。 【7题详解】 考查连词。句意：一个社会发展出赋能技术，无论是储存运送食物的能力、造船能力，还是发射火箭的能力。固定搭配whether…or…“无论……还是……”。 【8题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：并非我们所有人都能够乘坐火箭或者航行于无垠大海。根据语义表示“能够”，此处陈述现实情况，情态动词用can，后接动词原形。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：然而，作为一个物种，我们对未来的前景怀揣足够的好奇和兴趣，可以帮助支付旅行费用，为旅行者的归来欢呼。as意为“作为”，as a species“作为一个物种”。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：但我们进行探索，也单纯是为了发现那里存在什么。此处用不定式作目的状语，表示探索的目的。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. bunch B. closeness C. confused D. disrupted E. encounters F. heavily G. recomposed H. reserved I. unconsciously J. unrecognisable K. valuable Relationship in the Digital Age People from our past whom we no longer directly communicate with but who are active on social networks can “occupy ____11____ space in your mind, and you think about them instead of about your close friends,” said Carlin Flora, the author of Friendfluence: The Surprising Ways Friends Make Us Who We are. “If my high school friend posts frequently about her life, it’s almost like it’s celebrity gossip, or it seems as if I am watching a reality show about her,” Ms. Flora said. “Our brains get ____12____ about whether we know celebrities; if we see someone a lot, our brain thinks we know them.” Ms. Schiller, the Iowa graduate, goes out often with friends at night but also lives on a digital diet of texting (____13____ enough that she recently hurt her thumb), Google Chat and social media. As with many young people, talking on the phone was never a big part of her routine and is now ____14____ for the rarest of occasions. There are physiological benefits to face-to-face ____15____, however, that doesn’t belong to digital interactions or the phone. “Your blood pressure goes down, and you imitate your friend’s gesture ____16____,” Ms. Flora said. “It’s a kind of harmony humans have developed over thousands of years, and you don’t get that when you only follow someone on social media.” But now it’s common for the synchrony (同步性) to be ____17____ in person, thanks to smartphones. Imagine Edward Hopper’s 1942 painting Nighthawks (right) ____18____ today, with the three late-night diners and counterman all gazing at screens. “If there’s a(n) ____19____ of guys at a bar together and they’re all on their phones,” Ms. Flora said, “they’re not doing much to stimulate the body system to create the sense of _____20_____.” 【答案】11. K 12. C 13. F 14. H 15. E 16. I 17. D 18. G 19. A 20. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了数字时代下人际关系的变化，特别是社交媒体如何影响人们对朋友的认知以及现实中的人际交往，指出虚拟互动可能带来困惑，并影响人们对真实人际关系的投入与感受。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：那些来自我们过去、如今已不再直接联系，但仍活跃在社交网络上的熟人，可以“占据你脑海中宝贵的空间，你想着他们，而不是想着你的好朋友”，《你交的朋友，会决定你的人生》一书的作者卡琳·福洛拉说道。空后为名词“space”，空处需要填入一个形容词作定语，修饰“space”，此处想表达“占据你脑海中宝贵或有价值的空间”之意。valuable为形容词，意为“宝贵的、有价值的”，符合语境。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“我们的大脑会对自己是否认识名人这件事感到困惑；如果我们经常看到某人，大脑就会认为我们认识他们。”空前为系动词“get”，且后文“whether we know celebrities; if we see someone a lot, our brain thinks we know them”描述大脑在虚拟与现实混淆时无法清晰分辨的状态，空处需要一个表示“感到困惑的”的形容词作表语。confused为形容词，意为“感到困惑的”。 【13题详解】 考查副词。句意：爱荷华州的毕业生席勒女士晚上经常和朋友外出，但同时也沉溺于发短信（发得太多，以至于她最近伤了大拇指）、用谷歌聊天和使用社交媒体的“数字大餐”。前文“lives on a digital diet of texting”的意思是想表示她很依赖用手机发短信，空处所在的括号中的内容，是对前文的一种补充性说明，应是表明她发的数量太多了，以致于伤了手指，副词heavily意为“大量地、过多地”，符合描述频繁使用手机的状态。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：和许多年轻人一样，打电话从来都不是她日常生活中的重要部分，如今更是只在极少有的情况下才会使用。根据空前的“is now”和空后的“for the rarest of occasions”可知，此处构成be reserved for的固定搭配，意为“留作……之用”，reserved是过去分词，此处构成被动语态。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，面对面的相遇确实有生理上的益处，而这种益处并不属于数字互动或电话。根据空格前的face-to-face以及后文提到的“Your blood pressure goes down” 血压下降等生理益处可知，此处需要一个名词来表示“接触”之意，encounters为名词，意为“相遇，接触”，指现实中的面对面交流。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：“你的血压会下降，你会不知不觉地模仿你朋友的手势，”福洛拉女士说。空前为动词“imitate (模仿)”，空处需要一个副词来修饰模仿这一动作。面对面交流时，人们往往会下意识地模仿对方的动作，而自己并未察觉。unconsciously为副词，意为“不知不觉地、无意识地”，符合句意。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：但如今，由于智能手机的存在，这种同步性在面对面交流中被破坏是很常见的现象。上一段的第一句和最后一句，分别提到“physiological benefits”和“a kind of harmony”这些面对面交流本会带来的生理上的益处与和谐。本句句首的But表示转折，且后文“thanks to smartphones”说明是智能手机带来了与前文相反的情况，disrupted为过去分词，意为“被破坏、被打断”，填入空处，构成“be+过去分词”的被动结构，符合句意。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：想象一下爱德华·霍普1942年的画作《夜鹰》（右图）在今天被重新创作为：三个深夜食客和柜台服务员全都盯着屏幕。根据后文“with the three late-night diners and counterman all gazing at screens”可知，这是将该画作放在当今情境下进行重新构思或创作。空处作“painting”的后置定语，应表示“被重新构想的”之意，recomposed意为“重新构思、重新创作”，为过去分词作后置定语。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：福洛拉女士说：“如果酒吧里有一群人聚在一起，而他们全都在看手机，那么他们并没有做什么来刺激身体系统产生亲密感。”此处为固定短语“a bunch of”，意为“一群、一伙”。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：福洛拉女士说：“如果酒吧里有一群人聚在一起，而他们全都在看手机，那么他们并没有做什么来刺激身体系统产生亲密感。”上一段提到面对面交流能带来生理上的益处和人类的和谐；盯着手机则无法产生这种亲密感。closeness为名词，意为“亲密、接近”，符合语境。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In recent years breakfast cereals (谷物) seem to have lost their appeal. Many contain things that ____21____ consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain. Add to this a rising ____22____ for big brands and adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales. The market for “ready-to-eat” cereals shrank by 9% in America between 2012 and 2015, according to Euromonitor, a data firm. In Britain, the second-biggest cereal market, sales fell by 6%. Now, the manufacturers are boasting a(n) ____23____. On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. But it will take hard work to make breakfast’s business ____24____ again. Cereal firms have tried many ways to cope with customer’s ____25____ appetites. They have ____26____. Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes. Some firms have ____27____ trendier brands, with mixed results. After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000, many of its loyal customers ____28____. Kellogg is now trying to win them back, returning Kashi’s headquarters to California. A new Kashi cereal features popped sorghum （高粱）, crispy yellow peas and smashed red beans. Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to ____29____ all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023. Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline — it is too ____30____ for them. Jim Holbrook, who led Post’s cereal business and is now boss of Daymon Worldwide, a retail consultant, says grocers might ____31____ sales by placing milk or bananas alongside cereal. For now, cereal-makers can take ____32____ that at least some brands are still popular. Sales of Kellogg’s Froot Loops and General Mills’ Cinnamon Toast Crunch have ____33____ in recent years, points out Alexia Howard of Sanford C. Bernstein, a research firm, even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing. ____34____ shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans. But cereal’s most ____35____ customers are those who don’t mind heaps of sugar, or “red #40” food colouring, in their breakfast bowls. 21. A. anxious B. regular C. satisfied D. potential 22. A. demand B. standard C. reputation D. disrespect 23. A. continuity B. distinction C. turnaround D. equivalent 24. A. compete B. succeed C. protest D. refuse 25. A. shrinking B. promoted C. inexhaustible D. intellectual 26. A. declined B. regretted C. diversified D. patented 27. A. changed B. embarrassed C. acquired D. replaced 28. A. doubted B. fled C. ignored D. wandered 29. A. conceal B. receive C. remove D. expect 30. A. distant B. traditional C. mysterious D. profitable 31. A. boost B. review C. reject D. describe 32. A. responsibility B. comfort C. charge D. action 33. A. failed B. risen C. paused D. mattered 34. A. Warm-hearted B. Fun-loving C. Would-be D. Health-conscious 35. A. reliable B. wealthy C. famous D. intelligent 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了早餐谷物市场的现状和挑战，以及各大谷物制造商为应对销售下滑所采取的措施。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从碳水化合物和麸质到人工香料和转基因谷物，许多食品都含有担忧的消费者不愿食用的东西。A. anxious 担忧的；B. regular 定期的；C. satisfied 满意的；D. potential 潜在的。根据本句中的“consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain”可知，消费者避免碳水化合物、麸质、人工香料和转基因粮食等说明他们对这些东西感到担忧。故选A项。 【22题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：再加上对大品牌的不尊重和对“正宗”小品牌的崇拜，大型谷物制造商的销售额一直在下降。A. demand 需求；B. standard 标准；C. reputation 声誉；D. disrespect 不尊重，轻蔑。根据本句中的“...adoration of small, “authentic” ones, and large cereal-makers have been suffering declining sales”可知，对“正宗”小品牌的崇拜导致了大型谷物制造商的销售额一直在下降，说明了消费者对大品牌表示出了轻蔑。故选D项。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，制造商们正在吹嘘自己的业绩出现了好转。A. continuity 连续性；B. distinction 区别；C. turnaround 好转；D. equivalent 相等物。根据下文的“On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. ”可知，General Mills和Kellogg的业绩在逐渐变好。故选C项。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但要让早餐的生意再次成功，还需要付出艰苦的努力。A. compete 竞争；B. succeed 成功；C. protest 抗议；D. refuse 拒绝。根据上文的“On February 16th General Mills told investors that its American cereal sales were stabilising. Kellogg follows, reporting on February 17th that it expects its American cereal sales to grow this year. ”可知，General Mills和Kellogg的业绩在逐渐变好，再由but表示转折可知，早餐的生意想要再次获得成功，还需要付出艰苦的努力。故选B项。 【25题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：谷物公司已经尝试了许多方法来应对消费者不断萎缩的胃口。A. shrinking 萎缩的；B. promoted 提升的；C. inexhaustible 用之不竭的；D. intellectual 智力的。根据下文的“Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes.”可知，谷物制造商们不仅仅专注于谷物产品，还扩展到其他领域，比如卖鸡蛋和蛋白质奶昔，说明了谷物市场的现状：市场需求在减少，人们的胃口在萎缩。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们已经采取多样化的措施了。A. declined 下降；B. regretted 后悔；C. diversified 变得多样化；D. patented 获得专利。根据下文的“Post Holdings, which sells Honey Bunches of Oats and Grape-Nuts, now also sells eggs and protein shakes.”可知，谷物制造商们不仅仅专注于谷物产品，还扩展到其他领域，比如卖鸡蛋和蛋白质奶昔，这是市场需求的减少促使谷物制造商采用了多样化的策略以应对挑战。故选C项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些公司收购了更时尚的品牌，结果喜忧参半。A. changed 改变；B. embarrassed 使尴尬；C. acquired 获得，收购；D. replaced 替代。根据下文的“After Kellogg bought Kashi in 2000”可知，有的谷物公司采取了一种应对策略：通过收购其他公司来扩大业务范围和产品线。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：2000年Kellogg收购Kashi之后，许多忠实的顾客都逃走了。A. doubted 怀疑；B. fled 逃避，离开；C. ignored 忽视；D. wandered 漫步。根据下文的“Kellogg is now trying to win them back”可知，Kellogg现在正试图把他们赢回来，这说明很多顾客离开了Kellogg。故选B项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：General Mills计划在2023年之前从其谷物中去除所有人工香料和色素。A. conceal 隐藏；B. receive 收到；C. remove 移除；D. expect 期待。根据上文的“Makers are also spending to help their main brands. Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal.”可知，Kellogg在其Special K Red Berries谷物中添加更多水果是为了满足消费者对更健康食品的需求，因此像Kellogg一样，General Mills计划通过去除人工香料和色素来增强其产品的吸引力和健康形象，以帮助维持主要品牌的竞争力。故选C项。 【30题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：零售商不希望谷类食品进入衰退期——这对他们来说太有利可图了。A. distant 遥远的；B. traditional 传统的；C. mysterious 神秘的；D. profitable 有利可图的。根据上文的“Kellogg has put more fruit in its Special K Red Berries cereal. General Mills plans to...all artificial flavours and colours from its cereals by 2023.”可知，Kellogg和 GeneralMills通过增加产品的水果含量和移除人工色素和香料来改善他们的产品，这些措施都是为了吸引消费者并维持或增加销售量，因为这些产品对他们而言非常有利可图。故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Jim Holbrook曾领导邮报的谷物业务，现在是零售咨询公司Daymon Worldwide的老板。他说，杂货店可能会通过在谷物旁边放牛奶或香蕉来促进销售。A. boost 提高；B. review 回顾；C. reject 拒绝；D. describe 描述。根据上文的“Retailers do not want cereal to enter terminal decline —it is too...for them.”可知，零售商不希望谷类食品进入衰退期，这对他们来说太有利可图了，因此Jim Holbrook建议零售商采取措施来促进谷物的销售，从而增加利润。故选A项。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：目前，谷物制造商可以感到宽慰的是，至少有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎。A. responsibility 责任；B. comfort 宽慰；C. charge 负责；D. action 行动。根据本句中的“at least some brands are still popular”可知，谷物制造商应该为有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎而感到宽慰。故选B项。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：近年来，Kellogg的果脆圈和通用磨坊的肉桂脆面包的销量有所上升，而纤维一号、全麸和Special K等更有价值的品牌却在走下坡路。A. failed 失败；B. risen 上升；C. paused 暂停；D. mattered 重要。根据上文的“For now, cereal-makers can take...that at least some brands are still popular.”和由本句中的“even as more virtuous brands such as Fiber One, All-Bran and (until recently) Special K were failing”可知，目前，有一些品牌仍然很受欢迎，举例子说明Kellogg的果脆圈和General Mills的肉桂脆面包的销量有所上升。故选B项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：注重健康的消费者可能会、也可能不会因为含有打碎的红豆而恢复吃麦片的习惯。A. Warm-hearted 热心的；B. Fun-loving 爱好乐趣的；C. Would-be 未来的，潜在的；D. Health-conscious 注重健康的。根据第一段的“Many contain things that...consumers avoid, from carbohydrates and gluten to artificial flavours and genetically modified (GM) grain.”可知，消费者越来越重视健康，因此注重健康的消费者可能会、也可能不会因为谷物中加入了某些健康成分就重新购买谷物食品。故选D项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但谷物最可靠的顾客是那些不介意在早餐碗里放一堆糖或“红#40”食用色素的人。A. reliable 可靠的；B. wealthy 富有的；C. famous 著名的；D. intelligent 聪明的。根据上文的“...shoppers may or may not come back to their cereal habit just due to smashed red beans ”可知，注重健康的消费者可能会也可能不会因为含有打碎的红豆而恢复吃麦片的习惯，由此可推知，谷物最可靠的顾客是那些不介意在早餐碗里放一堆糖或“红#40”食用色素的人。故选A项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） For years, spring in our town was welcomed by Leon and Jo Martin, who owned the Dairy Queen. Every year, after their winter stay in Florida, they would post the words “Now Hiring” on their sign. I would walk past, see the sign, see Leon and Jo readying for their spring opening, and feel winter’s departure. It was as accurate an indication of spring as any calendar. When they died and their children sold the Dairy Queen to an out-of-town outfit who kept it open year-round, it threw off our town’s circadian rhythms (生物钟). Something terrible. We’re still not sure when spring begins. Well, that’s not entirely accurate. When the implement store on the west edge of town, where Johnston’s IGA grocery store used to be, stops selling snowplows and starts selling lawn mowers, that’s a pretty good sign winter is coming to an end. If they should drop the ball, Frank Gladden is sure to stand at our Quaker meeting and announce that volunteers are needed for our spring fish fry. Frank’s announcement is as reliable as any clock and invariably mixed with worry and regret that this might be the last year of the fish fry if volunteers aren’t forthcoming. “We’re not getting any younger,” he announces. Frank is 82 years old, but he’s been saying that since 1961, so we Quakers aren’t alarmed. The Fairfield Friends Fish Fry is as constant as sunrise. But let us suppose both the implement store and Frank Gladden neglect their duties and we are cast adrift, unaware of spring’s arrival. We would then have to look and see whether Bill Eddy, our town’s plumber, was wearing a coat. When the first leaf falls to the ground in the autumn, Bill pulls on his Carhartt coat and doesn’t remove it until spring. I’ve known Bill since we were in first grade together, so I know well about his habits. He wears that Carhartt everywhere, inside and outside. There are other signs of spring if one is watchful. The deer lighten in color, the dog sheds, the buds swell, the snow melts on the south hillside, and the bloodroot in our woodlot pushes out its petals. The calf (牛犊) appears, following its mother because of hunger. Who needs a calendar when a calf is nearby? 36. What can be learned about the Dairy Queen from the first paragraph? A. It was moved to Florida. B. It used to be closed in winter. C. It is now owned by Leon and Jo’s children. D. It has several branches out of the town. 37. According to the writer, which of the following is a sign that winter is over? A. The deer turns into a darker color. B. Bill Eddy stops wearing his Carhartt coat. C. The Quaker meeting starts to call for volunteers. D. Johnston’s IGA grocery store starts to sell lawn mowers. 38. By “as constant as sunrise”, the writer means that the Fairfield Friends Fish Fry ________. A. has a long history B. makes excellent fried fish C. opens very early every day D. is sure to continue its business 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Why I Love Spring B. Every Changing Spring C. How I Know It’s Spring D. Spring: All Comes to Life 【答案】36. B 37. B 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过描述小镇上多个预示春天到来的传统和迹象，反映了小镇居民对春天的敏感和期待，展现了当地社区的文化和记忆。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“For years, spring in our town was welcomed by Leon and Jo Martin, who owned the Dairy Queen. Every year, after their winter stay in Florida, they would post the words “Now Hiring” on their sign. I would walk past, see the sign, see Leon and Jo readying for their spring opening, and feel winter’s departure. (多年来，Leon和Jo Martin欢迎春天来到我们镇上，他们是冰雪皇后的老板。每年，在佛罗里达过完冬天后，他们都会在招牌上写上“招聘”。我走过那里，看到招牌，看到Leon和Jo准备迎接春天的到来，感觉到了冬天的离去)”可知，镇上的冰雪皇后店铺在冬天结束时开始招聘，准备营业。由此可知，它过去通常在冬天关门。故选B项。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“When the first leaf falls to the ground in the autumn, Bill pulls on his Carhartt coat and doesn’t remove it until spring. (秋天，当第一片叶子落在地上时，Bill穿上他的卡哈特外套，直到春天才脱下来)”可知，Bill Eddy不再穿他的卡哈特外套了意味着春天到来了，即冬天结束了。需注意第二段中“When the implement store on the west edge of town, where Johnston’s IGA grocery store used to be, stops selling snowplows and starts selling lawn mowers, that’s a pretty good sign winter is coming to an end. (当小镇西部边缘的工具商店，也就是Johnston的IGA杂货店的所在地，停止销售扫雪机，开始销售割草机时，这是一个很好的迹象，表明冬天即将结束)”提到Johnston的IGA杂货店开始出售割草机是冬天即将结束的一个迹象，并不意味着冬天结束了。故选B项。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Frank’s announcement is as reliable as any clock and invariably mixed with worry and regret that this might be the last year of the fish fry if volunteers aren’t forthcoming. (Frank的声明像任何时钟一样可靠，而且总是夹杂着担忧和遗憾，如果志愿者不来，这可能是最后一年的炸鱼)”和第四段中““We’re not getting any younger,” he announces. Frank is 82 years old, but he’s been saying that since 1961, so we Quakers aren’t alarmed. (“我们不再年轻了，”他宣布。Frank已经82岁了，但他从1961年起就一直这么说，所以我们贵格会教徒并不担心)”可知，Frank一直担心志愿者不来，无法继续春季炸鱼活动，但是这么多年来这个活动一直在继续。由此可知，画线部分表示“一定会继续经营下去”。故选D项。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中“There are other signs of spring if one is watchful. (如果你留心的话，还有其他春天的迹象)”可知，作者通过描述小镇上多个预示春天到来的传统和迹象，如冰雪皇后的招牌、工具店的变化、春季炸鱼声明、水管工的外套等，反映了小镇居民对春天的敏感和期待，展现了当地社区的文化和记忆。因此，C项“我怎么知道春天到了”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 （B） Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. ‘Choosing What to wear for my day at Marie Claire was tricky because normally I wear a uniform at work. first I went to a still-life photo studio, then to press previews, all before lunch. The zoo is such a tranquil, peaceful place—and here I was rushing around when I could be sitting quietly giving an animal a cuddle. Some of the members of the fashion team seemed quite stressed—my job doesn’t really get pressurised. At a fashion shoot in the afternoon, it made me laugh to think that I’d usually be cleaning out cages or handling rats. I’m fascinated to see how magazines work, but I really enjoy my job at the zoo so I’ll stay put.’ Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. ‘I arrived at the zoo in my leather boots and dark blue trousers. The zoo gave me a green T-shirt instead to work in, which was just as well as I got very dirty. While I was bathing one of the elephants, I thought Mandie would probably be packing up clothes in the cupboard. By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa.’ Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. ‘I was extremely excited about meeting the team, and Alan Titchmarsh, the programme presenter, was really nice. One of the things I liked was the chance to be in the fresh air Depending on my shifts, I sometimes never see daylight. Even though it was hard work, it was great fun. I thought I was pretty strong but I felt weak compared with the rest of the team. My romantic vision of landscape gardening had not included physical hard work or careful planning. I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job.’ Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. ‘I made beds and handed out tablets. I expected to faint when I was doing some jobs, but I amazed myself by finding that it didn’t bother me. The friendship among the nurses is great, and it felt tremendously ‘girlie’ compared with my normal male environment. I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing. My day at the hospital was not exactly pleasant but it left me with a great sense of satisfaction.’ 40. The four people in the passage are talking about their experience of ________. A. taking up a career they never tried before B. giving up their secure job for a new one C. staying at a strange place for some time D. living somebody else’s life for a day 41. It can be inferred from the passage that ________are most probably unwilling to do the job they tried. A. Mandle Currie and Karen Hodson B. Alice Cutler and Charlie Dimmock C. Mandle Currie and Charlie Dimmock D. Alice Cutler and Karen Hodson 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Mandle Currie found her own job more stressful than the one she tried. B. Karen Hodson expected there to be much hard work as a landscape gardener. C. Alice Cutler disliked working in a zoo as she smelt terrible at the end of the day. D. Charlie Dimmock thought being a nurse was more worthwhile than his own job. 【答案】40. D 41. D 42. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四位体验别人生活一天的人以及他们的感想。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. (动物园管理员Mandle Currie在《嘉人》杂志的办公室里度过了一天)”，“Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. (Alice Cutler是《嘉人》的时尚助理，她在伦敦动物园度过了这一天)”，“Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. (哈默史密斯医院的护士Karen Hodson随电视园艺节目《地面部队》来到了现场)”和“Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. (Charlie Dimmock是电视节目《地面部队》的园林园丁，他在汉默史密斯医院值班)”可知，文章中的四个人正在谈论他们过了别人生活一天的经历。故选D项。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa. (到五点的时候，我闻到了难闻的气味，但是当我从时装界退休的时候，我有了如此美好的一天，我可以想象自己和大象一起工作——但也许在非洲)”和第三段中“I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job. (我是个热情的园丁，而不是能干的园丁，所以我不打算放弃我的工作)”可知，Alice Cutler和Karen Hodson很可能不愿意做他们尝试做的工作。故选D项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing.(我觉得我的工作和护理工作比起来真是浪费时间)”可知，Charlie Dimmock认为，当护士比他自己的工作更有价值。故选D项。 （C） History does not repeat but sometimes it rhymes. So, it seems, do efforts to protect netizens’ privacy. The European Union led the world with its General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into force in May 2018. That law shook up internet giants and global advertising firms, both of which had previously used consumer data with little oversight. On December 11th India’s government introduced a bill that would force firms to handle data only with consumer agreement and give the authorities sweeping access to them. But the piece of legislation (立法) rhyming with GDPR right now is the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which comes into force on January 1st. To online businesses, it jars. The Californian law copies some of the GDPR’s items. It gives consumers the right to know what online information is collected about them and how it is used, permits them to demand that their data be destroyed and to charge companies with releasing data. In some ways, the CCPA is looser than its European predecessor (前身). It does not, for instance, insist that firms have a “legal basis” for collecting and using personal data or restrict the international transfer of data. It also stops short of demanding the appointment of corporate data-protection officers and assessments of projects’ data-protection risks. In other respects, though, California goes further than the EU. The CCPA adopts a broader definition of personal information (which extends to such things as internet cookies that identify users on websites) and it forbids discrimination (by offering discounts to those who grant firms access to their data). Companies must enable Californians to choose not to engage in the sale of personal data with a clear “do not sell” link on their home page, rather than through GDPR’s process. “Initial compliance” with the CCPA may, for its part, cost the estimated 500,000-odd affected American firms $55bn according to a study. Any such estimates should be taken with a grain of salt. For one thing, global firms that are already GDPR-compliant have a head start, even if differences between the two laws mean observing the Californian one will be far from automatic. Big firms, which are already on the hook for GDPR, are expected to spend another $2m each. For the tech giants that looks like small change. For smaller online sellers, app-makers or other firms present on the internet the Californian law will be unwelcomed. They can ignore European regulations, because most have no EU business, but cannot easily stay away from one of America’s biggest domestic markets. A new survey by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a lobby group, claims that only 12% of small businesses in America know about the law, let alone have prepared for it. 43. The word “jars” (in paragraph 2) most probably means ________. A. stops a company from developing B. causes unpleasant feelings C. rhymes with history D. comes into force 44. CCPA is different from GDPR in that ________. A. CCPA doesn’t require companies to assign data-protection officers B. CCPA asks consumers to assess projects’ data-protection risks for a company C. CCPA doesn’t give consumers the right to know about their own information D. CCPA permits companies to destroy data as long as they find something illegal 45. Which of the following is forbidden by CCPA? A. Going through GDPR’s process. B. Using cookies online to identify users. C. Labelling a website with a clear “do not sell” link. D. Offering discounts to users who let firms use their data. 46. What can be inferred from the passage about big firms? A. They don’t have much business in Europe. B. They will find CCPA easier to observe than GDPR. C. They won’t care about the cost of observing CCPA. D. They will choose to stay away from domestic markets. 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍加州消费者隐私法案CCPA，对比它和欧盟GDPR的异同以及给各类企业带来的影响。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“But the piece of legislation (立法) rhyming with GDPR right now is the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which comes into force on January 1st. To online businesses, it jars. (但当下这部和GDPR有相似之处的法案就是将于1月1日生效的加州消费者隐私法案。对线上企业来说，它jars。)”以及下文“he Californian law copies some of the GDPR’s items. It gives consumers the right to know what online information is collected about them and how it is used, permits them to demand that their data be destroyed and to charge companies with releasing data(对线上企业而言，这项法规令人不适。这部加州法律借鉴了《通用数据保护条例》的部分条款。它赋予消费者知情权，可知晓平台收集了自身哪些线上信息、以及这些信息的用途；消费者有权要求删除自己的数据，也可就数据泄露起诉相关企业)”可知，这项新法案会给线上企业带来压力，让它们产生不好的感受，因此jars含义为“引起不快”。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It also stops short of demanding the appointment of corporate data-protection officers and assessments of projects’ data-protection risks.(它也没有要求企业任命数据保护官以及评估项目的数据保护风险。)”可知，CCPA不像GDPR，不要求企业指派数据保护官，这是二者的不同之处。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The CCPA adopts a broader definition of personal information (which extends to such things as internet cookies that identify users on websites) and it forbids discrimination (by offering discounts to those who grant firms access to their data).(CCPA对个人信息的定义范围更广，包括网站识别用户的网络cookie，并且它禁止歧视行为，即向允许企业获取自身数据的用户提供折扣。)”可知，向授权企业使用数据的用户提供折扣是CCPA所禁止的。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Big firms, which are already on the hook for GDPR, are expected to spend another $2m each. For the tech giants that looks like small change.(已经需要遵守GDPR的大企业预计每家还要再花费200万美元。对于科技巨头来说，这笔钱只是小钱。)”可知，这笔合规成本对大型企业微不足道，由此推断它们不会在意遵守CCPA的花费。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Spray bacteria may prevent its spread Desertification is a big problem for China. Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses — the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) — that binds the sand and soil to the ground. ____47____ Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert. Planting hardy grasses helps keep sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses. ____48____ She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (半干旱的) environment. Grown in nearby ponds, the cyanobacteria are trucked into the desert every few days and sprayed over the dunes, where they form sticky substances that hold soil particles in place and prevent them from being blown away. Cyanobacteria get their energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, and as part of the chemical reactions involved, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere and provide the organic matter the soil needs to be productive. Hu’s long-running trials show that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes. ____49____ The topsoil improved where the crust developed, helping plant growth. The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK. ____50____ Hu says the cyanobacteria are now being used to hold the verges of roads and railways in northern China as well as the margins of farmland. Her team plans to seed 133 square kilometres over the next five years. A. So Chunxiang Hu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan has developed an alternative approach. B. That might change soon, though. C. “Unless you do something to help, you’re probably talking centuries for it to recover naturally,” he says. D. If left unchecked, sands can slowly engulf roads and railways. E. On the sunny side, the crust was about half as thick. F. People have been trying to use bacteria in this way since the 1980s, says Matthew Bowker, a soil ecologist at Northern Arizona University. 【答案】47. D 48. A 49. E 50. C 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述中国科研人员胡春香研发出喷洒蓝细菌的固沙新方案，有助于改善土地荒漠化。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses — the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) — that binds the sand and soil to the ground. (牲畜过度放牧破坏大量地衣、藻类、苔藓构成的隐生物壳，而这层外壳可以把沙土土壤固定在地面)”和下文“Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert. (源自沙漠的沙尘暴能够毁坏农田甚至大城市)”可知，此处说明荒漠化不加管控带来的危害。D选项“If left unchecked, sands can slowly engulf roads and railways. (如果不加控制，沙土会慢慢吞噬公路和铁路)”承接上下文，阐述沙土肆虐带来的后果。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Planting hardy grasses helps keep sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses. (种植耐贫瘠草类有助于固沙，但风依旧可以吹走草丛之间的沙土颗粒)”可知传统种草固沙方法存在缺陷；下文“She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (半干旱的) environment. (她在已种植植被的沙丘表面喷洒一种可进行光合作用的蓝细菌混合物，这类蓝细菌可以在半干旱环境中良好生长)”引出新的解决办法以及研究者。A选项“So Chunxiang Hu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan has developed an alternative approach. (因此，武汉中科院水生生物研究所的胡春香研发出另一种替代办法)”起到承上启下的作用。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Hu’s long-running trials show that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes. (胡春香的长期试验表明，经过八年时间，经蓝细菌处理的沙丘，背阴面形成了厚度接近1厘米的生物壳)”可知，本空对应描述沙丘阳坡的生物壳厚度，形成对比。E选项“On the sunny side, the crust was about half as thick. (在向阳的一面，外壳厚度大约只有一半)”与上文的shady side形成对照。 【50题详解】 根据上文“The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK. (英国杜伦大学生态学家布莱恩·惠顿表示，如果想要半干旱地区在合理时间范围内实现恢复，该方法至关重要)”可知，空处进一步讲述专家话语。C选项““Unless you do something to help, you’re probably talking centuries for it to recover naturally,” he says. (他说：“除非你做点什么来帮助，否则你可能会说几个世纪后它才能自然恢复。”)”中he指代上文Brian Whitton，印证该技术的重要价值。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The Role of the Modern Zoo Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. Nowadays, however, zoos have a lot more to offer than perhaps some people realise. Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space. Indeed, scientists believe that a third of all animal and plant species on Earth risk extinction within this century. The modern zoo, therefore, has developed dramatically as a major force in conserving biodiversity, that is, the large variety of animal species worldwide. Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. Captive breeding is the process of breeding animals outside their natural environment in restricted conditions such as farms, zoos or other closed areas. It is a method used to increase the populations of endangered species, in order to prevent extinction. One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. Zoo staff are fully trained in this area, and manage the programmes carefully to ensure genetic variation. Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. These programmes release animals that have been in the zoo back into their natural living spaces. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. These zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. Visiting the zoo not only raises money for conserving projects, but also reminds individuals about environmental issues. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife. First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife. Secondly, they help animals back to their natural environment through reintroduction programmes. Lastly, they also help educate people about animals and the environment. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍现代动物园不再只用于娱乐，转而致力于生物多样性保护，借助多种项目保护濒危物种，同时开展公众环保教育。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Initially seen purely as centres of entertainment, zoos were often heavily criticised in society for keeping animals captive. ②Good zoos have changed their focus and are now responding to environmental problems, such as the decline in wildlife and loss of their living space ③Zoos linked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums participate in Species Survival Plan Programmes, which involve captive breeding, reintroduction programmes and public education to ensure the survival of many of the planet’s threatened and endangered species. ④One of the main challenges facing captive breeding programmes, however,is maintaining genetic diversity. ⑤Another way in which zoos protect endangered species is through reintroduction programmes. ⑥Finally, and perhaps most significantly, many zoos now concentrate on educating the public, particularly the younger generation. 2. 缜密构思 将①②点作为总起，点明现代动物园角色转变；将③④点整合为圈养繁育项目及其目标与难题对策；将⑤点单独说明野化放归项目；将⑥点总结动物园的科普教育作用。 3. 遣词造句 Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife. First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife. Secondly, they help animals back to their natural environment through reintroduction programmes. Lastly, they also help educate people about animals and the environment. 【点睛】[高分句型 1] Now zoos play more roles than just conserving wildlife.（使用比较级结构点明主题） [高分句型 2] First, thanks to fully trained staff, they use captive breeding, keeping animals outside their natural living space, to protect endangered animals and keep the variety of wildlife.（使用现在分词短语作状语） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 近三年来，我一直在练习潜水。(practise)(汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I have been practising diving in the past three years. 【解析】 【详解】句子强调动作从三年前开始一直持续到现在，并可能继续下去，用现在完成进行时，其结构为“have been + 现在分词”，表示“我”用I，作主语；表示“练习”用practise，主语I为第一人称，助动词用have，practise的现在分词为practising，即have been practising；此处用于practise doing sth.“练习做某事”结构；表示“潜水”用diving，作practise的宾语；表示“近三年来”用固定短语in the past three years，意为“在过去的三年里”，作时间状语，常与现在完成进行时连用。 53. 奇怪的是，照相机的备用电池找不到了。(nowhere) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Curiously, the spare battery of the camera is nowhere to be found. 【解析】 【详解】“奇怪的是”可译为副词curiously，置于句首作评注性状语；“照相机的备用电池”译为the spare battery of the camera；“找不到了”需用提示词nowhere，常用结构nowhere to be found，意为“到处都找不到、无处可寻”，其中to be found为不定式的被动式，因battery与find之间是被动关系；句子用主系表结构，“电池找不到”可理解为是当前状态，可用一般现在时态，be动词用is。 54. 作为对于这起食物中毒事件网络报道的回应，这家饭店发布了最新检验结果。(response) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In response to the online reports of this food poisoning incident, the restaurant released its latest test results. 【解析】 【详解】“作为对……的回应”可翻译为固定短语in response to；“……网络报道”可译为online reports of，“这起食物中毒事件”译为this food poisoning incident，作of的宾语；“这家饭店”译为the restaurant，作主语；“发布”可译为release，事情已发生，用一般过去时released；“最新检验结果”译为its latest test results。 55. 为了找到一间在自己预算范围的公寓，小王几乎走遍了这个街区所有的房产中介，但一无所获。(In order to) (汉译英) __________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】In order to find an apartment within his budget, Xiao Wang visited almost all the house agencies in the neighbourhood, but got none. 【解析】 【详解】“为了……”可翻译为in order to​ do sth.，后接动词原形find“找到”；“一间在自己预算范围的公寓”译为an apartment within his budget。“小王”译为Xiao Wang，作主语；“几乎走遍了这个街区所有的房产中介”可译为visited almost all the house agencies in the neighbourhood，visit为句子的谓语动词；“但一无所获”用并列连词but​连接，译为but got none；句子描述过去发生的事，句子用一般过去时态。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近看到学校英语报上正在开展主题为 “The books I have read” 的征文活动，你对此很感兴趣，有意撰文参加。写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 对你曾经读过的书进行分类； 2) 每一类的特点，并用具体实例进行说明。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 My Reading Universe Books are the stepping stones to human progress, and my reading journey can be broadly categorized into two main types: fictional classics and non-fiction literature. The first category is fictional classics, which are characterized by their profound philosophical insights and emotional resonance. Take The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry as a prime example. Although superficially a fairy tale, it profoundly explores universal truths about love, loneliness, and responsibility. The second category is non-fiction literature, particularly in the realms of history and science. These books are highly informative and highly logical. For instance, reading Sapiens enabled me to grasp the evolutionary trajectory of humanity and vastly expanded my cognitive boundaries. In conclusion, while fiction enriches my soul and empathy, non-fiction empowers me with rational thinking. Both types of books are indispensable treasures that continually shape my worldview. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以明启中学高三学生李明的身份，为学校英语报的征文活动写一篇题为“The books I have read”的短文，对读过的书籍进行分类并介绍每一类的特点，同时举出具体例子加以说明。 【详解】1.词汇积累 分类：categorize→classify 深刻的：profound→insightful 不可或缺的：indispensable→imperative 领会：grasp→comprehend 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：These books are highly informative and highly logical. 拓展句：These books, which are highly informative and highly logical, are worth reading. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The first category is fictional classics, which are characterized by their profound philosophical insights and emotional resonance. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。) 【高分句型2】Both types of books are indispensable treasures that continually shape my worldview. (运用了that引导的定语从句。) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $