精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科9月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科9月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mirror Neurons (神经元) Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s ___1___ we have mirror neurons in our brains. ___2___ (put) simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it, ___3___ we actually perform the same action or not. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes ___4___ (far): mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people. Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas ___5___ relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences ___6___ (listen) to (for example: “The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered (触发) as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball). Any problems with mirror neurons ___7___ well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it ___8___ (not know) exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders. Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with even more information ___9___ (concern) how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of ____10____ Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does — well, perhaps you’ll understand why. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. comparisons B. crucially C. cultivate D. descriptions E. extends F. findings G. frequently H. presented I. preserve J. supports K. useful Smells and Sensibility The human sense of smell is weak. And the relative weakness of smell compared with sight ____11____ to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to smells. Some researchers suggest it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words ____12____ to their speakers. A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden, ____13____ this. To test how important people's way of life is to their use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at how two groups of people used terms for colours and smells. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who ____14____ rice. And ____15____ although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name smells and colours ____16____ to them at random. The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for smells 86% of the time—about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour ____17____ at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing smells they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while turning to ____18____ such as "banana-like" and "chocolate-like", 56% of the time. Moreover, the Semaq Beri more ____19____ agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these ____20____, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is important to the use of abstract names for smells. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. While people who are both trustworthy and capable are the most sought after when it comes to team assembly, friendliness and trustworthiness are often more important factors than ability. “We assume that people are____21____for important task forces and teams because of the knowledge, skills and abilities they bring to the table. However, this research suggests that people may often get picked because team members feel____22____with them,” said Cynthia Maupin, assistant professor of organizational behavior and leadership in Binghamton University’s School of Management. “People may be willing to____23____a bit in terms of performance in order to have a really positive team experience.” Maupin and her colleagues focused on a group of MBA students to conduct their study. Students were____24____ assigned to teams at the beginning of the semester to work on class projects and assignments. Toward the end of the semester, students were asked to form their own teams and ____25____why they selected each member of their group. “We wanted to find out what people did to____26____ to others that they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future,” Maupin said. The researchers____27____looked at how students signaled their human capital, the ability to do their tasks well, and their social capital, the____28____to which they were friendly and trustworthy, to other students by studying their use of either challenging or supportive voice: ●Challenging voice: Communicating in a way that challenges the present circumstances and is ____29____new ideas and efficiency. ●Supportive voice: Communicating in a way that _____30_____ social ties and trust, and builds friendly unity of a team. The researchers found that people who_____31_____both abilities, through the use of challenging voice, and trustworthiness, through the use of supportive voice, were the most in-demand people when it came to_____32_____teams. “As might be expected, anyone who was very strong in terms of signaling both their human and social capital were extremely sought after. They’re doing all the right things to_____33_____that they’re both trustworthy and a good worker,” Maupin said. However, the researchers found that students who only exhibited social capital through_____34_____voice were more sought after than those who only signaled their ability through the use of challenging voice. “Our findings suggest that when people feel like they can trust you, even if you’re not_____35_____ the best worker, they’re going to be more likely to want to work with you,” Maupin said. “They know that there are likely to be fewer interpersonal issues in that case.” 21. A. qualified B. selected C. examined D. accounted 22. A. dissatisfied B. favourite C. permanent D. comfortable 23. A. sacrifice B. exchange C. prohibit D. contribute 24. A. deliberately B. originally C. randomly D. purposefully 25. A. bargain B. assess C. negotiate D. neglect 26. A. signal B. contribute C. devote D. manage 27. A. indefinitely B. frequently C. considerably D. specifically 28. A. occasion B. mission C. degree D. opinion 29. A. engaged in B. focused on C. gotten across D. taken off 30. A. adjusts B. decreases C. monitors D. strengthens 31. A. exhibited B. developed C. evaluated D. concealed 32. A. separating B. dominating C. assembling D. maintaining 33. A. establish B. resolve C. analyze D. estimate 34. A. challenging B. moderate C. healthful D. supportive 35. A. doubtfully B. necessarily C. questionably D. fortunately Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） The employees at Helwig Carbon Products in Milwaukee have their own company cafeteria on a site, a rarity it seems more and more these days. But if anyone wants to eat a doughnut (甜甜圈), it’s going to cost twice as much as what they might pay for the sweet at the local grocery store. That’s because Helwig Carbon Products has a wellness program, and it is one of many local companies trying to show employees how to eat healthier. “We’re really trying to persuade people to eat healthier,” said Cheryl Brah, human resources director at Helwig Carbon Products. “A piece of fruit is 25 cents; a doughnut is $1.50 — and we still have people who buy doughnuts. People complain — but we really try to put our efforts toward the middle-of-the-line people who might lean more toward the wellness side, eventually.” This effort isn’t just happening at Helwig Carbon. There has been a city-wide movement of 44 local companies who added or evolved their health and wellness programs to their company culture, and because of it Milwaukee is now nationally recognized for a large number of businesses with wellness programs. It all started several years ago, when a program called Well City Milwaukee teamed up with 44 local businesses that collectively represent a workforce of 130,000 employees. Well City Milwaukee provided healthy practices guidelines for businesses. In exchange, it surveyed the employees to find out what their health needs and risks were and what activities they found interesting. Well City then set a very high bar for companies to meet a lot of expectations to be considered a top wellness program. Companies needed a commitment from the CEO; to form a wellness team; to collect information from the employees in surveys and health assessments; to come up with an operating plan; to create a supportive environment; to self-evaluate their efforts; and finally, to choose their best approaches. That meant coming up with activities, better nutrition education, and motivational programs like getting people to quit smoking, getting people in for medical self-care and working on stress management. 36. What does the passage mainly want to tell us? A. Company cafeterias are rarer and rarer these days. B. A healthy diet is especially important to people’s health. C. Company culture is gaining priority in a company’s development. D. Companies are trying to help their employees think about their health. 37. The company cafeteria charges much more for doughnuts in order to ________. A. drive employees to the local grocery store B. show the rich ingredients of the doughnuts C. profit more from the wellness program D. discourage the purchase of unhealthy food 38. “The middle-of-the-line people” in Paragraph 2 refer to those who ________. A. are neutral about what to eat B. are used to cutting in line when buying food C. are addicted to sweet food D. are middle-aged and have health problems 39. According to Well City Milwaukee’s requirements, a top wellness program of a company should ________. A. motivate its employees to cooperate with each other B. diagnose and treat its employees’ diseases effectively C. initiate related activities based on their employees’ needs D. prohibit its CEO from putting any pressure on its employees （B） A decade ago, psychology acquired an uncomfortable reputation. A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones. The scandal gave the field a word — replication — and a crisis, and it changed what counts as a respectable result. The most visible response was procedural. Journals began to accept “registered reports”, in which a study is reviewed and accepted before the data are collected, so that the decision to publish no longer depends on what the study finds. Researchers were encouraged to post their materials, their data and their analysis plans in advance. None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real. A subtler change concerns what a single study is for. In its classical form, an experiment is a test: it is designed to decide whether a hypothesis survives. Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined. The difference sounds technical, but it alters what a researcher is entitled to claim. A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed. The change has been resisted, for an obvious reason. Measurement is unglamorous. It offers no headline, no eureka, and it requires a researcher to spend years on a question that will be settled by someone else’s arithmetic. It also, quietly, redistributes credit: the person who runs the twenty-fifth study of the same effect does work of genuine value, and nobody will ever name a prize after them. Whether the reforms have made psychology more truthful is not yet clear, and the honest answer is that they may have made it more modest instead. That is not a defeat. A field that reports its effect sizes with confidence intervals, and says plainly that it does not yet know, is harder to summarise and easier to trust. 40. What was the pattern in the failed replications mentioned in paragraph 1? A. They were carried out carelessly. B. The effects that could not be repeated were the notable ones. C. They involved experiments that had never been published. D. They failed mainly in fields outside psychology. 41. According to paragraph 2, what do registered reports and posted analysis plans achieve? A. They guarantee that a published result is correct. B. They make research cheaper to conduct. C. They remove the commonest routes to spurious findings. D. They increase the number of studies that are published. 42. What is the writer’s point about a “measurement” in paragraph 3? A. It replaces the need for hypotheses altogether. B. It makes a single study less conclusive on its own. C. It is technically harder than the classical experiment. D. It is only useful in the physical sciences. （C） No creature of the Far North is less beloved than the wolverine, which is best known for unpleasantness. It grows to about 30 pounds, and has claws and jaws (爪子和下颚) strong enough to tear apart a frozen moose (驼鹿). It will eat anything, including teeth. A wolverine will attack an animal ten times its size, chasing a moose or caribou for miles before bringing it down. Wolverines were once relatively common in the United States, but trapping and habitat loss have shrunk populations to just 300 or so animals, now mostly found in the Cascades and Northern Rockies. Arctic populations are thought to be healthier, but the animal’s furtive (鬼鬼祟祟的) nature and the vast area each one covers pose a challenge to scientists. “The effort you have to put into finding enough of them to make reasonable conclusions about the population is considerable,” says Tom Glass, a field biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, or WCS, which is conducting a comprehensive field study of Arctic wolverines. From low-flying airplanes over Alaska’s North Slope, the researchers have observed that wolverines live “pretty much everywhere,” says Martin Robards, of the WCS. Dozens of wolverines trapped on the tundra (冻原) by researchers and outfitted with satellite collars are revealing how the animals live. A typical day might include a 12-hour nap, followed by 12 hours of nearly nonstop running to find food, covering as many as 25 miles or more. Several females live within the territory of a single male, which polices a range of 800 square miles, two-thirds the size of Rhode Island. Glass, the WCS researcher, is particularly interested in how Arctic wolverines use snowpack for storing food, for shelter from predators and especially for raising their kids, which are born in snow dens (穴) in the early spring. The dens are tunnel systems of surprising complexity. They might reach ten or so feet and extend 200 feet along a snow-buried riverbank. Because snow dens appear crucial for ensuring the health of young wolverines, and thus future populations, the research has extra urgency. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, and the snowpack appears to be melting an average of one day earlier every other year. Meanwhile, the researchers are getting a new perspective on the unlovable beasts. Female wolverines, which birth a litter of kids every one to three years, live with their young for about a year. “We have pictures from reproductive dens of the mother with her kids,” Glass told me. “They are like a family scene from any species you can think of.” 43. What can be learned about wolverines from the passage? A. They spend most time of their life sleeping. B. Female ones are responsible for finding food. C. They can take down large animals despite their size. D. Male ones can share their territory with other males. 44. Tom Glass is quoted in paragraph 2 in order to show that A. WCS is going to put more efforts to study Arctic wolverines B. Arctic wolverines are known for their tough and fearless nature C. the population of Arctic wolverines are shrinking in the U.S.A. D. it’s hard to locate enough Arctic wolverines for the study 45. According to the passage, what is the challenge facing Arctic wolverines? A. The complexity of the tunnel systems. B. The negative impression people have of them. C. The effect of the climate change on the snowpack. D. The decline of the animal population they feed on. 46. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. There is more to wolverines than their reputation as unpleasant beasts. B. Wolverines’ reproductive cycle is slower than many other animals. C. Some wolverines are bigger than people generally think they are. D. Wolverines live best in areas with varying temperature in a day. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Bad Dreams Are Good. What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent research suggests that they may help us process intense emotions, or perhaps sort through and enhance memories, or make sense of random neuron (神经元) activity, or practise responding to threatening situations. Despite being largely supported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. ____47____ In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. ____48____ The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. Fears show up as well: being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If humans are sounder sleepers than animals, can we have evolved to practise our fears and anxieties in dreams, each a safe rehearsal for the real thing? ____49____ So the next time you dream about an education-related scenario in which you are both failing and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. ____50____ A. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. B. Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C. The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D. Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared emotions. E. Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F. But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Heavy Metal: Is It Bad for Your Mental Health? Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. Studies have suggested a link between listening to heavy metal and increased suicide risk or desensitisation (麻木不仁) to violence, but these have often failed to take account of outside factors, such as poor family relationships and feelings of isolation. Even though a 2018 study at Macquarie University in New South Wales found that music with violent themes does not make fans more violent, it might take some time for heavy metal’s image to change. The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. Fans’ sensitivity to violence was tested using a standard technique known as “binocular rivalry”. Test subjects are shown two different images at the same time, one to each eye. The brain, which is used to combining two similar images to produce one three-dimensional image, chooses one to perceive while the other is suppressed (压制). One of the images presented is violent in nature, while the other is neutral. Ordinarily, the brain prioritises the violent image, which helps it to identify and assess threats. The researchers asked both fans and non-fans to indicate when they perceived each image, and found that both groups showed the same tendency to process the violent image first. In fact, for fans of heavy metal, the music could be helpful, providing emotional release. In 2015, a study at the University of Queensland asked for participants who were fans of extreme music. They made them angry, then allowed them to listen to the music of their own choice and assessed how their emotional state had changed. The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 初春的清晨外出散步，特别惬意。(It) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 53. 年迈的父亲每天都在盼望着他能回来。(look forward) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 54. 冬季往往是流感肆虐的季节，我们更需要提高警惕，做好必要的预防措施。(when) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 55. 尽管多任务处理费时费力，但许多工人说他们经常被要求同时完成许多任务。(waste) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校计划将露天网球场改造为停车场，以满足学校教工停车的需求，但学校师生对这一计划褒贬不一。为了更好地帮助校方做出决策，学生会调研了师生对该网球场的使用情况，结果如下图所示。结合这一调研结果，写一封信给校方，内容须包括：1) 你是否赞同这一改造计划；2) 结合调研结果说明你的理由。 图表数据：Never 22%; Daily 26%; At least once a week 52% ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科9月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mirror Neurons (神经元) Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s ___1___ we have mirror neurons in our brains. ___2___ (put) simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate it, ___3___ we actually perform the same action or not. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes ___4___ (far): mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people. Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas ___5___ relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences ___6___ (listen) to (for example: “The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered (触发) as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball). Any problems with mirror neurons ___7___ well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it ___8___ (not know) exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders. Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with even more information ___9___ (concern) how humans behave and interact. Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent for neuroscience of ____10____ Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does — well, perhaps you’ll understand why. 【答案】1. because 2. Put 3. whether 4. further 5. which##that 6. to listen 7. may 8. is not known 9. concerning 10. what 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍大脑镜像神经元这一现象。 【1题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：好吧，很显然，这是因为我们大脑中存在镜像神经元。上文“Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself?”列举看见别人打哈欠自己也打哈欠、身处人群忍不住跟着笑的现象，本句用来解释该现象产生的缘由，because引导表语从句，说明原因。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：简单来说，镜像神经元的存在表明，每当我们看见别人做某件事，我们的大脑就会模仿这一行为，无论我们实际上是否做出相同的动作。put simply是固定评注性状语结构，意为“简单说来”，使用过去分词Put，放在句首，对下文内容进行概括说明。 【3题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：同上。结合下文“or not”可知，此处为whether…or not固定搭配，含义为“无论是否”，引导让步状语从句。 【4题详解】 考查副词比较级。句意：但是该观点意义更加深远：镜像神经元似乎不仅能解释肢体动作，还向我们说明我们理解他人的方式存在生物学基础。根据下文“mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people”可知，此处语义上存在递进，go further固定表达，意为“更进一步”。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：镜像神经元无疑遍布我们大脑各处，但尤其集中在和我们语言运用能力、理解他人感受能力相关的脑区。本空引导定语从句，先行词是areas，指事物，定语从句缺少主语，因此用关系代词which或that引导从句。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一组研究人员发现，如果他们让人们听一些句子（例如：“手抓住了球”），被触发的镜像神经元和实际做出该动作（本例中即实际抓住球）时是一样的。固定结构give sb. sth. to do，不定式to listen作后置定语，修饰前面名词sentences，表示将要做的动作，逻辑主语是人。 【7题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：镜像神经元一旦出现任何问题，很可能会引发行为方面的问题。may well为固定短语，意为“很可能”，用来表示推测，引出镜像神经元异常带来的潜在后果。 【8题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：然而，这些发现究竟如何帮助找到社交障碍的治疗方法尚不为人所知。it作形式主语，指代后面的从句；it与know构成被动关系，文章为客观科普，使用否定的一般现在时的被动语态is not known。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：有关镜像神经元的研究似乎为我们提供更多关于人类行为方式、交往方式的信息。concerning此处作介词，意思是“关于”，后跟宾语，介词短语用来修饰名词information。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：事实上，最终它对于神经科学的意义，或许就如同爱因斯坦的相对论对于物理学的意义。本句核心结构是A be the equivalent of B，意为“A相当于B”，of后为宾语从句，was后缺少表语，用what表达“……的事物/东西”。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. comparisons B. crucially C. cultivate D. descriptions E. extends F. findings G. frequently H. presented I. preserve J. supports K. useful Smells and Sensibility The human sense of smell is weak. And the relative weakness of smell compared with sight ____11____ to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to smells. Some researchers suggest it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words ____12____ to their speakers. A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden, ____13____ this. To test how important people's way of life is to their use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at how two groups of people used terms for colours and smells. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who ____14____ rice. And ____15____ although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name smells and colours ____16____ to them at random. The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for smells 86% of the time—about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour ____17____ at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing smells they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while turning to ____18____ such as "banana-like" and "chocolate-like", 56% of the time. Moreover, the Semaq Beri more ____19____ agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these ____20____, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is important to the use of abstract names for smells. 【答案】11. E 12. K 13. J 14. C 15. B 16. H 17. D 18. A 19. G 20. F 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了该研究对比两个雨林族群，发现狩猎采集者更常用抽象词描述气味，说明生活方式而非语言影响气味命名。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：并且嗅觉相较于视觉的这种相对弱势也延伸到语言层面。根据“the relative weakness of smell compared with sight”以及句意“延伸”可知应填动词extend，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为weakness，谓语用三单形式。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：一些研究者认为，这是语言倾向于包含对使用者有用的词汇所带来的结果。根据“it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words”以及句意“有用的”可知应填形容词useful，作定语修饰words。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：荷兰拉德堡德大学的Asifa Majid和瑞典隆德大学的Nicole Kruspe开展的一项研究支持这一观点。根据“A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden”以及句意“支持”可知应填动词support，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为study，谓语用三单形式。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：这两个族群分别是以狩猎采集为生的Semaq Beri人和种植水稻的Semelai人。根据宾语rice以及句意“种植，培育”可知应填动词cultivate，非限制性定语从句中谓语与先行词the Semelai保持一致，用原形。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：而至关重要的是，尽管这两个族群谋生方式不同，但他们的语言亲缘关系很近，并且都生活在雨林之中。根据下文“although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest”以及句意“至关重要地”可知应填副词crucially，作状语。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：Majid博士和Kruspe博士随机向20名Semaq Beri人和21名Semelai人展示气味和颜色，让他们命名。根据后文“to them at random”以及句意“展示”可知应填动词present，与smells and colours构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：Semelai人使用抽象的颜色描述的比例也相近，也就是78%。根据“abstract colour”以及句意“描述”可知应填复数名词descriptions，作宾语。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：但在描述气味时，他们仅在44%的场景下使用抽象表达，而56%的时候会借助对比，比如“像香蕉一样”“像巧克力一样”。根据后文“banana-like”、“chocolate-like”以及句意“对比，类比”可知应填复数名词comparisons。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：此外，Semaq Beri人在气味命名上相互达成一致的情况比Semelai人更频繁。根据后文“agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai”以及句意“频繁地”可知应填副词frequently，修饰动词。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：基于这些研究发现，两位博士提出：对气味抽象名称的使用起重要作用的是狩猎采集的生活方式，而不是某一种特定语言。根据上文实验数据以及句意“发现，研究结果”可知应填复数名词findings，作宾语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. While people who are both trustworthy and capable are the most sought after when it comes to team assembly, friendliness and trustworthiness are often more important factors than ability. “We assume that people are____21____for important task forces and teams because of the knowledge, skills and abilities they bring to the table. However, this research suggests that people may often get picked because team members feel____22____with them,” said Cynthia Maupin, assistant professor of organizational behavior and leadership in Binghamton University’s School of Management. “People may be willing to____23____a bit in terms of performance in order to have a really positive team experience.” Maupin and her colleagues focused on a group of MBA students to conduct their study. Students were____24____ assigned to teams at the beginning of the semester to work on class projects and assignments. Toward the end of the semester, students were asked to form their own teams and ____25____why they selected each member of their group. “We wanted to find out what people did to____26____ to others that they might be someone who would be good to team up with in the future,” Maupin said. The researchers____27____looked at how students signaled their human capital, the ability to do their tasks well, and their social capital, the____28____to which they were friendly and trustworthy, to other students by studying their use of either challenging or supportive voice: ●Challenging voice: Communicating in a way that challenges the present circumstances and is ____29____new ideas and efficiency. ●Supportive voice: Communicating in a way that _____30_____ social ties and trust, and builds friendly unity of a team. The researchers found that people who_____31_____both abilities, through the use of challenging voice, and trustworthiness, through the use of supportive voice, were the most in-demand people when it came to_____32_____teams. “As might be expected, anyone who was very strong in terms of signaling both their human and social capital were extremely sought after. They’re doing all the right things to_____33_____that they’re both trustworthy and a good worker,” Maupin said. However, the researchers found that students who only exhibited social capital through_____34_____voice were more sought after than those who only signaled their ability through the use of challenging voice. “Our findings suggest that when people feel like they can trust you, even if you’re not_____35_____ the best worker, they’re going to be more likely to want to work with you,” Maupin said. “They know that there are likely to be fewer interpersonal issues in that case.” 21. A. qualified B. selected C. examined D. accounted 22. A. dissatisfied B. favourite C. permanent D. comfortable 23. A. sacrifice B. exchange C. prohibit D. contribute 24. A. deliberately B. originally C. randomly D. purposefully 25. A. bargain B. assess C. negotiate D. neglect 26. A. signal B. contribute C. devote D. manage 27. A. indefinitely B. frequently C. considerably D. specifically 28. A. occasion B. mission C. degree D. opinion 29. A. engaged in B. focused on C. gotten across D. taken off 30. A. adjusts B. decreases C. monitors D. strengthens 31. A. exhibited B. developed C. evaluated D. concealed 32. A. separating B. dominating C. assembling D. maintaining 33. A. establish B. resolve C. analyze D. estimate 34. A. challenging B. moderate C. healthful D. supportive 35. A. doubtfully B. necessarily C. questionably D. fortunately 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是说明文。文章讲述研究表明在组建团队方面，友好和值得信赖往往是比能力更重要的因素，那些表现出可信赖的人，在组建团队时是最受欢迎的人，当人们觉得他们可以信任你时，即使你不一定是最好的员工，他们也会更愿意和你一起工作。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们认为人们被挑选到重要的特别工作组和团队是因为他们带来的知识、技能和能力。A. qualified取得资格；B. selected挑选；C. examined仔细检查；D. accounted 解释。根据下文“because of the knowledge, skills and abilities they bring to the table”可推断，人们因为他们的知识，技能和能力被挑选到重要的特别工作组和团队。故选B。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这项研究表明，人们可能经常被选中是因为团队成员觉得舒适。A. dissatisfied不满足的；B. favourite最喜欢的；C. permanent永久的；D. comfortable舒适的。根据上文“friendliness and trustworthiness are often more important factors than ability(友好性和可信度往往是比能力更重要的因素)”以及however表示与前文“because of the knowledge, skills and abilities they bring to the table”是转折关系可推断，此处表示人们经常被选中是因为他们让人们感觉舒适。故选D。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：人们可能愿意在表现方面牺牲一点，以获得一个真正积极的团队体验。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. exchange交换；C. prohibit禁止；D. contribute奉献。根据下文“in order to have a really positive team experience”可推断，为了有积极的团队体验，人们愿意做出一点牺牲。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在学期开始时，学生们被随机分配到不同的小组，进行课堂项目和作业。 A. deliberately有意地；从容地；B. originally起初；C. randomly随意地；随机地; D. purposefully有明确目标地。根据下文“Toward the end of the semester, students were asked to form their own teams”可推断，学生们是随机分组的。故选C。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在学期结束时，学生们被要求组成他们自己的团队并评估他们为什么选择小组中的每个成员。A. bargain交易；B. assess评估；C. negotiate协商；谈判；D. neglect 忽视。根据下文“why they selected each member of their group”可知，学生们要给出评价，给出为什么选择他们小组的成员的理由。故选B。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我们想要弄清楚，人们如何向他人示意，表明他们可能是未来适合合作的人，”莫平说。 A. signal发信号；示意；B. contribute 做贡献；C. devote 奉献；D. manage设法；管理。根据下文“how students signaled their human capital”可知，人们向他们示意，自己是未来适合合作的人。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过研究学生们使用挑战性或支持性的声音专门观察了学生如何向其他学生展示他们的人力资本、完成任务的能力，以及他们的社会资本、他们的友好和值得信任的程度 。A. indefinitely不明确地；B. frequently频繁地；C. considerably 相当；非常；D. specifically特意地；专门地。根据下文“looked at how students signaled their human capital, the ability to do their tasks well, and their social capital”可推断，这些是研究人员专门观察的事情。故选D。 【28题详解】 考查名词词词义辨析。句意同上。A. occasion机会；场合；B. mission职责；使命；C. degree程度；D. opinion意见。根据下文“by studying their use of either challenging or supportive voice(通过研究他们使用的具有挑战性或支持性的声音)”可推断，此处说的是他们所表现出来的对他人的友好和值得信任的程度。故选C。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：具有挑战的声音：以一种挑战当前环境的方式进行交流，集中在新的想法和效率上。 A. engaged in忙于；参与；B. focused on集中；C. gotten across被理解；D. taken off脱下。根据上文“challenges the present circumstances”可推断，挑战性声音挑战当前环境，集中在新的想法和效率上。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：支持性声音：以加强社会关系和信任的方式进行沟通，并发展团队的友好团结。 A. adjusts调整；适应；B. decreases减少；C. monitors监视；监控；D. strengthens加强；巩固。根据下文“and builds friendly unity of a team(发展团队的友好团结)”可推断，上下文是并列关系，因此推断此处说的是巩固社会关系和信任。故选D。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现，那些通过使用挑战的声音表现出两种能力的人，和通过使用支持的声音表现出可信赖的人，在组建团队时是最受欢迎的人。A. exhibited展览；展示；B. developed发展；C. evaluated 估计；D. concealed隐藏；隐瞒。根据下文“through the use of challenging voice”可知，通过具有挑战的声音人们展示出两种能力。故选A。 【32题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员发现，那些通过使用挑战的声音表现出两种能力的人，和通过使用支持的声音表现出可信赖的人，在组建团队时是最受欢迎的人。A. separating分开；B. dominating控制；C. assembling聚集；组装；D. maintaining维持；保持。根据第一段的“when it comes to team assembly”可知，此处说的是组建团队。故选C。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们做了所有正确的事情来证明他们是值得信赖的好员工。 A. establish建立，证明；B. resolve 决定；决心；C. analyze分析；D. estimate估计。根据上文“As might be expected, anyone who was very strong in terms of signaling both their human and social capital were extremely sought after.( 正如我们所预料的，那些善于表达自己的人力和社会资本的人都是最抢手的 )”可推知，他们做了正确的事情来证实自己是可信赖的好员工。故选A。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，研究人员发现，那些只通过支持的声音表现出社会资本的学生比那些通过挑战的声音表明自己能力的学生更受欢迎。 A. challenging有挑战性的；B. moderate适中的；C. healthful有益于健康的；D. supportive支持的。根据下文“than those who only signaled their ability through the use of challenging voice”可推断，此处与使用挑战性的声音的方式表明能力的学生进行比较，表示使用支持性的声音表现社会资本的学生。故选D。 【35题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究结果表明，当人们觉得他们可以信任你时，即使你不一定是最好的员工，他们也会更愿意和你一起工作。A. doubtfully怀疑地；含糊地；B. necessarily必要地；不可避免地；C. questionably可疑地；D. fortunately幸运地。根据上文“The researchers found …through the use of supportive voice, were the most in-demand people when it came to____12____teams.( 研究人员发现……通过使用支持的声音表现出可信赖的人，在组建团队时是最受欢迎的人)”可推断，研究发现当人们信任你时，即使你不是最好的员工，他们也愿意和你合作。not necessarily不一定；未必。故选B。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） The employees at Helwig Carbon Products in Milwaukee have their own company cafeteria on a site, a rarity it seems more and more these days. But if anyone wants to eat a doughnut (甜甜圈), it’s going to cost twice as much as what they might pay for the sweet at the local grocery store. That’s because Helwig Carbon Products has a wellness program, and it is one of many local companies trying to show employees how to eat healthier. “We’re really trying to persuade people to eat healthier,” said Cheryl Brah, human resources director at Helwig Carbon Products. “A piece of fruit is 25 cents; a doughnut is $1.50 — and we still have people who buy doughnuts. People complain — but we really try to put our efforts toward the middle-of-the-line people who might lean more toward the wellness side, eventually.” This effort isn’t just happening at Helwig Carbon. There has been a city-wide movement of 44 local companies who added or evolved their health and wellness programs to their company culture, and because of it Milwaukee is now nationally recognized for a large number of businesses with wellness programs. It all started several years ago, when a program called Well City Milwaukee teamed up with 44 local businesses that collectively represent a workforce of 130,000 employees. Well City Milwaukee provided healthy practices guidelines for businesses. In exchange, it surveyed the employees to find out what their health needs and risks were and what activities they found interesting. Well City then set a very high bar for companies to meet a lot of expectations to be considered a top wellness program. Companies needed a commitment from the CEO; to form a wellness team; to collect information from the employees in surveys and health assessments; to come up with an operating plan; to create a supportive environment; to self-evaluate their efforts; and finally, to choose their best approaches. That meant coming up with activities, better nutrition education, and motivational programs like getting people to quit smoking, getting people in for medical self-care and working on stress management. 36. What does the passage mainly want to tell us? A. Company cafeterias are rarer and rarer these days. B. A healthy diet is especially important to people’s health. C. Company culture is gaining priority in a company’s development. D. Companies are trying to help their employees think about their health. 37. The company cafeteria charges much more for doughnuts in order to ________. A. drive employees to the local grocery store B. show the rich ingredients of the doughnuts C. profit more from the wellness program D. discourage the purchase of unhealthy food 38. “The middle-of-the-line people” in Paragraph 2 refer to those who ________. A. are neutral about what to eat B. are used to cutting in line when buying food C. are addicted to sweet food D. are middle-aged and have health problems 39. According to Well City Milwaukee’s requirements, a top wellness program of a company should ________. A. motivate its employees to cooperate with each other B. diagnose and treat its employees’ diseases effectively C. initiate related activities based on their employees’ needs D. prohibit its CEO from putting any pressure on its employees 【答案】36. D 37. D 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【分析】密尔沃基市海尔威格碳制品公司现在有大量拥有健康项目，它是许多试图向员工展示如何吃得更健康的当地公司之一，得到了全国的认可。44家当地公司在全市范围内开展了一项运动，他们在公司文化中加入或发展了健康和健康项目，公司正试图帮助他们的员工考虑他们的健康。 【36题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“to form a wellness team; to collect information from the employees in surveys and health assessments; to come up with an operating plan; to create a supportive environment; to self-evaluate their efforts; and finally, to choose their best approaches.（组建健康团队;在调查和健康评估中收集员工的信息;想出一个操作计划;创造一个支持性的环境;自我评价自己的努力;最后，选择他们最好的方法。）”结合上文可知，本文主要是介绍了公司正努力帮助员工考虑他们的健康问题，所以D选项“Companies are trying to help their employees think about their health.（公司正试图帮助他们的员工考虑他们的健康。）为本文主要大意。故选D项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句“People complain — but we really try to put our efforts toward the middle-of-the-line people who might lean more toward the wellness side, eventually.（人们会抱怨，但我们真的试图把我们的努力放在对吃什么持中立态度的人身上，他们最终可能更倾向于健康的一方。）”可以推知，提高甜甜圈的定价，是为了让人们不去买不健康的食物，从而购买健康食品，D选项“discourage the purchase of unhealthy food（不鼓励购买不健康食品）”为正确意图。故选D项。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句该词后面的定语从句“who might lean more toward the wellness side, eventually.（他们最终可能更倾向于健康的一方）”可知，划线词是指面临选择的人，可选健康也可选不健康食物的中立态度者，所以A选项“are neutral about what to eat（对吃什么持中立态度）”为相近意思。故选A项。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后三句“Well City Milwaukee provided healthy practices guidelines for businesses. In exchange, it surveyed the employees to find out what their health needs and risks were and what activities they found interesting. Well City then set a very high bar for companies to meet a lot of expectations to be considered a top wellness program.（密尔沃基市为企业提供了健康的做法指导。作为交换，它调查了员工，了解他们的健康需求和风险，以及他们感兴趣的活动。嗯，Well City为公司设定了很高的标准，以满足很多人的期望，从而被认为是一个顶级的健康项目。）”可知，C选项“initiate related activities based on their employees’ needs（根据员工的需要发起相关的活动）”为顶级的健康项目标准。故选C项。 （B） A decade ago, psychology acquired an uncomfortable reputation. A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones. The scandal gave the field a word — replication — and a crisis, and it changed what counts as a respectable result. The most visible response was procedural. Journals began to accept “registered reports”, in which a study is reviewed and accepted before the data are collected, so that the decision to publish no longer depends on what the study finds. Researchers were encouraged to post their materials, their data and their analysis plans in advance. None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real. A subtler change concerns what a single study is for. In its classical form, an experiment is a test: it is designed to decide whether a hypothesis survives. Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined. The difference sounds technical, but it alters what a researcher is entitled to claim. A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed. The change has been resisted, for an obvious reason. Measurement is unglamorous. It offers no headline, no eureka, and it requires a researcher to spend years on a question that will be settled by someone else’s arithmetic. It also, quietly, redistributes credit: the person who runs the twenty-fifth study of the same effect does work of genuine value, and nobody will ever name a prize after them. Whether the reforms have made psychology more truthful is not yet clear, and the honest answer is that they may have made it more modest instead. That is not a defeat. A field that reports its effect sizes with confidence intervals, and says plainly that it does not yet know, is harder to summarise and easier to trust. 40. What was the pattern in the failed replications mentioned in paragraph 1? A. They were carried out carelessly. B. The effects that could not be repeated were the notable ones. C. They involved experiments that had never been published. D. They failed mainly in fields outside psychology. 41. According to paragraph 2, what do registered reports and posted analysis plans achieve? A. They guarantee that a published result is correct. B. They make research cheaper to conduct. C. They remove the commonest routes to spurious findings. D. They increase the number of studies that are published. 42. What is the writer’s point about a “measurement” in paragraph 3? A. It replaces the need for hypotheses altogether. B. It makes a single study less conclusive on its own. C. It is technically harder than the classical experiment. D. It is only useful in the physical sciences. 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了心理学界在可重复性危机后，通过注册报告、数据共享及将实验视为测量而非单纯检验等改革，使该领域变得更加谦逊和可信。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第一段中“A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones.(一系列重复著名实验的尝试失败了，而且这些失败并非随机的：消失的效应几乎无一例外都是那些有趣的效应)”可知，在失败的重复实验中，无法被重复的效应正是那些引人注目的效应。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real.(这些做法都不能使结果成为真实的。它们所做的是消除那些最明显的、偶然产生看似令人印象深刻实则并不真实的结果的途径)”可知，注册报告和分析计划公开等措施消除了产生虚假结果的最常见途径。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。​根据第三段中“Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined.(在新体制下，实验最好被理解为一种测量：它贡献一个数字，带有已知的误差范围，这个平均值只有在许多这样的数字组合在一起时才有意义)”以及“A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed.(一个单一令人惊讶的结果不再是一项发现；它是一个尚未被定位的数据点)”可知，将实验视为测量使得单个研究本身不再具有结论性。 （C） No creature of the Far North is less beloved than the wolverine, which is best known for unpleasantness. It grows to about 30 pounds, and has claws and jaws (爪子和下颚) strong enough to tear apart a frozen moose (驼鹿). It will eat anything, including teeth. A wolverine will attack an animal ten times its size, chasing a moose or caribou for miles before bringing it down. Wolverines were once relatively common in the United States, but trapping and habitat loss have shrunk populations to just 300 or so animals, now mostly found in the Cascades and Northern Rockies. Arctic populations are thought to be healthier, but the animal’s furtive (鬼鬼祟祟的) nature and the vast area each one covers pose a challenge to scientists. “The effort you have to put into finding enough of them to make reasonable conclusions about the population is considerable,” says Tom Glass, a field biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, or WCS, which is conducting a comprehensive field study of Arctic wolverines. From low-flying airplanes over Alaska’s North Slope, the researchers have observed that wolverines live “pretty much everywhere,” says Martin Robards, of the WCS. Dozens of wolverines trapped on the tundra (冻原) by researchers and outfitted with satellite collars are revealing how the animals live. A typical day might include a 12-hour nap, followed by 12 hours of nearly nonstop running to find food, covering as many as 25 miles or more. Several females live within the territory of a single male, which polices a range of 800 square miles, two-thirds the size of Rhode Island. Glass, the WCS researcher, is particularly interested in how Arctic wolverines use snowpack for storing food, for shelter from predators and especially for raising their kids, which are born in snow dens (穴) in the early spring. The dens are tunnel systems of surprising complexity. They might reach ten or so feet and extend 200 feet along a snow-buried riverbank. Because snow dens appear crucial for ensuring the health of young wolverines, and thus future populations, the research has extra urgency. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, and the snowpack appears to be melting an average of one day earlier every other year. Meanwhile, the researchers are getting a new perspective on the unlovable beasts. Female wolverines, which birth a litter of kids every one to three years, live with their young for about a year. “We have pictures from reproductive dens of the mother with her kids,” Glass told me. “They are like a family scene from any species you can think of.” 43. What can be learned about wolverines from the passage? A. They spend most time of their life sleeping. B. Female ones are responsible for finding food. C. They can take down large animals despite their size. D. Male ones can share their territory with other males. 44. Tom Glass is quoted in paragraph 2 in order to show that A. WCS is going to put more efforts to study Arctic wolverines B. Arctic wolverines are known for their tough and fearless nature C. the population of Arctic wolverines are shrinking in the U.S.A. D. it’s hard to locate enough Arctic wolverines for the study 45. According to the passage, what is the challenge facing Arctic wolverines? A. The complexity of the tunnel systems. B. The negative impression people have of them. C. The effect of the climate change on the snowpack. D. The decline of the animal population they feed on. 46. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. There is more to wolverines than their reputation as unpleasant beasts. B. Wolverines’ reproductive cycle is slower than many other animals. C. Some wolverines are bigger than people generally think they are. D. Wolverines live best in areas with varying temperature in a day. 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. C 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍狼獾凶悍的特性，其种群现状，科学家借助卫星项圈等手段研究北极狼獾。雪洞对幼崽至关重要，气候变暖威胁它们生存，研究还发现狼獾存在温情的亲子一面。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“No creature of the Far North is less beloved than the wolverine, which is best known for unpleasantness. It grows to about 30 pounds, and has claws and jaws (爪子和下颚) strong enough to tear apart a frozen moose (驼鹿). It will eat anything, including teeth. A wolverine will attack an animal ten times its size, chasing a moose or caribou for miles before bringing it down.(在遥远的北方，没有哪种动物比狼獾更不受喜爱，它以凶悍出名。它大约30磅重，爪子和下颚强壮到可以撕开冻住的驼鹿。它什么都吃，甚至牙齿。狼獾会攻击体型十倍于自己的动物，追逐驼鹿或驯鹿数英里，直到将其扑倒)”可知，尽管狼獾体型不大，却能够制服大型动物。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Arctic populations are thought to be healthier, but the animal’s furtive (鬼鬼祟祟的) nature and the vast area each one covers pose a challenge to scientists. “The effort you have to put into finding enough of them to make reasonable conclusions about the population is considerable,” says Tom Glass, a field biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, or WCS, which is conducting a comprehensive field study of Arctic wolverines.(北极地区的狼獾种群被认为状况更好，但这种动物行踪隐秘，且个体活动范围巨大，给科学家带来挑战。野生动物保护协会野外生物学家汤姆·格拉斯说：“要找到足够多的狼獾，从而对种群得出合理结论，需要付出巨大努力。”该协会正在开展北极狼獾综合野外研究)”可知，引用Tom Glass的话是为了说明很难找到足够多的北极狼獾用于研究。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Because snow dens appear crucial for ensuring the health of young wolverines, and thus future populations, the research has extra urgency. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, and the snowpack appears to be melting an average of one day earlier every other year.(雪洞对于保障幼狼獾存活、维系未来种群至关重要，因此这项研究十分紧迫。北极变暖速度是全球其他地区的两倍，积雪平均每两年提前一天融化)”可知，气候变化对积雪造成的影响是北极狼獾面临的威胁。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“No creature of the Far North is less beloved than the wolverine, which is best known for unpleasantness.(在遥远的北方，没有哪种动物比狼獾更不受喜爱，它以凶悍出名)”以及最后一段“Meanwhile, the researchers are getting a new perspective on the unlovable beasts. Female wolverines, which birth a litter of kids every one to three years, live with their young for about a year. “We have pictures from reproductive dens of the mother with her kids,” Glass told me. “They are like a family scene from any species you can think of.”(与此同时，研究人员对这种不讨喜的野兽有了新认识。雌性狼獾每一到三年产下一窝幼崽，和幼崽共同生活大约一年。格拉斯说：“我们拍到繁殖洞穴里母兽和幼崽的照片，就像你能想到的任何物种的家庭温情画面。”)”可知，狼獾除了凶悍的坏名声之外，还有不为人知的一面。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Bad Dreams Are Good. What are dreams for? There are a handful of theories. Sigmund Freud famously claimed that they reveal hidden truths and wishes. More recent research suggests that they may help us process intense emotions, or perhaps sort through and enhance memories, or make sense of random neuron (神经元) activity, or practise responding to threatening situations. Despite being largely supported by evidence, Freud’s view maintains a strong following around the world. Researchers found that students in the U.S., South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories. ____47____ In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack. ____48____ The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. Fears show up as well: being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.” If humans are sounder sleepers than animals, can we have evolved to practise our fears and anxieties in dreams, each a safe rehearsal for the real thing? ____49____ So the next time you dream about an education-related scenario in which you are both failing and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless. ____50____ A. Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass. B. Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams. C. The dreamiest member of the animal kingdom logs up to eight hours of REM sleep a day. D. Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared emotions. E. Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all. F. But those who reported dreams about the exam, even bad ones, did better on it than those who didn’t. 【答案】47. B 48. D 49. E 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍关于梦的几种理论，重点探讨噩梦的意义。 【47题详解】 前文“Researchers found that students in the U.S, South Korea, and India were much more likely to say that dreams reveal hidden truths than to support better-substantiated theories.(研究人员发现，美国、韩国和印度的学生更倾向于相信梦能揭示隐藏的真相，而非那些证据更充分的理论。)”点明大众普遍对梦境抱有较高的信任度，后文“In the same study, respondents said that dreaming about a plane crash would cause them more anxiety than an official warning about a terrorist attack.(在同一项研究中，受访者表示，梦到飞机失事给他们带来的焦虑，比官方发布的恐怖袭击警告还要强烈。)”进一步说明梦境对人们情绪的强烈影响，B项“Relatedly, people put great stock in their dreams.(与此相关的是，人们非常重视自己的梦境。)”承接前文大众对梦境的信任态度，引出后文梦境对情绪的强烈作用，符合语境。 【48题详解】 后文“The majority of dreams occur during REM sleep cycles, of which the average person has four or five a night. Anxiety is quite common: A study of Canadian university students found the most common dream topics to be school, falling, being chased, and arriving too late for something. Fears show up as well: being paralyzed (麻痹的) with fear, or “wild, violent beasts.”(大多数梦境都出现在快速眼动睡眠周期中，普通人每晚平均会经历四到五次快速眼动睡眠。焦虑类梦境十分常见：一项针对加拿大大学生的研究发现，最常出现的梦境主题是上学、坠落、被追赶、迟到。恐惧类梦境也很普遍：因恐惧浑身麻痹，或是梦到“野蛮凶猛的野兽”。)”整段都在介绍梦境中普遍存在的焦虑、恐惧类情绪，D项“Even if dreams can’t foretell the future, they seem to expose our shared emotions.(即使梦无法预知未来，它们似乎也能展现出我们共有的情绪。)”作为段首过渡句，承接前文人们对梦境的重视，引出后文各类共通的负面梦境情绪，符合语境。 【49题详解】 前文“If humans are sounder sleepers than animals, can we have evolved to practise our fears and anxieties in dreams, each a safe rehearsal for the real thing?(如果人类睡眠优于动物，我们是否进化出在梦里演练恐惧与焦虑的能力，把梦境当作现实危险的安全预演？)”提出梦具备进化层面演练恐惧功能的猜想，后文“So the next time you dream about an education-related scenario in which you are both failing and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless.(所以下次你梦到和学业相关、既失败又被追赶的场景，不必担心：它或许毫无意义。)”提出梦境可能完全没有意义的观点。E项“Others argue that dreams have no evolutionary function at all.(另一些人认为梦根本不具备进化功能。)”承接上文猜想，引出后文“梦境可能毫无意义”的观点，符合语境。 【50题详解】 前文“So the next time you dream about an education-related scenario in which you are both failing and being chased, don’t worry: It’s probably totally meaningless.(所以下次你梦到和学业相关、既失败又被追赶的场景，不必担心：它或许毫无意义。)”说明噩梦可能没有特殊含义，A项“Then again, your brain might be practicing so you’ll be ready if such an event ever comes to pass.(话说回来，你的大脑可能只是在进行演练，这样如果这类事件真的发生，你就能做好准备。)”用转折逻辑收尾全文，呼应文章标题“Bad Dreams Are Good”，点明噩梦的积极价值，符合语境。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Heavy Metal: Is It Bad for Your Mental Health? Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. Studies have suggested a link between listening to heavy metal and increased suicide risk or desensitisation (麻木不仁) to violence, but these have often failed to take account of outside factors, such as poor family relationships and feelings of isolation. Even though a 2018 study at Macquarie University in New South Wales found that music with violent themes does not make fans more violent, it might take some time for heavy metal’s image to change. The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. Fans’ sensitivity to violence was tested using a standard technique known as “binocular rivalry”. Test subjects are shown two different images at the same time, one to each eye. The brain, which is used to combining two similar images to produce one three-dimensional image, chooses one to perceive while the other is suppressed (压制). One of the images presented is violent in nature, while the other is neutral. Ordinarily, the brain prioritises the violent image, which helps it to identify and assess threats. The researchers asked both fans and non-fans to indicate when they perceived each image, and found that both groups showed the same tendency to process the violent image first. In fact, for fans of heavy metal, the music could be helpful, providing emotional release. In 2015, a study at the University of Queensland asked for participants who were fans of extreme music. They made them angry, then allowed them to listen to the music of their own choice and assessed how their emotional state had changed. The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 Historically, heavy metal has been blamed for increased suicide risk and desensitisation to violence. However, studies considering outside factors show this isn’t true. Macquarie University research revealed that fans process violent imagery just like non-fans. Furthermore, researchers at the University of Queensland found that it can serve as an emotional release, helping angry fans improve their mood and process anger. 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了重金属音乐常被认为危害心理健康，但研究表明它不会使人更暴力，还能帮助乐迷释放情绪、疏导愤怒。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. ②Studies have suggested a link between listening to heavy metal and increased suicide risk or desensitisation ( 麻木不仁) to violence, but these have often failed to take account of outside factors, such as poor family relationships and feelings of isolation. ③The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. ④In fact, for fans of heavy metal, the music could be helpful, providing emotional release. In 2015, a study at the University of Queensland asked for participants who were fans of extreme music. They made them angry, then allowed them to listen to the music of their own choice and assessed how their emotional state had changed. The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. 2.缜密构思将第1、2点整合为问题描述，第3要点分说，4要点分说。 3.遣词造句Historically, heavy metal music has often been blamed for being associated with an increased risk of suicide and a numb attitude towards violence. However, some studies that took external factors into account have shown that this claim is not valid. Additionally, researchers from the University of Queensland discovered that this can serve as an emotional release mechanism, helping angry music fans improve their mood and better handle their anger. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Macquarie University research revealed that fans process violent imagery just like non-fans.（运用了that引导的宾语从句） [高分句型2] Furthermore, researchers at the University of Queensland found that it can serve as an emotional release, helping angry fans improve their mood and process anger.（运用了that引导的宾语从句以及现在分词作状语） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 初春的清晨外出散步，特别惬意。(It) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 【答案】It is very pleasant to take a walk on an early spring morning. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意，该句描述的是客观感受或普遍情况，全句使用一般现在时；表示“特别惬意”为主句的表语部分，使用句式It is very pleasant，其中it为形式主语，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“外出散步”为真正的主语，使用动词不定式to take a walk；表示“在初春的清晨”为时间状语，使用介词短语on an early spring morning。 53. 年迈的父亲每天都在盼望着他能回来。(look forward) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 【答案】His elderly father is looking forward to his return every day. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“年迈的”应用elderly，作定语；表示“父亲”应用 father，作主语；表示“盼望”应用is looking forward to，作谓语，现在进行时表达持续的期待；表示“他回来”应用his return，作介词to的宾语；表示“每天”应用every day，作时间状语。 54. 冬季往往是流感肆虐的季节，我们更需要提高警惕，做好必要的预防措施。(when) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 【答案】Winter is often the season when flu rages, so we need to be more alert and take necessary preventive measures. 【解析】 【详解】句子描述普遍存在的客观事实，用一般现在时。表示“冬季”为名词Winter；表示“是”为系动词is；表示“季节”为名词the season；“流感肆虐的季节”中先行词the season，需用提示词when引导定语从句修饰season，在从句中作时间状语，“流感肆虐”表达为flu rages；后接连词so表示“所以”连接前后两个句子，表示“需要提高警惕”应为动词短语need to be more alert；表示“做好必要的预防措施”应为动词短语take necessary preventive measures；用and连接前后两个动词。 55. 尽管多任务处理费时费力，但许多工人说他们经常被要求同时完成许多任务。(waste) (汉译英) ________________________________________________ 【答案】Although multitasking wastes time and energy, many workers say they are often required to work on several tasks at the same time. 【解析】 【详解】本句描述当下普遍的职场客观现象，整体用一般现在时；Although表示“尽管”引导的让步状语从句中，表示“多任务”为名词multitasking；表示“费时费力”应为动词短语waste time and energy，主语为单数，谓语动词用wastes；主句中，表示“许多工人”应为名词短语many workers；表示“说”为动词say；后接省略从属连词that引导的宾语从句，在从句中，工人是“被要求完成任务”的承受者，和“要求”是动宾关系，因此用一般现在时的被动语态are required。表示“他们经常被要求完成许多任务”可译为they are often required to work on several tasks；表示“同时”应为固定短语at the same time； V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校计划将露天网球场改造为停车场，以满足学校教工停车的需求，但学校师生对这一计划褒贬不一。为了更好地帮助校方做出决策，学生会调研了师生对该网球场的使用情况，结果如下图所示。结合这一调研结果，写一封信给校方，内容须包括：1) 你是否赞同这一改造计划；2) 结合调研结果说明你的理由。 图表数据：Never 22%; Daily 26%; At least once a week 52% ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear School Administration, I am writing to express my firm opposition to the proposal of converting the open-air tennis courts into a parking lot. According to the survey conducted by the Student Union, 78% of students use the tennis courts regularly. Specifically, 52% use them at least once a week, and 26% utilize them daily. This data clearly demonstrates that the courts are an integral and highly valued part of our campus life. Only 22% of respondents stated that they never use the facilities. Even so, eliminating such a crucial sports venue would undoubtedly undermine the overall health and vitality of the student body. Physical fitness is essential for academic success, and we should not sacrifice it for a parking lot. Therefore, I strongly urge the school to seek alternative locations for the parking lot. Preserving our sports facilities is paramount for maintaining a dynamic and healthy campus environment. Yours, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以高三学生李明的身份，就学校计划将露天网球场改造为停车场一事给校方写一封信，表达自己的观点并结合调研数据说明理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 改造：convert → transform 定期地：regularly → on a regular basis 重要的：integral → vital 替代的： alternative → optional 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Even so, eliminating such a crucial sports venue would undoubtedly undermine the overall health and vitality of the student body. 拓展句：If such a crucial sports venue were eliminated, it would undoubtedly damage the overall health and vitality of the student body. 【点睛】【高分句型1】According to the survey conducted by the Student Union, 78% of students use the tennis courts regularly.(运用了过去分词短语作后置定语) 【高分句型2】 This data clearly demonstrates that the courts are an integral and highly valued part of our campus life.(运用了that连接的宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $