精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Our brains are tuned to hear music Human brains are uniquely suited to hearing music, a new study suggests. Compared to macaque monkeys, humans respond much more strongly to sounds with a musical pitch (音高), and prefer those ____1____ sounds without a pitch. The team, based at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Maryland, US, studied the differences in how humans and macaques hear the world. “We found that a certain region of our brains has a stronger preference for sounds with pitch than macaque monkey brains,” said senior author Dr Bevil Conway. The area of the brain ____2____ processes sounds is called the auditory cortex. By studying the activity of the auditory cortex in a brain scan, the team could measure ____3____ strongly the brain responded to certain sounds. The sounds ____4____ (divide) into two types: noise without pitch, and pitch without noise. Specifically, ‘noise’ is a sound ____5____ (contain) lots of different frequencies within a particular range, like the sound of an untuned radio. Regular human speech and macaque calls have both a pitch and a noise component. To compare how humans and macaques responded to each type of sound, the team first played the participants a series of pure tones followed by a series of noises ____6____ (make) up of similar frequencies. In humans, the auditory cortex lit up much ____7____ (brightly) when the tones were played, compared to the noises. However, macaques showed barely any difference in how they responded to these two sounds. “These results suggest the macaque monkey may experience music and other sounds differently,” said Conway. “In contrast, the macaque’s experience of the visual world is probably very similar to our own. It makes one ____8____ (wonder) what kind of sounds our evolutionary ancestors experienced. The results raise the possibility that these sounds, which are embedded in speech and music, ____9____ have shaped the basic organisation of the human brain. _____10_____ we rely so heavily on speech to communicate, and music is culturally important, our brains evolved to accommodate these.” 【答案】1. to 2. that##which 3. how 4. were divided 5. containing 6. made 7. more brightly 8. wonder 9. may 10. Since##As##Because 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍一项新研究发现人类大脑天生更适合感知音乐，对比猕猴，人类对有音高声音反应更强，该研究探讨这类差异背后的大脑机制与进化意义。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：与猕猴相比，人类对带有音乐音高的声音反应强烈得多，并且比起那些没有音高的声音，更偏爱这类声音。prefer A to B为固定搭配，含义为“比起B更喜欢A”。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：处理声音的大脑区域被称为听觉皮层。空格引导定语从句，先行词the area of the brain表示事物，关系代词在从句内部充当主语，用关系代词that或which。 【3题详解】 考查副词。句意：通过脑部扫描研究听觉皮层的活动，该团队能够测量大脑对特定声音的反应强度。how strongly表示多么强烈，how引导宾语从句，修饰副词strongly。 【4题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：这些声音被分成两类：无音高噪音和无噪音音高。主语The sounds和divide之间属于被动关系，实验是过去做的，用一般过去时的被动语态，主谓一致，谓语动词为were divided。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：具体来说，“噪音” 是一种在特定范围内包含许多不同频率的声音，就像未调台收音机发出的声音。sound和contain是主动关系，现在分词containing作后置定语。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该团队先给受试者播放一系列纯音，随后播放一系列由相近频率构成的噪音。noises和make up of是被动关系，过去分词made作后置定语， 【7题详解】 考查比较级。句意：对人类而言，播放音调时，听觉皮层的活跃程度相比噪音会明显更强烈。后文出现compared to noises表示对比，副词brightly使用比较级more brightly。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这不禁让人好奇，我们的进化祖先听过什么样的声音。make sb. do sth.为固定结构，用省略to的不定式作宾补，空处填wonder。 【9题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：该结果提出一种可能性，这些蕴含在语言与音乐中的声音或许塑造了人类大脑的基本结构。根据前文possibility表示推测，用情态动词may。 【10题详解】 考查连词。句意：因为我们高度依靠语言交流，并且音乐具备文化意义，人类大脑不断进化来适应这些。空格引导原因状语从句，句首可用Since、As或者Because。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. broadened B. completely C. comprehensive D. concerned E. consistent F. expansion G. involved H. limitation I. predicted J. sociality K. ultimately Sea Smarts Killer whales have group-specific dialects, sperm whales babysit one another’s young and bottlenose dolphins cooperate with other species. These social skills are all closely linked with their brain sizes, according to a recent study. Scientists first proposed a relation between social living and brain ____11____ nearly three decades ago, when they observed that primate (灵长类) species with larger brains typically lived in bigger groups. This theory was later ____12____ to associate brain size with other social characteristics, such as resolving conflicts and distributing food. Michael Muthukrishna, an economic psychologist at the London School of Economics, and his colleagues went searching for a similar link between big brains and ____13____ in cetaceans (鲸目动物). They collected a(n) ____14____ data set of cetacean brain and body mass, group size and social characteristics. The team’s analyses, which covered 90 species, revealed that brain size was best ____15____ by a score based on various social behaviors such as cooperation with other species, group hunting and complex vocalizations. Bigger brains were also linked to other factors, including dietary richness and geographical range. The authors say these results are ____16____ with theories that cetaceans developed large brains to deal with the challenges of living in information-rich social environments. Yet Muthukrishna notes that his study’s main ____17____ is the lack of available research on many cetacean species. Discovering more about whales and dolphins could reveal that other factors — such as life span and the duration of the young-age phase — might also be ____18____ in brain size, he adds. Understanding how cetaceans developed such big brains could ____19____ help us piece together humanity’s own evolutionary history. Because these animals occupy a(n) _____20_____ different environment than people do, Muthukrishna says, “they provide us with a useful control group for testing hypotheses (假设) about human evolution.” 【答案】11. F 12. A 13. J 14. C 15. I 16. E 17. H 18. G 19. K 20. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了研究发现鲸类大脑大小和社会性密切相关，该结论契合相关理论，但研究存在资料不足的局限，鲸类也可为研究人类进化提供参照。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：近三十年前，科学家首次提出群居生活与大脑扩张之间存在关联，当时他们观察到大脑更大的灵长类物种通常生活在更大的群体中。根据“primate (灵长类) species with larger brains typically lived in bigger groups”以及句意“扩张”可知应填名词expansion，作宾语。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：该理论后来得到拓展，将大脑尺寸和其他社会特征联系起来，例如化解冲突与分配食物。根据“associate brain size with other social characteristics”以及句意“拓展”可知应填动词broaden，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：伦敦政治经济学院的经济心理学家迈克尔·穆图克里希纳和同事寻找鲸目动物大脑体积与社会性之间类似的联系。根据后文大量社会行为的描述以及句意“社会性”可知应填名词sociality，作宾语。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他们收集了一份全面的鲸目动物大脑、体重、群体规模以及社会特征的数据集。根据data set和后文覆盖90个物种以及句意“全面的”可知应填形容词comprehensive，修饰名词data作定语。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：该团队涵盖90个物种的分析显示，大脑尺寸最适合依据多种社会行为得分来预测，比如跨物种合作、群体捕猎和复杂发声。根据后文指标用来判断大脑大小以及句意“预测”可知应填动词predict，结合was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：研究者称这些结果与如下理论保持一致：鲸目动物演化出大容量大脑，用来应对信息丰富的群居环境带来的挑战。根据后文“with theories that cetaceans developed large brains to deal with the challenges of living in information-rich social environments”以及句意“一致的”可知应填形容词consistent，作表语。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而穆图克里希纳指出，这项研究主要的局限是缺少很多鲸目物种可利用的相关研究。根据“the lack of available research”以及句意“局限”可知应填名词limitation，作主语。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：他补充道，对鲸豚进一步研究可能会发现寿命、幼年期时长等其他因素也和大脑尺寸有关。根据上文“such as life span and the duration of the young-age phase”以及句意“有关的、涉及的”可知应填形容词involved，作表语。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：弄清鲸目动物如何演化出巨大的大脑，最终可以帮助我们梳理人类自身的进化史。根据“help us piece together humanity’s own evolutionary history”以及句意“最终”可知应填副词ultimately，作状语。 【20题详解】 考查副词。句意：穆图克里希纳说，因为这些动物所处的环境和人类完全不同，它们为检验人类进化相关假设提供了有用的参照组。根据“different environment”以及句意“完全地”可知应填副词completely，修饰形容词different作状语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The spread of mindfulness has been little short of remarkable. Originating in Buddhist practices that date back over 2,000 years, it was relatively ____21____ in the West until just a few years ago and practised only by a handful of enthusiasts. Recently, however, it has emerged as a multi-billion dollar industry and has been accepted by everyone from celebrities and business leaders to doctors and parents. So what exactly is mindfulness and how is it supposed to work? Well, ____22____ it's a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now. Evidence is slowly mounting of its ____23____to solve a range of health problems. For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety. People suffering from depression often find their negative moods are accompanied by negative thoughts. While these thoughts usually disappear once the episode has passed or once medication has been prescribed (开方), a (n) ____24____ between the various symptoms has nevertheless been established in the brain. As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather can cause the symptoms, ____25____a re-occurrence of depression. The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur, making the problem more ____26____ to drug treatment. Mindfulness-based therapies encourage sufferers to break this downward tendency by ____27____ these patterns of thought and then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future. This can also bring about ____28____ benefits too: the heart beats slower, muscles loosen and even brain structure may possibly be altered. Mindfulness is believed to stimulate new neural connections and studies have shown that the areas of the brain associated with the regulation of ____29____ are bigger in those who regularly practise meditation. The spread of mindfulness shows the ____30____ many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices. Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries and many infectious diseases disappeared. However, while death may have been____31____, many are now living longer not in health but in sickness. Western medical practice is often less____32____ at dealing with long-term illness and general well-being. Unless you are in terrible pain or have something life threatening, Western doctors often have little to offer. ____33____, many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as ‘the worried well’. Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health. TCM is underpinned by a____34____ that stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment. It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’, and is apparently more ____35____in relieving more minor conditions such as eczema, back pain and migraines. 21. A. straightforward B. expensive C. unknown D. unlimited 22. A. as a result B. after all C. in essence D. in other words 23. A. failure B. opposition C. willingness D. potential 24. A. association B. distinction C. similarity D. interval 25. A. resulting from B. relying on C. leading to D. consisting in 26. A. available B. resistant C. sensitive D. dangerous 27. A. noticing B. setting C. matching D. choosing 28. A. social B. physical C. mutual D. neutral 29. A. emotions B. activities C. securities D. appetites 30. A. charge B. interest C. risk D. pride 31. A. hated B. explored C. delayed D. sensed 32. A. mysterious B. defensive C. standard D. effective 33. A. Nevertheless B. Unusually C. Additionally D. Indeed 34. A. philosophy B. process C. situation D. coincidence 35. A. present B. successful C. different D. rare 【答案】21. C 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. D 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍正念冥想的起源、功效，对比东西方医学各自的优势与局限。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它起源于两千多年前的佛教修行，直到几年前，在西方还鲜为人知，只有少数爱好者修习。A. straightforward简单的；B. expensive昂贵的；C. unknown不为人知的；D. unlimited无限制的。根据下文“practised only by a handful of enthusiasts”可知，只有很少爱好者练习，说明之前不为人熟知。 【22题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：本质上，它是一种冥想疗法，旨在训练人们全然专注于当下内心发生的活动。A. as a result因此；B. after all毕竟；C. in essence本质上；D. in other words换句话说。根据下文“it’s a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now.”可知，本句是对正念下定义，说明它的本质。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：证明它有潜力解决一系列健康问题的证据正在慢慢增多。A. failure失败；B. opposition反对；C. willingness意愿；D. potential潜力。根据下文“For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety.”可知，下文举例它有助于缓解抑郁焦虑，说明它具备解决健康问题的潜力。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意：尽管这些想法通常在情绪发作结束或者服药后消失，但大脑中已经在各类症状之间建立起一种关联。A. association联系，关联；B. distinction区别；C. similarity相似；D. interval间隔。根据下文“As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather”可知，小事引发抑郁复发，说明症状之间建立了关联。 【25题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：因此，坏天气这类无关紧要的事情带来的情绪变化会触发这些症状，导致抑郁症复发。A. resulting from由……引起；B. relying on依靠；C. leading to导致；D. consisting in在于。根据下文“a re-occurrence of depression.”可知，小事触发症状，进而造成抑郁复发。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这种情况发生得越多，复发可能性就越大，使得该问题对药物治疗产生更强的耐药性。A. available可获得的；B. resistant抵抗的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. dangerous危险的。根据上文“The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur”可知，抑郁反复，药物效果变差，产生更强的耐药性。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：基于正念的疗法鼓励患者察觉这类思维模式，然后将注意力放在当下，而不是过去或未来，以此打破这种下行的趋势。A. noticing注意到，察觉；B. setting设置；C. matching匹配；D. choosing选择。根据下文“then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future”可知，先要觉察自己负面的思维模式，才能够调整注意力。 【28题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这也能带来身体层面的益处：心跳变慢、肌肉放松，甚至大脑结构都有可能发生改变。A. social社交的；B. physical身体的；C. mutual相互的；D. neutral中立的。根据下文“the heart beats slower, muscles loosen”可知，心跳、肌肉都属于身体方面。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：正念被认为可以刺激新的神经连接，研究表明，经常冥想的人大脑中负责情绪调节的区域更大。A. emotions情绪；B. activities活动；C. securities安全；D. appetites胃口。根据下文“in those who regularly practise meditation.”可知，正念、抑郁焦虑都和情绪调控相关。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：正念的流行体现出许多西方健康专业人士对东方疗法产生的兴趣。A. charge掌管；B. interest兴趣；C. risk风险；D. pride自豪。根据下文“many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices.”可知，多西方健康专业人士对东方疗法感兴趣。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，死亡或许被推迟了，很多人活得更长，但并非健康，而是带病生存。A. hated憎恨；B. explored探索；C. delayed推迟；D. sensed感知。根据上文“Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries”可知，西方医学延长寿命，推迟死亡到来。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：西医在处理慢性病和整体健康状态方面往往效果欠佳。A. mysterious神秘的；B. defensive防御的；C. standard标准的；D. effective有效的。根据下文“Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health.”可知，引出东方医学擅长调养，对比说明西医在这方面不够有效。 【33题详解】 考查副词。句意：事实上，很多西医把轻症不适的患者归为“并无实质疾病、只是过度焦虑的健康人”而不予重视。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Unusually不同寻常地；C. Additionally此外；D. Indeed事实上。根据下文“many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as 'the worried well'”可知，承接上一句西医的局限，进一步举例佐证。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：中医以一种强调身心与环境和谐的理念作为支撑。A. philosophy理念，哲学思想；B. process过程；C. situation情形；D. coincidence巧合。根据下文“stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment.”可知，身心和谐是中医的核心理念。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它旨在帮患者重新平衡身体、疏通叫作“气”的自然能量，而且在缓解湿疹、背痛、偏头痛这类轻症方面显然更有成效。A. present在场的；B. successful有成效的；C. different不同的；D. rare稀少的。根据上文“It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’,”可知，前文对比西医短板，说明中医在这类小病症上更成功有效。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I am chocolate, and have always been, a symbol of love, richness, and joy. Lucky kids wear me across their mouths and on their fingertips as a sign of ultimate childhood satisfaction. I’m the Valentine’s Day gift for celebrating romance. But prepare for your chocolate-loving hearts to break just a bit, folks. My life story is not entirely sweet. I am native to the equatorial regions of the Americas and have been round for several thousand years. I come from a small evergreen tree that grows football-shaped pods (荚) — not on its branches, like most fruit trees, but on the trunk. The pods have leathery skins that cover a sweet-sour flesh and house roughly 40 seeds each. I was likely first grown 5,000 years ago in current-day Ecuador — for something like wine. (Yes, my flesh can be made into an alcoholic drink.) But soon enough, my seeds — cacao beans — became the forever focus. The Mayans, among others, made them into cocoa flour and mixed with water to make a drink. One early European colonizer who tasted the mix said I was “more a drink for pigs than a drink for humanity.” In time, he grew to enjoy the drink, eating his words as noblemen across Europe took to drinking a similar mixture made with rose water, egg yolks, or almonds. Beyond satisfying the early human sweet tooth, cacao beans have turned out to be full of compounds, like fiber, antioxidants, monounsaturated fat, and flavanols, which 21st-century humans know are important to overall health. To be perfectly honest, however, I didn’t really become a treat for the masses as a result of technology. To this day, I am a product of labor and hardship. Since my pods ripen at irregular times and are attached to my tree by a delicate stem that would be damaged by a machine, all my harvesting and processing must be done by hand. Much of the mass-market chocolate you buy at the grocers is produced by the more than 2 million 12-to-18-year-old West African children who travel alone across borders to labor, often not paid at all, for cacao farmers in Ivory Coast and Ghana, the biggest chocolate-growing countries in the world. If you’ve lost your sweet tooth at the thought of this background, there are ways to consume me with a freer conscience. Look for labels on chocolate that indicate ethical labor standards. 36. Which of the following statements is true of chocolate? A. The pods grew on the tree branches. B. Only the flesh was made into a drink at first. C. People loved it because of the shape of the pods. D. It was European colonizers who brought it to America. 37. What does the phrase “eating his words” (paragraph 3) most probably mean? A. admitting he was wrong B. predicting what would happen C. promising he would take action D. finding an excuse for his behaviour 38. What does the writer imply about the production of chocolate? A. Technology has raised its production efficiency. B. Cacao farmers depend on the weather for the harvest. C. Much of chocolate is still produced in an unethical way. D. New machinery has been developed to produce chocolate 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Sweet, but with a Dark Side B. Exploring the Health Benefits of Cocoa C. The Art and Science of Chocolate’s Production D. A Sweet Affair with Irresistible Temptation 【答案】36. B 37. A 38. C 39. A 【解析】 【导语】本文以巧克力第一人称视角介绍可可起源、发展与健康价值，同时揭露其背后残酷童工劳作的黑暗现实。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I was likely first grown 5,000 years ago in current-day Ecuador — for something like wine. (Yes, my flesh can be made into an alcoholic drink.)(我最早可能是5000年前在今天的厄瓜多尔种植的——为了制作葡萄酒之类的东西。（是的，我的肉可以做成酒精饮料。）)”可知，最初只有可可果肉被制成饮品。 【37题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“One early European colonizer who tasted the mix said I was “more a drink for pigs than a drink for humanity.” In time, he grew to enjoy the drink, eating his words as noblemen across Europe took to drinking a similar mixture made with rose water, egg yolks, or almonds.(一位早期欧洲殖民者品尝过这种饮品后，评价我“与其说是给人喝的，不如说是给猪喝的”。后来他渐渐爱上了这款饮品，eating his words，彼时欧洲各地的贵族也开始饮用添加玫瑰水、蛋黄或杏仁调制而成的同类饮品。)”可知，这位殖民者起初贬低可可饮品，后来却喜爱上它，前后观点完全相反，因此，短语“eating his words”暗示“承认自己之前说错了话”。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Much of the mass-market chocolate you buy at the grocers is produced by the more than 2 million 12-to-18-year-old West African children who travel alone across borders to labor, often not paid at all, for cacao farmers in Ivory Coast and Ghana, the biggest chocolate-growing countries in the world.(你在杂货店买到的大部分大众量产巧克力，都由两百多万名12至18岁的西非儿童生产。这些孩子独自跨境务工，在全球两大可可生产国科特迪瓦与加纳为可可农场主干活，且常常分文不取。)”可知，市面上大量巧克力的生产方式违背道德伦理。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“I am chocolate, and have always been, a symbol of love, richness, and joy. Lucky kids wear me across their mouths and on their fingertips as a sign of ultimate childhood satisfaction. I’m the Valentine’s Day gift for celebrating romance. But prepare for your chocolate-loving hearts to break just a bit, folks. My life story is not entirely sweet. (我是巧克力，向来象征着爱意、富足与欢愉。幸运的孩童将我沾在嘴角、抹在指尖，这是童年极致满足的模样。我是情人节承载浪漫的礼物。但是，爱巧克力的人们要准备好心碎一点点了。我的人生故事并不全是甜蜜的。)”以及第五段讲述童工劳作的残酷内容可知，文章既介绍巧克力甜蜜美好的一面，又揭露其生产背后不人道的黑暗现状，因此“甜蜜，却暗藏阴暗面”能够完整概括全文核心内容，适合作为最佳标题。 (B) Ancient Greek pottery is one of our most important windows into ancient Greek life. Thousands of vases survive, painted with scenes from daily life, myths and sports. These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water. Yet their paintings tell us far more than written texts about how ordinary people lived 2,500 years ago. In ancient Greece, pottery-making was a major craft. Workshops were usually small family businesses. Men shaped the clay on the potter’s wheel. Women sometimes painted the vases, though most painters were men. Some painters signed their work. Most did not. Many beautiful pots were produced for everyday use. Others were made as grave gifts, prizes for sports competitions or wedding presents. There are two main styles of painted Greek pottery: black-figure and red-figure. In black-figure style, figures are painted in black slip on the red clay surface. Details are cut into the black paint with a sharp tool. In red-figure style, the background is painted black, and the figures are left showing the natural red colour of the clay. Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular. For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence. Writers in ancient Greece mostly came from wealthy, educated male backgrounds. Their books often focus on upper-class men’s politics and wars. Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities. We can see weaving, cooking, farming, sports and religious ceremonies. Of course, we must be careful. Pottery painters were artists, not documentary photographers. They might exaggerate or omit details. But even with these limitations, ancient Greek pottery remains an invaluable source for understanding the past. 40. What was the original purpose of most ancient Greek pottery vases? A. To serve as practical daily-use objects. B. To be exhibited in public museums. C. To record important historical events. D. To win competitions for painters. 41. Compared with black-figure style, red-figure pottery ________. A. was mostly painted by women artists B. allowed artists to paint more detailed pictures C. used black clay as the main material D. was mainly used as grave gifts 42. Why are ancient Greek pots so valuable for modern researchers? A. Most of them have clear painter signatures. B. They only record the life of upper-class males. C. They show the lives of various groups of ancient Greeks. D. They are completely reliable documentary records of real life. 【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍古希腊陶器的原本用途、两种彩绘风格，以及它为何是研究古希腊各阶层民众生活的珍贵史料。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water.(这些花瓶并不是作为博物馆藏品制作的。它们是用来饮酒、储油或是调水的日常普通器物。)”可知，大多数古希腊陶瓶原本是实用的日用品。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular.(艺术家可以用红绘技法画出精细得多的图案，所以这种风格慢慢变得更加流行。)”可知，和黑绘风格相比，红绘陶器可以让艺术家绘制更细致的图案。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence.(对现代研究者而言，这些陶罐是珍贵的史料。)”“Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities.(与之相反，陶器展现了妇女、儿童、奴隶以及劳动阶层人群的日常活动。)”可知，因为它们展现了古希腊不同群体的生活。 (C) The human sense of smell is weaker than sight. And the relative weakness of smell extends to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to odours (气味). Some people suggest it is very likely a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words useful to their speakers. A study by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands supports this. Dr Majid knew from previous work she had done that the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in western Malaysia, are remarkably good at naming odours. For example, when she asked some Jahai, and also a comparable group of American volunteers, to name colours and odours they were presented with, the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colours but agreed much less when putting names to odours. Jahai answers, in contrast, were in equal agreement about both odours and colours. Dr Majid suggested that it might, in part, be because the Jahai have a dozen words dedicated to describing different sorts of smells in the abstract. To test how important someone’s way of life is to his or her use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid looked at how two other groups of people used terms for colours and odours. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who cultivate rice. Crucially, although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name odours and colours presented to them at random. The colours were on 80 differently colored cards; the odours on 16 variously scented (有香味的) sticks. The researcher found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odours 85% of the time — about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour descriptions at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as “banana-like” and “chocolate-like”, 56% of the time. Moreover, as with Dr Majid’s earlier study with the Jahai, the Semaq Beri more frequently agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these findings, Dr Majid argues that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is crucial to applying abstract names to odours. The business of surviving by eating what the forest has to offer requires more use of the nose than is needed for farming. 43. What does the pronoun “this” (in the last sentence of paragraph 1) refer to? A. More words should be coined to name odours. B. Human beings have a weaker sense of smell than sight. C. Languages tend to contain fewer words unrelated to culture. D. As smells matter little, most languages have few words for them. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Americans agreed less on the names of odours partly because ________. A. they had not been given proper training before the test B. colours are in most cases easier to tell apart than odours C. there are not many English words distinctively for odours D. they were too sensitive to odours to name them correctly 45. What can be learned about the Semaq Beri and the Semelai concerning their performance in the study? A. The former used fewer terms for odours than for colours. B. The latter often turned to other items to describe odours precisely. C. The former seldom agreed with each other about naming odours. D. The latter revealed a less advanced language system. 46. What is the conclusion that Dr Majid drew from her research involving the Semaq Beri and the Semelai? A. The use of abstract terms for odours is related to people’s lifestyle. B. Living in the forest requires more use of the nose than living on the farm. C. The business of surviving varies greatly from one tribe to another. D. It is people’s way of life that decide what language they speak. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了一项研究表明，不同人群对气味的命名方式差异与他们的生活方式密切相关，而非语言本身。狩猎采集者更倾向于使用抽象词汇描述气味，而农耕者则更多依赖类比。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“The human sense of smell is weaker than sight. And the relative weakness of smell extends to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to odours (气味). Some people suggest it is very likely a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words useful to their speakers. A study by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands supports this. (人类的嗅觉不如视觉灵敏。而嗅觉这种相对弱势的特点，也体现在语言层面。人类可以轻松给色彩命名，却不擅长给气味命名。有些人认为，这很可能是由于语言倾向于包含对使用者有用的词语所致。荷兰拉德堡德大学的Asifa Majid的一项研究支持了这一观点。)”可知，代词this指的是前面提到的“语言倾向于包含对使用者有用的词语”的观点，即由于气味不重要，大多数语言中很少有用于描述气味的词语。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colours but agreed much less when putting names to odours. Jahai answers, in contrast, were in equal agreement about both odours and colours. Dr Majid suggested that it might, in part, be because the Jahai have a dozen words dedicated to describing different sorts of smells in the abstract. (美国人在命名颜色方面通常能相互达成一致，但在给气味命名时，一致性则要低得多。相比之下，Jahai人的回答在颜色和气味方面都表现出同等程度的一致性。Majid博士认为，这可能部分是因为Jahai人拥有十几个专门用于抽象描述不同种类气味的词语。)”可推知，美国人在命名气味时一致性低得多，是因为不同于Jahai人所用的语言，英语中缺乏专门描述气味的词语。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But when it came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as “banana-like” and “chocolate-like”, 56% of the time. (但在描述气味时，他们仅在44%的情况下依赖抽象词汇，而在56%的情况下求助于类比，例如“像香蕉一样”和“像巧克力一样”。)”可知，Semelai人通常借助其他事物来精确描述气味。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Given these findings, Dr Majid argues that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is crucial to applying abstract names to odours. (鉴于这些发现，Majid博士认为，是狩猎和采集的生活方式，而不是特定语言的使用，对应用抽象名称描述气味至关重要。)”可知，Majid博士的结论是“使用抽象术语描述气味与人们的生活方式有关”。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Messy Facts about Diet and Inflammation Hop on the Internet or visit a bookstore, and you will see numerous “anti-inflammatory” diets, dishing out recipes and hope. Sure, plenty of foods have been found to reduce inflammation-many of them in laboratory experiments as opposed to in people: turmeric, blueberries, tea, various vegetables, fish. University of South Carolina professors James and Nitin Shivappa surveyed 1,943 such studies and published in 2014 a Dietary Inflammatory Index, with 45 food elements. They created it as a research tool for evaluating diets, but it’s built from studies that varied widely in methodology. When I asked Ridker his views on anti-inflammatory diets, he grew uneasy. “This has caught on like wildfire,” he says, “but I have seen extremely little data that say this piece of food is ‘anti-inflammatory’ and this piece is not.” He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods. ____47____ Would it be even more effective if it incorporated more blueberries and turmeric? No one knows for sure. Diet research is tricky. Some food, like turmeric, may work anti-inflammatory wonders for mice, but “that’s in the context of them eating with a whole different set of nutrients,” explains Martha Clare Morris, a nutritional epidemiologist at Chicago’s Rush University. The typical Mediterranean diet calls for loads of seafood a week, and yet studies of people taking fish oils as a supplement have not found much benefit. The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat. ____48____ A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH. It will look at inflammation, but results won’t be out soon. Until then, there is no harm in adding more so-called anti-inflammatory ingredients to your diet. ____49____ Morris suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper). But remember. ____50____! So don’t drink it with cookies and chips. A. Inflammation, though, is an essential part of healing. B. And context matters. C. That’s why researchers such as Morris prefer to study overall dietary patterns rather than particular ingredients. D. The underlying science, however, is somewhat shaky. E. When inflammation becomes long-term or systemic, there’s a price to pay. F. That diet has been shown in well-designed studies to reduce key markers of inflammation and the risk of heart disease. 【答案】47. F 48. C 49. D 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍市面上抗炎饮食流行，但相关科学依据不足，研究者更关注整体饮食模式，同时提醒食材搭配的重要性。 【47题详解】 上文“He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods.(他建议自己的患者采用地中海式饮食，多吃蔬菜、全谷物和鱼，少吃红肉和加工食品)”引出地中海饮食，及下文“Would it be even more effective if it incorporated more blueberries and turmeric? No one knows for sure.(如果加入更多蓝莓和姜黄，效果会不会更好？没有人确切知道)”提出该饮食能否增效的疑问，F选项“精心设计的研究已经表明，这种饮食可以降低主要炎症指标以及心脏病的患病风险”承接上文，先说明地中海饮食有研究支撑，再自然引出下文疑问，符合语境。 【48题详解】 上文“The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat.(鱼类的益处可能存在于其他地方，或者更多和替代肉类有关)”表明单一食材很难判定功效，及下文“A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH.(目前有一项研究项目检验MIND饮食能否减缓认知衰退，该饮食融合了地中海饮食和DASH饮食的要素)”介绍整套饮食模式的相关研究，C选项“这就是为什么像Morris这样的研究者更愿意研究整体饮食模式，而不是单独的食材”承上启下，解释研究者选择研究整体饮食模式的原因，符合语境。 【49题详解】 上文“Until then, there is no harm in adding more so-called anti-inflammatory ingredients to your diet.(在那之前，在饮食里多加一些所谓的抗炎食材并无坏处)”说明可以适当添加抗炎食材，及下文“Morris suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper). But remember. (Morris推荐一款含有生姜、姜黄和胡椒的辣味茶饮。但请记住)”举出添加抗炎食材的实例，D选项“然而，背后的科学依据并不十分可靠”进行转折，提醒抗炎食材相关理论并不稳固，引出下文Morris推荐的辣味茶饮以及转折，D选项与下文But的语气一致，符合语境。 【50题详解】 上文“Morris suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper).(Morris推荐一款含有生姜、姜黄和胡椒的辣味茶饮)”给出茶饮例子，及下文“So don’t drink it with cookies and chips. (所以不要搭配饼干和薯片一起喝)”提醒搭配的禁忌，B选项“而且搭配背景很重要”引出后文告诫，说明食用时的搭配情况会影响效果，符合语境。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Leave your plastic wrapping at the tills, urges BBC presenter A television wildlife presenter takes all the plastic off her shopping and leaves it at supermarket tills (收银台) to highlight the overuse of packaging. Liz Bonnin, a biologist who presented the BBC One documentary Drowning in Plastic, makes a point of leaving the packaging behind every time she shops so that retailers (零售店) are full of plastic bags and encouraged to change how they pack products. She has also given up using plastic products and will only drink coffee if it is in a reusable cup. In an interview with Saga magazine, Bonnin, 44, said that if people changed their habits, they could force retailers to change their ways. “Supermarkets are obliged to take plastic wrapping from customers,” she said, “If retailers get covered with all our plastic packaging, they will implement change. We have to change our habits; I will never again buy water in a plastic bottle.” Britain’s supermarkets produce more than 59 billion pieces of plastic packaging a year, a Greenpeace report found. Bonnin said that most plastics found in the ocean are ingested by species and enter our food chain. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the impact this has on humans. Bonnin started her career at the Irish broadcaster RTE before presenting science and natural history programmes for the BBC, including Big Blue Live and Bang Goes the Theory. “I wish I could be presenting nothing but beautiful programmes about animals, but instead I’m presenting hard-hitting environmental films,” she said. “We have no more time.” People’s focus on “financial gain and economic growth” has pushed us into an unsustainable society, she believes. She said, “The three biggest environmental threats are plastic pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss. They are all interconnected and share the same root cause: our appetite for consumption.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Liz Bonnin, a BBC presenter, leaves her plastic packaging at the retailers to reveal the overuse of plastics. She no longer uses plastic products, believing we can make a difference by changing our habits. Plastics are dangerous to the environment and our health. Liz maintains that our environment is in greater danger, for which humans’ desire is to blame. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍BBC主持人Liz Bonnin为凸显塑料过度包装问题，购物时把塑料包装留在收银台，呼吁人们改变习惯倒逼商家做出改变；她指出塑料污染危害环境与人类健康，塑料污染、气候变化和生物多样性丧失三大环境问题根源都是人类的消费欲望。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Liz Bonnin, a biologist who presented the BBC One documentary Drowning in Plastic, makes a point of leaving the packaging behind every time she shops so that retailers (零售店) are full of plastic bags and encouraged to change how they pack products.  ②We have to change our habits; I will never again buy water in a plastic bottle. ③Bonnin said that most plastics found in the ocean are ingested by species and enter our food chain. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the impact this has on humans. ④She said, “The three biggest environmental threats are plastic pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss. They are all interconnected and share the same root cause: our appetite for consumption.” 2.缜密构思 将①②两个要点合并说明Liz的行动和想法；③单独概括塑料的危害；④整合三大环境问题及其共同根源。 3.遣词造句 Liz Bonnin, a BBC presenter, leaves plastic packaging at supermarkets to show plastic overuse and push retailers to change. She stops using plastic and believes our habit changes can work. Plastic pollution harms sea creatures and human health. She argues that three major environmental problems come from people’s desire for consumption. 【点睛】[高分句型1] She no longer uses plastic products, believing we can make a difference by changing our habits. (运用了现在分词believing作状语及省略that的宾语从句) [高分句型2] Liz maintains that our environment is in greater danger, for which humans’ desire is to blame. (运用了that引导的宾语从句及for which引导的非限制性定语从句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里的沙子远没有我想象中的那么细软。（nearly）（汉译英） 【答案】The sand here is not nearly as soft as I imagine. 【解析】 【详解】考查一般现在时和副词短语。表示“沙子”应用名词sand作主语，此处为特指，所以应用定冠词the。根据提示，表示“远没有”应用副词短语not nearly，表示“细软的”应用形容词soft。表示“想象”应用动词imagine。表示“像……一样”应用“as...as... ”。此处描述客观事实，所以应用一般现在时。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为The sand here is not nearly as soft as I imagine. 53. 最省钱的方法就是离开大都市，到大自然中去。（head）（汉译英） 【答案】The cheapest way is to get out of the big city and head into nature. 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】考查动词短语和不定式。分析可知本句为“主系表结构”，表示“最省钱的方法”用the cheapest way，作主语；陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，用is作系动词；表示“离开、走出”用get out of，表示“走向、走进”用head into，用and连接，并列位于不定式符号to后作表语，解释说明主语way的内容，结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：The cheapest way is to get out of the big city and head into nature. 54. 只要一夜不睡，不仅你的记忆力受到影响，解决问题的能力也会衰退。(not only) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】After just one night without sleep, not only is your memory affected, but your ability to solve problems will decline. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“只要一夜不睡”应用After just one night without sleep，介词短语作状语；表示“不仅……也……”应用not only...but (also)...，置于句首时，前半句需要部分倒装；表示“你的记忆力”应用your memory，作主语；表示“受到影响”应用is affected，为一般现在时的被动语态，陈述客观事实；表示“解决问题的能力”应用your ability to solve problems，作第二个分句主语；表示“会衰退”应用will decline。 55. 虽然这件艺术品的精美程度无法与博物馆内的其他物品相提并论，但它的价值在于它所使用的材料。（compare）（汉译英） 【答案】Although the exquisiteness of this artwork cannot be compared with other objects in the museum, its value lies in the materials it uses. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、时态、短语和名词。表示“尽管”应用连词Although；表示“艺术品的精美”短语为the exquisiteness of this artwork，作从句中的主语；表示“相提并论”短语为be compared with，这里应用被动语态；表示“其他物品”应用other objects；表示“在于”应用短语lie in，结合主语可知这里应用动词三单；表示“在博物馆内”应用in the museum；表示“价值”应用value；表示“材料”应用material，material应用复数形式作宾语；根据所陈述的内容可知，这里应用一般现在时。故翻译为Although the exquisiteness of this artwork cannot be compared with other objects in the museum, its value lies in the materials it uses. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，在你校英语报读到如下的征文启事。 你一定曾在新年伊始许下“新年计划（New Year’s Resolution）”，其中必定有半途而废，也有坚持到底。请通过邮件（发至nyr@233.com）来和我们聊聊你们的新年计划吧！ 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件投稿，内容须包括： 1)叙述你曾经半途而废或坚持到底的某个新年计划； 2)解释导致你半途而废或促使你坚持到底的原因。 【答案】New Year’s Resolution People always make New Year’s resolutions as if they would accomplish them. But in most cases, most plans are forgotten after three days of effort. However, I made a plan last year to lose 20 pounds, which turned out to be a success. I’d like to share with you my experience. First, a plan should have realistic possibilities, such as losing 20 pounds instead of 40. Second, ever-lasting action is the key to successful planning. A plan without action mean nothing. Stick to it for 21 days and make it a habit. Finally, give your resolution a strong sense of purpose. Because it’s hard to do things you don’t like. For example, the desire of looking better in a skirt or being healthier, will motivate you to lose weight actively. A New Year’s resolution is only the first step to success, and it takes persistence and love to make your dreams come true. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给学校英语报投稿，介绍自己新年计划的成败经验。 【详解】1.词汇积累 完成：complete→accomplish 现实的：practical→realistic 持续的：continous→ever-lasting 坚持：persist→ stick to 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’d like to share with you my experience. 拓展句：I’d like to share with you my experience, hoping that it will enlighten you. 【点睛】[高分句型1] People always make New Year’s resolutions as if they would accomplish them. (运用了as if引导的与将来事实相反的虚拟语气) [高分句型2] However, I made a plan last year to lose 20 pounds, which turned out to be a success. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Our brains are tuned to hear music Human brains are uniquely suited to hearing music, a new study suggests. Compared to macaque monkeys, humans respond much more strongly to sounds with a musical pitch (音高), and prefer those ____1____ sounds without a pitch. The team, based at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Maryland, US, studied the differences in how humans and macaques hear the world. “We found that a certain region of our brains has a stronger preference for sounds with pitch than macaque monkey brains,” said senior author Dr Bevil Conway. The area of the brain ____2____ processes sounds is called the auditory cortex. By studying the activity of the auditory cortex in a brain scan, the team could measure ____3____ strongly the brain responded to certain sounds. The sounds ____4____ (divide) into two types: noise without pitch, and pitch without noise. Specifically, ‘noise’ is a sound ____5____ (contain) lots of different frequencies within a particular range, like the sound of an untuned radio. Regular human speech and macaque calls have both a pitch and a noise component. To compare how humans and macaques responded to each type of sound, the team first played the participants a series of pure tones followed by a series of noises ____6____ (make) up of similar frequencies. In humans, the auditory cortex lit up much ____7____ (brightly) when the tones were played, compared to the noises. However, macaques showed barely any difference in how they responded to these two sounds. “These results suggest the macaque monkey may experience music and other sounds differently,” said Conway. “In contrast, the macaque’s experience of the visual world is probably very similar to our own. It makes one ____8____ (wonder) what kind of sounds our evolutionary ancestors experienced. The results raise the possibility that these sounds, which are embedded in speech and music, ____9____ have shaped the basic organisation of the human brain. _____10_____ we rely so heavily on speech to communicate, and music is culturally important, our brains evolved to accommodate these.” Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. broadened B. completely C. comprehensive D. concerned E. consistent F. expansion G. involved H. limitation I. predicted J. sociality K. ultimately Sea Smarts Killer whales have group-specific dialects, sperm whales babysit one another’s young and bottlenose dolphins cooperate with other species. These social skills are all closely linked with their brain sizes, according to a recent study. Scientists first proposed a relation between social living and brain ____11____ nearly three decades ago, when they observed that primate (灵长类) species with larger brains typically lived in bigger groups. This theory was later ____12____ to associate brain size with other social characteristics, such as resolving conflicts and distributing food. Michael Muthukrishna, an economic psychologist at the London School of Economics, and his colleagues went searching for a similar link between big brains and ____13____ in cetaceans (鲸目动物). They collected a(n) ____14____ data set of cetacean brain and body mass, group size and social characteristics. The team’s analyses, which covered 90 species, revealed that brain size was best ____15____ by a score based on various social behaviors such as cooperation with other species, group hunting and complex vocalizations. Bigger brains were also linked to other factors, including dietary richness and geographical range. The authors say these results are ____16____ with theories that cetaceans developed large brains to deal with the challenges of living in information-rich social environments. Yet Muthukrishna notes that his study’s main ____17____ is the lack of available research on many cetacean species. Discovering more about whales and dolphins could reveal that other factors — such as life span and the duration of the young-age phase — might also be ____18____ in brain size, he adds. Understanding how cetaceans developed such big brains could ____19____ help us piece together humanity’s own evolutionary history. Because these animals occupy a(n) _____20_____ different environment than people do, Muthukrishna says, “they provide us with a useful control group for testing hypotheses (假设) about human evolution.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The spread of mindfulness has been little short of remarkable. Originating in Buddhist practices that date back over 2,000 years, it was relatively ____21____ in the West until just a few years ago and practised only by a handful of enthusiasts. Recently, however, it has emerged as a multi-billion dollar industry and has been accepted by everyone from celebrities and business leaders to doctors and parents. So what exactly is mindfulness and how is it supposed to work? Well, ____22____ it's a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now. Evidence is slowly mounting of its ____23____to solve a range of health problems. For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety. People suffering from depression often find their negative moods are accompanied by negative thoughts. While these thoughts usually disappear once the episode has passed or once medication has been prescribed (开方), a (n) ____24____ between the various symptoms has nevertheless been established in the brain. As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather can cause the symptoms, ____25____a re-occurrence of depression. The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur, making the problem more ____26____ to drug treatment. Mindfulness-based therapies encourage sufferers to break this downward tendency by ____27____ these patterns of thought and then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future. This can also bring about ____28____ benefits too: the heart beats slower, muscles loosen and even brain structure may possibly be altered. Mindfulness is believed to stimulate new neural connections and studies have shown that the areas of the brain associated with the regulation of ____29____ are bigger in those who regularly practise meditation. The spread of mindfulness shows the ____30____ many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices. Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries and many infectious diseases disappeared. However, while death may have been____31____, many are now living longer not in health but in sickness. Western medical practice is often less____32____ at dealing with long-term illness and general well-being. Unless you are in terrible pain or have something life threatening, Western doctors often have little to offer. ____33____, many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as ‘the worried well’. Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health. TCM is underpinned by a____34____ that stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment. It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’, and is apparently more ____35____in relieving more minor conditions such as eczema, back pain and migraines. 21. A. straightforward B. expensive C. unknown D. unlimited 22. A. as a result B. after all C. in essence D. in other words 23. A. failure B. opposition C. willingness D. potential 24. A. association B. distinction C. similarity D. interval 25. A. resulting from B. relying on C. leading to D. consisting in 26. A. available B. resistant C. sensitive D. dangerous 27. A. noticing B. setting C. matching D. choosing 28. A. social B. physical C. mutual D. neutral 29. A. emotions B. activities C. securities D. appetites 30. A. charge B. interest C. risk D. pride 31. A. hated B. explored C. delayed D. sensed 32. A. mysterious B. defensive C. standard D. effective 33. A. Nevertheless B. Unusually C. Additionally D. Indeed 34. A. philosophy B. process C. situation D. coincidence 35. A. present B. successful C. different D. rare Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I am chocolate, and have always been, a symbol of love, richness, and joy. Lucky kids wear me across their mouths and on their fingertips as a sign of ultimate childhood satisfaction. I’m the Valentine’s Day gift for celebrating romance. But prepare for your chocolate-loving hearts to break just a bit, folks. My life story is not entirely sweet. I am native to the equatorial regions of the Americas and have been round for several thousand years. I come from a small evergreen tree that grows football-shaped pods (荚) — not on its branches, like most fruit trees, but on the trunk. The pods have leathery skins that cover a sweet-sour flesh and house roughly 40 seeds each. I was likely first grown 5,000 years ago in current-day Ecuador — for something like wine. (Yes, my flesh can be made into an alcoholic drink.) But soon enough, my seeds — cacao beans — became the forever focus. The Mayans, among others, made them into cocoa flour and mixed with water to make a drink. One early European colonizer who tasted the mix said I was “more a drink for pigs than a drink for humanity.” In time, he grew to enjoy the drink, eating his words as noblemen across Europe took to drinking a similar mixture made with rose water, egg yolks, or almonds. Beyond satisfying the early human sweet tooth, cacao beans have turned out to be full of compounds, like fiber, antioxidants, monounsaturated fat, and flavanols, which 21st-century humans know are important to overall health. To be perfectly honest, however, I didn’t really become a treat for the masses as a result of technology. To this day, I am a product of labor and hardship. Since my pods ripen at irregular times and are attached to my tree by a delicate stem that would be damaged by a machine, all my harvesting and processing must be done by hand. Much of the mass-market chocolate you buy at the grocers is produced by the more than 2 million 12-to-18-year-old West African children who travel alone across borders to labor, often not paid at all, for cacao farmers in Ivory Coast and Ghana, the biggest chocolate-growing countries in the world. If you’ve lost your sweet tooth at the thought of this background, there are ways to consume me with a freer conscience. Look for labels on chocolate that indicate ethical labor standards. 36. Which of the following statements is true of chocolate? A. The pods grew on the tree branches. B. Only the flesh was made into a drink at first. C. People loved it because of the shape of the pods. D. It was European colonizers who brought it to America. 37. What does the phrase “eating his words” (paragraph 3) most probably mean? A. admitting he was wrong B. predicting what would happen C. promising he would take action D. finding an excuse for his behaviour 38. What does the writer imply about the production of chocolate? A. Technology has raised its production efficiency. B. Cacao farmers depend on the weather for the harvest. C. Much of chocolate is still produced in an unethical way. D. New machinery has been developed to produce chocolate 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Sweet, but with a Dark Side B. Exploring the Health Benefits of Cocoa C. The Art and Science of Chocolate’s Production D. A Sweet Affair with Irresistible Temptation (B) Ancient Greek pottery is one of our most important windows into ancient Greek life. Thousands of vases survive, painted with scenes from daily life, myths and sports. These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water. Yet their paintings tell us far more than written texts about how ordinary people lived 2,500 years ago. In ancient Greece, pottery-making was a major craft. Workshops were usually small family businesses. Men shaped the clay on the potter’s wheel. Women sometimes painted the vases, though most painters were men. Some painters signed their work. Most did not. Many beautiful pots were produced for everyday use. Others were made as grave gifts, prizes for sports competitions or wedding presents. There are two main styles of painted Greek pottery: black-figure and red-figure. In black-figure style, figures are painted in black slip on the red clay surface. Details are cut into the black paint with a sharp tool. In red-figure style, the background is painted black, and the figures are left showing the natural red colour of the clay. Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular. For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence. Writers in ancient Greece mostly came from wealthy, educated male backgrounds. Their books often focus on upper-class men’s politics and wars. Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities. We can see weaving, cooking, farming, sports and religious ceremonies. Of course, we must be careful. Pottery painters were artists, not documentary photographers. They might exaggerate or omit details. But even with these limitations, ancient Greek pottery remains an invaluable source for understanding the past. 40. What was the original purpose of most ancient Greek pottery vases? A. To serve as practical daily-use objects. B. To be exhibited in public museums. C. To record important historical events. D. To win competitions for painters. 41. Compared with black-figure style, red-figure pottery ________. A. was mostly painted by women artists B. allowed artists to paint more detailed pictures C. used black clay as the main material D. was mainly used as grave gifts 42. Why are ancient Greek pots so valuable for modern researchers? A. Most of them have clear painter signatures. B. They only record the life of upper-class males. C. They show the lives of various groups of ancient Greeks. D. They are completely reliable documentary records of real life. (C) The human sense of smell is weaker than sight. And the relative weakness of smell extends to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to odours (气味). Some people suggest it is very likely a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words useful to their speakers. A study by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands supports this. Dr Majid knew from previous work she had done that the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in western Malaysia, are remarkably good at naming odours. For example, when she asked some Jahai, and also a comparable group of American volunteers, to name colours and odours they were presented with, the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colours but agreed much less when putting names to odours. Jahai answers, in contrast, were in equal agreement about both odours and colours. Dr Majid suggested that it might, in part, be because the Jahai have a dozen words dedicated to describing different sorts of smells in the abstract. To test how important someone’s way of life is to his or her use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid looked at how two other groups of people used terms for colours and odours. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who cultivate rice. Crucially, although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name odours and colours presented to them at random. The colours were on 80 differently colored cards; the odours on 16 variously scented (有香味的) sticks. The researcher found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odours 85% of the time — about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour descriptions at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as “banana-like” and “chocolate-like”, 56% of the time. Moreover, as with Dr Majid’s earlier study with the Jahai, the Semaq Beri more frequently agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these findings, Dr Majid argues that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is crucial to applying abstract names to odours. The business of surviving by eating what the forest has to offer requires more use of the nose than is needed for farming. 43. What does the pronoun “this” (in the last sentence of paragraph 1) refer to? A. More words should be coined to name odours. B. Human beings have a weaker sense of smell than sight. C. Languages tend to contain fewer words unrelated to culture. D. As smells matter little, most languages have few words for them. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Americans agreed less on the names of odours partly because ________. A. they had not been given proper training before the test B. colours are in most cases easier to tell apart than odours C. there are not many English words distinctively for odours D. they were too sensitive to odours to name them correctly 45. What can be learned about the Semaq Beri and the Semelai concerning their performance in the study? A. The former used fewer terms for odours than for colours. B. The latter often turned to other items to describe odours precisely. C. The former seldom agreed with each other about naming odours. D. The latter revealed a less advanced language system. 46. What is the conclusion that Dr Majid drew from her research involving the Semaq Beri and the Semelai? A. The use of abstract terms for odours is related to people’s lifestyle. B. Living in the forest requires more use of the nose than living on the farm. C. The business of surviving varies greatly from one tribe to another. D. It is people’s way of life that decide what language they speak. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Messy Facts about Diet and Inflammation Hop on the Internet or visit a bookstore, and you will see numerous “anti-inflammatory” diets, dishing out recipes and hope. Sure, plenty of foods have been found to reduce inflammation-many of them in laboratory experiments as opposed to in people: turmeric, blueberries, tea, various vegetables, fish. University of South Carolina professors James and Nitin Shivappa surveyed 1,943 such studies and published in 2014 a Dietary Inflammatory Index, with 45 food elements. They created it as a research tool for evaluating diets, but it’s built from studies that varied widely in methodology. When I asked Ridker his views on anti-inflammatory diets, he grew uneasy. “This has caught on like wildfire,” he says, “but I have seen extremely little data that say this piece of food is ‘anti-inflammatory’ and this piece is not.” He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods. ____47____ Would it be even more effective if it incorporated more blueberries and turmeric? No one knows for sure. Diet research is tricky. Some food, like turmeric, may work anti-inflammatory wonders for mice, but “that’s in the context of them eating with a whole different set of nutrients,” explains Martha Clare Morris, a nutritional epidemiologist at Chicago’s Rush University. The typical Mediterranean diet calls for loads of seafood a week, and yet studies of people taking fish oils as a supplement have not found much benefit. The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat. ____48____ A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH. It will look at inflammation, but results won’t be out soon. Until then, there is no harm in adding more so-called anti-inflammatory ingredients to your diet. ____49____ Morris suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper). But remember. ____50____! So don’t drink it with cookies and chips. A. Inflammation, though, is an essential part of healing. B. And context matters. C. That’s why researchers such as Morris prefer to study overall dietary patterns rather than particular ingredients. D. The underlying science, however, is somewhat shaky. E. When inflammation becomes long-term or systemic, there’s a price to pay. F. That diet has been shown in well-designed studies to reduce key markers of inflammation and the risk of heart disease. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Leave your plastic wrapping at the tills, urges BBC presenter A television wildlife presenter takes all the plastic off her shopping and leaves it at supermarket tills (收银台) to highlight the overuse of packaging. Liz Bonnin, a biologist who presented the BBC One documentary Drowning in Plastic, makes a point of leaving the packaging behind every time she shops so that retailers (零售店) are full of plastic bags and encouraged to change how they pack products. She has also given up using plastic products and will only drink coffee if it is in a reusable cup. In an interview with Saga magazine, Bonnin, 44, said that if people changed their habits, they could force retailers to change their ways. “Supermarkets are obliged to take plastic wrapping from customers,” she said, “If retailers get covered with all our plastic packaging, they will implement change. We have to change our habits; I will never again buy water in a plastic bottle.” Britain’s supermarkets produce more than 59 billion pieces of plastic packaging a year, a Greenpeace report found. Bonnin said that most plastics found in the ocean are ingested by species and enter our food chain. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the impact this has on humans. Bonnin started her career at the Irish broadcaster RTE before presenting science and natural history programmes for the BBC, including Big Blue Live and Bang Goes the Theory. “I wish I could be presenting nothing but beautiful programmes about animals, but instead I’m presenting hard-hitting environmental films,” she said. “We have no more time.” People’s focus on “financial gain and economic growth” has pushed us into an unsustainable society, she believes. She said, “The three biggest environmental threats are plastic pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss. They are all interconnected and share the same root cause: our appetite for consumption.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里的沙子远没有我想象中的那么细软。（nearly）（汉译英） 53. 最省钱的方法就是离开大都市，到大自然中去。（head）（汉译英） 54. 只要一夜不睡，不仅你的记忆力受到影响，解决问题的能力也会衰退。(not only) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 虽然这件艺术品的精美程度无法与博物馆内的其他物品相提并论，但它的价值在于它所使用的材料。（compare）（汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，在你校英语报读到如下的征文启事。 你一定曾在新年伊始许下“新年计划（New Year’s Resolution）”，其中必定有半途而废，也有坚持到底。请通过邮件（发至nyr@233.com）来和我们聊聊你们的新年计划吧！ 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件投稿，内容须包括： 1)叙述你曾经半途而废或坚持到底的某个新年计划； 2)解释导致你半途而废或促使你坚持到底的原因。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $