精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高二年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given wor4 fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Magnetic field at event horizon spotted For the first time, astronomers have detected magnetic fields near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*, the black hole ____1____ lies at the centre of our Galaxy. “____2____ these magnetic fields have been predicted to exist, no one has seen them before. Our data puts decades of theoretical work on solid observational ground,” said Principal Investigator Shep Doeleman, the Assistant Director of MTT9s Haystack Observatory. ____3____ presence of the fields was revealed using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)—a global network of radio telescopes that function as one giant scope the size of Earth. The EHT team detected the magnetic fields by measuring the linear polarisation of the light ____4____ (produce) by Sagittarius A*. The polarised light is released by electrons spiraling (盘旋) around magnetic field lines and so directly traces the structure of the magnetic field. “With this result, the EHT team is one step closer to ____5____ (solve) a central problem in astronomy: ____6____ are black holes so bright if their gravitational pull is so great they can draw in light?” said Doeleman. This groundbreaking observation was made possible ____7____ the remarkable resolution a telescope the size of the EHT offers. It ____8____ (hope), however, that more radio dishes from around the world will be added to the EHT’s network, enabling it ____9____ (gather) even more astronomical data. More data ____10____ (allow) the EHT’s astronomers to achieve greater resolution, possibly enough to directly image a black hole’s event horizon for the first time. 【答案】1. which/that 2. Although/Though 3. The 4. produced 5. solving 6. why 7. by 8. hopes 9. to gather 10. will allow 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了天文学家首次在银河系中心黑洞的事件视界之外探测到磁场。 【1题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：天文学家首次在人马座A*的事件视界附近探测到磁场，人马座A*是位于我们银河系中心的黑洞。分析句子结构和句意可知，此空引导定语从句，先行词是the black hole，指物，在从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词that或which引导，故填which/that。 【2题详解】 考查连词。句意：虽然这些磁场已经被预测存在，但以前没有人见过它们。分析句子结构可知，此空需要连词连接逗号前后两句话，再根据句意，可知此处引导让步状语从句，故填Although/Though。 【3题详解】 考查冠词。句意：这些场的存在是通过事件视界望远镜（EHT）发现的。EHT是一个全球性的射电望远镜网络，其功能相当于一个地球大小的巨大望远镜。根据句意，此处特指这些场的存在，所以用定冠词，故填The。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：EHT团队通过测量人马座A*产生的光的线性偏振来检测磁场。分析句子结构可知，此句已有谓语detected，结合句意，此空应用非谓语动词作空前名词短语the linear polarisation of the light“光的线性偏振”的定语，且“光的线性偏振”与produce之间是被动关系，所以此空用过去分词，故填produced。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：“通过这一结果，EHT团队离解决天文学的一个核心问题又近了一步：如果黑洞的引力大到可以吸收光，为什么它们会如此明亮？”Doeleman说。be closer to“更接近……”，其中to是介词，所给提示词solve是动词，其后有宾语，所以用动名词作to的宾语，故填solving。 【6题详解】 考查特殊疑问词。句意：参见上题。此句是特殊疑问句，此空需要特殊疑问词，根据句意，此处表示原因，在句中作状语，所以用特殊疑问副词why，故填why。 【7题详解】 考查介词。句意：这一开创性的观察之所以成为可能，是因为EHT望远镜所提供的非凡分辨率。分析句子结构可知，空前句子结构完整，空后出现由定语从句修饰的名词短语，所以此空应用介词，再根据空前的被动结构，可知此空用by，表示“被；由”，符合句意，故填by。 【8题详解】 考查时态。句意：然而，它希望更多来自世界各地的无线电天线能加入到EHT的网络中，使其能够收集更多的天文数据。分析句子结构可知，此空是句子谓语，再根据句意，表示的是“现在的希望”，hope不用于进行时态，所以此处用一般现在时，主语是it，故填hopes。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：参见上题。此处用到固定搭配enable sb./sth. to do sth.“使得……能做某事”，所以此空用动词不定式作宾语补足语，故填to gather。 【10题详解】 考查时态。句意：它将有望让EHT的天文学家首次以更高的分辨率对黑洞事件视界进行直接成像。根据上文的“will be added”的一般将来时，可知未来EHT的网络收集更多的天文数据，那么更多的数据可以使天文学家对黑洞事件视界进行直接成像，也是将来的事，应用一般将来时，且根据句意主语“更多的数据”和“允许”之间是主动关系，故填will allow。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. confusing B. consumer C. contents D. curiosity E. disquiet F. eliminate G. preferred H. prevent I. principle J. standardise K. subject Tesco promises to ban brands that use excessive plastic packaging. Tesco has promised to step up its efforts in the battle against single-use plastic with measures that include banning brands using excessive packaging. Dave Lewis, Tesco's chief executive, said the company will “reserve the right not to list” products with too much non-recyclable packaging from next year onwards. Tesco gave suppliers a list of ____11____ materials in May 2018. It is now planning to turn up the pressure because of the growing public ____12____ about plastic packaging. “We can't overlook the fact that for too long, packaging on ____13____ goods has been excessive,” Lewis wrote. "We have all opened a bag of crisps and wondered why the packaging is twice the size of the ____14____.” Tesco has been the ____15____ of criticism over its packaging in the past, but any improvements could have major implications for Britain's plastic waste. Lewis said giving up the plastic used to package tins in multipacks would save 490 tonnes of plastic a year, and it could ____16____ the sale of more than 50 million plastic beer can binders. Other supermarkets have tried out processes that could reduce packaging. Morrisons and Waitrose have tested refill stations to allow customers to buy packaging-free goods, including pasta, wine and cleaning materials. Iceland last year promised to ____17____ plastics from its own-brand products within five years. Supermarkets and food companies in the UK have been required to take action by government plans to introduce the “polluter pays” ____18____ in its approach to waste. New rules, currently under consultation, could force private companies, including supermarkets, to pay as much as £l billion a year more towards the UK's recycling infrastructure—up from about £70m now. Lewis called for the government to take a national approach to recycling in order to ____19____ processes. Households face _______20_______ variation in the quality of recycling services, which can result in products being sent to landfill that would be recycled under a different local authority. 【答案】11. G 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. K 16. F 17. H 18. I 19. J 20. E 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了特易购承诺禁止使用过度塑料包装的品牌，且承诺将加大力度打击一次性塑料，包括禁止品牌使用过度包装。特易购在过去一直因其包装受到批评，但任何改进都可能对英国的塑料垃圾产生重大影响。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：2018年5月，特易购向供应商提供了一份首选材料清单。修饰后文名词material，结合句意表示“首选”应用形容词preferred，作定语，故选G。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：现在，由于公众对塑料包装的好奇心日益增长，该公司正计划加大压力。根据后文about plastic packaging，以及形容词public修饰名词，作宾语，再结合句意表示“好奇心”应用名词curiosity。故选D。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：“我们不能忽视的事实是，长期以来，首选商品的包装一直是过度的，”刘易斯写道。结合上文goods has been excessive以及修饰名词，再结合句意表示“消费品”应用consumers goods。故选B。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：“我们都打开过一包薯片，都想知道为什么包装是里面东西的两倍大。”根据上文why the packaging is twice the size of the 可知应填名词作宾语，再结合句意表示“包含物”应用名词contents。故选C。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：特易购在过去一直因其包装受到批评，但任何改进都可能对英国的塑料垃圾产生重大影响。根据后文of criticism over its packaging in the past可知空处应用名词作表语，表示“话题”应用名词subject。故选K。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：刘易斯说，如果不再使用多功能包装的塑料，每年将节省490吨塑料，并可能减少5000多万塑料啤酒罐粘合剂的销售。结合后文the sale of more than 50 million plastic beer can binders以及句意表示“减少”应用动词eliminate，作谓语，且could后跟动词原形。故选F。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：去年，冰岛承诺在五年内防止其自有品牌产品使用塑料。根据后文“plastics from its own-brand products within five years”以及句意“防止”可知应用动词prevent，上文为短语promise to do sth.，故应用动词原形。故选H。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：英国政府计划在处理垃圾时引入“污染者付费”的原则，要求超市和食品公司采取行动。根据上文 introduce the “polluter pays”以及空处作宾语，表示“原则”应用名词principle。故选I。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：刘易斯呼吁政府在全国范围内采取回收方法，以使回收过程标准化。后跟名词process作宾语，表示“标准化”应用动词standardise，此处为in order to do sth.，应用动词原形。故选J。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：家庭在回收服务的质量上存在令人不安的差异，这可能导致产品被送到垃圾填埋场，而在不同的地方当局下，这些产品将被回收。修饰后文名词variation，表示“令人不安的”应用形容词disquiet，作定语。故选E。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. When you are stuck on a problem, sometimes it is best to stop thinking about it—consciously, anyway. Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the brain create____21____to a solution. Now a new study____22____on the effect of this so-called incubation（潜伏期）by using sound cues to focus the sleeping mind on a targeted problem. When humans sleep, parts of the brain replay certain memories, strengthening and transforming them. About a decade ago researchers developed a technique, called targeted memory reactivation（TMR）, aimed at further enhancing____23____memories: when a sound becomes associated with a memory and is later played during sleep, that memory gets____24____. In a study published last November in Psychological Science, scientists tested whether____25____the memory of a puzzle during sleep might also improve problem-solving. About 60 participants visited the laboratory before and after a night of____26____. First, they____27____spatial, verbal and conceptual puzzles, with a distinct music clip repeating in the background for each, until they had worked on six puzzles they could not solve. Overnight they wore electrodes（电极）to detect slow-wave sleep, which may be important for memory enhancement—and a device played the sounds ____28____to three of the six unsolved puzzles. The next day, back at the lab, the participants attempted the six puzzles again.（Each repeated the experiment with a different set of puzzles the following night.） All told, the subjects solved 32 percent of the sound-stimulated puzzles compared with 21 percent of the ____29____puzzles. The researchers "very bravely went for quite complex tasks that involved a lot of complex processing, and remarkably they found these really strong effects in all of their _____30_____." says Penny Lewis, a psychologist at Cardiff University, who was not involved in the research. "These are supercool results. Now we need to go out and try to understand them by firstly replicating（复制）them and secondly trying to _____31_____the component processes that are actually being influenced." Beyond providing new evidence that humans restructure memories while sleeping, the research may have _____32_____implications. "In a futuristic world, maybe TMR could help us use sleep to work on our problems," says lead author Kristin Sanders, who was a graduate student at Northwestern University during the study. Sleep-monitoring technology is increasingly accessible—and even without devices, prospective solvers can focus on important problems before _____33_____. Still, sleep is not _____34_____; people need to do their homework and load their heads with the puzzle pieces involved. "I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique," Sanders says, "because I am totally _____35_____cancer research." 21. A. applications B. commitment C. attention D. pathways 22. A. counts B. expands C. insists D. passes 23. A. treasured B. selected C. devoted D. shortened 24. A. dimmed B. stored C. reactivated D. researched 25. A. neglecting B. examining C. erasing D. revisiting 26. A. sleep B. experiment C. training D. relaxation 27. A. created B. solved C. attempted D. classified 28. A. assigned B. transformed C. explained D. introduced 29. A. unsettled B. untargeted C. unstated D. untested 30. A. puzzles B. brains C. processes D. tasks 31. A. work out B. turn to C. take on D. bring about 32. A. individual B. conceptual C. practical D. collective 33. A. dinner B. dawn C. bed D. schooling 34. A. significant B. magic C. fixed D. possible 35. A. dependent on B. curious about C. interested in D. ignorant of 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究，该研究通过使用声音线索将睡眠中的大脑集中在一个目标问题上，进一步来研究“潜伏期”的影响。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，休息或小睡可以帮助大脑创造通往解决方案的路径。A. applications申请，应用；B. commitment许诺，承诺；C. attention注意； D. pathways路径，途径。根据后文的to a solution可知，空处应使用pathways，表示“解决问题的途径”。故选D项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：现在，一项新的研究通过使用声音线索将睡眠中的大脑集中在一个目标问题上，来扩大研究这种所谓的潜伏期的影响。A. counts数数；B. expands扩展；C. insists坚持；D. passes传递。前文“Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the brain create____1____to a solution.”提到了“潜伏期”的影响。而新的研究应该是扩大研究“潜伏期”的影响。故选B项。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大约十年前，研究人员开发了一种技术，称为定向记忆再激活(TMR) ，旨在进一步增强选定的记忆：当一个声音与记忆联系起来，然后在睡眠中播放时，记忆就会被激活。A. treasured珍视的，宝贵的；B. selected 挑选的，选定的；C. devoted投入的；D. shortened缩短的。根据前文中的targeted memory reactivation中的targeted可知，空处应填近义词selected。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约十年前，研究人员开发了一种技术，称为定向记忆再激活(TMR) ，旨在进一步增强选定的记忆：当一个声音与记忆联系起来，然后在睡眠中播放时，记忆就会被激活。A. dimmed使…暗淡；B. stored存储；C. reactivated使恢复活力；D. researched研究。根据前文中的targeted memory reactivation中的reactivation可知，空处应填reactivated。故选C项。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：去年11月发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一项研究中，科学家们测试了是否在睡眠中重温一个谜题的记忆也能提高解决问题的能力。A. neglecting忽视；B. examining检查；C. erasing抹去，消除；D. revisiting再访。根据空后的during sleep可推出，应该是白天没有解出谜题，晚上睡觉时再访（revisit）该记忆。故选D项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：大约60名参与者在睡觉前后参观了实验室。A. sleep睡觉；B. experiment实验；C. training训练；D. relaxation放松。根据空前的a night of可推知，应该是一夜睡眠（sleep）。后文中的sleep也印证了答案。故选A项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，他们尝试了空间、语言和概念性的难题，每个难题背景中都有一个独特的音乐片段，直到他们完成了六个他们无法解决的难题。A. created创造；B. solved 解决；C. attempted尝试；D. classified归类。根据后文中的“until they had worked on”可知，在work on之前，他们应该是尝试（attempt）解决谜题。故选C项。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：整整一夜，他们佩戴电极来检测慢波睡眠，这可能对增强记忆很重要--并且一个设备播放分配给六个未解决的谜题中三个的声音。A. assigned分配；B. transformed改变；C. explained解释；D. introduced介绍。be assigned to为固定搭配，意为“分配给…”。故选A项。 【29题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：总的来说，受试者解决了32% 的声音刺激的难题，相比之下，只解决了21% 的非靶向性的难题。A. unsettled未解决的；B. untargeted非靶向性的；C. unstated未陈述的；D. untested未检验的。根据前文的compared with可知，空处应使用与sound-stimulated相反的词，untargeted “非靶向性的”，即没有声音刺激的，符合题意。故选B项。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员非常勇敢地进行涉及许多复杂处理的相当复杂的任务，并且他们惊人地发现这些在他们所有的任务中真正强大的效果。A. puzzles谜；B. brains脑子；C. processes过程；D. tasks任务。根据空前的tasks可知，空处也应使用tasks，前后叙述一致。故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：现在，我们需要走出去，首先复制它们，然后试图找出实际上正在受到影响的组件过程，从而试图理解它们。A. work out解决；B. turn to转向…；C. take on承担；D. bring about促成。根据空前的try to understand them可知，空处应使用work out，表达“解决”之意，才能understand them。故选A项。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了提供新的证据证明人类在睡眠中重组记忆外，这项研究还可能有实际意义。A. individual个人的；B. conceptual概念的；C. practical 实际的；D. collective集体的，共同的。根据后文的“In a futuristic world, maybe TMR could help us use sleep to work on our problems,”提出的实际意义可知，空处应填practical。故选C项。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：睡眠监测技术正变得越来越容易使用--即使没有设备，未来的解决者也可以在睡前专注于重要的问题。A. dinner晚餐；B. dawn日出；C. bed床；D. schooling学校教育。根据前文的Sleep-monitoring technology中的sleep可知，空处应使用bed。前后语义相关。故选C项。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管如此，睡眠并不是魔法。A. significant重要的；B. magic神奇的，魔法的；C. fixed固定的；D. possible可能的。前文提到了该技术的多种好处，后文 “I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique” 却提到该技术的局限性，因此推测这项技术不是魔法（magic）。故选B项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词短语辨析。句意：因为我对癌症研究一无所知。A. dependent on取决于；B. curious about 对…好奇；C. interested in对…感兴趣；D. ignorant of对…无知。根据前文“I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique”可知，Sanders应是对癌症知识不熟悉（ignorant）。故选D项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified people for decades. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth. But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish and seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth. The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines. Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, bat their purpose is still a mystery. A Swiss writer named Erich von Dãniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place of UFOs. However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys. In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings were a chronicle of the movement of the stars and planets. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”. Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space. Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountains and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. If s possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies. But the local people have never constructed anything this big. Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that the lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and received only 2 cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this. 36. Why weren’t the Nazca lines discovered for a long time in history? A. They were located in an inaccessible desert. B. They were not easy to see from the ground. C. They were not recorded in any history book. D. They were covered by some beautiful figures. 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Paul Kosok found that the lines showed a starts movement. B. Erich von Dãniken once saw a UFO landing near the Nazca lines. C. Tony Morrison thought the lines had something to do with religion. D. David Johnson and Steve Mabee unearthed a waterway system under the lines. 38. ________ view on the purpose of the lines hasn’t been proved wrong. A. Erich von Dãniken’s B. Paul Kosok’s C. Tony Morrison’s D. David Johnson and Steve Mabee’s 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Origins of Nazca B. The History of Nazca C. The Mysteries of Nazca D. The Discovery of Nazca 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了在距离利马300公里的秘鲁沙漠里，世界上最不寻常的艺术品之一几十年来一直让人们感到困惑，那就是纳斯卡线条。这些线条至少有1500年的历史，但它们的用途仍是个谜，因此人们纷纷对此进行了猜测。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area.(纳斯卡线条从地面上很难看到，直到20世纪30年代，飞行员在飞越该地区时发现了它们)”可知，历史上很长一段时间没有发现纳斯卡线条因为从地上看不清楚。故选B。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountains and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. If s possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.(另一种解释是，划定这些界限可能是出于宗教原因。英国研究人员Tony Morrison调查了安第斯山脉居民的习俗，发现他们有时会在路边祈祷。如果可能的话，过去的纳斯卡线条也是为了类似的目的而创造的。最大的照片可能是举行特殊仪式的地点)”可知，C选项“Tony Morrison认为线条与宗教有关”正确。故选C。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.(其他科学家正在寻找证据来证明这一点)”可知，David Johnson和Steve Mabee关于这些线的目的的观点并没有被证明是错误的。故选D。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.(纳斯卡线条从地面上很难看到，直到20世纪30年代才被发现，当时飞行员在飞越该地区时发现了它们。平原上总共有大约70个不同的人类和动物形象，以及900个三角形、圆形和线条)”结合文章主要说明了在距离利马300公里的秘鲁沙漠里，世界上最不寻常的艺术品之一几十年来一直让人们感到困惑，那就是纳斯卡线条。这些线条至少有1500年的历史，但它们的用途仍是个谜，因此人们纷纷对此进行了猜测。可知，C选项“纳斯卡的秘密”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （B） Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. ‘Choosing What to wear for my day at Marie Claire was tricky because normally I wear a uniform at work. first I went to a still-life photo studio, then to press previews, all before lunch. The zoo is such a tranquil, peaceful place—and here I was rushing around when I could be sitting quietly giving an animal a cuddle. Some of the members of the fashion team seemed quite stressed—my job doesn’t really get pressurised. At a fashion shoot in the afternoon, it made me laugh to think that I’d usually be cleaning out cages or handling rats. I’m fascinated to see how magazines work, but I really enjoy my job at the zoo so I’ll stay put.’ Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. ‘I arrived at the zoo in my leather boots and dark blue trousers. The zoo gave me a green T-shirt instead to work in, which was just as well as I got very dirty. While I was bathing one of the elephants, I thought Mandie would probably be packing up clothes in the cupboard. By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa.’ Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. ‘I was extremely excited about meeting the team, and Alan Titchmarsh, the programme presenter, was really nice. One of the things I liked was the chance to be in the fresh air Depending on my shifts, I sometimes never see daylight. Even though it was hard work, it was great fun. I thought I was pretty strong but I felt weak compared with the rest of the team. My romantic vision of landscape gardening had not included physical hard work or careful planning. I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job.’ Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. ‘I made beds and handed out tablets. I expected to faint when I was doing some jobs, but I amazed myself by finding that it didn’t bother me. The friendship among the nurses is great, and it felt tremendously ‘girlie’ compared with my normal male environment. I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing. My day at the hospital was not exactly pleasant but it left me with a great sense of satisfaction.’ 40. The four people in the passage are talking about their experience of ________. A. taking up a career they never tried before B. giving up their secure job for a new one C. staying at a strange place for some time D. living somebody else’s life for a day 41. It can be inferred from the passage that ________are most probably unwilling to do the job they tried. A. Mandle Currie and Karen Hodson B. Alice Cutler and Charlie Dimmock C. Mandle Currie and Charlie Dimmock D. Alice Cutler and Karen Hodson 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Mandle Currie found her own job more stressful than the one she tried. B. Karen Hodson expected there to be much hard work as a landscape gardener. C. Alice Cutler disliked working in a zoo as she smelt terrible at the end of the day. D. Charlie Dimmock thought being a nurse was more worthwhile than his own job. 【答案】40. D 41. D 42. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四位体验别人生活一天的人以及他们的感想。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. (动物园管理员Mandle Currie在《嘉人》杂志的办公室里度过了一天)”，“Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. (Alice Cutler是《嘉人》的时尚助理，她在伦敦动物园度过了这一天)”，“Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. (哈默史密斯医院的护士Karen Hodson随电视园艺节目《地面部队》来到了现场)”和“Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. (Charlie Dimmock是电视节目《地面部队》的园林园丁，他在汉默史密斯医院值班)”可知，文章中的四个人正在谈论他们过了别人生活一天的经历。故选D项。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa. (到五点的时候，我闻到了难闻的气味，但是当我从时装界退休的时候，我有了如此美好的一天，我可以想象自己和大象一起工作——但也许在非洲)”和第三段中“I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job. (我是个热情的园丁，而不是能干的园丁，所以我不打算放弃我的工作)”可知，Alice Cutler和Karen Hodson很可能不愿意做他们尝试做的工作。故选D项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing.(我觉得我的工作和护理工作比起来真是浪费时间)”可知，Charlie Dimmock认为，当护士比他自己的工作更有价值。故选D项。 （C） Shining just 12 light-years from Earth, the star Tau Ceti so resembles the sun that it has appeared in numerous science- fiction stories and was the first star astronomers ever searched for signs of intelligent life, half a century ago. In 2012 Tau Ceti grew still more interesting when astronomers reported five possible planets somewhat larger than Earth circling closer to the star than Mars orbits (围绕……运动) the sun—one of which is in the star’s habitable zone. Newly released images taken by the Herschel Space Observatory provide even more insight about Tau Ceti’s solar system: greater detail about its dust belt. Dust arises when asteroids and comets (小行星和彗星) crash into one another, so its location reveals where these dust- creating objects—which are too small to be seen directly—orbit a star. In Tau Ceti’s case, “it’s quite a wide dust belt,” says Samantha Lawler of the University of Victoria in British Columbia. As her team reported in November, the belt’s inner edge is roughly two to three astronomical units (AUs) from the star, which is the position of our own sun’s asteroid belt. (An AU is the distance from Earth to the sun.) Tau Ceti’s dust belt extends out to 55 AU, which would be just beyond our system’s main Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, the zone of small bodies whose largest member is probably Pluto. Presumably full of asteroids and comets, Tau Ceti’s dust belt most likely lacks a planet as large as Jupiter, Lawler says. The gravity of such a massive planet would have driven away most small space rocks. Within a year a new series of radio telescopes in Chile called ALMA should provide a sharper view of the disk, especially of its inner edge. The ALMA images will help astronomers confirm whether the star’s five proposed planets are indeed real. If the disk overlaps the planets’ hypothesized (假设的) orbits, then they probably do not exist; they would have kept away most asteroids near the star, removing the source of dust. If those planets do exist, however, Lawler’s team suggests that Tau Ceti’s planetary system may resemble what our solar system would have looked like had the four giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune- never formed: small planets orbiting close to the star, and nothing but asteroids, comets and dust beyond. 43. According to astronomers, the five possible planets of Tau Ceti________. A. resembled Earth in size B. functioned like a solar system C. were located in Tau Ceti’s habitable zone D. were nearer to Tau Ceti than Mars to the sun 44. Which of the following is true of Tau Ceti’s dust belt? A. It is narrower than the asteroid belt in our system. B. The bodies inside it are all smaller than Jupiter. C. The gravity of Tau Ceti makes it get denser. D. It is over 55 astronomical units in width. 45. According to the passage, the five planets are most likely to exist if________. A. they don’t move into the dust belt while orbiting Tau Ceti B. they have kept away most asteroids and comets C. they don’t crash into any asteroid or comet D. they can be seen clearly by ALMA 46. It can be inferred from the passage that Tau Ceti’s dust belt________. A. is useful because it stops asteroids or comets crashing into the star B. makes Tau Ceti different from the sun because it extends farther C. is interesting because it keeps other planets away from Tau Ceti D. plays a role in helping decide whether the five planets are real 【答案】43. D 44. B 45. A 46. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了恒星天仓五的尘埃带的一些情况，以及在决定天仓五的五颗可能的行星是否真实存在方面的作用。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In 2012 Tau Ceti grew still more interesting when astronomers reported five possible planets somewhat larger than Earth circling closer to the star than Mars orbits (围绕……运动) the sun—one of which is in the star’s habitable zone. (2012年，天文学家们报道了五颗可能比地球大一些的行星，它们围绕着恒星天仓五运行，比火星绕太阳运行的距离更近，其中一颗位于恒星的可居住区，这使得天仓五变得更加有趣)”可知，天仓五的五颗可能的行星离天仓五的距离比火星离太阳的距离更近，故选D。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Presumably full of asteroids and comets, Tau Ceti’s dust belt most likely lacks a planet as large as Jupiter, Lawler says. The gravity of such a massive planet would have driven away most small space rocks.( Lawler表示，鲸鱼座τ星的尘埃带很可能很可能充满了小行星和彗星，缺乏像木星那么大的行星。如此大质量行星的引力会把大多数小太空岩石驱散。)”可知，既然没有木星大小的行星，那么带内天体（小行星和彗星）都比木星小4。故选B。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“If the disk overlaps the planets’ hypothesized (假设的) orbits, then they probably do not exist; they would have kept away most asteroids near the star, removing the source of dust. (如果尘埃盘与假设的行星轨道重叠，那么它们很可能不存在；它们会将大多数靠近恒星的小行星拒之门外，从而消除尘埃的来源) ”可知，如果尘埃盘与假设的行星轨道重叠，那么这五颗行星很可能不存在，也就意味着如果它们在绕天仓五运行时轨道没有和尘埃盘重叠，也就是没有进入尘埃带，那么它们可能是存在的，故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Within a year a new series of radio telescopes in Chile called ALMA should provide a sharper view of the disk, especially of its inner edge. The ALMA images will help astronomers confirm whether the star’s five proposed planets are indeed real. If the disk overlaps the planets’ hypothesized (假设的) orbits, then they probably do not exist; they would have kept away most asteroids near the star, removing the source of dust. (一年内，位于智利的一系列名为ALMA的新射电望远镜将提供更清晰的圆盘图像，特别是其内缘。ALMA的图像将帮助天文学家确认这颗恒星的五颗行星是否真的存在。如果圆盘与假设的行星轨道重叠，那么它们很可能不存在；它们会将大多数靠近恒星的小行星拒之门外，从而消除尘埃的来源) ”可知，根据天仓五尘埃带是否和假设的行星轨道重叠，能帮助天文学家确认这颗恒星的五颗行星是否真的存在，所以天仓五的尘埃带在决定五颗行星是否真实存在方面起着重要作用，故选D。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is the best way to give advice? A lot of our daily conversations involve giving and getting advice. For example, you might be talking about new movies, and a friend recommends that you should go and see a particular one. Another friend wants to go to a Tex-Mex restaurant, and you recommend that they avoid one that just opened. ____47____ A paper by Reeshad Datal and Silvia Bonaccio in a 2020 issue of Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes looked at several different kinds of advice that people give. They distinguished between four types of advice. ●Advice for is a recommendation to choose a particular option. ●Advice against is a recommendation to avoid a particular option. ●____48____ ●Decision-making techniques suggest how to go about making the choice, but do not make a specific recommendation. For example, if you have a friend who wants to see a good movie, you might recommend a website that summarises movie reviews. You aren't recommending a particular movie, but you are suggesting a technique that allows your friend to make a decision. In the studies, college students had to imagine making a particular decision. They were given a variety of advice and they were asked how satisfying and useful the advice was for making the decision. In general, people found all of the types of advice to be useful to some degree. ____49____ That is, people found it most helpful when people told them something that they might not have known about already. There are a few reasons why information is more valuable to people than other kinds of advice. First, when someone makes a recommendation for or against a particular option, a decision-maker may feel like they have lost a bit of their independence in making their choice. ____50____ Second, information helps people to make decision later, in similar situations. Finally, getting information makes people feel better about decisions when they are able to give a reason for making the choice. A. Information supplies a piece of information that the decision-maker might not know about. B. A friend points out that a new gym nearby offers free personal trainers some afternoons. C. Are these kinds of advice effective? D. When the advice comes in the form of information, though, the decision-maker still feels like they have some autonomy. E. Which piece of advice occurs to you first? F. However, information was the most useful kind of advice across the studies. 【答案】47. C 48. A 49. F 50. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了四种四类的建议以及提建议的最好方法。 【47题详解】 根据上文“A lot of our daily conversations involve giving and getting advice. For example, you might be talking about new movies, and a friend recommends that you should go and see a particular one. Another friend wants to go to a Tex-Mex restaurant, and you recommend that they avoid one that just opened.(我们的很多日常对话都涉及给予建议和获得建议。例如，你可能在谈论一部新电影，一个朋友建议你去看一部特别的电影。另一个朋友想去一家德克萨斯-墨西哥餐厅，你建议他们不要去那家刚开张的餐厅)”以及后文“A paper by Reeshad Datal and Silvia Bonaccio in a 2020 issue of Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes looked at several different kinds of advice that people give. They distinguished between four types of advice.( Reeshad Datal和Silvia Bonaccio在2020年出版的《组织行为和人类决策过程》上发表了一篇论文，研究了人们给出的几种不同类型的建议。他们区分了四种类型的建议)”可知，上文设定了获得建议的情景，后文则说明了四种类型的建议，可知本句属于过渡句，指出这些建议是否有效的疑问，故C选项“这些建议有效吗？”符合语境，故选C。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Advice against is a recommendation to avoid a particular option.( Advice against是指建议避免某一特定选项)”以及后文“●Decision-making techniques suggest how to go about making the choice, but do not make a specific recommendation.(●决策技巧提供了如何做选择的建议，但没有做出具体的建议)”可知，本句是在说明说明四种类型的建议，且后文提到了决策技巧，可见本句是在说明第三种类型的建议，A选项中decision-maker对应后文中Decision-making。故A选项“信息提供了决策者可能不知道的信息”符合语境，故选A。 【49题详解】 根据上文“In general, people found all of the types of advice to be useful to some degree.(一般来说，人们发现所有类型的建议在某种程度上都是有用的)”以及后文“That is, people found it most helpful when people told them something that they might not have known about already.( 也就是说，当人们告诉他们一些他们可能不知道的事情时，他们会觉得最有帮助)”可知，上文中提到了所有类型的建议在某种程度上都是有用的，后文则提到了最感觉有帮助的事情是知道自己可能不知道的事，故本句与上文构成转折，说明信息是所有研究中最有用的建议。故F选项“然而，信息是所有研究中最有用的建议”符合语境，故选F。 【50题详解】 根据上文“There are a few reasons why information is more valuable to people than other kinds of advice. First, when someone makes a recommendation for or against a particular option, a decision-maker may feel like they have lost a bit of their independence in making their choice.(为什么信息对人们来说比其他类型的建议更有价值有几个原因。首先，当有人提出支持或反对某个选项的建议时，决策者可能会觉得他们在做出选择时失去了一点独立性)”可知，上文提到了当有人提出支持或反对某个选项的建议时，决策者可能会觉得他们在做出选择时失去了一点独立性，可知本句应承接上文说明决策者拥有自主性的情况，D选项中autonomy对应上文中independence。故D选项“当建议以信息的形式出现时，决策者仍然觉得他们有一些自主权”符合语境，故选D。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Work: What we just can’t do without. Work may sometimes seem unpleasant, but when we haven’t got it, we miss it. We miss it, we want it and perhaps we even need it. Everyone wants to be valued and a salary is proof that we matter. Not any job will do, however. Housework and voluntary work tend to be seen as non-jobs. In our work-centred culture, a “proper job” means paid employment. Being paid for a job is better for our self-respect. Of course, we would also prefer work to be useful and interesting, as well as paid. But you don’t have to enjoy your job to get psychological benefits from it. According to some experts, achieving unenjoyable tasks during our work actually contributes to our sense of well-being. The obligation to be in a particular place at a particular time, working as part of a team towards a common goal, gives us a sense of structure and purpose that we find difficult to impose on ourselves. For a lot of us, the workplace has also taken over from the community as the place of human contact. Life wasn’t always so driven by employment, however. Work in the pre-industrial age was task-oriented not time-constructed, focusing not on money but on tasks necessary for survival. Whole communities worked together so there was less division between work and “free time”. The Industrial Revolution greatly changed how people worked. Suddenly, work was no longer structured by seasons, but by the clock. Work was separated from the rest of life, and began to provide money rather than food and goods. More recently, the revolution in Information Technology has again changed the nature of work and employment. The workplace itself may become unnecessary. Two million employees in the UK now work from home, keeping in touch via email and phone. Many employers say that working “remotely” improves productivity, as workers are happier and waste less time on the way. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Work is important. We regard paid employment as proper jobs, which benefit our mental health whether they are interesting or not. Besides, workplace is where we communicate with others. However, the nature of work has been changing. The Industrial Revolution changed our work from task-oriented to time-focused. The development of Information Technology enables us to work at places other than workplace. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍说工作很重要。我们把有偿就业视为合适的工作，无论是否有趣，它都能促进我们的心理健康。此外，工作场所也是我们与他人交流的地方。然而，工作的性质正在发生变化。工业革命使我们的工作从以任务为导向转变为以时间为导向。信息技术的发展让我们可以在工作地点之外的地方工作。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Work: What we just can’t do without. Work may sometimes seem unpleasant, but when we haven’t got it, we miss it. In our work-centred culture, a “proper job” means paid employment. Being paid for a job is better for our self-respect. Of course, we would also prefer work to be useful and interesting, as well as paid. But you don’t have to enjoy your job to get psychological benefits from it. ②For a lot of us, the workplace has also taken over from the community as the place of human contact. ③Life wasn’t always so driven by employment, however. Work in the pre-industrial age was task-oriented not time-constructed, focussing not on money but on tasks necessary for survival. Whole communities worked together so there was less division between work and ‘free time’. The Industrial Revolution greatly changed how people worked. Suddenly, work was no longer structured by seasons, but by the clock. ④More recently, the revolution in Information Technology has again changed the nature of work and employment. The workplace itself may become unnecessary. Two million employees in the UK now work from home, keeping in touch via email and phone. Many employers say that working “remotely” improves productivity, as workers are happier and waste less time on the way. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Work is important. We regard paid employment as proper jobs, which benefit our mental health whether they are interesting or not. Besides, workplace is where we communicate with others. However, the nature of work has been changing. The Industrial Revolution changed our work from task-oriented to time-focused. The development of Information Technology enables us to work at places other than workplace. 【点睛】[高分句型1] We regard paid employment as proper jobs, which benefit our mental health whether they are interesting or not.（运用了which引导非限制性定语从句） [高分句型2] Besides, workplace is where we communicate with others.（运用了where引导表语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 孩子们的想象力是无限的。（there is）(汉译英） 【答案】There is no limit to children's imagination. 【解析】 【详解】考查there be句式和名词。固定句式there is no limit to……没有限的；表示“想象力”应用不可数名词imagination。故翻译为There is no limit to children's imagination。 53. 这并不意味老牌的工作室即将失宠。（favour）(汉译英） 【答案】This doesn't mean established studios are about to fall out of favour. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、名词和动词短语。根据句意可知时态是一般现在时；表示“意味”应用动词mean；表示“老牌的工作室”应用名词established studios；表示“即将”应用动词短语be about to；表示“失宠”应用动词短语fall out of favour。故翻译为This doesn't mean established studios are about to fall out of favour。 54. 那些公司通常向使用其服务的企业主收取每个设备的年使用费。（charge）(汉译英） 【答案】Those companies typically charge business owners who use their services an annual subscription fee for each device. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态，定语从句和固定搭配。表示“那些公司”应用those companies，表示“企业主”应用business owners，表示“使用其服务”应用use their services ，分析句子结构可知，“使用其服务”作定语来修饰“企业主”，所以表示“使用其服务的企业主”应用 business owners who use their services；表示“通常”应用副词typically作状语来修饰谓语动词，谓语动词用一般现在时，表示“收费”应用charge，charge sb.some money for sth.表示因为某事向某人收取多少钱；表示“每个设备的年使用费”应用an annual subscription fee for each device，所以应翻译为those companies typically charge business owners who use their services an annual subscription fee for each device，those放句首时首字母要大写。故翻译为Those companies typically charge business owners who use their services an annual subscription fee for each device。 55. 由这位化学教师所开发的课程背后的理念是，现实生活的体验可以促进主动学习，批判性思维，决策能力。（that）(汉译英） 【答案】The idea behind the curriculum developed by this chemistry teacher is that real life experience can promote active learning, critical thinking and decision-making ability. 【解析】 【详解】考查表语从句和一般现在时。分析句子结构可知，句子主语为“理念”，应用名词idea表示。表示“在……背后”应用介词behind，表示“课程”应用名词curriculum，介词短语behind the curriculum作后置定语修饰idea。表示“开发”应用动词develop，表示 “由这位化学教师”应用by this chemistry teacher，develop和逻辑主语curriculum构成被动关系，且动作已完成，所以应用过去分词作后置定语修饰curriculum。表示“是”应用be动词作谓语，此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语idea为第三人称单数，所以be动词应用is。表示“现实生活的体验可以促进主动学习，批判性思维，决策能力”应用表语从句，从句中不缺少成分和意义，所以应用关系连词that引导。表示 “现实生活体验”应用短语real life experience作从句的主语，表示“可以”应用情态动词can，表示“促进”应用动词promote，表示“主动学习”应用active learning，表示“批判性思维”应用critical thinking，表示“决策能力”应用decision-making ability，作promote的宾语。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为The idea behind the curriculum developed by this chemistry teacher is that real life experience can promote active learning, critical thinking and decision-making ability.。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）详细叙述在今年暑假里对你而言最有意义的一件事情； 2）你在这一件事情中的收获。 【答案】One possible version The summer vacation was over. I spent a meaningful summer vacation. Especially I took part in a Chinese Summer Camp, which was intended for local students. Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, ranging from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. Additionally, it provided a chance for us to visit some famous museums. By admiring the historical relics, I definitely gained a better understanding of the country. I was very glad that I had the chance to join in all these activities. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一篇文章投稿，参加学校英语报主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文活动。 【详解】1.词汇积累 参加：join in→ take part in 多种多样的：various→ a wide variety of 参观visit→ pay a visit to 更好了解：know well→ gain a better understanding of 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, ranging from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. 拓展句：Scheduled to last 11 days, from July 18 to July 28, the Camp covered a wide variety of cultural activities, which ranged from studying Chinese daily expressions to attending lectures on Chinese history and traditional culture. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Especially I took part in a Chinese Summer Camp, which was intended for local students.（运用了由which引导的非限制性定语从句） [高分句型2] I was very glad that I had the chance to join in all these activities.（运用了由that引导的宾语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given wor4 fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Magnetic field at event horizon spotted For the first time, astronomers have detected magnetic fields near the event horizon of Sagittarius A*, the black hole ____1____ lies at the centre of our Galaxy. “____2____ these magnetic fields have been predicted to exist, no one has seen them before. Our data puts decades of theoretical work on solid observational ground,” said Principal Investigator Shep Doeleman, the Assistant Director of MTT9s Haystack Observatory. ____3____ presence of the fields was revealed using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)—a global network of radio telescopes that function as one giant scope the size of Earth. The EHT team detected the magnetic fields by measuring the linear polarisation of the light ____4____ (produce) by Sagittarius A*. The polarised light is released by electrons spiraling (盘旋) around magnetic field lines and so directly traces the structure of the magnetic field. “With this result, the EHT team is one step closer to ____5____ (solve) a central problem in astronomy: ____6____ are black holes so bright if their gravitational pull is so great they can draw in light?” said Doeleman. This groundbreaking observation was made possible ____7____ the remarkable resolution a telescope the size of the EHT offers. It ____8____ (hope), however, that more radio dishes from around the world will be added to the EHT’s network, enabling it ____9____ (gather) even more astronomical data. More data ____10____ (allow) the EHT’s astronomers to achieve greater resolution, possibly enough to directly image a black hole’s event horizon for the first time. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. confusing B. consumer C. contents D. curiosity E. disquiet F. eliminate G. preferred H. prevent I. principle J. standardise K. subject Tesco promises to ban brands that use excessive plastic packaging. Tesco has promised to step up its efforts in the battle against single-use plastic with measures that include banning brands using excessive packaging. Dave Lewis, Tesco's chief executive, said the company will “reserve the right not to list” products with too much non-recyclable packaging from next year onwards. Tesco gave suppliers a list of ____11____ materials in May 2018. It is now planning to turn up the pressure because of the growing public ____12____ about plastic packaging. “We can't overlook the fact that for too long, packaging on ____13____ goods has been excessive,” Lewis wrote. "We have all opened a bag of crisps and wondered why the packaging is twice the size of the ____14____.” Tesco has been the ____15____ of criticism over its packaging in the past, but any improvements could have major implications for Britain's plastic waste. Lewis said giving up the plastic used to package tins in multipacks would save 490 tonnes of plastic a year, and it could ____16____ the sale of more than 50 million plastic beer can binders. Other supermarkets have tried out processes that could reduce packaging. Morrisons and Waitrose have tested refill stations to allow customers to buy packaging-free goods, including pasta, wine and cleaning materials. Iceland last year promised to ____17____ plastics from its own-brand products within five years. Supermarkets and food companies in the UK have been required to take action by government plans to introduce the “polluter pays” ____18____ in its approach to waste. New rules, currently under consultation, could force private companies, including supermarkets, to pay as much as £l billion a year more towards the UK's recycling infrastructure—up from about £70m now. Lewis called for the government to take a national approach to recycling in order to ____19____ processes. Households face _______20_______ variation in the quality of recycling services, which can result in products being sent to landfill that would be recycled under a different local authority. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. When you are stuck on a problem, sometimes it is best to stop thinking about it—consciously, anyway. Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the brain create____21____to a solution. Now a new study____22____on the effect of this so-called incubation（潜伏期）by using sound cues to focus the sleeping mind on a targeted problem. When humans sleep, parts of the brain replay certain memories, strengthening and transforming them. About a decade ago researchers developed a technique, called targeted memory reactivation（TMR）, aimed at further enhancing____23____memories: when a sound becomes associated with a memory and is later played during sleep, that memory gets____24____. In a study published last November in Psychological Science, scientists tested whether____25____the memory of a puzzle during sleep might also improve problem-solving. About 60 participants visited the laboratory before and after a night of____26____. First, they____27____spatial, verbal and conceptual puzzles, with a distinct music clip repeating in the background for each, until they had worked on six puzzles they could not solve. Overnight they wore electrodes（电极）to detect slow-wave sleep, which may be important for memory enhancement—and a device played the sounds ____28____to three of the six unsolved puzzles. The next day, back at the lab, the participants attempted the six puzzles again.（Each repeated the experiment with a different set of puzzles the following night.） All told, the subjects solved 32 percent of the sound-stimulated puzzles compared with 21 percent of the ____29____puzzles. The researchers "very bravely went for quite complex tasks that involved a lot of complex processing, and remarkably they found these really strong effects in all of their _____30_____." says Penny Lewis, a psychologist at Cardiff University, who was not involved in the research. "These are supercool results. Now we need to go out and try to understand them by firstly replicating（复制）them and secondly trying to _____31_____the component processes that are actually being influenced." Beyond providing new evidence that humans restructure memories while sleeping, the research may have _____32_____implications. "In a futuristic world, maybe TMR could help us use sleep to work on our problems," says lead author Kristin Sanders, who was a graduate student at Northwestern University during the study. Sleep-monitoring technology is increasingly accessible—and even without devices, prospective solvers can focus on important problems before _____33_____. Still, sleep is not _____34_____; people need to do their homework and load their heads with the puzzle pieces involved. "I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique," Sanders says, "because I am totally _____35_____cancer research." 21. A. applications B. commitment C. attention D. pathways 22. A. counts B. expands C. insists D. passes 23. A. treasured B. selected C. devoted D. shortened 24. A. dimmed B. stored C. reactivated D. researched 25. A. neglecting B. examining C. erasing D. revisiting 26. A. sleep B. experiment C. training D. relaxation 27. A. created B. solved C. attempted D. classified 28. A. assigned B. transformed C. explained D. introduced 29. A. unsettled B. untargeted C. unstated D. untested 30. A. puzzles B. brains C. processes D. tasks 31. A. work out B. turn to C. take on D. bring about 32. A. individual B. conceptual C. practical D. collective 33. A. dinner B. dawn C. bed D. schooling 34. A. significant B. magic C. fixed D. possible 35. A. dependent on B. curious about C. interested in D. ignorant of Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified people for decades. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth. But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish and seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth. The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines. Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, bat their purpose is still a mystery. A Swiss writer named Erich von Dãniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place of UFOs. However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys. In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings were a chronicle of the movement of the stars and planets. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”. Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space. Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountains and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. If s possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies. But the local people have never constructed anything this big. Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that the lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and received only 2 cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this. 36. Why weren’t the Nazca lines discovered for a long time in history? A. They were located in an inaccessible desert. B. They were not easy to see from the ground. C. They were not recorded in any history book. D. They were covered by some beautiful figures. 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Paul Kosok found that the lines showed a starts movement. B. Erich von Dãniken once saw a UFO landing near the Nazca lines. C. Tony Morrison thought the lines had something to do with religion. D. David Johnson and Steve Mabee unearthed a waterway system under the lines. 38. ________ view on the purpose of the lines hasn’t been proved wrong. A. Erich von Dãniken’s B. Paul Kosok’s C. Tony Morrison’s D. David Johnson and Steve Mabee’s 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Origins of Nazca B. The History of Nazca C. The Mysteries of Nazca D. The Discovery of Nazca （B） Mandle Currie, a zoo-keeper, spent the day in the offices of the magazine Marie Claire. ‘Choosing What to wear for my day at Marie Claire was tricky because normally I wear a uniform at work. first I went to a still-life photo studio, then to press previews, all before lunch. The zoo is such a tranquil, peaceful place—and here I was rushing around when I could be sitting quietly giving an animal a cuddle. Some of the members of the fashion team seemed quite stressed—my job doesn’t really get pressurised. At a fashion shoot in the afternoon, it made me laugh to think that I’d usually be cleaning out cages or handling rats. I’m fascinated to see how magazines work, but I really enjoy my job at the zoo so I’ll stay put.’ Alice Cutler a fashion assistant at Marie Claire, spent the day at London zoo. ‘I arrived at the zoo in my leather boots and dark blue trousers. The zoo gave me a green T-shirt instead to work in, which was just as well as I got very dirty. While I was bathing one of the elephants, I thought Mandie would probably be packing up clothes in the cupboard. By five o'clock, I smelt terrible but Td had such a brilliant day when I retire from fashion, I could see myself working with elephants—but maybe in Africa.’ Karen Hodson, a nurse at Hammersmith Hospital, went on location with the television gardening programme Ground force. ‘I was extremely excited about meeting the team, and Alan Titchmarsh, the programme presenter, was really nice. One of the things I liked was the chance to be in the fresh air Depending on my shifts, I sometimes never see daylight. Even though it was hard work, it was great fun. I thought I was pretty strong but I felt weak compared with the rest of the team. My romantic vision of landscape gardening had not included physical hard work or careful planning. I was more an enthusiastic than effective gardener, so I don’t plan to give up my other job.’ Charlie Dimmock, landscape gardener with the TV programme Ground Force, worked a shift at Hammersmith Hospital. ‘I made beds and handed out tablets. I expected to faint when I was doing some jobs, but I amazed myself by finding that it didn’t bother me. The friendship among the nurses is great, and it felt tremendously ‘girlie’ compared with my normal male environment. I feel my job is a real waste of time compared with nursing. My day at the hospital was not exactly pleasant but it left me with a great sense of satisfaction.’ 40. The four people in the passage are talking about their experience of ________. A. taking up a career they never tried before B. giving up their secure job for a new one C. staying at a strange place for some time D. living somebody else’s life for a day 41. It can be inferred from the passage that ________are most probably unwilling to do the job they tried. A. Mandle Currie and Karen Hodson B. Alice Cutler and Charlie Dimmock C. Mandle Currie and Charlie Dimmock D. Alice Cutler and Karen Hodson 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Mandle Currie found her own job more stressful than the one she tried. B. Karen Hodson expected there to be much hard work as a landscape gardener. C. Alice Cutler disliked working in a zoo as she smelt terrible at the end of the day. D. Charlie Dimmock thought being a nurse was more worthwhile than his own job. （C） Shining just 12 light-years from Earth, the star Tau Ceti so resembles the sun that it has appeared in numerous science- fiction stories and was the first star astronomers ever searched for signs of intelligent life, half a century ago. In 2012 Tau Ceti grew still more interesting when astronomers reported five possible planets somewhat larger than Earth circling closer to the star than Mars orbits (围绕……运动) the sun—one of which is in the star’s habitable zone. Newly released images taken by the Herschel Space Observatory provide even more insight about Tau Ceti’s solar system: greater detail about its dust belt. Dust arises when asteroids and comets (小行星和彗星) crash into one another, so its location reveals where these dust- creating objects—which are too small to be seen directly—orbit a star. In Tau Ceti’s case, “it’s quite a wide dust belt,” says Samantha Lawler of the University of Victoria in British Columbia. As her team reported in November, the belt’s inner edge is roughly two to three astronomical units (AUs) from the star, which is the position of our own sun’s asteroid belt. (An AU is the distance from Earth to the sun.) Tau Ceti’s dust belt extends out to 55 AU, which would be just beyond our system’s main Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, the zone of small bodies whose largest member is probably Pluto. Presumably full of asteroids and comets, Tau Ceti’s dust belt most likely lacks a planet as large as Jupiter, Lawler says. The gravity of such a massive planet would have driven away most small space rocks. Within a year a new series of radio telescopes in Chile called ALMA should provide a sharper view of the disk, especially of its inner edge. The ALMA images will help astronomers confirm whether the star’s five proposed planets are indeed real. If the disk overlaps the planets’ hypothesized (假设的) orbits, then they probably do not exist; they would have kept away most asteroids near the star, removing the source of dust. If those planets do exist, however, Lawler’s team suggests that Tau Ceti’s planetary system may resemble what our solar system would have looked like had the four giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune- never formed: small planets orbiting close to the star, and nothing but asteroids, comets and dust beyond. 43. According to astronomers, the five possible planets of Tau Ceti________. A. resembled Earth in size B. functioned like a solar system C. were located in Tau Ceti’s habitable zone D. were nearer to Tau Ceti than Mars to the sun 44. Which of the following is true of Tau Ceti’s dust belt? A. It is narrower than the asteroid belt in our system. B. The bodies inside it are all smaller than Jupiter. C. The gravity of Tau Ceti makes it get denser. D. It is over 55 astronomical units in width. 45. According to the passage, the five planets are most likely to exist if________. A. they don’t move into the dust belt while orbiting Tau Ceti B. they have kept away most asteroids and comets C. they don’t crash into any asteroid or comet D. they can be seen clearly by ALMA 46. It can be inferred from the passage that Tau Ceti’s dust belt________. A. is useful because it stops asteroids or comets crashing into the star B. makes Tau Ceti different from the sun because it extends farther C. is interesting because it keeps other planets away from Tau Ceti D. plays a role in helping decide whether the five planets are real Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is the best way to give advice? A lot of our daily conversations involve giving and getting advice. For example, you might be talking about new movies, and a friend recommends that you should go and see a particular one. Another friend wants to go to a Tex-Mex restaurant, and you recommend that they avoid one that just opened. ____47____ A paper by Reeshad Datal and Silvia Bonaccio in a 2020 issue of Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes looked at several different kinds of advice that people give. They distinguished between four types of advice. ●Advice for is a recommendation to choose a particular option. ●Advice against is a recommendation to avoid a particular option. ●____48____ ●Decision-making techniques suggest how to go about making the choice, but do not make a specific recommendation. For example, if you have a friend who wants to see a good movie, you might recommend a website that summarises movie reviews. You aren't recommending a particular movie, but you are suggesting a technique that allows your friend to make a decision. In the studies, college students had to imagine making a particular decision. They were given a variety of advice and they were asked how satisfying and useful the advice was for making the decision. In general, people found all of the types of advice to be useful to some degree. ____49____ That is, people found it most helpful when people told them something that they might not have known about already. There are a few reasons why information is more valuable to people than other kinds of advice. First, when someone makes a recommendation for or against a particular option, a decision-maker may feel like they have lost a bit of their independence in making their choice. ____50____ Second, information helps people to make decision later, in similar situations. Finally, getting information makes people feel better about decisions when they are able to give a reason for making the choice. A. Information supplies a piece of information that the decision-maker might not know about. B. A friend points out that a new gym nearby offers free personal trainers some afternoons. C. Are these kinds of advice effective? D. When the advice comes in the form of information, though, the decision-maker still feels like they have some autonomy. E. Which piece of advice occurs to you first? F. However, information was the most useful kind of advice across the studies. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Work: What we just can’t do without. Work may sometimes seem unpleasant, but when we haven’t got it, we miss it. We miss it, we want it and perhaps we even need it. Everyone wants to be valued and a salary is proof that we matter. Not any job will do, however. Housework and voluntary work tend to be seen as non-jobs. In our work-centred culture, a “proper job” means paid employment. Being paid for a job is better for our self-respect. Of course, we would also prefer work to be useful and interesting, as well as paid. But you don’t have to enjoy your job to get psychological benefits from it. According to some experts, achieving unenjoyable tasks during our work actually contributes to our sense of well-being. The obligation to be in a particular place at a particular time, working as part of a team towards a common goal, gives us a sense of structure and purpose that we find difficult to impose on ourselves. For a lot of us, the workplace has also taken over from the community as the place of human contact. Life wasn’t always so driven by employment, however. Work in the pre-industrial age was task-oriented not time-constructed, focusing not on money but on tasks necessary for survival. Whole communities worked together so there was less division between work and “free time”. The Industrial Revolution greatly changed how people worked. Suddenly, work was no longer structured by seasons, but by the clock. Work was separated from the rest of life, and began to provide money rather than food and goods. More recently, the revolution in Information Technology has again changed the nature of work and employment. The workplace itself may become unnecessary. Two million employees in the UK now work from home, keeping in touch via email and phone. Many employers say that working “remotely” improves productivity, as workers are happier and waste less time on the way. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 孩子们的想象力是无限的。（there is）(汉译英） 53. 这并不意味老牌的工作室即将失宠。（favour）(汉译英） 54. 那些公司通常向使用其服务的企业主收取每个设备的年使用费。（charge）(汉译英） 55. 由这位化学教师所开发的课程背后的理念是，现实生活的体验可以促进主动学习，批判性思维，决策能力。（that）(汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“My Summer Vacation”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1）详细叙述在今年暑假里对你而言最有意义的一件事情； 2）你在这一件事情中的收获。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $