精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高二年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Think or Swim When submarine crews in movies hear “Prepare to dive”, they jump into action to get the submarine ready to move underwater. A new study, led by Dr J Chris McKnight of the University of St Andrews, suggests seals use a similar thought to stimulate the physiological changes ____1____ (need) to help them stay underwater for so long. The team studied a group of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) ____2____ (wear) near-infrared spectroscopy devices (近红外光谱装置), which track patterns of blood circulation. These PortaSeal wearables ____3____ (attach) to the animals’ heads and shoulders to monitor changes in their bodies while swimming and diving. “Discovering that seals can seemingly actively control their circulatory systems ____4____ (be) really exciting,” says McKnight. Mammals, including humans, have a range of automatic responses ____5____ being drowned in water, including a reduced heart rate. Marine mammals exhibit these responses particularly strong, but we cannot see inside their bodies before and during a dive ____6____ (see) the extent of changes that they undergo. McKnight and his team wondered ____7____ near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) might provide the answer. It involves shining light (of wavelengths between 800 and 2,500 nanometres) into the subject’s head and analysing the spectrum of light (光谱) ____8____ reflects back. ____9____ different molecular bonds absorb different wavelengths of light, the reflected wavelengths provide clues as to the amount of blood passing through vessels (血管) in the subject’s brain and surrounding tissue. The results showed that blood redistribution in seals is under some cognitive (认知的) control. Seals also increase oxygen in their brain at ____10____ consistent time in each dive, despite a lack of air. 【答案】1. needed 2. wearing 3. were attached 4. is 5. to 6. to see 7. if##whether 8. that##which 9. Because##Since##As 10. a 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述研究发现海豹可主动调控循环系统，潜水前会认知性调控体内血液分配。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：圣安德鲁斯大学的J Chris McKnight博士主导的一项新研究表明，海豹会用类似的想法来激发生理变化，这些变化是帮助它们在水下待这么久所必需的。need和changes之间是被动关系，用过去分词needed作后置定语，修饰changes。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该团队研究了一群佩戴近红外光谱装置的港海豹，这种装置可以追踪血液循环模式。wear和seals之间是主动关系，用现在分词wearing，作后置定语，修饰seals。 【3题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：这些PortaSeal可穿戴设备被固定在动物的头部和肩部，用来监测它们游泳和潜水时身体的变化。主语PortaSeal wearables和attach是被动关系；描述过去的实验，用一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用were attached。 【4题详解】 考查主谓一致和时态。句意：McKnight说：“发现海豹似乎可以主动控制自身的循环系统，这真的很令人兴奋。”本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，动名词Discovering作主语，be动词用is。 【5题详解】 考查介词。句意：包括人类在内的哺乳动物，面对溺水时会产生一系列自主反应，包括心率下降。response to是固定搭配，表示“对……的反应”，to为介词。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：海洋哺乳动物表现出的这些反应尤为强烈，但我们无法在潜水前和潜水期间看到它们体内的情况，来观察它们身体变化的程度。本空表目的，指观察它们身体变化的程度是目的，用不定式to see作目的状语。 【7题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：McKnight及其团队想知道近红外光谱技术（NIRS）是否可以给出答案。从句语义为“是否”，引导宾语从句，用whether/if。 【8题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：该方法是向受试动物的头部射入波长在800至2500纳米之间的光，并分析反射回来的光谱。本空引导定语从句，先行词是the spectrum of light，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用that/which引导。 【9题详解】 考查原因状语从句。句意：因为不同的分子键吸收不同波长的光，所以反射回来的波长可以提示有多少血液流经受试动物大脑和周围组织的血管。本空引导原因状语从句，表示“因为”，用Because/Since/As，句首单词首字母大写。 【10题详解】 考查冠词。句意：尽管缺少空气，海豹每次潜水也会在一个固定时间增加大脑供氧。此处表示“一个固定的时间”，且consistent以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. adequate B. continentally C. dominated D. enforcement E. historically F. home G. location H. performing I. reuniting J. sought K. status Locally Extinct Rhino Is Back in Chad Pigs don’t fly yet, but rhinos do. Six black rhinoceroses were flown from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad last week, ____11____ the threatened animal with a land it has not walked on in nearly five decades. Chad is one of several African countries that have recently ____12____ to start their own small black rhino populations in an attempt to protect the species from extinction. It is a participant in the African Rhino Conservation Plan, which hopes to significantly grow the number of rhinos in Africa over the next five years. Up until the mid-20th century, black rhinos ____13____ the landscape of Chad, grazing (吃草) and attracting tourists. But they also attracted poachers, who hunted them for their horns, which are displayed as ____14____ symbols. The population of black rhinos is down 97.6 percent since I960. Some estimate that as few as 5,500 are left on the continent according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Cathy Dean, chief executive officer of Save the Rhino, an advocacy group, said six black rhinos were not significant in the context of the 5,000 or so that exist ____15____. But it’s a good sign that Chad has a safe place to house rhinos now. According to the African Wildlife Foundation, 98 percent of the current black rhino population exists in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Namibia. South Africa, which is ____16____ to 40 percent of the rhinos, has already moved some of them to other countries, like Botswana. Zakouma National Park will be responsible for protecting the rhinos from poachers and providing them with a(n) ____17____ environment to live in. Transporting the animals to create a new population is a plan that can prove effective, Ms. Dean said “Some subspecies are ____18____ really well, with an annual growth rate at 9 percent or even higher,” she said in an email. But moving the rhinos to a place where they once were and no longer are isn’t enough. The population must be managed and protected, and law ____19____ must play a role, Ms. Dean said. There should also be biological management, guided by effective monitoring. The rhinos cannot be dropped into a(n) ____20____ and expected to mate. 【答案】11. I 12. J 13. C 14. K 15. B 16. F 17. A 18. H 19. D 20. G 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了黑犀牛已经严重濒危，有六只黑犀牛从南非空运到乍得的扎库马国家公园进行保护。 【11题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：上周，六头黑犀牛从南非被空运到乍得的扎库马国家公园，公园使濒临灭绝的动物踏上它们已经将近50年没有进入过的土地。分析句子可知，park与reunite之间是主动关系，空格应处为动词的现在分词作状语，reuniting“使重聚”为现在分词，符合句意。故选I项。 【12题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：为了保护黑犀牛物种免于灭绝，最近有几个非洲国家联合起来开始建立自己的小黑犀牛种群，乍得是其中之一。分析句子和时间状语recently可知，空格处应为动词的过去分词，与have 一起构成现在完成时，sought“寻找”为过去分词，符合句意。故选J项。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：直到20世纪中期，黑犀牛一直在乍得的景观中处于主导地位，它们在那里吃草，并吸引着游客。分析句子可知，空格处为动词，作谓语，时态是一般过去时， dominated“处于主导地位，控制”为动词，符合句意。故选C项。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：但它们也吸引了偷猎者，他们猎杀它们是因为它们的角是社会地位的象征。分析句子可知，空格应处为名词，作介词宾语，status“地位，身份”为名词，符合句意。故选K项。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：维权组织“拯救犀牛”的首席执行官Cathy Dean表示，与大陆上现存的约5000头黑犀牛相比，六头犀牛不算多。分析句子可知，空格处应为副词，修饰动词exist，continentally“大陆上地”为副词，符合句意。故选B项。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：南非，是40%犀牛的家园，它已经将一些犀牛转移到了其他国家，比如博茨瓦纳。分析句子可知，空格在is后应处为名词，home“家园”为名词，符合句意，短语be home to“是…的家园”。故选F项。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：扎库马国家公园将负责保护犀牛免受偷猎者的偷猎，并为它们提供一个适合的生活环境。分析句子可知，空格处为形容词，作定语，修饰名词environment，adequate“适合的”为形容词，符合句意。故选A项。 【18题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：“一些亚种的表现非常好，年增长率达到9%甚至更高。”分析句子可知，空格处应为动词的现在分词，与are一起构成现在进行时，performing“表现”为现在分词，符合句意。故选H项。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：Dean说，这些数量必须得到管理和保护，执法部门也必须发挥作用。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，enforcement“执行”为名词，符合句意，短语“执法部门”。故选D项。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：不能把犀牛扔到某个地方并期望它们交配。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，作dropped into的宾语，location“地点，位置”为名词，符合句意。故选G项。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence. Venture-capital investment in AI in the first nine months of 2017 totalled $7.6bn, according to PitchBook, a data provider, that compares with full-year figures of $5.4bn in 2016. At the heart of the ____21____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…. Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies. They see AI as a way to improve their ____22____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars. Many observers fear that, by cementing and extending the power of a handful of giants, AI will ____23____ competition. That will depend on two open questions. The first one is whether AI will always ____24____ vast amounts of data. Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors. ____25____ real-world data remain essential to AI, the tech superstars enjoy the biggest advantage. They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____26____ areas such as health care. A competing vision of AI stresses simulations, in which machines teach themselves using synthetic data or in virtual environments. Early versions of a program developed to play Go, an Asian board game, by DeepMind, a unit of Alphabet were trained using data from ____27____ games; the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player. If this approach is widely ____28____, or if future AI systems can be trained using small amounts of data, the tech giants will obviously lose their advantage. The other question is how openly ____29____ will be shared. The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to _____30_____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers. But their _____31_____ to share valuable data and algorithms are weak. Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. _____32_____, Europe’s data-protection rules that will take effect soon require firms to get approval for how they use data and to make it easier for customers to _____33_____ their information to other providers. The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants. It is too early to know how good that will be for competition, but not to _____34_____ the magic ingredient that will determine the outcome: the importance, _____35_____ and openness of data. 21. A. craze B. battle C. system D. model 22. A. social B. existing C. technical D. demanding 23. A. reduce B. hurt C. stimulate D. face 24. A. result from B. give rise to C. depend on D. take pride in 25. A. Although B. Unless C. Until D. If 26. A. fresh B. public C. traditional D. safe 27. A. fierce B. virtual C. actual D. boring 28. A. objective B. recognisable C. subjective D. applicable 29. A. advice B. knowledge C. consequences D. questions 30. A. design B. conduct C. involve D. publish 31. A. arrangements B. inquiries C. motivations D. complaints 32. A. By all means B. In addition C. To sum up D. For example 33. A. transfer B. explain C. cause D. deny 34. A. expect B. ignore C. produce D. taste 35. A. justifiability B. capability C. accessibility D. responsibility 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了AI在科技领域越来越火热，但是优势在个别科技巨头企业。此外，还介绍了科技巨头是否能够继续保持它们的优势所取决的问题。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些令人熟知的企业名称在这股狂热的风潮中占据核心地位，比如亚马逊、苹果、微软等等。A. craze 狂热；疯狂；B. battle 战斗；C. system 体系；D. model 模型。根据上文“No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence.”可知，没有哪个科技领域的热度能超过人工智能，所以此处表示在这个狂热的领域核心是一些知名企业，故选A。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们将人工智能视为改善现有服务、进军无人驾驶汽车等新领域的一种方式。A. social 社会的；B. existing 现存的；C. technical 技术的；D. demanding 要求高的。根据上文“Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies.”可知，数个企业置AI于战略核心，也就是AI对于他们的发展是至关重要的，再结合下文“ and to push into new areas like driverless cars. ”可知，此处表示这些企业用AI技术改善现有的服务，并进军一些新领域，故选B。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多观察家害怕AI会增强、扩大这些少数巨头的影响力，进而损害竞争。A. reduce 减少；B. hurt 伤害；C. stimulate 促进；D. face 面对。根据上文“At the heart of the ____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…”可知，在AI这个狂热的领域中，占优势的是一些知名的科技巨头企业，结合句意，如果AI继续增强、扩张这些原本就很强大的企业，那么对于其他企业来讲，就没有了竞争优势，就会破坏竞争了，故选B。 【24题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：第一个问题是AI是否会一直依赖大量的数据。A. result from 由于；B. give rise to 造成；导致；C. depend on 依靠；D. take pride in 以……为傲。根据下文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知，当前人们往往通过大量的数据组来训练机器，这些机器可以从数据组中识别有用的模式，所以此处表示AI技术目前是依赖大量的数据的，故选C。 【25题详解】 考查连词词义辨析。句意：如果现实数据对AI而言至关重要，那么科技巨头享有最大的优势。A. Although 尽管；B. Unless 除非；C. Until 直到；D. If 如果。根据下文“They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____ areas such as health care.”可知，科技巨头企业拥有大量数据作基础，而且还有源源不断的数据补充，结合上题分析，AI技术目前是依赖大量的数据，所以此处表示如果数据对AI而言至关重要，那么科技巨头享有最大的优势，故选D。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们有大量基础数据，随着它们进军医疗保健等新领域，数据更是源源不绝。A. fresh 新的；B. public 公众的；C. traditional 传统的；D. safe 安全的。根据上文“They see AI as a way to improve their ____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars.”可知他们用AI作为进军新领域的方式，所以此处表示他们进军新领域，然后获得有关新领域的数据，进而用数据帮助他们发展AI，fresh对应new，故选A。 【27题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Alphabet旗下的DeepMind开发的一个用于玩亚洲棋盘游戏——围棋的程序的早期版本，是用实际游戏中的数据进行训练的。A. fierce 凶猛的；B. virtual 虚拟的；C. actual 真实的；D. boring 无聊的。根据上文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知，当前人们往往通过大量的数据组来训练机器，这些机器可以从数据组中识别有用的模式，结合句意，可知这种下围棋的程序最终是要和人对战的，所以他们被训练时，要用到真实的人和人比赛的数据，这样这种程序可以分析这些数据，找到有用的信息，从而在和人对战时，可以获胜，故选C。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果这种方法被广泛应用，或者未来的AI系统只需少量数据就能得到训练，科技巨头的优势便会消退。 A. objective 客观的；B. recognisable 可辨认的；C. subjective 主观的；D. applicable 可应用的；合适。根据上文“the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player”可知，最新的AI程序只需要知道围棋规则，便可以开始和自己下棋。三天内它的棋技就超过了自己的前辈，也就是意味着这种AI技术的方式不需要数据作基础，结合句意，此处表示如果这种方法广泛应用，科技巨头的数据优势便会消退。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个问题是数据的共享程度。A. advice 建议；B. knowledge 知识；C. consequences 结果；D. questions 问题。根据下文“The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to ____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers.”可知，科技巨头愿意发布研究成果；谷歌和脸书已经向外部开发者开放软件库，这些都是知识方面的共享，故选B。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：科技巨头愿意发布研究成果，因此他们能够使用大学里AI方面的专门知识。A. design 设计；B. conduct 指挥；执行；C. involve 包含；D. publish 公布；出版。根据上题分析，可知本段分析知识的共享问题，结合句意，此处指科技巨头愿意公布研究成果，这样才能享用大学里AI方面的专门知识，毕竟大学里专门的知识常常只供本大学相关人员使用，如果公司使用后把研究结果公布，可以让更多人受益，那么可以使用大学里AI方面的专门知识，故选D。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但他们分享有价值数据和算法的动力不足。A. arrangements 安排；B. inquiries 询问；C. motivations 动机；动力；D. complaints 抱怨。结合上面小题分析可知，上文说到这些科技巨头愿意公布研究成果，开放软件库，而此句用到转折词but，说明此句内容和上文相反，结合句意和选项，此处表示他们分享有价值数据和算法的动力不足，也就是他们不愿意分享重要的信息，故选C。 【32题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，欧洲即将出台数据保护条例，要求企业在使用数据前，必须获得许可，而且用户可以更加容易地向其它服务商转移他们的信息。A. By all means 当然可以；一定；B. In addition 另外；C. To sum up 总之；D. For example 例如。根据上文“Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. ”可知，他们分享知识的程度很大程度上取决于是否会出台相关法规。结合句意，此处提到了欧洲即将出台的法规，所以此处是用欧洲作为例子，故选D。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：参见上题。A. transfer 转移；B. explain 解释；C. cause 造成；D. deny 否认。结合上面小题分析，本段主要讲述知识以及信息的共享，结合句意，此处表示用户更容易向其它服务商转移他们的信息，这样就可以更容易共享信息，故选A。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：知道这场战争会对竞争带来何种好处还为时尚早，但是时候预测哪一神奇因素会决定战果：数据的重要程度、获取难度还是开放程度。A. expect 预测；预计；B. ignore 忽视；C. produce 生产；D. taste 品尝。根据上文“The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants.”可知，科技巨头间的AI战争依然激烈进行中，所以此处表示知道这场战争会对竞争带来何种好处还为时尚早，但是预测哪一种因素决定最后的结果是可以的，故选A。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：参见上题。A. justifiability正当；B. capability 能力；才能；C. accessibility 可以得到；D. responsibility 责任。根据上文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知目前人工智能的机器训练和改进都是建立在大量数据基础上的，数据对于AI的发展是很重要的，也是科技巨头占优势的一个方面，所以能否获得大量数据可能对科技巨头在AI战争中最后结果有影响，故此空表示数据的获取，也就是数据的“可得到”，故选C。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Dance is increasingly being introduced to anyone who is interested for both health and recreational reasons. The National Lottery is funding courses and training, as are local authorities and regional arts associations. In addition, family doctors suggest patients take dance lessons, and young footballers are learning about rhythm and balance through hip-hop lessons. Simon Dove, the Yorkshire Dance Centre’s organizer and promoter, says that attendance has doubled in the last three years. He owes this to more choice and easier access. And what a choice there is! There are 35 different lessons every week — everything from Arabic dancing to Egyptian, American tap, Asian and South African Township dance. “People like coming here because it helps you stay fit and engages your mind, enabling you to interact with others,” Simon explains. Steven Johnson, 28, is one of the company’s teachers. He goes into schools and introduces kids to jazz, street dance and hip-hop. He thinks that for the less academic, it gives them something to focus on. “Several school teachers have reported back to me that normally difficult and disruptive children have become more manageable because of the lessons. I think it is because they have found something at school that they excel at, making them more confident. The lessons also make them more aware of their bodies and how they work.” For Flo Marsden, aged 71, her weekly dance lessons play a more social role in her life. It’s the togetherness of dancing that is the best. A keep-fit class doesn’t get you so involved with others. When I go out shopping I see people from the lessons and say hello. It makes you feel you are part of a community. Dance is one of the five activities the Health Education Authority is promoting in its current Active for Life campaign, and this summer saw one of the first health and dance conferences in the UK. John Dunbar, one of the speakers, says that on a fitness level, dance can be just as effective as going on a running, and the results were the same. People are far more likely to keep up dancing rather than a running programme, so in that way it can be more suitable. So, if you’re lucky enough to have dance classes near where you live, my advice to you would be to have a go! 36. What does Simon say about the dance classes in the second paragraph? A. Some are more popular than others. B. They are the quickest way to make friends. C. They are a very sociable way to exercise. D. There is no limit to the number you can take. 37. Steven Johnson believes that dance ________. A. has grown in popularity in less academic schools B. is suitable for the less active type of child C. can be taught by ordinary school teachers D. helps children who have low self-confidence 38. Why does Flo enjoy going to dance classes? A. They have enabled her to get over her shyness. B. They provide her with a sense of belonging. C. They allow her to meet people from outside the area. D. They make her feel more relaxed than other classes. 39. According to John Dunbar, dancing ________. A. has most effect on the health of older people B. needs to be done regularly to be effective C. is much better for you than running D. motivates people more than running 【答案】36. C 37. D 38. B 39. D 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述舞蹈在英国逐渐普及，不同人群都能从中收获健康与社交价值。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“People like coming here because it helps you stay fit and engages your mind, enabling you to interact with others(人们喜欢来这里，因为它能帮你保持健康、活跃思维，还能让你和他人互动交流)”可知，Simon认为舞蹈课是一种社交性很强的锻炼方式。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“I think it is because they have found something at school that they excel at, making them more confident.(我认为这是因为他们在学校里找到了自己擅长的事，这让他们变得更自信)”可知，Steven Johnson认为舞蹈能帮助缺乏自信的孩子。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“For Flo Marsden, aged 71, her weekly dance lessons play a more social role in her life. It’s the togetherness of dancing that is the best. A keep-fit class doesn’t get you so involved with others. When I go out shopping I see people from the lessons and say hello. It makes you feel you are part of a community.(对于71岁的Flo Marsden来说，每周的舞蹈课在她的生活中承担着更强的社交属性。舞蹈带来的这种同伴相聚感才是最棒的。普通健身课没法让你和他人产生这么深的联结。我出门购物时会碰到一起上课的人，还会互相打招呼。这让你真切感受到自己是社群中的一份子)”可知，Flo喜欢舞蹈课是因为它给了她归属感。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“People are far more likely to keep up dancing rather than a running programme, so in that way it can be more suitable.(人们坚持跳舞的概率远高于坚持跑步计划，所以从这个角度来说舞蹈更合适)”可知，John Dunbar认为舞蹈比跑步更能激励人们长期坚持。 （B） Darius (runner) I’ve always been sporty, but I was best at football and athletics. When I was 14, I had a trial for a professional football club, but eventually I chose to go down the athletics route instead. My biggest moment came when I got to compete for my country in the youth team and got a medal. It didn’t result in much media attention, though. I’d been hoping some sponsorship would come out of it, because the training doesn’t come cheap. I train at home all winter and then go away for three weeks before the season starts. You’ve got to be really disciplined, though. If friends ask me to go out the night before training, I have to say no. I wish I didn’t, but dedication pays in this sport. The main goal for me is to get to the next Olympics—that would be fantastic. Gabriel (surfer) The surfing community is small, so you get to meet the same guys wherever you compete. Professional surfers are very serious and often the best waves are at dawn, so if you’re really going to get anywhere, you have to cut out late-night parties altogether. I don’t mind that so much, but I do love having a lie-in, and I usually have to give that up too. But it’s worth it because without that kind of dedication I might not have won the National Championships last year. And, of course, the sacrifices are worth it in the long run because winning that championship meant I got picked to present a surfing series on TV. I guess I’m a bit of a star now. Dieter (yacht (帆船) racer) With five people on a boat together, you have a good laugh. We’re very traditional and we always celebrate a win in great style. If it has been said that we act a bit childishly when we’re out, but we don’t actively go looking for media coverage. Sometimes the reporters actually seem more concerned about where you go out celebrating and what you get up to there than about where you came in the race. I’m away for eight months of the year, so if it is great to get back, go out with my mates from other walks of life and do the things they do. I’m known within the world of sailing, but fortunately I can count the number of times I’ve been recognised in the street on the fingers of one hand, I’d hate to become a star. Tomas (tennis player) It’s always a great thing to walk on court and feel that the crowd’s behind you. At the last competition, though, it all got a bit crazy with people crowding around. Despite that, I have to admit that I do still get excited if spotted by fans when I’m out shopping or something. It has its downside though. Tennis players have to travel quite a lot, and in the end that’s why my last girlfriend and I split up, I guess. That was hard, but you’ve got to make sacrifices in any sport; you’ve got to be serious and professional. Actually, it doesn’t really bother me too much. I’m satisfied to concentrate on my game now and catch up on the other things in life once I retired, because, after all, that comes pretty early in this sport. 40. Both Darius and Gabriel think that ________ plays an important role in being a professional athlete. A. relaxation B. talent C. media attention D. self-discipline 41. Which of the following athletes says he/ she doesn’t enjoy media attention? A. Darius B. Gabriel C. Dieter D. Tomas 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Dieter isn’t that popular in the world of sailing. B. Gabriel won last year’s National Championship. C. Darius had been a professional footballer for several years. D. Tomas doesn’t like his personal life being affected by his career. 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四位运动员以及他们的个人经历和生活。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据Darius (runner)中“It didn’t result in much media attention, though. I’d been hoping some sponsorship would come out of it, because the training doesn’t come cheap. (不过你必须非常自律。如果朋友们在训练前的晚上叫我出去，我不得不说不)”和Gabriel (surfer)中“I don’t mind that so much, but I do love having a lie-in, and I usually have to give that up too. But it’s worth it because without that kind of dedication I might not have won the National Championships last year. (我不太介意，但我喜欢睡懒觉，而且我通常也不得不放弃睡懒觉。但这是值得的，因为如果没有那种奉献精神，我可能无法赢得去年的全国冠军)”可知，Darius和Gabriel都认为自律在成为职业运动员中起着重要的作用。故选D项。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据Dieter (yacht (帆船) racer)中“I’m known within the world of sailing, but fortunately I can count the number of times I’ve been recognised in the street on the fingers of one hand, I’d hate to become a star. (我在帆船界很有名，但幸运的是，我能数出我在街上被认出的次数，用一只手的手指就能数出来，我讨厌成为明星)”可推知，Dieter不喜欢媒体的关注。故选C项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据Gabriel (surfer)中“But it’s worth it because without that kind of dedication I might not have won the National Championships last year. (但这是值得的，因为如果没有那种奉献精神，我可能无法赢得去年的全国锦标赛)”可知，Gabriel赢得了去年的全国锦标赛。故选B项。 （C） When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper. Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and is expected to transform a host of industries, say the authors. But, in order to learn to drive a car or recognize a face, the algorithms must usually be trained on massive amounts of data. Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire. These data become part of the firms’ capital, and as such, a fearsome source of competitive advantage. Would-be startups that might challenge internet giants cannot train their AIs without access to the data only those giants possess. Their best hope is often to be acquired by those very same giants, adding to the problem of uncompetitive markets. That, for now, AI’s contributions to productivity growth are small, the authors say, is partly because of the free-data model, which limits the quality of data gathered. Firms trying to develop useful applications for AI must hope that the data they have are sufficient, or come up with ways to cheating users into providing them with better information at no cost. Even so, as Al improves, the amount of work made likely to be displaced by technology grows, and ever more of the value generated in the economy belongs to profitable firms rather than workers. As the authors point out, the share of GDP paid out to workers in wages and salaries — once thought to be relatively stable — has already been decline over the past few decades. To tackle these problems, they have an innovative proposal. Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment. In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry. Payments to users for their data would help spread the wealth generated by AI. Firms could also potentially generate better data by paying. Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation. 43. According to the new paper, what do people pay when they get a satisfactory search result? A. The data. B. The time. C. The service. D. The command. 44. Which of the following is one of “these problems” (in paragraph 6)? A. Start-ups are struggling not to be acquired by giants. B. There is a decline in how much AI engineers earn. C. The quality of data is far from satisfactory. D. The competition for data is much too fierce. 45. Which of the following is true according to the proposal in the new paper? A. The internet industry should move faster to mass automation. B. AI firms should break the barriers to enter the industry. C. People should earn money by sharing their data. D. Data should be labelled with more properties. 46. What, in essence, does the new paper put forward? A. An attempt that can be made to gather better information at the lowest cost. B. A method by which Al firms make a profit by using data more economically. C. A perspective on the relationship between internet companies and their users. D. An approach to thinking about the role data plays in technology development. 【答案】43. A 44. C 45. C 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的论文表明人们在搜索的时候，会通过自己的搜索数据来支付这种免费服务。指出数据应该被视为劳动力，得到报酬。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire.(每当用户点击搜索结果，或者向Siri或Alex等虚拟助手发出命令时，互联网公司都会从用户那里收集这些数据。人们通过向公司提供他们想要的数据来“支付”有用的免费服务)”可知，根据这篇新论文，当人们得到满意的搜索结果时，他们会付出数据。故选A。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry.(在这样一个世界里，用户数据可能被多次出售给多个公司，从而降低了数据集作为进入壁垒的程度)”可知，数据的质量远不能令人满意是“这些问题”之一。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation.(例如，公司可以要求个人分享访问过哪些商店和浏览过哪些商品的信息，以换取报酬，而不是猜测一个人在购物中心闲逛时在做什么。也许最雄心勃勃的是，作者认为数据劳动可以被视为有用的工作，与有偿工作一样有尊严，这是未来大规模自动化可能带来的一个令人满意的副作用)”可知，C选项“人们应该通过分享数据来赚钱”正确。故选C。 【46题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper.(当你早上拿起手机时，你就开始生成数据，这些数据构成了硅谷最重要的资源。根据一篇新的经济学论文，这至少是我们应该如何看待数据创造在经济中的作用)”以及最后一段“Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment.(数据不应该被视为资本，而应该被视为劳动力——更具体地说，应该被视为产生这些信息的人的财产，除非他们同意将数据提供给公司以换取报酬)”可知，从本质上讲，这篇新论文提出了关于互联网公司和用户关系的观点。故选C。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Hubble Space Telescope (哈勃太空望远镜) For centuries, astronomers looking at the moon, the planets, and the stars have faced a basic problem: the earth’s atmosphere. Although it provides the air we breathe as well as protection from the sun, the atmosphere prevents us from seeing clearly into space even with the largest and most advanced telescopes. Then came Lyman Spitzer, an astrophysicist with a remarkable idea: put a large telescope in orbit (轨道) around the earth, outside of the earth’s atmosphere. ____47____. ”The chief contribution of such a new and more powerful instrument,“ he predicted, ”would be, not to help us know more about the universe we live in, but rather to uncover new phenomena not yet imagined, and perhaps to modify our basic concepts of space and time.“ ____48____. In 1993, NASA released the first images from the Hubble telescope. Since then, scientists have used Hubble to follow the comet Shoemaker Levy 9 as it hit the giant planet Jupiter. They have produced images of the amazing and unique beauty of planetary nebulae, giant clouds of gas produced by dying stars. They have proved the existence of black holes at the centers of galaxies. And just as Spitzer imagined, Hubble led to surprising new discoveries. Astronomers once expected that gravity would slow the expansion of the universe. ____49____. This groundbreaking finding won the Nobel Prize in Physics. ____50____. It cannot be repaired any more by astronauts. Therefore, scientists are preparing its successor. The huge James Webb Space Telescope will take over its tasks and continue to explore the universe. A. However, Hubble is getting old, and its final scheduled service mission was completed in 2009. B. Spitzer was right. C. The huge James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch in the near future. D. Instead, astronomers discovered that the expansion is not slowing down at all. It is speeding up! E. Spitzer suggested this idea in 1946 and said the telescope would not only test existing ideas, but also inspire completely new ones. F. Then what happened next? 【答案】47. E 48. B 49. D 50. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了天文学家斯皮策提出将望远镜送入太空轨道的构想，哈勃望远镜印证了他的设想并带来诸多重大宇宙新发现，如今哈勃日渐老化，韦伯望远镜将接替它继续探索宇宙。 【47题详解】 上文“Then came Lyman Spitzer, an astrophysicist with a remarkable idea: put a large telescope in orbit (轨道) around the earth, outside of the earth’s atmosphere.(然后是天体物理学家莱曼·斯皮策，他有一个非凡的想法：在地球大气层外的地球轨道上放置一台大型望远镜)”引出斯皮策提出太空望远镜构想，后文是他的预言内容。E选项“Spitzer suggested this idea in 1946 and said the telescope would not only test existing ideas, but also inspire completely new ones.(斯皮策在1946年提出了这个想法，并表示该望远镜不仅将测试现有的想法，还将激发全新的想法)” 承接上文，交代该构想提出的时间以及斯皮策对望远镜作用的预判，引出下一段他的具体预言，上下文衔接自然。 【48题详解】 上文是斯皮策对太空望远镜价值的预言，下文“In 1993, NASA released the first images from the Hubble telescope.(1993年，美国国家航空航天局发布了哈勃望远镜的第一批图像)”介绍哈勃望远镜传回影像，接下来又列举了不断取得的新发现，印证了斯皮策的猜想。B选项 “Spitzer was right.(斯皮策是对的)”起到承上启下的过渡作用，总结上文预言，引出下文哈勃的一系列成果，逻辑通顺。 【49题详解】 上文“Astronomers once expected that gravity would slow the expansion of the universe.(天文学家曾经预计引力会减缓宇宙的膨胀)” 说明天文学家原本猜想引力会减缓宇宙膨胀，后文“This groundbreaking finding won the Nobel Prize in Physics.(这一突破性的发现获得了诺贝尔物理学奖)” 指出该突破性发现斩获诺贝尔物理学奖。D选项 “Instead, astronomers discovered that the expansion is not slowing down at all. It is speeding up!(相反，天文学家发现膨胀根本没有放缓。它正在加速)”与上文预期形成转折，介绍真实的观测结果——宇宙膨胀在加速，对应后文的重大发现，语意连贯。 【50题详解】 下文“It cannot be repaired any more by astronauts. Therefore, scientists are preparing its successor.(宇航员再也无法修复它了。因此，科学家们正在为它的继任者做准备)”说明宇航员无法再维修它，科学家准备它的继任设备。A选项“However, Hubble is getting old, and its final scheduled service mission was completed in 2009.(然而，哈勃望远镜已经老化了，它的最后一次预定服务任务于2009年完成)”转折引出哈勃望远镜已经老化、最后一次维修任务早已结束，是后文无法维修、研发继任望远镜的原因，上下文逻辑匹配。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Intensive farming protects biodiversity A new review says that, to best conserve global biodiversity while feeding a growing human population, agriculture needs to become more intensive rather than more wildlife friendly. The review, published in the Journal of Zoology, looked at 2,500 species worldwide in a range of agricultural landscapes and finds that most species fare better in ‘land sparing’ systems where agriculture is high-yield, intensive and restricted to a smaller area, rather than in ‘land sharing’ systems where the farming itself is more wildlife-friendly but needs more land to produce the same amount of food. The findings challenge the current push for wildlife-friendly agriculture. “We’ve paid billions for land sharing over the past 30 years in the form of agri-environment schemes, ” says the review’s author Andrew Balmford of the University of Cambridge. “ Land sparing as a strategy makes sense from a science-based perspective,” says Tim Benton, director of the Environment and Society Programme at Chatham House. However, he says an increase in intensive farming would bring its own problems. “Intensification creates spill-overs due to pollution, climate change and pesticide drift, and the market creates needs to turn natural habitat into revenue-generating agriculture.” According to Joanna Lewis, director of policy and strategy at the Soil Association, “the world needs less intensive agriculture, not more: Intensive farming has driven the significant declines of wildlife that we’ve seen over the last 50 years, so we have to move towards a system where all lands are managed in a way that restores nature.” And that, she says, need not come at the expense of biodiversity, “What makes that possible is shifting towards more-sustainable diets - less meat and less food waste.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】According to a new review, intensive farming is a better solution than wildlife-friendly agriculture, to both feeding the population and protecting biodiversity. But some scientists disagree. Tim thinks intensive farming leads to spill-overs and natural habitat being changed into farmland. Joanna says intensive farming has caused wildlife population to drop so land sharing is better if people change their diets. 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了一项新的综述研究，指出为了保护全球生物多样性并养活不断增长的人口，农业需要变得更加集约化（即“土地节约”模式），而非采用对野生动物更友好的“土地共享”模式，但同时也列举了科学家对此的担忧和不同观点。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①A new review says that, to best conserve global biodiversity while feeding a growing human population, agriculture needs to become more intensive rather than more wildlife friendly.  ②The findings challenge the current push for wildlife-friendly agriculture. ③ “ Land sparing as a strategy makes sense from a science-based perspective,” says Tim Benton, director of the Environment and Society Programme at Chatham House. However, he says an increase in intensive farming would bring its own problems. ④“Intensification creates spill-overs due to pollution, climate change and pesticide drift, and the market creates needs to turn natural habitat into revenue-generating agriculture.” According to Joanna Lewis, director of policy and strategy at the Soil Association 2. 缜密构思 将第①、②两个要点进行整合，概括综述的核心结论及其对传统农业政策的挑战。将第③、④两个要点进行重组，分别阐述两位科学家对集约化农业的担忧与替代主张，形成对比。 3. 遣词造句 According to a new review, intensive farming is a better solution than wildlife-friendly agriculture, to both feeding the population and protecting biodiversity.  Tim thinks intensive farming leads to spill-overs and natural habitat being changed into farmland. Joanna says intensive farming has caused wildlife population to drop so land sharing is better if people change their diets 【点睛】【高分句型1】Tim thinks intensive farming leads to spill-overs and natural habitat being changed into farmland.（运用了that引导的宾语从句，that被省略） 【高分句型2】Joanna says intensive farming has caused wildlife population to drop so land sharing is better if people change their diets.（运用了that引导的宾语从句，that被省略，if引导的条件状语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 辩论赛虽然结束了，但我一点都没感到轻松。(far)(汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I am far from relaxed although the debate competition is over. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“我”应用I，作主语；表示“远非、一点都不”应用固定搭配far from ；表示“感到轻松”应用relaxed；although“虽然”，引导让步状语从句；表示“辩论赛”应用the debate competition，作从句主语；表示“结束了”应用is over，作系表结构，全文时态用一般现在时表客观事实。 53. 物理学家们正在研究两种他们希望可以带来变化的设计。(work) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The physicists are working on two designs that they hope will make a difference. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“物理学家们”应用The physicists，作主语；表示“正在研究”应用be working on，用现在进行时强调动作正在发生；表示“两种设计”应用two designs，作宾语；that引导定语从句修饰先行词designs；表示“他们希望”用they hope，为从句中的插入语；表示“可以带来变化”应用will make a difference。 54. 许多读者认为这位被誉为五十年来最伟大的作家其实名不副实。(live) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many readers think that the writer, who is praised as the greatest one in the past five decades, doesn’t live up to his reputation. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“许多读者”应用Many readers，作主句主语；表示“认为”应用think，作主句谓语，时态用一般现在时表客观事实；that引导宾语从句；表示“这位被誉为五十年来最伟大的作家”应用the writer, who is praised as the greatest one in the past five decades，who引导非限制性定语从句修饰the writer；表示“名不副实”应用doesn’t live up to his reputation，作从句谓语，其中live up to one’s reputation为固定搭配，表示“名副其实”。 55. 最初的四年对我们来说异常煎熬，我们不断犯错，也不善于向他人求助。(turn) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The first four years were extremely hard for us, as we kept making mistakes and were not good at turning to others. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“最初的四年”应用The first four years，作主语；表示“对我们来说异常煎熬”应用be extremely hard for us，作系表结构，时态用一般过去时表过去情况；as引导原因状语从句；表示“我们”应用we，作从句主语；表示“不断犯错”应用kept making mistakes；and并列谓语；表示“不善于向他人求助”应用were not good at turning to others，其中固定搭配turn to sb. “向某人求助”。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你校学生会计划组织一场学生艺术作品展览，就该展览以线上形式（学校官网开辟专门区域，将学生作品拍摄成不同角度的照片后在该线上区域展出，配以声音解说）还是线下形式（学校图书馆留出专门区域，作品旁搭配文字说明）听取全校师生意见。写一封邮件给学生会相关部门，内容须包括: 1）你的选择； 2）你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 Dear Student Council Members, I am writing to express my opinion on the upcoming student art exhibition. I believe it should be held online rather than offline. Firstly, an online exhibition allows for greater accessibility. Students, teachers, and parents can view the art pieces anytime and anywhere with internet access, so more people can appreciate our fellow students’ hard work and creativity. Secondly, going digital provides more room for creativity. We can create an interactive experience for viewers, such as adding sound effects or music to the art pieces, which enhances the visual impact and stimulates the viewers’ senses. Lastly, an online exhibition is more cost-effective and eco-friendly. We do not need to print flyers or set up physical spaces, which saves resources and reduces waste. Therefore, I strongly suggest that the student art exhibition be held online. I hope my opinion can be taken into consideration. Sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生写一封邮件给学生会相关部门，就学生艺术作品展览的形式给出自己的选择，并说明理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 表达：express → convey 观点：opinion → perspective/point of view 即将到来的：upcoming → forthcoming 增强：enhance → strengthen 2.句式拓展 合并句子 原句：I am writing to express my opinion on the upcoming student art exhibition. I believe it should be held online rather than offline. 拓展句：I am writing to express my opinion on the upcoming student art exhibition, which I believe should be held online rather than offline. 【点睛】【高分句型1】We can create an interactive experience for viewers, such as adding sound effects or music to the art pieces, which enhances the visual impact and stimulates the viewers’ senses. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 【高分句型2】We do not need to print flyers or set up physical spaces, which saves resources and reduces waste. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Think or Swim When submarine crews in movies hear “Prepare to dive”, they jump into action to get the submarine ready to move underwater. A new study, led by Dr J Chris McKnight of the University of St Andrews, suggests seals use a similar thought to stimulate the physiological changes ____1____ (need) to help them stay underwater for so long. The team studied a group of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) ____2____ (wear) near-infrared spectroscopy devices (近红外光谱装置), which track patterns of blood circulation. These PortaSeal wearables ____3____ (attach) to the animals’ heads and shoulders to monitor changes in their bodies while swimming and diving. “Discovering that seals can seemingly actively control their circulatory systems ____4____ (be) really exciting,” says McKnight. Mammals, including humans, have a range of automatic responses ____5____ being drowned in water, including a reduced heart rate. Marine mammals exhibit these responses particularly strong, but we cannot see inside their bodies before and during a dive ____6____ (see) the extent of changes that they undergo. McKnight and his team wondered ____7____ near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) might provide the answer. It involves shining light (of wavelengths between 800 and 2,500 nanometres) into the subject’s head and analysing the spectrum of light (光谱) ____8____ reflects back. ____9____ different molecular bonds absorb different wavelengths of light, the reflected wavelengths provide clues as to the amount of blood passing through vessels (血管) in the subject’s brain and surrounding tissue. The results showed that blood redistribution in seals is under some cognitive (认知的) control. Seals also increase oxygen in their brain at ____10____ consistent time in each dive, despite a lack of air. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. adequate B. continentally C. dominated D. enforcement E. historically F. home G. location H. performing I. reuniting J. sought K. status Locally Extinct Rhino Is Back in Chad Pigs don’t fly yet, but rhinos do. Six black rhinoceroses were flown from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad last week, ____11____ the threatened animal with a land it has not walked on in nearly five decades. Chad is one of several African countries that have recently ____12____ to start their own small black rhino populations in an attempt to protect the species from extinction. It is a participant in the African Rhino Conservation Plan, which hopes to significantly grow the number of rhinos in Africa over the next five years. Up until the mid-20th century, black rhinos ____13____ the landscape of Chad, grazing (吃草) and attracting tourists. But they also attracted poachers, who hunted them for their horns, which are displayed as ____14____ symbols. The population of black rhinos is down 97.6 percent since I960. Some estimate that as few as 5,500 are left on the continent according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Cathy Dean, chief executive officer of Save the Rhino, an advocacy group, said six black rhinos were not significant in the context of the 5,000 or so that exist ____15____. But it’s a good sign that Chad has a safe place to house rhinos now. According to the African Wildlife Foundation, 98 percent of the current black rhino population exists in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Namibia. South Africa, which is ____16____ to 40 percent of the rhinos, has already moved some of them to other countries, like Botswana. Zakouma National Park will be responsible for protecting the rhinos from poachers and providing them with a(n) ____17____ environment to live in. Transporting the animals to create a new population is a plan that can prove effective, Ms. Dean said “Some subspecies are ____18____ really well, with an annual growth rate at 9 percent or even higher,” she said in an email. But moving the rhinos to a place where they once were and no longer are isn’t enough. The population must be managed and protected, and law ____19____ must play a role, Ms. Dean said. There should also be biological management, guided by effective monitoring. The rhinos cannot be dropped into a(n) ____20____ and expected to mate. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence. Venture-capital investment in AI in the first nine months of 2017 totalled $7.6bn, according to PitchBook, a data provider, that compares with full-year figures of $5.4bn in 2016. At the heart of the ____21____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…. Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies. They see AI as a way to improve their ____22____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars. Many observers fear that, by cementing and extending the power of a handful of giants, AI will ____23____ competition. That will depend on two open questions. The first one is whether AI will always ____24____ vast amounts of data. Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors. ____25____ real-world data remain essential to AI, the tech superstars enjoy the biggest advantage. They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____26____ areas such as health care. A competing vision of AI stresses simulations, in which machines teach themselves using synthetic data or in virtual environments. Early versions of a program developed to play Go, an Asian board game, by DeepMind, a unit of Alphabet were trained using data from ____27____ games; the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player. If this approach is widely ____28____, or if future AI systems can be trained using small amounts of data, the tech giants will obviously lose their advantage. The other question is how openly ____29____ will be shared. The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to _____30_____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers. But their _____31_____ to share valuable data and algorithms are weak. Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. _____32_____, Europe’s data-protection rules that will take effect soon require firms to get approval for how they use data and to make it easier for customers to _____33_____ their information to other providers. The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants. It is too early to know how good that will be for competition, but not to _____34_____ the magic ingredient that will determine the outcome: the importance, _____35_____ and openness of data. 21. A. craze B. battle C. system D. model 22. A. social B. existing C. technical D. demanding 23. A. reduce B. hurt C. stimulate D. face 24. A. result from B. give rise to C. depend on D. take pride in 25. A. Although B. Unless C. Until D. If 26. A. fresh B. public C. traditional D. safe 27. A. fierce B. virtual C. actual D. boring 28. A. objective B. recognisable C. subjective D. applicable 29. A. advice B. knowledge C. consequences D. questions 30. A. design B. conduct C. involve D. publish 31. A. arrangements B. inquiries C. motivations D. complaints 32. A. By all means B. In addition C. To sum up D. For example 33. A. transfer B. explain C. cause D. deny 34. A. expect B. ignore C. produce D. taste 35. A. justifiability B. capability C. accessibility D. responsibility Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Dance is increasingly being introduced to anyone who is interested for both health and recreational reasons. The National Lottery is funding courses and training, as are local authorities and regional arts associations. In addition, family doctors suggest patients take dance lessons, and young footballers are learning about rhythm and balance through hip-hop lessons. Simon Dove, the Yorkshire Dance Centre’s organizer and promoter, says that attendance has doubled in the last three years. He owes this to more choice and easier access. And what a choice there is! There are 35 different lessons every week — everything from Arabic dancing to Egyptian, American tap, Asian and South African Township dance. “People like coming here because it helps you stay fit and engages your mind, enabling you to interact with others,” Simon explains. Steven Johnson, 28, is one of the company’s teachers. He goes into schools and introduces kids to jazz, street dance and hip-hop. He thinks that for the less academic, it gives them something to focus on. “Several school teachers have reported back to me that normally difficult and disruptive children have become more manageable because of the lessons. I think it is because they have found something at school that they excel at, making them more confident. The lessons also make them more aware of their bodies and how they work.” For Flo Marsden, aged 71, her weekly dance lessons play a more social role in her life. It’s the togetherness of dancing that is the best. A keep-fit class doesn’t get you so involved with others. When I go out shopping I see people from the lessons and say hello. It makes you feel you are part of a community. Dance is one of the five activities the Health Education Authority is promoting in its current Active for Life campaign, and this summer saw one of the first health and dance conferences in the UK. John Dunbar, one of the speakers, says that on a fitness level, dance can be just as effective as going on a running, and the results were the same. People are far more likely to keep up dancing rather than a running programme, so in that way it can be more suitable. So, if you’re lucky enough to have dance classes near where you live, my advice to you would be to have a go! 36. What does Simon say about the dance classes in the second paragraph? A. Some are more popular than others. B. They are the quickest way to make friends. C. They are a very sociable way to exercise. D. There is no limit to the number you can take. 37. Steven Johnson believes that dance ________. A. has grown in popularity in less academic schools B. is suitable for the less active type of child C. can be taught by ordinary school teachers D. helps children who have low self-confidence 38. Why does Flo enjoy going to dance classes? A. They have enabled her to get over her shyness. B. They provide her with a sense of belonging. C. They allow her to meet people from outside the area. D. They make her feel more relaxed than other classes. 39. According to John Dunbar, dancing ________. A. has most effect on the health of older people B. needs to be done regularly to be effective C. is much better for you than running D. motivates people more than running （B） Darius (runner) I’ve always been sporty, but I was best at football and athletics. When I was 14, I had a trial for a professional football club, but eventually I chose to go down the athletics route instead. My biggest moment came when I got to compete for my country in the youth team and got a medal. It didn’t result in much media attention, though. I’d been hoping some sponsorship would come out of it, because the training doesn’t come cheap. I train at home all winter and then go away for three weeks before the season starts. You’ve got to be really disciplined, though. If friends ask me to go out the night before training, I have to say no. I wish I didn’t, but dedication pays in this sport. The main goal for me is to get to the next Olympics—that would be fantastic. Gabriel (surfer) The surfing community is small, so you get to meet the same guys wherever you compete. Professional surfers are very serious and often the best waves are at dawn, so if you’re really going to get anywhere, you have to cut out late-night parties altogether. I don’t mind that so much, but I do love having a lie-in, and I usually have to give that up too. But it’s worth it because without that kind of dedication I might not have won the National Championships last year. And, of course, the sacrifices are worth it in the long run because winning that championship meant I got picked to present a surfing series on TV. I guess I’m a bit of a star now. Dieter (yacht (帆船) racer) With five people on a boat together, you have a good laugh. We’re very traditional and we always celebrate a win in great style. If it has been said that we act a bit childishly when we’re out, but we don’t actively go looking for media coverage. Sometimes the reporters actually seem more concerned about where you go out celebrating and what you get up to there than about where you came in the race. I’m away for eight months of the year, so if it is great to get back, go out with my mates from other walks of life and do the things they do. I’m known within the world of sailing, but fortunately I can count the number of times I’ve been recognised in the street on the fingers of one hand, I’d hate to become a star. Tomas (tennis player) It’s always a great thing to walk on court and feel that the crowd’s behind you. At the last competition, though, it all got a bit crazy with people crowding around. Despite that, I have to admit that I do still get excited if spotted by fans when I’m out shopping or something. It has its downside though. Tennis players have to travel quite a lot, and in the end that’s why my last girlfriend and I split up, I guess. That was hard, but you’ve got to make sacrifices in any sport; you’ve got to be serious and professional. Actually, it doesn’t really bother me too much. I’m satisfied to concentrate on my game now and catch up on the other things in life once I retired, because, after all, that comes pretty early in this sport. 40. Both Darius and Gabriel think that ________ plays an important role in being a professional athlete. A. relaxation B. talent C. media attention D. self-discipline 41. Which of the following athletes says he/ she doesn’t enjoy media attention? A. Darius B. Gabriel C. Dieter D. Tomas 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Dieter isn’t that popular in the world of sailing. B. Gabriel won last year’s National Championship. C. Darius had been a professional footballer for several years. D. Tomas doesn’t like his personal life being affected by his career. （C） When you pick up your phone in the morning, you begin generating the data that make up Silicon Valley’s most important resource. That, at least, is how we ought to think about the role of data-creation in the economy, according to a new economics paper. Artificial intelligence (AI) is getting better all the time, and is expected to transform a host of industries, say the authors. But, in order to learn to drive a car or recognize a face, the algorithms must usually be trained on massive amounts of data. Internet firms gather these data from users every time they click on a search result, say, or issue a command to a virtual assistant, like Siri or Alex. People “pay” for useful free services by providing firms with the data they desire. These data become part of the firms’ capital, and as such, a fearsome source of competitive advantage. Would-be startups that might challenge internet giants cannot train their AIs without access to the data only those giants possess. Their best hope is often to be acquired by those very same giants, adding to the problem of uncompetitive markets. That, for now, AI’s contributions to productivity growth are small, the authors say, is partly because of the free-data model, which limits the quality of data gathered. Firms trying to develop useful applications for AI must hope that the data they have are sufficient, or come up with ways to cheating users into providing them with better information at no cost. Even so, as Al improves, the amount of work made likely to be displaced by technology grows, and ever more of the value generated in the economy belongs to profitable firms rather than workers. As the authors point out, the share of GDP paid out to workers in wages and salaries — once thought to be relatively stable — has already been decline over the past few decades. To tackle these problems, they have an innovative proposal. Rather than being regarded as capital, data should be treated as labour — and, more specifically, regarded as the property of those who generate such information, unless they agree to provide it to firms in exchange for payment. In such a world, user data might be sold multiple times to multiple firms, reducing the extent to which data sets serve as barriers to entry. Payments to users for their data would help spread the wealth generated by AI. Firms could also potentially generate better data by paying. Rather than guess what a person is up to as they wander around a shopping centre, for example, firms could ask individuals to share information on which shops were visited and which items were viewed, in exchange for payment. Perhaps most ambitiously, the authors think that data labour could come to be seen as useful work, with the same sort of dignity as paid employment, a desirable side-effect in a possible future of mass automation. 43. According to the new paper, what do people pay when they get a satisfactory search result? A. The data. B. The time. C. The service. D. The command. 44. Which of the following is one of “these problems” (in paragraph 6)? A. Start-ups are struggling not to be acquired by giants. B. There is a decline in how much AI engineers earn. C. The quality of data is far from satisfactory. D. The competition for data is much too fierce. 45. Which of the following is true according to the proposal in the new paper? A. The internet industry should move faster to mass automation. B. AI firms should break the barriers to enter the industry. C. People should earn money by sharing their data. D. Data should be labelled with more properties. 46. What, in essence, does the new paper put forward? A. An attempt that can be made to gather better information at the lowest cost. B. A method by which Al firms make a profit by using data more economically. C. A perspective on the relationship between internet companies and their users. D. An approach to thinking about the role data plays in technology development. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Hubble Space Telescope (哈勃太空望远镜) For centuries, astronomers looking at the moon, the planets, and the stars have faced a basic problem: the earth’s atmosphere. Although it provides the air we breathe as well as protection from the sun, the atmosphere prevents us from seeing clearly into space even with the largest and most advanced telescopes. Then came Lyman Spitzer, an astrophysicist with a remarkable idea: put a large telescope in orbit (轨道) around the earth, outside of the earth’s atmosphere. ____47____. ”The chief contribution of such a new and more powerful instrument,“ he predicted, ”would be, not to help us know more about the universe we live in, but rather to uncover new phenomena not yet imagined, and perhaps to modify our basic concepts of space and time.“ ____48____. In 1993, NASA released the first images from the Hubble telescope. Since then, scientists have used Hubble to follow the comet Shoemaker Levy 9 as it hit the giant planet Jupiter. They have produced images of the amazing and unique beauty of planetary nebulae, giant clouds of gas produced by dying stars. They have proved the existence of black holes at the centers of galaxies. And just as Spitzer imagined, Hubble led to surprising new discoveries. Astronomers once expected that gravity would slow the expansion of the universe. ____49____. This groundbreaking finding won the Nobel Prize in Physics. ____50____. It cannot be repaired any more by astronauts. Therefore, scientists are preparing its successor. The huge James Webb Space Telescope will take over its tasks and continue to explore the universe. A. However, Hubble is getting old, and its final scheduled service mission was completed in 2009. B. Spitzer was right. C. The huge James Webb Space Telescope is scheduled for launch in the near future. D. Instead, astronomers discovered that the expansion is not slowing down at all. It is speeding up! E. Spitzer suggested this idea in 1946 and said the telescope would not only test existing ideas, but also inspire completely new ones. F. Then what happened next? III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Intensive farming protects biodiversity A new review says that, to best conserve global biodiversity while feeding a growing human population, agriculture needs to become more intensive rather than more wildlife friendly. The review, published in the Journal of Zoology, looked at 2,500 species worldwide in a range of agricultural landscapes and finds that most species fare better in ‘land sparing’ systems where agriculture is high-yield, intensive and restricted to a smaller area, rather than in ‘land sharing’ systems where the farming itself is more wildlife-friendly but needs more land to produce the same amount of food. The findings challenge the current push for wildlife-friendly agriculture. “We’ve paid billions for land sharing over the past 30 years in the form of agri-environment schemes, ” says the review’s author Andrew Balmford of the University of Cambridge. “ Land sparing as a strategy makes sense from a science-based perspective,” says Tim Benton, director of the Environment and Society Programme at Chatham House. However, he says an increase in intensive farming would bring its own problems. “Intensification creates spill-overs due to pollution, climate change and pesticide drift, and the market creates needs to turn natural habitat into revenue-generating agriculture.” According to Joanna Lewis, director of policy and strategy at the Soil Association, “the world needs less intensive agriculture, not more: Intensive farming has driven the significant declines of wildlife that we’ve seen over the last 50 years, so we have to move towards a system where all lands are managed in a way that restores nature.” And that, she says, need not come at the expense of biodiversity, “What makes that possible is shifting towards more-sustainable diets - less meat and less food waste.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 辩论赛虽然结束了，但我一点都没感到轻松。(far)(汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 53. 物理学家们正在研究两种他们希望可以带来变化的设计。(work) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 54. 许多读者认为这位被誉为五十年来最伟大的作家其实名不副实。(live) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ 55. 最初的四年对我们来说异常煎熬，我们不断犯错，也不善于向他人求助。(turn) (汉译英) ______________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你校学生会计划组织一场学生艺术作品展览，就该展览以线上形式（学校官网开辟专门区域，将学生作品拍摄成不同角度的照片后在该线上区域展出，配以声音解说）还是线下形式（学校图书馆留出专门区域，作品旁搭配文字说明）听取全校师生意见。写一封邮件给学生会相关部门，内容须包括: 1）你的选择； 2）你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $