精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第一学期高二年级英语学科1月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Rising To the Challenge Cyclists must dig deep to complete what’s been called the toughest climb in the world. They race up to Wuling Peak to the finish line in the King of the Mountain (KOM) Challenge. Every October some of the world’s best cyclists battle ____1____the title. Starting at sea level, the route climbs to a height of 3, 275 meters at the end, covering 105 kilometers. Ever since I started cycling seven years ago, completing the KOM climb ____2____ (be) a goal of mine. Every year I thought that I needed to prepare for it and used that as my excuse. But ____3____ (look) back, I realize I would have been fine. Cycling uphill was no problem for me then- it was thrilling. Now it’s exhausting. Last summer I finally decided to take on Wuling with some friends. Our 89-kilometer route started at the base of the mountain and was a little shorter than the official KOM race. But it’s the final 10 kilometers ____4____are the most demanding: This is the steepest part, ____5____makes the climb so hard. We began early in the morning as a group of 17 riders. But only three of us would make it to the top. A support car was necessary, especially on a ride like this, ____6____ (help) keep us energetic. The first part of the ride went through Taroko Valley, a magnificent park. I’ve hiked there, ____7____I’ve always wanted to bike it. I saw dramatic rocky outcrops, canyons, waterfalls and forests as I zipped through the valley and up the mountain road. Even though it was August, the weather was perfect. Unfortunately, the support car that carried our lunch ____8____ (delay). By the time it arrived, I was starving. Being consumed of energy even for that short time affected the rest of my ride. When the hard last 10 kilometers arrived, I really struggled to complete them. At one point I ____9____ see how close the top of the peak was, but it still felt so far away. Fortunately, determination carried me to the finish. ____10____ (exhaust), I conquered Wuling! What a tremendous feeling! 【答案】1. for 2. has been 3. looking 4. that 5. which 6. to help 7. but 8. was delayed 9. could 10. Exhausted 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者以“迎接挑战”这个标题开始，描述了他骑自行车完成KOM挑战赛，并征服武陵的难忘的经历。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：每年10月，一些世界上最好的自行车选手都会争夺冠军。根据句意，本句用的是battle for（为…而战） 这个短语。选手是为冠军称号而战的。故填for。 【2题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：自从七年前我开始骑自行车以来，完成KOM攀登一直是我的目标。根据Ever since可知，主句是现在完成时态。结合本句句意，空处需填have/has been。又根据本句主语是completing the KOM climb，动名词做主语看成单数。故填has been。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：但是回想起来，我意识到我本来会很好的。分析句子，主语是I，此空处的look是状语，二者构成主动关系，应用现在分词作状语，表主动。故填looking。 【4题详解】 考查强调句。句意：但正是这最后的10公里是最难的。分析句子成分可知，本句是强调句式It is/was +被强调部分+that+其他部分。强调句的关键是把 It is 和that去掉以后句子是完整的，这个符合强调句式的结构，此处强调the final 10 kilometers，应用that。故填that。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：这是最陡的部分，这使得攀登如此困难。分析句子可知，本句是主从句结构，后面的从句修饰，引导词指物做宾语，另外本句属于非限制性定语从句，不能用that。故填which。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一辆辅助车是必要的，尤其是在这样的骑行中，以帮助我们保持活力。分析句子结构，中间部分是插入语，两边组成一个完整句子。本句中前面是主语+be动词的结构，后面动词不定式，作目的状语。故填to help。 【7题详解】 考查连词。句意：我曾在那里徒步旅行，但我一直想骑自行车。分析句子结构，逗号隔开了两个完整的句子。因此空处用连词，又因前后是转折关系，所以but符合题意。故填but。 【8题详解】 考查动词时态语态。句意：不幸的是，运送我们午餐的支援车被耽搁了。分析句子，本句中的主语是the support car，后面的that引导的是定语从句修饰这个词。设空处是句子的谓语部分，结合语境，这个事发生在过去了，故用一般过去时。另外，the support car和动词delay构成被动关系，因此此空用一般过去时的被动语态，was/were +done。另外，主语是单数。故填was delayed。 【9题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：在某一点上，我可以看到山顶有多近，但它仍然感觉很遥远。分析句子，设空前的“I”是句子主语，空后是动词原形see。在主语和动词原形之间只能考虑情态动词了，再结合句意，作者是说他能看到山顶，再结合全文的一般过去时。故填could。 【10题详解】 考查形容词。句意：筋疲力尽，我征服了武陵！分析句子可知，本句是主谓宾的结构，主语是I，谓语是conquered，宾语是Wuling，此空出现在句首，和主句逗号隔开，且没有连词，设空处是形容词作状语，修饰主语“我”。exhausted 表示筋疲力尽的，一般修饰人，符合题意。故填Exhausted。 Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. awarded B. contemporary C. demand D. emitted E. explore F. exposure G. inevitable H. protective I. tragic J. undertake K. unmatched Praise for Pioneers in Science In memory of Marie Curie on her birthday on Saturday, the official website of the Nobel Prize posted a photograph of her notebook saying, “Marie Curie died of aplastic anaemia (再生障碍性贫血) on 4 July 1934, a result of years of ___11___ to radiation through her work. Even today her laboratory notebook from 1899-1902, is radioactive and will be for 1,500 years.” The tales of Marie and other scientists of her time are in some sense very ___12___. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a professor of physics at the Wuerzburg University in Germany, discovered X-ray in 1895. A year later, Antoine Henri Becquerel found that some natural substances ___13___ rays, too. Later, Marie and her physicist husband, Pierre Curie, gave it a name, radioactivity. However, the harmful effects of radioactivity were not discovered until decades later. Marie and her ___14___ scientists dealt with radioactive substances for decades using little or no protection. Marie’s death is a reminder about the risks pioneers in science ___15___. It was only after people handling radioactive substances began to get similar diseases that medical experts asked people to use protection. Today, medical health workers and patients wear heavy ___16___ covers during X-rays. It is almost ___17___ that those exploring new frontiers (前沿) for science are exposing themselves to unknown dangers. There is a(n) ___18___ for better protection for the pioneers, but that is not possible until the dangers are fully known. For example, the space suits astronauts wear protect them against radiation. However, only time will tell if there are some other unknown dangers that they need to protect themselves against. The contributions and sacrifices by such pioneers to the field of science are ___19___ and deserving of our respect. Because the pioneers not only ____20____ new frontiers, but also help us better protect ourselves from unknown environments. 【答案】11. F 12. I 13. D 14. B 15. J 16. H 17. G 18. C 19. K 20. E 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章开头提出了居里夫人的死亡原因“再生性障碍贫血”其实是由于她多年工作中暴露于辐射的结果，以此为导入，介绍了那些探索科学新领域的人将自己暴露在未知的危险之中几乎是不可避免的。科研人员虽然穿着防护服，但还是存在未知的风险，从而提出这些先驱者对科学领域的做出的自我牺牲和贡献是无与伦比的，表达了对于他们的敬意。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：玛丽·居里于1934年7月4日死于再生障碍性贫血，这是她多年工作中暴露于辐射的结果。分析可知，设空处应是名词，与空后介词“to”结合构成固定短语，且后文“radiation”意为“辐射”，由此推知，应是F项“exposure”，名词，意为“面临；遭受（危险或不快）”，可构成固定短语“exposure to sth”，意为“暴露；受到”，符合语意要求。故选F项。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：居里夫人和她那个时代的其他科学家的故事在某种意义上是非常悲惨的。空前“are”为系动词，所填空应是形容词。根据前文“Even today her laboratory notebook from 1899-1902, is radioactive and will be for 1,500 years.(即使在今天，她从1899年到1902年的实验室笔记仍然是放射性的，而且将在1500年里都是放射性的。)”语境可知，设空处应是消极意义的形容词。选项I“tragic”，形容词，意为“悲惨的；不幸的”，符合语境和语意要求。故选I项。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：一年后，安托万·亨利·贝克勒尔发现一些天然物质也会发出射线。分析可知，设空处应是从句的谓语动词，从句主语“some natural substances”意为“一些天然物质”，宾语“rays”意为“射线”，由此可推知，所选动词应表达“释放”含义。选项D“emitted”，动词，意为“排放；发散”，符合语境和语意要求。故选D项。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：居里夫人和她同时代的科学家几十年来一直在使用很少或根本没有保护的方法处理放射性物质。分析可知，设空处应是形容词作定语修饰空后名词“scientists(科学家)”，与“Marie”并列，且与前文“other scientists of her time(她那个时代的其他科学家)”相呼应，应是指和她同时代的科学家们。选项B“contemporary”，形容词，意为“同时期的”，符合语境和语意要求。故选B项。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：居里夫人的死提醒我们科学先驱们所承担的风险。分析可知，“pioneers in science___5__”为之前名词“the risks”的定语从句，从句主语为“pioneers”，“in science”为其后置定语，先行词“the risks”为宾语，因此设空处为谓语动词，所选应是动词，结合先行词，即，其宾语“the risks”为“风险”含义，应是J项“undertake”，动词，意为“承担”，“undertake the risks”意为“承担风险”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选J项。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：今天，医疗卫生工作者和患者在接受X光检查时戴上厚厚的防护罩。分析可知，空后“covers”为名词，意为“覆盖物；外衣”，因此可推知设空处应是形容词作定语。结合“medical experts asked people to use protection(医学专家要求人们采取保护措施)”可知，这里应是指“防护罩”。选项H“protective”，形容词，意为“保护的；防护的”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选H项。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：那些探索科学新领域的人将自己暴露在未知的危险之中几乎是不可避免的。分析可知，空前“is”为系动词，设空处应是形容词作表语。根据后文主语从句“that those exploring new frontiers for science are exposing themselves to unknown dangers(那些探索科学新领域的人正把自己暴露在未知的危险之中)”语境可知，这种情况是无法避免的。选项G“inevitable”，形容词，意为“不可避免的；不能防止的”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选G项。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：有人要求为先驱者提供更好的保护，但在完全了解危险之前，这是不可能的。分析可知，空前“a(n)”为不定冠词，设空处应是名词，与空后“for”搭配。结合前文“It is almost ___7__ that those exploring new frontiers for science are exposing themselves to unknown dangers.(那些探索科学新领域的人正把自己暴露在未知的危险之中是不可避免的。)”可知，对于这些人来说，在科研过程中，需要有更好的保护。C项“demand”，名词，意为“要求；需求”，可构成固定短语“a demand for sth”，意为“对……的一个需求”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选C项。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这些先驱者对科学领域的贡献和牺牲是无与伦比的，值得我们尊敬。分析可知，空前“are”为系动词，设空处应是形容词作表语。根据前文“For example, the space suits astronauts wear protect them against radiation. However, only time will tell if there are some other unknown dangers that they need to protect themselves against.(例如，宇航员穿的宇航服可以保护他们免受辐射。然而，只有时间才能证明是否还有其他未知的危险需要他们保护自己。)”可知，虽然穿着防护服，但还是存在未知的风险，他们在科学领域不仅做出了贡献也做出了牺牲，由此可知，这些都是无与伦比的。选项K“unmatched”，形容词，意为“无与伦比的”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选K项。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：因为科研先驱们不仅探索新的领域，而且帮助我们更好地保护自己不受未知环境的影响。分析可知，设空处为句子的谓语动词，应是动词。结合主语“the pioneers”意为“先驱；先锋”，宾语“new frontiers”意为“新领域”，由此可推知，谓语动词应表达“探索”含义。选项E“explore”，动词，意为“探索”，符合语境和语意搭配。故选E项。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Cost of Being Certain Certainty is comfortable. It saves us the trouble of thinking again, and it makes us feel that we know where we stand — a feeling that is ____21____ in itself. That is precisely why it is dangerous. We pay a ____22____ price for that comfort. When a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world, we stop____23____ it, and the machinery that was supposed to keep us honest quietly shuts down. Psychologists describe the problem in terms of identity. A fact is something you can be ____24____; an identity is something you must defend. The moment a claim about the world is welded to a claim about ourselves, evidence that contradicts it stops functioning as evidence and starts functioning as an attack. This is why ____25____ data so often strengthens the belief it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in. The mechanism is not confined to politics. It shows up in medicine, where a ____26____ held diagnosis resists contrary test results; in business, where a leader’s commitment to a failing strategy grows with the money already spent; and in ordinary family life, where the argument that has been running for ten years is no longer about the original question at all. What such disputes share is not stubbornness but a ____27____ of interest. There is also a social ____28____. Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections, so the most confident voice in the room tends to be the one that has been least tested. The result is a body of shared certainty that has never been exposed to the outside. What can be done is less dramatic than it sounds. The most ____29____ remedy is vocabulary: describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter. A second is to ____30____ the practice of stating, in advance, what would change your mind; a prediction that cannot be falsified is not a prediction but a slogan. A third is to notice the emotion. Certainty rarely arrives alone; it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned, and that irritation is the ____31____ that something has been welded to your sense of self. None of this argues for a life of ____32____. Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination, and the person who can never commit to anything is as badly served as the one who commits ____33____. Nor is the middle course easy to hold: the appetite for certainty is ____34____, and it reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened. The aim is simply to keep the door to revision ____35____, and to treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck rather than a humiliation. That is the only way harder than it sounds, and it is, after all, the only way to learn anything at all. 21. A. testing B. keeping C. gaining D. enjoying 22. A. small B. fair C. hidden D. heavy 23. A. testing B. defending C. sharing D. recording 24. A. convinced B. wrong about C. indifferent to D. surprised at 25. A. confirming B. statistical C. contradictory D. private 26. A. reluctantly B. firmly C. hastily D. quietly 27. A. lack B. excess C. conflict D. transfer 28. A. contract B. currency C. sanction D. dimension 29. A. expensive B. ordinary C. technical D. modest 30. A. abandon B. adopt C. ridicule D. conceal 31. A. reward B. cure C. symptom D. excuse 32. A. uncertainty B. discipline C. enquiry D. compromise 33. A. reluctantly B. wisely C. constantly D. prematurely 34. A. temporary B. rational C. powerful D. harmless 35. A. closed B. locked C. ajar D. guarded 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了确定性带来的心理与社会代价，指出信念与身份绑定会阻碍纠错，并提出了保持开放心态、持续修正观点的方法。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：它省去了我们再次思考的麻烦，它让我们觉得我们知道自己的立场——这种感觉本身就很经得起检验。A. testing测试；B. keeping保持；C. gaining获得；D. enjoying享受，喜爱。根据前文“and it makes us feel that we know where we stand”可知，确定感让人觉得自己的立场稳固、正确，这种感觉本身就经得起验证。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：我们为这种舒适付出了沉重的代价。A. small小的；B. fair公平的；C. hidden隐藏的；D. heavy沉重的。根据前文“That is precisely why it is dangerous.”可知，当信念成为身份的一部分，我们停止检验它，纠错机制关闭。这种代价是严重的、影响深远的。 【23题详解】 考查动词。​句意：当一个信念成为自我身份的一部分，而非对世界的试探性猜想时，我们就不再去验证它，原本让我们保持客观的机制也会悄然停止运转。A. testing检验，测试；B. defending辩护；C. sharing分享；D. recording记录。根据前文“a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world”可知，当信念成为身份一部分时，我们不再去检验它。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：事实是你可能错了的东西；身份是你必须捍卫的东西。A. convinced确信的；B. wrong about对……错误的；C. indifferent to对……漠不关心的；D. surprised at对……惊讶的。根据后文“an identity is something you must defend”的对比可知，事实是可能被证明错误的。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：这就是为什么矛盾的数据常常强化它本打算纠正的信念：感觉受到攻击的人会更加固执。A. confirming确认的；B. statistical统计的；C. contradictory矛盾的；D. private私人的。根据后文“it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in”可知，人感受到攻击后会更加固守原有立场，这里的数据源自然是和原有信念冲突的矛盾数据。 【26题详解】 考查副词。​句意：它出现在医学中，一个被坚定坚持的诊断抗拒相反的检测结果。A. reluctantly不情愿地；B. firmly坚定地；C. hastily仓促地；D. quietly安静地。根据后文“resists contrary test results”可知，诊断被坚定地持有才会抗拒相反证据。 【27题详解】 考查名词。​句意：这些争论共有的不是固执，而是利益冲突。A. lack缺乏；B. excess过度；C. conflict冲突；D. transfer转移。根据前文例子家庭争论不再关于原问题可知，争论变成了维护自身立场的冲突。 【28题详解】 考查名词。​句意：还有一个社会认可。A. contract合同；B. currency货币；C. sanction认可、支持；D. dimension维度。根据后文“Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections”可知，群体奖励附和、贬抑异议者，这是一种社会性的“认可”。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：最朴素的补救方法是词汇上的：将一种观点描述为“我目前的最佳猜测”而不是“我所相信的”会留下一个空白，新的证据可以通过这个空白进入。A. expensive昂贵的；B. ordinary普通的；C. technical技术的；D. modest不张扬的。根据后文“describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter”可知，下文给的“药方”只是改变措辞，故是最“不起眼”的补救。 【30题详解】 考查动词。​句意：第二个是采用提前陈述什么会改变你想法的方法；不能证伪的预言不是预言，而是口号。A. abandon放弃；B. adopt采用；C. ridicule嘲笑；D. conceal隐藏。根据后文“stating, in advance, what would change your mind”可知，这是要采用这种做法。 【31题详解】 考查名词。​句意：确定性很少单独到来；当被质疑时，它会伴随着恼怒而来，而恼怒是某种东西已经焊接到你的自我意识上的征兆。A. reward奖励；B. cure治愈；C. symptom症状，征兆；D. excuse借口。根据前文“it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned”可知，这种被质疑就烦躁的情绪，是“把观点和自我深度绑定”的外在征兆。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些都不主张过一种不确定的生活。A. uncertainty不确定；B. discipline纪律；C. enquiry询问；D. compromise妥协。根据后文“Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination”可知，前文一直在批判盲目笃定的危害，但这里明确说明，这不代表要走向另一个极端，永远处在不确定的状态中。 【33题详解】 考查副词。​句意：暂停判断是一种技巧，而不是目的地，永远无法承诺任何事情的人和过早承诺的人一样糟糕。A. reluctantly不情愿地；B. wisely明智地；C. constantly不断地；D. prematurely过早地。根据前文“the person who can never commit to anything”可知，此处与从不承诺相对的是“过早”承诺。 【34题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：中间路线也不容易坚持：对确定性的渴望是强大的，每当我们感到疲倦或害怕时，它就会重新出现。A. temporary暂时的；B. rational理性的；C. powerful强大的；D. harmless无害的。根据后文“reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened”可知，这种渴望会反复冒出来，说明它的内在驱动力十分强劲。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：其目的只是让修正认知的大门敞开，并将被证明是错误的视为一种好运，而不是一种耻辱。A. closed关闭的；B. locked锁住的；C. ajar虚掩的，微开的；D. guarded守卫着的。根据后文“treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck”可知，此处指永远不要彻底封死自己接受新证据、修正旧认知的通道，让这扇门保持开着的状态。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Like expensive watches that never break, the world’s best airports can be boring. You land, move through passport control and check into a hotel within minutes. The experience is pleasant, but not memorable. The worst airports have more characters. To adapt Tolstoy, lovely airports are all alike, but every wretched airport is wretched in its own way. To work out which is the world’s worst airport, we conducted a survey of our correspondents who travelled a lot. It attracted more, and more passionate, responses than nearly any other internal survey we have done. Although each awful airport is unique, four themes occur again and again: danger, bullying by officials, theft and delay. Sometimes, all these enhance each other. For example, it takes ages to get through Lubumbashi airport (in the Democratic Republic of Congo) because security officials slow things down in the hope that passengers will give them “un Cadeau” to hurry up. If you hand over $1, they let you board without your bags getting checked at all. Such deals make air travel in places like Congo slower, riskier, costlier and much more unpleasant. Air travellers make tempting targets for thieves. They are rich enough to afford an air ticket, which in many places makes them rich indeed. They carry luggage, some of it valuable. They are often far from home and unfamiliar with local rules. And airports are full of choke points through which travellers must pass if they are to board their planes, creating opportunities for dishonest officials to charge them. The ones in Manila are especially creative. Some have been known to plant bullets in luggage so they can “find” them and demand money not to have the owners arrested. Rules change at borders, and some airport officials enforce them mindlessly. One correspondent recalls that in Santiago, Chile: “I once got detained for two hours for failing to declare an unopened, sealed bag of almonds. I then had to write a declaration expressing my regret for bringing the nuts. When I failed to do so without cracking up I was threatened with arrest. The lady next to me was being interrogated for carrying a lone banana.” Poor countries have an excuse for poor airports. Rich countries do not, which is perhaps why travellers are particularly annoyed to find grottiness (恶心) in, say, Brussels, the heart of the European Union. Our Charlemagne columnist writes of Charleroi, its second airport: “It is dirty and crowded, and has terrible food. The planes leave and land at unreasonble hours. And the only real way into town is a coach that runs every 30 minutes and is frequently overbooked: more than once I’ve queued in the rain only to see it drive off as I reach the front.” 36. The last sentence of the first paragraph implies that _______. A. each bad airport is unique B. good airports are hard to find C. awful airports have a lot in common D. the world’s best airports are not that good 37. Lubumbashi airport is mentioned in paragraph 3 in order to _______. A. explain how delay occurs in African airports B. illustrate how the four themes are interrelated C. argue against the necessity of airport security officials D. give an example of what $1 means to people in Congo 38. The phrase “choke points” (paragraph 4) is closet in meaning to “_______”. A. agents B. passengers C. stores D. barriers 39. What can be learned about Charleroi? A. It is located in a rich country. B. It used to be dirty and crowded. C. It used to be close to the city center. D. It is the country’s second largest airport. 【答案】36. A 37. B 38. D 39. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者通过一项调查发现糟糕的机场都有自己的糟糕之处，但有四个主题一次又一次地出现：危险、官员恃强凌弱、盗窃和延误。有时候，所有这些都是相互关联的。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段第四句“The worst airports have more characters.(最差的机场有更多的特征。)”和最后一句中的“lovely airports are all alike(好的机场都是一样的)”以及转折词but可知，此处是讲每个糟糕的机场都有自己的糟糕之处。故选A。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。第三段提到Lubumbashi机场的例子“For example, it takes ages to get through Lubumbashi airport (in the Democratic Republic of Congo) because security officials slow things down in the hope that passengers will give them “un Cadeau” to hurry up. If you hand over $1, they let you board without your bags getting checked at all. Such deals make air travel in places like Congo slower, riskier, costlier and much more unpleasant.（例如，通过Lubumbashi机场(位于刚果民主共和国)需要很长时间，因为安全官员放慢了速度，希望乘客能给他们“送礼”来加快速度。如果你交上1美元，他们就会让你登机，而不检查你的行李。这样的交易使得在刚果等地的航空旅行变得更慢、更危险、更昂贵、更不愉快。）”是为了证明前面提到的问题：“Although each awful airport is unique, four themes occur again and again: danger, bullying by officials, theft and delay. Sometimes, all these enhance each other.(尽管每个糟糕的机场都是独一无二的，但有四个主题一次又一次地出现：危险、官员恃强凌弱、盗窃和延误。有时候，所有这些都是相互关联的。)”，所以，第3段提到Lubumbashi机场是为了说明这四个主题是如何相互关联的。故选B。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段第五句中的“through which travellers must pass if they are to board their planes(旅客登机时必须通过)”可知，此处是指旅客登机时必须通过的关卡阻碍，所以choke points意为“阻碍”。故选D。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Poor countries have an excuse for poor airports. Rich countries do not, which is perhaps why travellers are particularly annoyed to find grottiness (恶心) in, say, Brussels, the heart of the European Union. Our Charlemagne columnist writes of Charleroi, its second airport: “It is dirty and crowded, and has terrible food. The planes leave and land at unreasonble hours. And the only real way into town is a coach that runs every 30 minutes and is frequently overbooked: more than once I’ve queued in the rain only to see it drive off as I reach the front.”(贫穷国家的机场状况不佳是有理由的。富裕的国家则不然，这也许就是为什么旅行者们在欧盟的中心布鲁塞尔发现臭气熏天的景象时特别恼火的原因。我们的查理曼专栏作家这样描述它的第二大机场沙勒罗瓦:“那里又脏又拥挤，食物也很糟糕。飞机在不合理的时间起飞和降落。唯一真正进城的方式是乘坐每30分钟一班的长途汽车，而且经常被超额预定:我不止一次在雨中排队，等我到前面时，眼看着车开走了。” )”可知，沙勒罗瓦位于一个富裕的国家。故选A。 （B） A postcard is a lovely way to share your thoughts and greetings with someone while you’re traveling or simply want to reach out and connect. Below is a detailed set of instructions outlining the process of composing a postcard: (1) Select a postcard: Choose a postcard that represents the place you’re visiting or one that has a design that agrees with your message. (2) Address the recipient: Start by writing the recipient’s name on the left side of the postcard. You can include their full name or just their first name, depending on your relationship with them. (3) Add an opening greeting: Begin the message with a friendly greeting, such as “Dear”, “Hi”, or “Hello”. Use the recipient’s name if you have a close relationship with them. (4) Write a concise message: Keep your message brief and focus on the highlights of your trip or the purpose of your communication. Here are a few ideas to get you started: Describe the sights and experiences: Share a few interesting details about the places you’ve visited, the activities you’ve enjoyed, or any unique experiences you’ve had. Express your thoughts and feelings: Share your impressions, emotions, or reflections about the location, the people you’ve met, or the overall atmosphere. Share a funny or memorable event: If something amusing or noteworthy happened during your trip, include it to make the postcard more engaging. Extend warm wishes: Convey your best wishes or send greetings for a specific occasion like a birthday or holiday. Show the recipient that you’re thinking of them. (5) Sign off: End your postcard with a closing remark and your name. You can use phrases like “Best regards”, “Warm wishes”, or “Thinking of you”. Remember to sign your name below the closing. (6) Optional: Add a postscript (P.S.): If you have any additional thoughts, trivia, or recommendations, you can include a P.S. below your signature. It’s a great way to add a personal touch to your postcard. Remember, the charm of a postcard lies in its simplicity and personal touch. Enjoy the process of writing and sharing your message, and let the recipient know they are in your thoughts wherever you may be. 40. The passage is mainly intended to _______. A. tell readers how to write a postcard B. comment on the value of postcards C. give an example of a charming postcard D. encourage readers to compose more postcards 41. According to the writer, what must be included in a postcard? A. A postscript. B. A future plan. C. What you like most about the trip. D. What you regret in the trip. 42. According to the writer, which of the following is true of a postcard? A. It has to be written in an amusing way. B. It should include an invitation to the recipient. C. It must have the image of the place you’re visiting. D. It ought to incorporate an individualized connection. 【答案】40. A 41. C 42. D 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍写明信片的完整分步流程，讲解其核心特点与实用写作技巧。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Below is a detailed set of instructions outlining the process of composing a postcard:(以下是一套详细的说明，概述了写明信片的写作流程)”可知，全文核心目的是向读者系统讲解写明信片的具体方法。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据写作步骤第(4)条中“Write a concise message: Keep your message brief and focus on the highlights of your trip or the purpose of your communication.(撰写简洁信息：保持内容简短，聚焦你旅途的亮点或是你沟通的目的)”可知，写明信片时，你在旅途中最喜爱的亮点内容是必须涵盖的核心部分，其余选项均为非强制内容。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Remember, the charm of a postcard lies in its simplicity and personal touch.(记住，明信片的魅力就在于它的简洁和个性化特色)”可知，明信片应当融入个性化的情感联结，让收信人感受到专属的心意。 （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新研究发现食用超加工食品可能增加死亡风险，但报道中的数字容易引发误解。研究指出，与食用最少超加工食品的人相比，食用最多的人死亡风险增加62%。 然而，这并不意味着寿命会缩短62%，因为普通人每年的死亡风险本身就很低。因此，尽管这一数字听起来吓人，但实际上影响可能并不那么显著。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are.(问题是，驱动新闻标题的数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。)”可知，新闻报道中的死亡风险增加需要客观权衡，因为数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。因此，作者暗示了对新闻中提到的死亡风险增加的解读需要客观权衡。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day.(西班牙研究人员对大约20000名学生进行了长达14年的跟踪调查，使用问卷来估算他们每天吃多少份超加工食品。)”可知，他们在研究中跟踪研究对象超过十年。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(关键的是，普通人每年死亡的风险相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%可能并不像听起来那么令人担忧。)”可知，作者认为62%的年度死亡风险增加可能并不那么令人担忧的原因是普通人每年死亡的机会相对较小。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(Wanda的寿命将比维诺娜短62%是很有诱惑力的，但事实并非如此。关键在于，对于普通人来说，任何一年的死亡风险都相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%听起来可能很吓人，但实际上可能并不那么令人担忧。)”可知，尽管新闻报道声称超加工食品会增加死亡风险，但实际上这种风险增加可能并不如报道中所说的那么严重。因此，可以得出结论，超加工食品的危害并不像报道中所说的那么严重。故选C。 Section C 15. Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Magic of Folk Tales Folk tales are traditional stories created by ordinary people. ____47____ Long before most people could read or write, story-tellers would share tales at gatherings, around fires or during festivals. ____48____ Only much later were they written down. Every culture has its own folk-tale tradition. Early story-tellers did not stick to one fixed text. ____49____ The main plots stayed the same, but names, places and small events were adjusted. This is why we can find similar stories in different countries, yet with local differences. Folk tales served many purposes in old societies. ____50____ Instead of saying “be brave”, a folk-tale would show a character facing frightening difficulties and succeeding. Children learned right and wrong through enjoying exciting adventures. Folk tales also provided entertainment for grown-ups. Nowadays, films and social media provide most of our entertainment. Folk tales are less popular. Still, they remain a valuable cultural treasure. A. They told wonderful stories about heroes and magic creatures. B. These stories were passed down orally for hundreds of years. C. Today, many of these old folk tales are forgotten. D. However, they changed details to suit their own times. E. Folk tales can teach values without direct lectures. F. So folk tales existed long before printed books appeared. 【答案】47. B 48. F 49. D 50. E 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍民间故事的起源、传播方式、特点以及它在过去的作用，点明它是珍贵的文化宝藏。 【47题详解】 由上文“Folk tales are traditional stories created by ordinary people.(民间故事是由普通人创作的传统故事。)”可知，后文应提到人们靠口头讲述故事，B项“These stories were passed down orally for hundreds of years.(这些故事靠口头流传了数百年。)”承接上文，引出口头传承这一特点，其中These stories指代上文Folk tales。 【48题详解】 由上文“Long before most people could read or write, story-tellers would share tales at gatherings, around fires or during festivals.(早在大多数人还不会读写的年代，讲故事的人就会在聚会时、篝火旁或是节日期间讲述各类故事。)”以及后文“Only much later were they written down.(它们直到很久之后才被记录下来。)”可知，此处应讲民间故事早于印刷书籍，F项“So folk tales existed long before printed books appeared.(所以民间故事早在印刷书籍出现之前就存在了。)”承接前文口头传播，和后文“很久之后才写下来”呼应，且后文they指代前文folk tales。 【49题详解】 由上文“Early story-tellers did not stick to one fixed text.(早期讲故事的人不会拘泥于固定文本。)”可知，此处应讲故事的人会改动细节，D项“However, they changed details to suit their own times.(然而，他们会改动细节来适配自己所处的时代。)”承接上文，they指代上文Early story-tellers。 【50题详解】 由后文“Instead of saying “be brave”, a folk-tale would show a character facing frightening difficulties and succeeding.(民间故事不会直接说“要勇敢”，而是展现角色直面可怕困境并取得成功。)”可知，此处应说明民间故事不用说教传递道理，E项“Folk tales can teach values without direct lectures.(民间故事不用直白的说教就能传递价值观。)”符合语境，引出下文内容。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Terracotta Army The Terracotta Army is one of China’s most famous cultural treasures. Discovered by farmers digging a well in 1974, the huge underground army was built for Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor. Thousands of life-sized clay soldiers and horses were buried near his tomb to protect him in the after-life. Each clay soldier has a different face. No two are exactly alike. Ancient craftsmen made each figure with separate parts: head, body, arms and legs. They assembled them and added unique facial features. Experts believe thousands of different real-life soldiers served as models. The army gives us valuable information about life more than 2,200 years ago. The clothing and hairstyles show social positions. The weapons found nearby tell us about ancient Chinese military technology. Even the layout of the pits shows how ancient armies were organised. Many mysteries remain. The main tomb of Qin Shi Huang has not yet been opened. According to ancient records, the tomb contains precious treasures and complex defensive traps. Scientists use modern scanning tools to study the tomb without digging into it. They hope one day to learn more secrets hidden underground. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army is an underground army of life-sized clay soldiers and horses built for China's first emperor to protect him in the afterlife. Each soldier has unique facial features and serves as valuable evidence of ancient Chinese military tactics and social structures. Many underground mysteries, like precious treasures and complex traps, remain for scientists to explore. 【解析】 【导语】​本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍兵马俑的发现、建造目的和人像特点，阐明它极高的史料价值，同时提及秦始皇主墓仍未发掘，科学家利用现代设备探索其中谜团。​ 【详解】1. ​要点摘录​ ①Discovered by farmers digging a well in 1974, the huge underground army was built for Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor. Thousands of life-sized clay soldiers and horses were buried near his tomb to protect him in the after-life. Each clay soldier has a different face.​ ②The army gives us valuable information about life more than 2,200 years ago. The clothing and hairstyles show social positions. The weapons found nearby tell us about ancient Chinese military technology. Even the layout of the pits shows how ancient armies were organised.​ ③Many mysteries remain. The main tomb of Qin Shi Huang has not yet been opened. Scientists use modern scanning tools to study the tomb without digging into it. They hope one day to learn more secrets hidden underground.​ 2. 缜密构思​ 将要点①整合为兵马俑1974年被发现，为秦始皇修建，陶俑面容各不相同；要点②归纳为它为研究古代社会等级、军事技术与军队排布提供珍贵资料；要点③梳理出秦始皇主墓尚存诸多谜团，科学家借助现代扫描技术开展研究，整体按照“基本概况—历史价值—后续探索”的逻辑重组信息。​ 3. 遣词造句​ Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army was constructed for Qin Shi Huang and all clay soldiers look different. It helps people learn about ancient social status, military technology and army organisation. Scientists use modern scanning tools to explore the unopened tomb full of mysteries.​ 【点睛】​[高分句型1]Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army is an underground army of life-sized clay soldiers and horses built for China's first emperor to protect him in the afterlife.运用过去分词作状语，开篇交代兵马俑的发现时间与建造背景。​ [高分句型2] Many underground mysteries, like precious treasures and complex traps, remain for scientists to explore.运用介词短语like precious treasures and complex traps作定语进行举例说明。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 毫无疑问，充分的准备会增加你成功的机会。(chance) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】There is no doubt that adequate preparation will increase your chances of success. 【解析】 【详解】“毫无疑问”用固定句型there is no doubt that，表述的是当下作出判断后，后续会发生的客观正向结果，主句用一般现在时，that引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的具体内容；“充分的准备”表达为adequate preparation，作从句主语；“会增加”表达为will increase，使用一般将来时描述尚未发生的预期结果；“你成功的机会”表达为your chances of success，作宾语。 53. 看到学生们全身心投入项目，老师感到很欣慰。(absorb) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The teacher was pleased to see the students absorbed in the project. 【解析】 【详解】主句“老师感到很欣慰”，译为The teacher was pleased to do sth.，不定式作状语，see表达“看见”，“ 全身心投入”表达为be absorbed in，absorb常以过去分词形式表示“全神贯注的、投入的”，此处作see的宾语补足语，省略be动词直接用absorbed in，“项目”译为the project。句子描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时。 54. 无论困难多么大，他总是设法履行自己的承诺。(means) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】No matter how great the difficulties are, he always finds means to fulfill his promise. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和提示词可知，本题考查让步状语从句、一般现在时（表惯常行为）及指定名词means的固定搭配。“无论困难多么大”表达为No matter how great the difficulties are，no matter how引导让步状语从句，“总是”表达为always，“设法”可理解为“找到方法做某事”，结合给定提示词means，表达为find means to do sth.，“履行自己的承诺”表达为fulfill his promise，用不定式作状语；句子描述主语一贯的行事特点，用一般现在时，主语he为第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 55. 直到老师指出，我才意识到这个方案的缺陷。(Not until) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Not until the teacher pointed it out did I realize the flaw in the plan. 【解析】 【详解】根据汉语提示和提示词，整句描述过去已经发生的事件，主从句均使用一般过去时。句子使用Not until引导的时间状语从句的倒装结构及一般过去时。“直到……才……”固定表达为not...until...，.Not until置于句首，.需遵循部分倒装规则，从句保持正常陈述语序，主句将助动词did提至主语I之前，实义动词用原形；主语the teacher“老师”；“指出”表达为point out；“意识到”译为realize；“这个方案的缺陷”表达为the flaw in the plan。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你的英国笔友Tom来信，询问疫情期间你们学校是采取什么措施保障同学们学习进度的。请你写一封回信，内容包括：1) 学校采取的两项主要措施；2) 你的感受。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Dear Tom, I am happy to share with you how our school has ensured our academic progress during the COVID-19 pandemic. First and foremost, our school rapidly transitioned to a comprehensive online teaching platform. Teachers utilized various interactive video conferencing tools to deliver live lectures, ensuring that our education was not interrupted despite the physical closure of the campus. This measure effectively maintained our academic momentum. Secondly, the school adopted flexible assessment methods and prioritized our mental well-being. Assignments were adjusted to be more manageable, and professional psychological counselors were made available online to alleviate our anxiety. The school also encouraged us to maintain a healthy daily routine. Personally, I found these measures incredibly reassuring. Although it was challenging to adapt to the virtual environment initially, the dedication of our teachers and the supportive online community made me feel safe and motivated. I firmly believe that we will overcome these difficulties together. Yours, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】题目要求学生以李明的身份，给英国笔友Tom回信，告知疫情期间学校为保障同学们学习进度而采取的两项主要措施，并分享个人的感受。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 使用：utilize→employ 多种多样的：various→multiple/manifold 适应：adapt to→adjust to/be accustomed to/fit in with 克服：overcome→conquer/surmount 2. 句式拓展 升级为倒装句 原句：Assignments were adjusted to be more manageable, and professional psychological counselors were made available online to alleviate our anxiety. 拓展句：Not only were assignments adjusted to be more manageable, but professional psychological counselors were also made available online to alleviate our anxiety. 【点睛】[高分句型1] I am happy to share with you how our school has ensured our academic progress during the COVID-19 pandemic. (运用了how引导的宾语从句) [高分句型2] Although it was challenging to adapt to the virtual environment initially, the dedication of our teachers and the supportive online community made me feel safe and motivated. (运用了Although引导的让步状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Rising To the Challenge Cyclists must dig deep to complete what’s been called the toughest climb in the world. They race up to Wuling Peak to the finish line in the King of the Mountain (KOM) Challenge. Every October some of the world’s best cyclists battle ____1____the title. Starting at sea level, the route climbs to a height of 3, 275 meters at the end, covering 105 kilometers. Ever since I started cycling seven years ago, completing the KOM climb ____2____ (be) a goal of mine. Every year I thought that I needed to prepare for it and used that as my excuse. But ____3____ (look) back, I realize I would have been fine. Cycling uphill was no problem for me then- it was thrilling. Now it’s exhausting. Last summer I finally decided to take on Wuling with some friends. Our 89-kilometer route started at the base of the mountain and was a little shorter than the official KOM race. But it’s the final 10 kilometers ____4____are the most demanding: This is the steepest part, ____5____makes the climb so hard. We began early in the morning as a group of 17 riders. But only three of us would make it to the top. A support car was necessary, especially on a ride like this, ____6____ (help) keep us energetic. The first part of the ride went through Taroko Valley, a magnificent park. I’ve hiked there, ____7____I’ve always wanted to bike it. I saw dramatic rocky outcrops, canyons, waterfalls and forests as I zipped through the valley and up the mountain road. Even though it was August, the weather was perfect. Unfortunately, the support car that carried our lunch ____8____ (delay). By the time it arrived, I was starving. Being consumed of energy even for that short time affected the rest of my ride. When the hard last 10 kilometers arrived, I really struggled to complete them. At one point I ____9____ see how close the top of the peak was, but it still felt so far away. Fortunately, determination carried me to the finish. ____10____ (exhaust), I conquered Wuling! What a tremendous feeling! Section B Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. awarded B. contemporary C. demand D. emitted E. explore F. exposure G. inevitable H. protective I. tragic J. undertake K. unmatched Praise for Pioneers in Science In memory of Marie Curie on her birthday on Saturday, the official website of the Nobel Prize posted a photograph of her notebook saying, “Marie Curie died of aplastic anaemia (再生障碍性贫血) on 4 July 1934, a result of years of ___11___ to radiation through her work. Even today her laboratory notebook from 1899-1902, is radioactive and will be for 1,500 years.” The tales of Marie and other scientists of her time are in some sense very ___12___. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a professor of physics at the Wuerzburg University in Germany, discovered X-ray in 1895. A year later, Antoine Henri Becquerel found that some natural substances ___13___ rays, too. Later, Marie and her physicist husband, Pierre Curie, gave it a name, radioactivity. However, the harmful effects of radioactivity were not discovered until decades later. Marie and her ___14___ scientists dealt with radioactive substances for decades using little or no protection. Marie’s death is a reminder about the risks pioneers in science ___15___. It was only after people handling radioactive substances began to get similar diseases that medical experts asked people to use protection. Today, medical health workers and patients wear heavy ___16___ covers during X-rays. It is almost ___17___ that those exploring new frontiers (前沿) for science are exposing themselves to unknown dangers. There is a(n) ___18___ for better protection for the pioneers, but that is not possible until the dangers are fully known. For example, the space suits astronauts wear protect them against radiation. However, only time will tell if there are some other unknown dangers that they need to protect themselves against. The contributions and sacrifices by such pioneers to the field of science are ___19___ and deserving of our respect. Because the pioneers not only ____20____ new frontiers, but also help us better protect ourselves from unknown environments. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Cost of Being Certain Certainty is comfortable. It saves us the trouble of thinking again, and it makes us feel that we know where we stand — a feeling that is ____21____ in itself. That is precisely why it is dangerous. We pay a ____22____ price for that comfort. When a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world, we stop____23____ it, and the machinery that was supposed to keep us honest quietly shuts down. Psychologists describe the problem in terms of identity. A fact is something you can be ____24____; an identity is something you must defend. The moment a claim about the world is welded to a claim about ourselves, evidence that contradicts it stops functioning as evidence and starts functioning as an attack. This is why ____25____ data so often strengthens the belief it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in. The mechanism is not confined to politics. It shows up in medicine, where a ____26____ held diagnosis resists contrary test results; in business, where a leader’s commitment to a failing strategy grows with the money already spent; and in ordinary family life, where the argument that has been running for ten years is no longer about the original question at all. What such disputes share is not stubbornness but a ____27____ of interest. There is also a social ____28____. Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections, so the most confident voice in the room tends to be the one that has been least tested. The result is a body of shared certainty that has never been exposed to the outside. What can be done is less dramatic than it sounds. The most ____29____ remedy is vocabulary: describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter. A second is to ____30____ the practice of stating, in advance, what would change your mind; a prediction that cannot be falsified is not a prediction but a slogan. A third is to notice the emotion. Certainty rarely arrives alone; it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned, and that irritation is the ____31____ that something has been welded to your sense of self. None of this argues for a life of ____32____. Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination, and the person who can never commit to anything is as badly served as the one who commits ____33____. Nor is the middle course easy to hold: the appetite for certainty is ____34____, and it reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened. The aim is simply to keep the door to revision ____35____, and to treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck rather than a humiliation. That is the only way harder than it sounds, and it is, after all, the only way to learn anything at all. 21. A. testing B. keeping C. gaining D. enjoying 22. A. small B. fair C. hidden D. heavy 23. A. testing B. defending C. sharing D. recording 24. A. convinced B. wrong about C. indifferent to D. surprised at 25. A. confirming B. statistical C. contradictory D. private 26. A. reluctantly B. firmly C. hastily D. quietly 27. A. lack B. excess C. conflict D. transfer 28. A. contract B. currency C. sanction D. dimension 29. A. expensive B. ordinary C. technical D. modest 30. A. abandon B. adopt C. ridicule D. conceal 31. A. reward B. cure C. symptom D. excuse 32. A. uncertainty B. discipline C. enquiry D. compromise 33. A. reluctantly B. wisely C. constantly D. prematurely 34. A. temporary B. rational C. powerful D. harmless 35. A. closed B. locked C. ajar D. guarded Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Like expensive watches that never break, the world’s best airports can be boring. You land, move through passport control and check into a hotel within minutes. The experience is pleasant, but not memorable. The worst airports have more characters. To adapt Tolstoy, lovely airports are all alike, but every wretched airport is wretched in its own way. To work out which is the world’s worst airport, we conducted a survey of our correspondents who travelled a lot. It attracted more, and more passionate, responses than nearly any other internal survey we have done. Although each awful airport is unique, four themes occur again and again: danger, bullying by officials, theft and delay. Sometimes, all these enhance each other. For example, it takes ages to get through Lubumbashi airport (in the Democratic Republic of Congo) because security officials slow things down in the hope that passengers will give them “un Cadeau” to hurry up. If you hand over $1, they let you board without your bags getting checked at all. Such deals make air travel in places like Congo slower, riskier, costlier and much more unpleasant. Air travellers make tempting targets for thieves. They are rich enough to afford an air ticket, which in many places makes them rich indeed. They carry luggage, some of it valuable. They are often far from home and unfamiliar with local rules. And airports are full of choke points through which travellers must pass if they are to board their planes, creating opportunities for dishonest officials to charge them. The ones in Manila are especially creative. Some have been known to plant bullets in luggage so they can “find” them and demand money not to have the owners arrested. Rules change at borders, and some airport officials enforce them mindlessly. One correspondent recalls that in Santiago, Chile: “I once got detained for two hours for failing to declare an unopened, sealed bag of almonds. I then had to write a declaration expressing my regret for bringing the nuts. When I failed to do so without cracking up I was threatened with arrest. The lady next to me was being interrogated for carrying a lone banana.” Poor countries have an excuse for poor airports. Rich countries do not, which is perhaps why travellers are particularly annoyed to find grottiness (恶心) in, say, Brussels, the heart of the European Union. Our Charlemagne columnist writes of Charleroi, its second airport: “It is dirty and crowded, and has terrible food. The planes leave and land at unreasonble hours. And the only real way into town is a coach that runs every 30 minutes and is frequently overbooked: more than once I’ve queued in the rain only to see it drive off as I reach the front.” 36. The last sentence of the first paragraph implies that _______. A. each bad airport is unique B. good airports are hard to find C. awful airports have a lot in common D. the world’s best airports are not that good 37. Lubumbashi airport is mentioned in paragraph 3 in order to _______. A. explain how delay occurs in African airports B. illustrate how the four themes are interrelated C. argue against the necessity of airport security officials D. give an example of what $1 means to people in Congo 38. The phrase “choke points” (paragraph 4) is closet in meaning to “_______”. A. agents B. passengers C. stores D. barriers 39. What can be learned about Charleroi? A. It is located in a rich country. B. It used to be dirty and crowded. C. It used to be close to the city center. D. It is the country’s second largest airport. （B） A postcard is a lovely way to share your thoughts and greetings with someone while you’re traveling or simply want to reach out and connect. Below is a detailed set of instructions outlining the process of composing a postcard: (1) Select a postcard: Choose a postcard that represents the place you’re visiting or one that has a design that agrees with your message. (2) Address the recipient: Start by writing the recipient’s name on the left side of the postcard. You can include their full name or just their first name, depending on your relationship with them. (3) Add an opening greeting: Begin the message with a friendly greeting, such as “Dear”, “Hi”, or “Hello”. Use the recipient’s name if you have a close relationship with them. (4) Write a concise message: Keep your message brief and focus on the highlights of your trip or the purpose of your communication. Here are a few ideas to get you started: Describe the sights and experiences: Share a few interesting details about the places you’ve visited, the activities you’ve enjoyed, or any unique experiences you’ve had. Express your thoughts and feelings: Share your impressions, emotions, or reflections about the location, the people you’ve met, or the overall atmosphere. Share a funny or memorable event: If something amusing or noteworthy happened during your trip, include it to make the postcard more engaging. Extend warm wishes: Convey your best wishes or send greetings for a specific occasion like a birthday or holiday. Show the recipient that you’re thinking of them. (5) Sign off: End your postcard with a closing remark and your name. You can use phrases like “Best regards”, “Warm wishes”, or “Thinking of you”. Remember to sign your name below the closing. (6) Optional: Add a postscript (P.S.): If you have any additional thoughts, trivia, or recommendations, you can include a P.S. below your signature. It’s a great way to add a personal touch to your postcard. Remember, the charm of a postcard lies in its simplicity and personal touch. Enjoy the process of writing and sharing your message, and let the recipient know they are in your thoughts wherever you may be. 40. The passage is mainly intended to _______. A. tell readers how to write a postcard B. comment on the value of postcards C. give an example of a charming postcard D. encourage readers to compose more postcards 41. According to the writer, what must be included in a postcard? A. A postscript. B. A future plan. C. What you like most about the trip. D. What you regret in the trip. 42. According to the writer, which of the following is true of a postcard? A. It has to be written in an amusing way. B. It should include an invitation to the recipient. C. It must have the image of the place you’re visiting. D. It ought to incorporate an individualized connection. （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. Section C 15. Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Magic of Folk Tales Folk tales are traditional stories created by ordinary people. ____47____ Long before most people could read or write, story-tellers would share tales at gatherings, around fires or during festivals. ____48____ Only much later were they written down. Every culture has its own folk-tale tradition. Early story-tellers did not stick to one fixed text. ____49____ The main plots stayed the same, but names, places and small events were adjusted. This is why we can find similar stories in different countries, yet with local differences. Folk tales served many purposes in old societies. ____50____ Instead of saying “be brave”, a folk-tale would show a character facing frightening difficulties and succeeding. Children learned right and wrong through enjoying exciting adventures. Folk tales also provided entertainment for grown-ups. Nowadays, films and social media provide most of our entertainment. Folk tales are less popular. Still, they remain a valuable cultural treasure. A. They told wonderful stories about heroes and magic creatures. B. These stories were passed down orally for hundreds of years. C. Today, many of these old folk tales are forgotten. D. However, they changed details to suit their own times. E. Folk tales can teach values without direct lectures. F. So folk tales existed long before printed books appeared. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Terracotta Army The Terracotta Army is one of China’s most famous cultural treasures. Discovered by farmers digging a well in 1974, the huge underground army was built for Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor. Thousands of life-sized clay soldiers and horses were buried near his tomb to protect him in the after-life. Each clay soldier has a different face. No two are exactly alike. Ancient craftsmen made each figure with separate parts: head, body, arms and legs. They assembled them and added unique facial features. Experts believe thousands of different real-life soldiers served as models. The army gives us valuable information about life more than 2,200 years ago. The clothing and hairstyles show social positions. The weapons found nearby tell us about ancient Chinese military technology. Even the layout of the pits shows how ancient armies were organised. Many mysteries remain. The main tomb of Qin Shi Huang has not yet been opened. According to ancient records, the tomb contains precious treasures and complex defensive traps. Scientists use modern scanning tools to study the tomb without digging into it. They hope one day to learn more secrets hidden underground. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 毫无疑问，充分的准备会增加你成功的机会。(chance) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 看到学生们全身心投入项目，老师感到很欣慰。(absorb) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 无论困难多么大，他总是设法履行自己的承诺。(means) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 直到老师指出，我才意识到这个方案的缺陷。(Not until) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你的英国笔友Tom来信，询问疫情期间你们学校是采取什么措施保障同学们学习进度的。请你写一封回信，内容包括：1) 学校采取的两项主要措施；2) 你的感受。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $