精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How to Turn Back the Clock on Ageing Imagine if we could turn back time. A team ____1____ (identify) a new way in which cells age has also reversed it, giving old mice younger bodies. One way our cells produce energy is through aerobic respiration (有氧呼吸). This takes place mainly in mitochondria — the powerhouses of cells. While mitochondria carry ____2____ own genomes, some cellular components (成分) necessary for respiration are produced by the nucleus (细胞核), so ____3____ two must work together efficiently. As we age, mitochondrial function declines, which can lead to disease. ____4____ (investigate) why, Ana Gomos at Harvard Medical School and her colleagues compared levels of messenger RNA — molecules that convey genetic information around a cell — for the cellular components ____5____ (need) for respiration in the muscle of 6- and 22-month-old mice. Levels of mRNA in the nucleus were similar ____6____ young and old mice, while levels in the mitochondria decreased with age. Similar changes were seen in mice ____7____ (lack) a protein called SIRT1. These mice also had higher levels of a protein produced by the nucleus called HIF-1-alpha. This suggests that communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria depends on events involving both these proteins. ____8____ SIRT1 levels remain high, this type of ageing is impossible. But SIRT1 levels are controlled by another molecule called NAD+, and crucially that declines with age, leading to a breakdown in communication. To see ____9____ they could fix this breakdown, the team injected the old mice twice daily for a week with a molecule known to increase NAD+. At the end of the week, the mice ____10____ (develop) a muscle type common in 6-month-old mice. “It gives us a new pathway to target that can reverse some aspects of ageing,” says Gomos. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. acknowledged B. celebrate C. competition D. creature E. endure F. individual G. named H. odds I. prejudice J. relative K. underdeveloped Animal Olympics Athleticism, speed, strength, power, endurance: Humans ____11____ these qualities in such events as the Olympic Games. In the animal kingdom, however, these qualities are necessary for the welfare and survival of the ____12____ and society. The Olympic Marathon, covering a distance of 26 miles, doesn’t come close to the marathons some animals ____13____. Take the Arctic tern, for instance. If migrates between the North and South Poles, covering a distance of as much as 30,000 miles each and every year. Some birds spend long durations, even most of their lives, in flight. Swifts, for example, have very ____14____ legs and live almost entirely on the wing. Some seabirds, such as the sooty tern, fly for years without landing. The wandering albatross is ____15____ for its ability to fly thousands of miles on feeding trips. The sperm whale is generally ____16____ to be the deepest diving mammal, but the northern bottlenose whale is not far behind. The sperm whale is known to dive a mile (5,280 feet) or deeper and to stay under for duration over two hours. The bottlenose is said to dive at least 5,000 feet and is also able to remain underwater for two hours. If the two were competing in an Olympic event, the ____17____ would be about even. There is little ____18____ for the deepest diving bird: it is the emperor penguin, which can dive to a depth of 1,770 feet. Outside of the penguin family, the thick-billed murre may be one of the emperor’s nearest competitors; it is thought to dive to 600-700 feet. Weightlifting No animal on earth can lift as much weight as the African elephant, which can pick up a one-ton weight with its trunk. However, ____19____ to body size, the elephant doesn’t even come close to the strongest animal on earth. What is it? The rhinoceros beetle. This rather strange-looking little ____20____ can transport objects weighing 850 times its own body weight. The elephant, carrying only one fourth of its body weight, isn’t even close in this contest. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Curiosity feels as if it’s outside your control. Trying to direct it sounds as ____21____ as forcing yourself to find a joke funny. But if you understand what ____22____ curiosity, you may be able to channel it a little better. Across evolutionary time, curious animals were more likely to survive because they learned about their environments; a forager (觅食者) that occasionally ____23____ a reliable feeding ground to explore might find an even better place to eat. Humans, too, will give up a known reward to ____24____ the unknown. In one experiment, subjects were asked to choose one of four photos, each carrying some chance of paying a cash prize. Photos repeated, so subjects learned to pick the best-paying, but when a novel photo popped up, they chose it more often than the odds suggested they should. This ____25____ for novelty is, of course, the reason manufacturers periodically change product packaging and advertising. But it’s good to know about your environment even if it doesn’t promise a reward ____26____. Knowledge may be useless today but vital next week. ____27____, evolution has left us with a brain that can reward itself; satisfying curiosity feels pleasurable, so you explore the environment even when you don’t expect any real ____28____. Infants prefer to look at novel pictures compared with familiar ones. Preschoolers play longer with a mechanical toy if it’s ____29____ to figure out how it works. What’s more, curiosity doesn’t just ____30____ new opportunities for learning; it enhances learning itself. In a recent experiment, subjects read trivia (益智的) questions and rated how curious each made them feel. Later, they saw the questions again, each followed by a photograph of a face, and judged whether that person looked as if he or she would know the answer. In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better ____31____ those appearing after trivia questions that made them curious. Curiosity causes a brain state that enhances learning. This function of curiosity — to ____32____ memory — is the key to understanding why we’re curious about some things and not others. We feel most curious when exploration will ____33____ the most learning. Suppose I ask you, “What’s the most common type of star in the Milky Way?” You’ll obviously feel no curiosity if you already know the answer. But you’ll also feel little interest if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t ____34____ it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly pointless. We’re ____35____ curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right proportion to add to what we already know. 21. A. meaningless B. harmless C. endless D. painless 22. A. displays B. inspires C. discourages D. complicates 23. A. skipped B. measured C. reached D. shared 24. A. astonish B. produce C. investigate D. predict 25. A. information B. preference C. technique D. analysis 26. A. at all B. in the end C. in secret D. right now 27. A. However B. Comparatively C. Therefore D. Otherwise 28. A. evidence B. change C. pleasure D. payoff 29. A. possible B. dangerous C. natural D. difficult 30. A. restrict B. adjust C. ensure D. evaluate 31. A. remembered B. posed C. illustrated D. forgot 32. A. compare B. test C. understand D. heighten 33. A. take over B. put off C. lead to D. rely on 34. A. leave B. connect C. return D. present 35. A. maximally B. originally C. unnecessarily D. separately Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around. It may get us out of our own heads — a proven mood booster — and help broaden our perspective. "People feel more connected when they talk to strangers, like they are part of something bigger," says Gillian Sandstrom, a psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Essex who studies interactions between strangers. In research studies, Sandstrom has found that people’s moods improve after they have a conversation with a stranger — say, a Starbucks barista, a volunteer at a museum, or the person next to them in line. Overall, people report that they are happier on days when they have more interactions with acquaintances (泛泛之交) they don’t know well. And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know. We feel upset about the mechanics of the conversation-how to start, maintain, or stop it. We think we will blather on and disclose too much, or not talk enough. We worry we will bore the other person. We’re typically wrong. Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestimate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers. To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe. You don’t even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits. Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups, religious gatherings, or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not. 36. According to the passage, most people are ________ to talk with strangers. A. disappointed B. eager C. relieved D. unwilling 37. The figures in paragraph 3 are meant to illustrate that________. A. people feel better than expected after talking with strangers B. people may disclose too much if they communicate with strangers C. people should leave a good impression while talking with strangers D. people underestimate their ability to start a conversation with strangers 38. According to the passage, which statement are scientists most likely to agree with? A. Our social skills are declining with evolution. B. We enjoy interacting with strangers by nature. C. We prefer to communicate with strangers non-verbally. D. Our motivation to interact with strangers varies across cultures. 39. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Strangers are kinder than we think. B. Random interactions can be meaningful. C. We should be careful when talking with strangers. D. Interactions with acquaintances may not benefit us. （B） The Dirt on Organic Farming People assume that organic products come from small family farms, but many of the foods labeled organic in supermarkets are actually produced by large corporations. Big or small, a farm must follow the same rules to be certified organic: fertilizing (施肥) soil with natural substances, planting with organic seeds, rotating crops to protect soil, and allowing animals to graze (放牧). Using pesticides (杀虫剂) isn’t completely forbidden on an organic farm. “There are about 25 chemicals that have been approved for use,” says Jessica Shade, PhD, director of science programs at the Organic Center in Washington, DC. “But before organic farmers even use those 25, they have to prove that they have used every other method possible.” While it may seem that there are all-natural farms everywhere these days, less than 1 percent of the 911 million acres of farmland in the United States are certified organic, according to the Pew Research Center. We know it’s good for our health, but eating organic is costly. Organic produce carries a premium of 10 to 30 percent. Fortunately, a study has shown that the risk of ingesting pesticides is relatively low with certain foods, primarily because their thicker skins or outer covering protect us. At the top of the Environmental Working Group’s “Clean 15” list: avocados and sweet corn, with less than 1 percent of the samples showing any pesticide residue. Organic farming isn’t just about feeding you. According to Statista, pet owners will spend $6.8 billion on organic food for their dogs and cats this year, more than double than a decade ago. But listen, animal lovers: Foods marked “natural” do not carry the same requirement as those that are certified organic. 40. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. To introduce the history of organic farming. B. To make clear some facts concerning organic products. C. To persuade readers to be careful with organic products. D. To correct people’s misunderstanding of organic farming. 41. What can be learned about the use of pesticides in organic farming from the passage? A. No pesticides are allowed to be used in organic farming. B. Some pesticides can be used only if no better method is available. C. Organic farmers are beginning to appeal for the use of pesticides. D. Only 25 chemicals are not included in the approved list for organic farming. 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Most organic farms are small family farms. B. Organic food for pets are often just labeled as “natural”. C. In no case is non-organic produce better than organic produce. D. Only a small part of farmland in the US is devoted to organic farming. （C） Researchers and policy makers have long studied pilot schemes (方案) such as public health initiatives or innovative schools. They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale. This depressing tendency was called “voltage drop” by the psychiatrist Amy Kilbourne and her coworkers in 2007. The economist John List has been exploring the cause of this voltage drop, first in a 2019 paper with Omar Al-Ubaydli and Dana Suskind, then in a recent book, The Voltage Effect. So why does the voltage drop for so many promising ideas? One common problem is that the original effect was not real. Consider a famous experiment, conducted over 20 years ago by psychologists Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper, in which customers in a high-end supermarket were offered free samples of jam from a choice of either six or 24 flavours. The wider choice was dramatically de-motivating. Ten times as many people bought jam after being shown the smaller range. It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments. Perhaps the effect is completely non-existent, or perhaps the effect exists but with nothing like the force exhibited in the original experiment. Does anyone seriously believe your local supermarket would sell 10 times as much produce if only it simplified its product line? Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalize beyond unusual circumstances. My favourite example is the Arch Deluxe, a hamburger launched by McDonald’s in 1996 with a marketing fanfare. The fast-food giant had every reason to expect success, because focus groups loved the Arch Deluxe’s bakery-style rolls, peppered bacon and stoneground mustard-mayo dressing. The problem, says List, is that the focus group enthusiasts were not a good guide to the attitude of the typical consumer: “A person who signs up to take part in a McDonald’s focus group is probably someone who is crazy about McDonald’s or loves all kinds of burgers, or both. But the average person, it turns out, goes to McDonald’s for the Big Mac, not a fancier version of one.” Even if the idea is real, and generalizes to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team. A pilot school may work well, but it is easier to hire 20 good teachers than 20,000. A brilliant chef can work in only one kitchen at a time. 43. Which of the following statements best describes “voltage drop”? A. A scheme has been piloted before being really carried out. B. A scheme serves its intended purpose well on a large scale. C. A scheme works well when tested but fails when launched. D. A scheme like a health initiative is designed for a group of people. 44. What does the writer imply about the experiment conducted by Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper? A. It lasted too long a time. B. Its conclusion may not be reliable. C. Its follow-up experiments showed opposite results. D. It discouraged people from going to the supermarket. 45. The example of the Arch Deluxe is used in the passage in order to explain ________. A. why the creativity of an idea matters a lot B. why an idea may not generalise to a larger group C. why McDonald’s is not popular with average people D. why the attitude of the typical consumer varies 46. The passage talks mainly about ________. A. why some great ideas fail B. how to avoid voltage drop C. how to make a workable plan D. why experimentation is important Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Internet’s Largest Encyclopaedia (百科全书) Being the founder of the Internet’s largest encyclopaedia means Jimmy Wales gets a lot of strange emails. But the emails that make him laugh out loud come from concerned newcomers who’ve just discovered they have total freedom to edit a Wikipedia entry at the click of a button. ____47____ Wikipedia is a free open-source encyclopaedia, which basically means that anyone can log on. An Encyclopaedia Britannica and add to it or edit it. And they do. ____48____ Academics are upset. Editor once compared Wikipedia to a public toilet seat because you don’t know who used it last. Loyal users claim that cooperation improves articles over time. But what exactly is a wiki and how does it work? Wikis are simple pieces of software that you can download for free. ____49____ Need to solve a business problem overnight and all the members of your team are in different time zones? Start a wiki. And the name? Believe it or not, the name came about because the inventor of the wiki had his honeymoon in Hawaii，where you catch the ‘wiki wiki’ (quick) bus from the airport. Anyway, years ago, Jimmy Wales was looking for a way to combine his two major hobbies: reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica and surfing the Internet. “I met all these great people online,” he says, “and we were all discussing things on mailing lists no one ever looks at. I thought, why not build something long-lasting, more fun and entertaining?” Ah, fun. ____50____ Options and futures trading, which he did in Chicago in the 1990s, was “fun and cool”. Quitting his job to start an Internet company? Delightful. Paying the mortgage purely from investments? Fantastic. And Wikipedia’s growth? Simply amazing. A. It has 1.5 million entries in seventy-six languages - and counting. B. The wide-open nature of the Internet encourages people to disregard the importance of professionalism. C. They know you could confirm anything you like by adding it yourself. D. You then use them to set up a website that can be edited by anyone you like. E. “Oh,” they write, “you’ve got a major security issue.” F. Spend enough time talking to Wales and you’ll believe his life has been one long series of laughter. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Keeping Everyday Life from Becoming Boring Last spring, I started a new exercise class. As someone who dislikes doing jumping jacks, burpees, and push-ups, I found the workouts surprisingly enjoyable, at least for a while. But after several months, my hobby began to feel like watching the same episode of a sitcom on repeat. I was overly familiar with the class routine, and my excitement had been replaced with boredom. A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. Even though we all feel apathetic from time to time, according to Mary Mann, author of Yawn: Adventures in Boredom, it’s often seen as being self-inflicted. “Only boring people get bored” is a popular belief. But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. This explains why activities that were initially gratifying can sometimes lose their appeal. Humans are remarkably good at getting used to changes in our lives, both positive and negative, according to Sonja Lyubomirsky, a professor of psychology at the University of California. This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. Think about the last time you got a raise, bought a car, or moved. At first, these experiences can bring immense joy. But over time, they become part of the routine. We are ready for the next new thing to excite us. While boredom can be a downer when it drains the pleasure from our lives, it can provide a sort of service. “If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 两位年轻人在户外活动的偏好上有所不同。(differ) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 53. 我们需要补上前一周因为病假错过的课业。(make)(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 54. 只要不对生态功能造成破坏，我们允许有限的人为活动。(damage）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________ 55. 研究人员应该谨慎对待数据分析，以确保结果有效可靠，而不是依赖任何可获得的信息。(whatever) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备； 2）你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How to Turn Back the Clock on Ageing Imagine if we could turn back time. A team ____1____ (identify) a new way in which cells age has also reversed it, giving old mice younger bodies. One way our cells produce energy is through aerobic respiration (有氧呼吸). This takes place mainly in mitochondria — the powerhouses of cells. While mitochondria carry ____2____ own genomes, some cellular components (成分) necessary for respiration are produced by the nucleus (细胞核), so ____3____ two must work together efficiently. As we age, mitochondrial function declines, which can lead to disease. ____4____ (investigate) why, Ana Gomos at Harvard Medical School and her colleagues compared levels of messenger RNA — molecules that convey genetic information around a cell — for the cellular components ____5____ (need) for respiration in the muscle of 6- and 22-month-old mice. Levels of mRNA in the nucleus were similar ____6____ young and old mice, while levels in the mitochondria decreased with age. Similar changes were seen in mice ____7____ (lack) a protein called SIRT1. These mice also had higher levels of a protein produced by the nucleus called HIF-1-alpha. This suggests that communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria depends on events involving both these proteins. ____8____ SIRT1 levels remain high, this type of ageing is impossible. But SIRT1 levels are controlled by another molecule called NAD+, and crucially that declines with age, leading to a breakdown in communication. To see ____9____ they could fix this breakdown, the team injected the old mice twice daily for a week with a molecule known to increase NAD+. At the end of the week, the mice ____10____ (develop) a muscle type common in 6-month-old mice. “It gives us a new pathway to target that can reverse some aspects of ageing,” says Gomos. 【答案】1. identifying 2. their 3. the 4. To investigate 5. needed 6. between 7. lacking 8. As long as 9. if##whether 10. developed 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍科研团队探究细胞核与线粒体间信号传递影响衰老的机制，发现提升NAD+可逆转小鼠部分衰老表现，为抗衰老研究提供新思路。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一支发现细胞衰老新方式的研究团队还逆转了衰老过程，让老年小鼠拥有更年轻的身体。句中已有谓语has reversed，空处作非谓语动词，A team和identify是主动关系，应用现在分词identifying作后置定语。 【2题详解】 考查代词。句意：虽然线粒体携带它们自己的基因组，但呼吸作用所需的一些细胞成分由细胞核生成，所以二者必须高效协作。根据空后own genomes以及主语mitochondria可知，此处表示“它们的”，应使用形容词性物主代词their。 【3题详解】 考查冠词。句意同上。前文提到mitochondria和nucleus这两个事物，此处特指这两者，用定冠词the。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：为调查其中缘由，哈佛医学院的Ana Gomos及其团队对比了6月龄和22月龄小鼠肌肉中呼吸所需细胞组分对应的信使RNA水平。句中已有谓语compared，空处作非谓语动词，结合语意可知，根据句子逻辑，哈佛医学院的Ana Gomos及其团队所做的事情是为了调查缘由，此处表目的，应用动词不定式To investigate作目的状语。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。句中the cellular components和need是被动关系，应用过去分词needed作后置定语。 【6题详解】 考查介词。句意：年轻和老年小鼠细胞核中的mRNA水平相似，而线粒体中的水平随着年龄的增长而降低。此处指在年轻和年老小鼠之间的水平相似，固定搭配between...and...表示“在……和……之间”。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在缺少一种名为SIRT1蛋白质的小鼠身上也观察到了类似变化。句中已有谓语were seen，空处作非谓语动词，句中mice和lack是主动关系，应用现在分词lacking作后置定语。 【8题详解】 考查连词。句意：只要SIRT1的水平维持在高位，这类衰老就不会发生。根据前后句逻辑，此处表示条件，应使用As long as引导条件状语从句。 【9题详解】 考查连词。句意：为弄清他们能否修复这种信息传递中断的问题，该团队连续一周每天两次给老年小鼠注射一种可以提升NAD+的分子。see后接宾语从句，句意表示“是否”，应用if/whether引导宾语从句。 【10题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：一周结束时，这些小鼠长出了一种6月龄小鼠身上常见的肌肉类型。根据上下文是过去开展的实验，动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时，develop的过去式是developed。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. acknowledged B. celebrate C. competition D. creature E. endure F. individual G. named H. odds I. prejudice J. relative K. underdeveloped Animal Olympics Athleticism, speed, strength, power, endurance: Humans ____11____ these qualities in such events as the Olympic Games. In the animal kingdom, however, these qualities are necessary for the welfare and survival of the ____12____ and society. The Olympic Marathon, covering a distance of 26 miles, doesn’t come close to the marathons some animals ____13____. Take the Arctic tern, for instance. If migrates between the North and South Poles, covering a distance of as much as 30,000 miles each and every year. Some birds spend long durations, even most of their lives, in flight. Swifts, for example, have very ____14____ legs and live almost entirely on the wing. Some seabirds, such as the sooty tern, fly for years without landing. The wandering albatross is ____15____ for its ability to fly thousands of miles on feeding trips. The sperm whale is generally ____16____ to be the deepest diving mammal, but the northern bottlenose whale is not far behind. The sperm whale is known to dive a mile (5,280 feet) or deeper and to stay under for duration over two hours. The bottlenose is said to dive at least 5,000 feet and is also able to remain underwater for two hours. If the two were competing in an Olympic event, the ____17____ would be about even. There is little ____18____ for the deepest diving bird: it is the emperor penguin, which can dive to a depth of 1,770 feet. Outside of the penguin family, the thick-billed murre may be one of the emperor’s nearest competitors; it is thought to dive to 600-700 feet. Weightlifting No animal on earth can lift as much weight as the African elephant, which can pick up a one-ton weight with its trunk. However, ____19____ to body size, the elephant doesn’t even come close to the strongest animal on earth. What is it? The rhinoceros beetle. This rather strange-looking little ____20____ can transport objects weighing 850 times its own body weight. The elephant, carrying only one fourth of its body weight, isn’t even close in this contest. 【答案】11. B 12. F 13. E 14. K 15. G 16. A 17. H 18. C 19. J 20. D 【解析】 【导语】本文以“动物奥运会”为喻，介绍动物在马拉松、潜水、举重等项目中展现的惊人能力，并与人类运动项目进行对比。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：在奥运会等赛事中，人类颂扬这些品质：运动能力、速度、力量、爆发力和耐力。根据上文“Athleticism, speed, strength, power, endurance”可知，这些是人类在奥运赛事中颂扬的品质；动词celebrate意为“庆祝，颂扬”，作谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时态，主语Humans为复数，谓语用复数形式。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而在动物王国中，这些品质对于个体和群体的福祉与生存是必要的。根据下文“and society”可知，此处说的是与群体相对的个体；名词individual意为“个体”，与society并列作介词of的宾语，用单数形式。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：奥运会马拉松全程26英里，但这与某些动物所承受的马拉松距离相比相去甚远。根据下文“Take the Arctic tern, for instance. If migrates between the North and South Poles, covering a distance of as much as 30,000 miles each and every year.”可知，此处说的是某些动物需要承受长距离迁徙；动词endure意为“承受，忍耐”，作定语从句的谓语，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时态，主语some animals是复数名词，谓语用复数形式。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：例如，雨燕的腿非常不发达，几乎完全在飞行中生活。根据下文“live almost entirely on the wing”可知，此处说的是雨燕的腿不发达；形容词underdeveloped意为“不发达的，发育不全的”，修饰名词legs，作定语。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：漂泊信天翁因其在觅食途中能飞行数千英里的能力而得名。根据下文“for its ability to fly thousands of miles on feeding trips”可知，此处说的是漂泊信天翁以长距离飞行能力而得名；动词name意为“命名”，与主语The wandering albatross之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式named构成被动语态“is named for”结构，意为“因……得名”。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：抹香鲸通常被认为是潜水最深的哺乳动物，但北瓶鼻鲸也不遑多让。根据下文“to be the deepest diving mammal”可知，此处说的是抹香鲸被公认为潜水最深的哺乳动物；动词acknowledge意为“承认，公认”，作谓语，与主语The sperm whale之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式构成被动语态is acknowledged。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果两者在奥运项目中竞争，胜算将不相上下。根据上文“If the two were competing in an Olympic event”和下文“would be about even”可知，此处说的是两者竞争的胜负概率；名词odds意为“可能性，胜算”，作主语，用复数形式。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：在潜水最深的鸟类这一头衔上几乎没有竞争对手：那就是帝企鹅，它能潜入1770英尺的深度。根据下文“it is the emperor penguin”可知，此处说的是潜水最深鸟类的竞争没有悬念；名词competition意为“竞争，角逐”，作主语，不可数名词。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，相对于体型而言，大象甚至远远比不上地球上最强壮的动物。根据下文“to body size”可知，此处说的是相对于体型而言；名词relative意为“相对物”，构成固定短语“relative to”，意为“相对于”。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种长相奇特的小生物能搬运重量达自身体重850倍的物体。根据上文“The rhinoceros beetle”和下文“can transport objects”可知，此处说的是犀牛甲虫这种生物；名词creature意为“生物，动物”，作主语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Curiosity feels as if it’s outside your control. Trying to direct it sounds as ____21____ as forcing yourself to find a joke funny. But if you understand what ____22____ curiosity, you may be able to channel it a little better. Across evolutionary time, curious animals were more likely to survive because they learned about their environments; a forager (觅食者) that occasionally ____23____ a reliable feeding ground to explore might find an even better place to eat. Humans, too, will give up a known reward to ____24____ the unknown. In one experiment, subjects were asked to choose one of four photos, each carrying some chance of paying a cash prize. Photos repeated, so subjects learned to pick the best-paying, but when a novel photo popped up, they chose it more often than the odds suggested they should. This ____25____ for novelty is, of course, the reason manufacturers periodically change product packaging and advertising. But it’s good to know about your environment even if it doesn’t promise a reward ____26____. Knowledge may be useless today but vital next week. ____27____, evolution has left us with a brain that can reward itself; satisfying curiosity feels pleasurable, so you explore the environment even when you don’t expect any real ____28____. Infants prefer to look at novel pictures compared with familiar ones. Preschoolers play longer with a mechanical toy if it’s ____29____ to figure out how it works. What’s more, curiosity doesn’t just ____30____ new opportunities for learning; it enhances learning itself. In a recent experiment, subjects read trivia (益智的) questions and rated how curious each made them feel. Later, they saw the questions again, each followed by a photograph of a face, and judged whether that person looked as if he or she would know the answer. In a surprise final memory test for the faces, subjects better ____31____ those appearing after trivia questions that made them curious. Curiosity causes a brain state that enhances learning. This function of curiosity — to ____32____ memory — is the key to understanding why we’re curious about some things and not others. We feel most curious when exploration will ____33____ the most learning. Suppose I ask you, “What’s the most common type of star in the Milky Way?” You’ll obviously feel no curiosity if you already know the answer. But you’ll also feel little interest if you know nothing about stars; if you learned the answer, you couldn’t ____34____ it to other knowledge, so it would seem nearly pointless. We’re ____35____ curious when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right proportion to add to what we already know. 21. A. meaningless B. harmless C. endless D. painless 22. A. displays B. inspires C. discourages D. complicates 23. A. skipped B. measured C. reached D. shared 24. A. astonish B. produce C. investigate D. predict 25. A. information B. preference C. technique D. analysis 26. A. at all B. in the end C. in secret D. right now 27. A. However B. Comparatively C. Therefore D. Otherwise 28. A. evidence B. change C. pleasure D. payoff 29. A. possible B. dangerous C. natural D. difficult 30. A. restrict B. adjust C. ensure D. evaluate 31. A. remembered B. posed C. illustrated D. forgot 32. A. compare B. test C. understand D. heighten 33. A. take over B. put off C. lead to D. rely on 34. A. leave B. connect C. return D. present 35. A. maximally B. originally C. unnecessarily D. separately 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了好奇心的本质、驱动机制及其对学习和记忆的积极影响，指出好奇心能激发探索、增强学习效果，并能在信息量与已有知识达到最佳比例时达到顶峰。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：试图引导它听起来就像强迫自己觉得笑话有趣一样毫无意义。A. meaningless无意义的；B. harmless无害的；C. endless无尽的；D. painless无痛的。根据下文“forcing yourself to find a joke funny”可知，强迫自己觉得笑话有趣是没有意义的，这里用as...as结构进行类比，说明试图引导好奇心像做一件无意义的事情。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：但如果你能理解是什么激发了好奇心，或许就能更好地引导它。A. displays展示；B. inspires激发；C. discourages使气馁；D. complicates使复杂。根据下文“you may be able to channel it a little better”可知，能更好地引导好奇心的基础是理解什么能激发它。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：在漫长的进化过程中，好奇的动物更有可能生存下来，因为它们能了解自己的环境；一个觅食者偶尔跳过可靠的觅食地点去探索，可能会发现更好的食物来源。A. skipped跳过；B. measured测量；C. reached到达；D. shared分享。根据下文“might find an even better place to eat”可知，可能会发现更好的食物来源，意味着偶尔跳过可靠的觅食点去探索。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：人类也是如此，我们愿意放弃已知的奖励，去探究未知的事物。A. astonish使惊讶；B. produce生产；C. investigate探究；D. predict预测。根据上文“give up a known reward”可知，人类为了探究未知而放弃已知的奖励。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种对新奇事物的偏好，正是制造商定期更换产品包装和广告的原因。A. information信息；B. preference偏好；C. technique技术；D. analysis分析。根据上文“when a novel photo popped up, they chose it more often than the odds suggested they should”可知，实验中人们选择新颖的照片多于预期，表明人们对新奇事物的偏好。 【26题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：但即使现在没有回报，了解你的环境也是有益的。A. at all完全；B. in the end最后；C. in secret秘密地；D. right now现在。根据下文“Knowledge may be useless today but vital next week.”可知，知识可能今天没用但下周关键，说明了解环境即使现在没有回报，也是有价值的。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：因此，进化赋予了我们一种能够自我奖励的大脑；满足好奇心会让人感到愉悦，因此即使没有预期获得实际回报，人们也会主动探索周围环境。A. However然而；B. Comparatively相对地；C. Therefore因此；D. Otherwise否则。根据上文“Knowledge may be useless today but vital next week.”可知，知识可能今天没用但下周关键，因此进化给了我们大脑自我奖励的能力。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：因此，进化赋予了我们一种能够自我奖励的大脑；满足好奇心会让人感到愉悦，因此即使没有预期获得实际回报，人们也会主动探索周围环境。A. evidence证据；B. change改变；C. pleasure愉悦；D. payoff报酬。根据上文“evolution has left us with a brain that can reward itself”可知，进化使大脑能自我奖励，这意味着即使没有预期获得实际回报，人们也会主动探索周围环境。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：学龄前儿童如果难以理解机械玩具的工作原理，就会玩得更久。A. possible可能的；B. dangerous危险的；C. natural自然的；D. difficult困难的。根据上文“Preschoolers play longer with a mechanical toy”可知，如果玩具很难弄懂，孩子的好奇心会更强，玩的时间会更长。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：此外，好奇心不仅能带来新的学习机会，还能提升学习本身。A. restrict限制；B. adjust调整；C. ensure确保；D. evaluate评估。根据下文“it enhances learning itself”可知，此处描述好奇心的积极作用，前后是递进关系，它不仅能确保有新的学习机会，即带来新的学习机会，还能提升学习本身。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：在对这些面孔进行的最后一次意外记忆测试中，被试者能更好地记住那些出现在让他们好奇的冷知识问题之后的面孔。A. remembered记得；B. posed摆姿势；C. illustrated阐明；D. forgot忘记。根据上文“In a surprise final memory test for the faces”可知，被试者进行的是记忆测试，这意味着他们更好地记住了一些特定的面孔。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：这种好奇心的功能——即增强记忆——正是我们为何会对某些事物产生好奇、而对另一些事物不感兴趣的关键所在。A. compare比较；B. test测试；C. understand理解；D. heighten增强。根据第三段中“Curiosity causes a brain state that enhances learning.”可知，好奇心能激发促进学习的大脑状态，这意味着它能增强记忆。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：当探索会带来最多的学习收获时，我们会感到最强烈的好奇。A. take over接管；B. put off推迟；C. lead to引起；D. rely on依赖。根据上文“We feel most curious”可知，感到最强烈的好奇的情况应该是探索最有可能引发最多的学习收获。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：但如果你对星星一无所知，也会觉得兴趣不大；如果你知道了答案，却无法将其与其他知识联系起来，那似乎几乎毫无意义。A. leave离开；B. connect连接；C. return返回；D. present呈现。根据上文“if you learned the answer”和下文“so it would seem nearly pointless”可知，知道了答案却无法将其连接到其他知识上，似乎几乎毫无意义。 【35题详解】 考查副词。句意：当我们感觉到周围环境提供了恰到好处的新信息，能够补充我们已有的知识时，就会产生最大的好奇心。A. maximally最大地；B. originally最初地；C. unnecessarily不必要地；D. separately分别地。根据下文“when we sense that the environment offers new information in the right proportion to add to what we already know”可知，好奇心最强的时候，是新信息量与已有知识处于一个恰到好处的比例，从而补充已有的知识。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around. It may get us out of our own heads — a proven mood booster — and help broaden our perspective. "People feel more connected when they talk to strangers, like they are part of something bigger," says Gillian Sandstrom, a psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Essex who studies interactions between strangers. In research studies, Sandstrom has found that people’s moods improve after they have a conversation with a stranger — say, a Starbucks barista, a volunteer at a museum, or the person next to them in line. Overall, people report that they are happier on days when they have more interactions with acquaintances (泛泛之交) they don’t know well. And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know. We feel upset about the mechanics of the conversation-how to start, maintain, or stop it. We think we will blather on and disclose too much, or not talk enough. We worry we will bore the other person. We’re typically wrong. Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestimate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers. To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe. You don’t even have to talk to complete strangers to reap the benefits. Multiple studies show that people who interact regularly with passing acquaintances or who engage with others through community groups, religious gatherings, or volunteer opportunities have better emotional and physical health and live longer than those who do not. 36. According to the passage, most people are ________ to talk with strangers. A. disappointed B. eager C. relieved D. unwilling 37. The figures in paragraph 3 are meant to illustrate that________. A. people feel better than expected after talking with strangers B. people may disclose too much if they communicate with strangers C. people should leave a good impression while talking with strangers D. people underestimate their ability to start a conversation with strangers 38. According to the passage, which statement are scientists most likely to agree with? A. Our social skills are declining with evolution. B. We enjoy interacting with strangers by nature. C. We prefer to communicate with strangers non-verbally. D. Our motivation to interact with strangers varies across cultures. 39. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Strangers are kinder than we think. B. Random interactions can be meaningful. C. We should be careful when talking with strangers. D. Interactions with acquaintances may not benefit us. 【答案】36. D 37. A 38. B 39. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍和陌生人交流能够改善情绪，并阐述相关研究与背后的进化原因。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“And yet most of us resist talking to people we don’t know or barely know.(然而我们大多数人抗拒和不认识或几乎不认识的人交谈。)”可知，大多数人不愿意和陌生人交谈。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Sandstrom’s research shows that people underestimate how much another person will like them when they talk for the first time. In a study in which she asked participants to talk to at least one stranger a day for five days, 99 percent said they had found at least one of the exchanges pleasantly surprising, 82 percent said they’d learned something from one of the strangers, 43 percent had exchanged contact information, and 40 percent had communicated with one of the strangers again. Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers.(桑德斯特伦的研究表明：人们会低估初次交谈时对方对自己的好感程度。在一项研究中，她要求参与者连续五天，每天至少和一位陌生人交谈一次。99% 的受试者表示，至少有一次交流带来了意外的愉悦感；82% 的人称从某位陌生人身上学到了东西；43% 的人与陌生人互换了联系方式；还有 40% 之后再次和其中一位陌生人进行了沟通。科学家认为，人类能够享受和陌生人交流，背后或许有古老的缘由。)”可知，这些数据用来证明：和陌生人交谈之后，人们的感受比预想的更好。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 “Scientists believe there may be an ancient reason why humans are able to enjoy interacting with strangers.(科学家认为，人类喜欢和陌生人互动或许存在古老的原因。)”以及第四段 “To survive as a species, we need to mate outside our own gene pool, so we may have evolved to have both the social skills and the motivation to be with people who are not in our tribe.(为了物种生存，我们需要在基因库外择偶，所以人类在进化中拥有社交能力以及和部落之外的人交往的动力。)”可以推断科学家会认同我们天生就喜欢和陌生人互动。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段 “Sometimes a stranger can significantly improve our day. A pleasant encounter with someone we don’t know, even a nonverbal exchange, can comfort us when no one else is around.(有时候一个陌生人能极大改善我们一天的心情。与陌生人愉快的相遇，哪怕是非语言的交流，也能在无人陪伴时抚慰我们。)”可知，文章说明这种随机的偶遇互动是有意义的，能改善情绪。 （B） The Dirt on Organic Farming People assume that organic products come from small family farms, but many of the foods labeled organic in supermarkets are actually produced by large corporations. Big or small, a farm must follow the same rules to be certified organic: fertilizing (施肥) soil with natural substances, planting with organic seeds, rotating crops to protect soil, and allowing animals to graze (放牧). Using pesticides (杀虫剂) isn’t completely forbidden on an organic farm. “There are about 25 chemicals that have been approved for use,” says Jessica Shade, PhD, director of science programs at the Organic Center in Washington, DC. “But before organic farmers even use those 25, they have to prove that they have used every other method possible.” While it may seem that there are all-natural farms everywhere these days, less than 1 percent of the 911 million acres of farmland in the United States are certified organic, according to the Pew Research Center. We know it’s good for our health, but eating organic is costly. Organic produce carries a premium of 10 to 30 percent. Fortunately, a study has shown that the risk of ingesting pesticides is relatively low with certain foods, primarily because their thicker skins or outer covering protect us. At the top of the Environmental Working Group’s “Clean 15” list: avocados and sweet corn, with less than 1 percent of the samples showing any pesticide residue. Organic farming isn’t just about feeding you. According to Statista, pet owners will spend $6.8 billion on organic food for their dogs and cats this year, more than double than a decade ago. But listen, animal lovers: Foods marked “natural” do not carry the same requirement as those that are certified organic. 40. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. To introduce the history of organic farming. B. To make clear some facts concerning organic products. C. To persuade readers to be careful with organic products. D. To correct people’s misunderstanding of organic farming. 41. What can be learned about the use of pesticides in organic farming from the passage? A. No pesticides are allowed to be used in organic farming. B. Some pesticides can be used only if no better method is available. C. Organic farmers are beginning to appeal for the use of pesticides. D. Only 25 chemicals are not included in the approved list for organic farming. 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Most organic farms are small family farms. B. Organic food for pets are often just labeled as “natural”. C. In no case is non-organic produce better than organic produce. D. Only a small part of farmland in the US is devoted to organic farming. 【答案】40. B 41. B 42. D 【解析】 【导语】文章分别从有机农产品的真实来源、杀虫剂的使用规定、有机农田的实际占比、有机食品的价格及低农药残留的替代选择，以及宠物有机食品的标签区别等方面，向读者介绍和澄清了关于有机农业和有机产品的几个客观事实。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据原文第一段“People assume that organic products come from small family farms, but many of the foods labeled organic in supermarkets are actually produced by large corporations.(人们以为有机产品都来自小型家庭农场，但超市里许多标注有机的食品实际上是大公司生产的)”及第二段“Using pesticides(杀虫剂) isn’t completely forbidden on an organic farm.(在有机农场，杀虫剂并非被完全禁止使用)”及最后一段“Organic farming isn’t just about feeding you.(有机农业不仅仅是为了供给人类食物) ”等内容可知，文章主要介绍关于有机农业和有机产品的一些事实。故文章旨在阐明有关有机产品的一些事实。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据原文第二段“But before organic farmers even use those 25, they have to prove that they have used every other method possible.(但有机农户在使用这25种化学制剂之前，必须证明他们已经尝试过所有其他可行办法)”可知，只有在没有更好办法的情况下，部分杀虫剂才可以使用。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据原文第三段“While it may seem that there are all-natural farms everywhere these days, less than 1 percent of the 911 million acres of farmland in the United States are certified organic, according to the Pew Research Center.(皮尤研究中心的数据显示，尽管如今纯天然农场似乎随处可见，但美国9.11亿英亩农田中，获得有机认证的不足1%)”可知，在美国只有一小部分农田用于有机种植。 （C） Researchers and policy makers have long studied pilot schemes (方案) such as public health initiatives or innovative schools. They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale. This depressing tendency was called “voltage drop” by the psychiatrist Amy Kilbourne and her coworkers in 2007. The economist John List has been exploring the cause of this voltage drop, first in a 2019 paper with Omar Al-Ubaydli and Dana Suskind, then in a recent book, The Voltage Effect. So why does the voltage drop for so many promising ideas? One common problem is that the original effect was not real. Consider a famous experiment, conducted over 20 years ago by psychologists Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper, in which customers in a high-end supermarket were offered free samples of jam from a choice of either six or 24 flavours. The wider choice was dramatically de-motivating. Ten times as many people bought jam after being shown the smaller range. It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments. Perhaps the effect is completely non-existent, or perhaps the effect exists but with nothing like the force exhibited in the original experiment. Does anyone seriously believe your local supermarket would sell 10 times as much produce if only it simplified its product line? Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalize beyond unusual circumstances. My favourite example is the Arch Deluxe, a hamburger launched by McDonald’s in 1996 with a marketing fanfare. The fast-food giant had every reason to expect success, because focus groups loved the Arch Deluxe’s bakery-style rolls, peppered bacon and stoneground mustard-mayo dressing. The problem, says List, is that the focus group enthusiasts were not a good guide to the attitude of the typical consumer: “A person who signs up to take part in a McDonald’s focus group is probably someone who is crazy about McDonald’s or loves all kinds of burgers, or both. But the average person, it turns out, goes to McDonald’s for the Big Mac, not a fancier version of one.” Even if the idea is real, and generalizes to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team. A pilot school may work well, but it is easier to hire 20 good teachers than 20,000. A brilliant chef can work in only one kitchen at a time. 43. Which of the following statements best describes “voltage drop”? A. A scheme has been piloted before being really carried out. B. A scheme serves its intended purpose well on a large scale. C. A scheme works well when tested but fails when launched. D. A scheme like a health initiative is designed for a group of people. 44. What does the writer imply about the experiment conducted by Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper? A. It lasted too long a time. B. Its conclusion may not be reliable. C. Its follow-up experiments showed opposite results. D. It discouraged people from going to the supermarket. 45. The example of the Arch Deluxe is used in the passage in order to explain ________. A. why the creativity of an idea matters a lot B. why an idea may not generalise to a larger group C. why McDonald’s is not popular with average people D. why the attitude of the typical consumer varies 46. The passage talks mainly about ________. A. why some great ideas fail B. how to avoid voltage drop C. how to make a workable plan D. why experimentation is important 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍“voltage drop”现象，分析试点效果好但规模化后失效的几类原因，解释许多好想法最终失败的缘由。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale.(他们发现这样一种现象：试点取得令人满意的效果，但扩大规模后效果就消失了。)”可知，voltage drop指方案试点效果好，大规模推行时就失败了。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments.(这是心理学上最著名的结论之一，但后续的实验很难重现这一结果。)”可知，作者暗示这个实验的结论或许并不可靠。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalize beyond unusual circumstances.(voltage drop的另一个原因是，原本的成效无法在特殊场景之外推广开来。)”以及后面的例子可知，Arch Deluxe这个例子用来解释为什么一个想法无法推广到更大的群体。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据第二段“So why does the voltage drop for so many promising ideas?(那么为什么这么多前景不错的想法会出现voltage drop的现象呢？)” 可知，本文介绍“voltage drop”现象，分析试点效果好但规模化后失效的几类原因，解释许多好想法最终失败的缘由。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Internet’s Largest Encyclopaedia (百科全书) Being the founder of the Internet’s largest encyclopaedia means Jimmy Wales gets a lot of strange emails. But the emails that make him laugh out loud come from concerned newcomers who’ve just discovered they have total freedom to edit a Wikipedia entry at the click of a button. ____47____ Wikipedia is a free open-source encyclopaedia, which basically means that anyone can log on. An Encyclopaedia Britannica and add to it or edit it. And they do. ____48____ Academics are upset. Editor once compared Wikipedia to a public toilet seat because you don’t know who used it last. Loyal users claim that cooperation improves articles over time. But what exactly is a wiki and how does it work? Wikis are simple pieces of software that you can download for free. ____49____ Need to solve a business problem overnight and all the members of your team are in different time zones? Start a wiki. And the name? Believe it or not, the name came about because the inventor of the wiki had his honeymoon in Hawaii，where you catch the ‘wiki wiki’ (quick) bus from the airport. Anyway, years ago, Jimmy Wales was looking for a way to combine his two major hobbies: reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica and surfing the Internet. “I met all these great people online,” he says, “and we were all discussing things on mailing lists no one ever looks at. I thought, why not build something long-lasting, more fun and entertaining?” Ah, fun. ____50____ Options and futures trading, which he did in Chicago in the 1990s, was “fun and cool”. Quitting his job to start an Internet company? Delightful. Paying the mortgage purely from investments? Fantastic. And Wikipedia’s growth? Simply amazing. A. It has 1.5 million entries in seventy-six languages - and counting. B. The wide-open nature of the Internet encourages people to disregard the importance of professionalism. C. They know you could confirm anything you like by adding it yourself. D. You then use them to set up a website that can be edited by anyone you like. E. “Oh,” they write, “you’ve got a major security issue.” F. Spend enough time talking to Wales and you’ll believe his life has been one long series of laughter. 【答案】47. E 48. C 49. D 50. F 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍维基百科创始人Jimmy Wales，讲述维基百科开放编辑的特点、维基软件的含义、名称由来以及他出于兴趣创办维基百科的经历。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Being the founder of the Internet’s largest encyclopaedia means Jimmy Wales gets a lot of strange emails. But the emails that make him laugh out loud come from concerned newcomers who’ve just discovered they have total freedom to edit a Wikipedia entry at the click of a button.(身为互联网上最大百科全书的创始人，吉米・威尔士会收到许多奇怪的邮件。但那些让他放声大笑的邮件，来自忧心忡忡的新用户——他们刚刚发现，只需点击一下按钮，就可以自由编辑维基百科的词条)”可知，空前提到刚发现可一键编辑维基百科条目的新用户发来的邮件让Jimmy Wales大笑，E选项的邮件内容“他们写道：‘哦，你们有严重的安全问题’”承接前文的“奇怪邮件”，逻辑连贯。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Wikipedia is a free open-source encyclopaedia, which basically means that anyone can log on. An Encyclopaedia Britannica and add to it or edit it. And they do.(维基百科是免费的开源百科全书，简单来说，任何人都可以登录、增补或者编辑词条，而且人们确实会这么做)”以及后文“Academics are upset. Editor once compared Wikipedia to a public toilet seat because you don’t know who used it last.(学术界人士对此十分不满，一名编辑甚至把维基百科比作公共马桶，因为你根本不知道上一个使用它的人是谁)”可知，前文提到维基百科是一个免费的开源百科，任何人都可以登录后对词条进行补充、编辑，紧接着后文提到学术界人士对此十分不满，大英百科全书的一名编辑甚至把维基百科比作公共马桶，因为你根本不知道上一个使用它的人是谁。C选项“他们知道你完全可以自行添加内容，把任何自己喜欢的说法都坐实”完美承接了前文“人人可自由编辑维基百科”的特性，同时顺理成章地引出后文专业人士对维基内容严谨性的质疑、嘲讽态度，上下文逻辑链条完全通顺。 【49题详解】 根据上文“Loyal users claim that cooperation improves articles over time. But what exactly is a wiki and how does it work? Wikis are simple pieces of software that you can download for free.(忠实用户称，众人协作会慢慢优化词条。但维基到底是什么，又如何运作？维基是可以免费下载的简易软件)”以及后文“Need to solve a business problem overnight and all the members of your team are in different time zones? Start a wiki. And the name? Believe it or not, the name came about because the inventor of the wiki had his honeymoon in Hawaii, where you catch the ‘wiki wiki’ (quick) bus from the airport.(需要连夜解决业务问题，而团队成员分布在不同时区？那就搭建一个维基。那这个名字从何而来？信不信由你，维基这个名字的由来，是维基软件的发明者在夏威夷度蜜月时，在机场搭乘了名叫 “wiki wiki”（意为快速）的巴士)”可知，空前提到维基是可免费下载的简单软件，D选项“你可以用它们搭建一个允许任意指定人员编辑的网站”承接软件的用途，和后文举例的跨时区团队用维基解决问题的场景呼应。 【50题详解】 根据上文“Anyway, years ago, Jimmy Wales was looking for a way to combine his two major hobbies: reading the Encyclopaedia Britannica and surfing the Internet. “I met all these great people online,” he says, “and we were all discussing things on mailing lists no one ever looks at. I thought, why not build something long-lasting, more fun and entertaining?” Ah, fun.(话说回来，多年以前，吉米・威尔士想找到一种方式，把自己两大爱好结合起来：阅读《大英百科全书》和网上冲浪。“我在网上认识了很多很棒的人，” 他说，“我们都在没人看的邮件列表里讨论各种事情。我当时想，为什么不打造一个持久、更有趣、更好玩的东西呢？” 啊，乐趣)”以及后文“Options and futures trading, which he did in Chicago in the 1990s, was “fun and cool”. Quitting his job to start an Internet company? Delightful. Paying the mortgage purely from investments? Fantastic. And Wikipedia’s growth? Simply amazing.(他20世纪90年代在芝加哥做期权期货交易时，觉得这件事 “好玩又很酷”。辞职创办互联网公司？令人开心。单凭投资收入偿还房贷？妙极了。而维基百科的发展？简直令人惊叹)”可知，空前后都围绕Jimmy Wales对“乐趣”的相关表述展开，F选项“和Wales聊得久一点，你会觉得他的人生就是一连串的欢乐”引出后文他过往经历都充满愉悦感的内容，衔接自然。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Keeping Everyday Life from Becoming Boring Last spring, I started a new exercise class. As someone who dislikes doing jumping jacks, burpees, and push-ups, I found the workouts surprisingly enjoyable, at least for a while. But after several months, my hobby began to feel like watching the same episode of a sitcom on repeat. I was overly familiar with the class routine, and my excitement had been replaced with boredom. A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. Even though we all feel apathetic from time to time, according to Mary Mann, author of Yawn: Adventures in Boredom, it’s often seen as being self-inflicted. “Only boring people get bored” is a popular belief. But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. This explains why activities that were initially gratifying can sometimes lose their appeal. Humans are remarkably good at getting used to changes in our lives, both positive and negative, according to Sonja Lyubomirsky, a professor of psychology at the University of California. This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. Think about the last time you got a raise, bought a car, or moved. At first, these experiences can bring immense joy. But over time, they become part of the routine. We are ready for the next new thing to excite us. While boredom can be a downer when it drains the pleasure from our lives, it can provide a sort of service. “If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 An APA study shows boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety. Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get used to things. While it helps us adjust to adversities, getting used to positive events does harm. Meanwhile, boredom allows us to recognize new and potentially rewarding or threatening situations. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍享乐适应会使人对原本愉悦的事物感到乏味，这种乏味利弊并存，它虽带走快乐，但也有助于我们识别新变化。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. ②But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. ③This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. ④“If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 An APA study indicates boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety. Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get accustomed to things. While it assists us adapt to changes, neglecting positive experiences can be harmful. Meanwhile, boredom enables us to recognize new and potentially rewarding or threatening situations. 【点睛】[高分句型1] An APA study shows boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety.(运用了that引导宾语从句) [高分句型2] Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get used to things.(运用了where引导非限制性定语从句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 两位年轻人在户外活动的偏好上有所不同。(differ) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The two young people differ in their preferences for outdoor activities. 【解析】 【详解】“两位年轻人”表达为The two young people；“在……方面有所不同”表达为differ in；“户外活动的偏好”表达为their preferences for outdoor activities，用复数preferences对应主语两个人的不同偏好，用复数activities表示不止一项活动。该句子表述的是客观存在的事实差异，使用一般现在时，主语是复数，谓语动词用原形。 53. 我们需要补上前一周因为病假错过的课业。(make)(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 We need to make up for the schoolwork we missed last week due to sick leave. 【解析】 【详解】表示“我们”用we，作主语。表示“需要做某事”用need to do sth.，不定式作宾语。表示“弥补”用make up for，位于不定式符号to后，用动词原形。表示“课业”用the schoolwork。表示“前一周因为病假错过的”用定语从句，从句主语用we，表示“前一周错过”用miss last week，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，谓语用过去式missed；表示“因为病假”用due to sick leave；定语从句修饰先行词schoolwork，关系词在从句中作宾语，用that/which，也可省略。 54. 只要不对生态功能造成破坏，我们允许有限的人为活动。(damage）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 We allow limited human activities as long as the ecological functions are not damaged. 【解析】 【详解】“我们允许有限的人为活动”是主句，主语“我们”译为代词We，谓语“允许”译为动词allow，句子表述普遍规则，用一般现在时态，宾语“有限的人为活动”译为名词词组limited human activities；“只要不对生态功能造成破坏”是条件状语从句，用连词as long as引导，从句主语“生态功能”译为名词词组the ecological functions，结合提示词，谓语“造成破坏”用动词damage，与主语之间是被动关系，用一般现在时的被动语态are not damaged。 55. 研究人员应该谨慎对待数据分析，以确保结果有效可靠，而不是依赖任何可获得的信息。(whatever) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Researchers should be cautious about data analysis to ensure the results are valid and reliable, instead of relying on whatever information is available. 【解析】 【详解】“研究人员应该谨慎对待数据分析”是主句，主语“研究人员”译为名词Researchers，情态动词“应该”译为should，谓语“谨慎对待”译为动词短语be cautious about，宾语“数据分析”译为名词词组data analysis；“以确保结果有效可靠”作目的状语，译为动词不定式短语to ensure the results are valid and reliable，其中“the results are valid and reliable”是省略连词that的宾语从句；“而不是依赖任何可获得的信息”作状语，用介词短语instead of，宾语“依赖任何可获得的信息”译为动名词短语relying on whatever information is available，其中“whatever information is available”是宾语从句。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备； 2）你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Nowadays, with the rapid development of electronic technology, our travel journey is becoming more and more colorful. Electronic devices like computers, cellphones, and iPads are filling our time on high-speed trains or planes. Personally, there is another electronic device that I will definitely take with me on the road, and that is power bank. Firstly, power bank is small in size and can be carried around. Today more and more people prefer to take photos with mobile phones instead of cameras because it is important to be lightly equipped when travelling, so power bank can help avoid the embarrassing moment when they want to record good moments but their phones suddenly run out of power. Power bank is clearly a portable and versatile electronic device. Secondly, for long distance travel, power bank can charge my mobile phone in time so as to avoid not replying to messages timely due to the sudden death of the battery. I remember once when I was on the train to Nanjing, my mobile phone was almost out of power when I was about to arrive at the station. Fortunately, the power bank I carried was a timely help, otherwise I might not be able to contact my friend in Nanjing to pick me up. Therefore, power bank is an electronic device that I will carry with me no matter I am traveling or going out. Finally, the security of power bank is trustworthy. The current power bank generally has the functions of charge control, charge protection and discharge protection, so when charging our mobile phones or iPads, we don't need to worry about excessive charging. In addition, the current power bank capacity is high, which means it can charge different electronic devices at the same time. For me, power bank is one of the greatest inventions in the age of science and technology. I feel more secure and convenient when traveling with it. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于夹叙夹议文，要求假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括：1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备；2）你的理由。 【详解】词汇积累 有趣的：colorful→interesting 就我个人而言：personally→as far as I’m concerned 避免：avoid→prevent...from... 可靠的：trustworthy→reliable 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Nowadays, with the rapid development of electronic technology, our travel journey is becoming more and more colorful. 拓展句：Now, electronic technology has developed,which makes our travel journey become more and more colorful. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Personally, there is another electronic device that I will definitely take with me on the road, and that is power bank. (运用了that引导的定语从句) [高分句型2] In addition, the current power bank capacity is high, which means it can charge different electronic devices at the same time.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $