精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科5月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科5月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Adventure Abroad Four students from National University have recently returned from Africa, ____1____ they participated in development projects with local residents in rural areas. For 10 weeks, these young people worked in Zimbabwe and Botswana as members of a program called Raleigh International. Raleigh International, which ____2____ (found) in 1984, gives young people a chance to do volunteer work while experiencing other countries and their cultures. The program, named ____3____ the explorer Sir Walter Raleigh, encourages young people to help others and work in difficult settings. More than 30,000 students from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have volunteered in ____4____ total of 40 countries. Marisa Silvestri, 20, a business major, traveled to Zimbabwe to work with a group in the Mavuradonha Wilderness Area. Their first project was helping farmers build electric fences to protect their crops from ____5____ (destroy) by elephants. When elephants entered the village one night, the students joined with farmers ____6____ (drive) them away and preserve the fields. Silvestri’s group also constructed small cottages for tourists to stay in, ____7____ (build) in the local style. Saeed Mohammed, also 20 and an engineering major, joined another group in Zimbabwe. His group carried out a survey of health problems in several villages and taught children about good health habits. ____8____ impressed Saeed was that the kids were so curious about the Raleigh International students that after the health lessons, they asked them questions about “everything else under the sun”. Saeed’s group also worked to build foot trails (小径) through the forest. While they were out working in the bush, a fire ____9____ (break) out, destroying eight kilometers of forest. The students fought to bring the fire under control, sleeping only 45 minutes during the two days. In Botswana, two 19-year-old students, Lakeishia Young and David Min, helped to build a clinic and a meeting hall in a small village. ____10____ they didn’t face angry elephants, they said the building work was much harder than they expected. “It was a great learning experience,” Young said. 【答案】1. where 2. was founded 3. after 4. a 5. being destroyed 6. to drive 7. built 8. What 9. broke 10. Though##Although##While 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了国立大学四名学生赴非洲参加国际志愿者项目，在津巴布韦和博茨瓦纳参与社区建设、野生动物防护和健康教育等活动的经历。 【1题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：国立大学的四名学生最近从非洲归来，他们在那里与农村地区的当地居民一起参与了发展项目。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Africa，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。 【2题详解】 考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：Raleigh International成立于1984年，为年轻人提供在体验其他国家及其文化的同时从事志愿工作的机会。found(创立)是定语从句的谓语动词，与主语(即先行词Raleigh International)之间是被动关系；结合时间状语in 1984可知，描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时的被动语态；主语为专有名词，谓语用单数形式was founded。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：该项目以探险家沃尔特·雷利爵士的名字命名，鼓励年轻人帮助他人并在艰苦环境中工作。named after是固定搭配，意为“以……命名”。 【4题详解】 考查冠词。句意：来自不同文化和背景的3万多名学生已在总共40个国家从事过志愿服务。a total of为固定搭配，意为“总计，共”。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的第一个项目是帮助农民建造电围栏，以保护庄稼不被大象毁坏。destroy(毁坏)作介词from后宾语，用动名词形式，与其逻辑主语their crops之间是被动关系，应用动名词的被动式being destroyed。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一天晚上大象进入村庄时，学生们和农民一起把它们赶走，保护了田地。此处作目的状语，用不定式形式to drive表目的。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：西尔维斯特里的小组还为游客建造了小屋，这些小屋是按当地风格建造的。此处作后置定语，build(建造)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语small cottages之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式表被动。 【8题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：令赛义德印象深刻的是，孩子们对Raleigh International的学生如此好奇，以至于在健康课之后，他们问了他们关于“天下万物”的问题。此处引导主语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，表示“……的事情”，应用连接代词what引导该从句；句首单词首字母大写。 【9题详解】 考查时态。句意：他们在灌木丛中干活时，一场大火燃起，烧毁了八公里的森林。break out(爆发，突然发生)作主句谓语，与主语a fire之间是主动关系；描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。 【10题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管他们没有遇到愤怒的大象，但他们说修建工作比预期的要难得多。前后句之间为让步转折关系，应用连词though/although/while引导让步状语从句；句首单词首字母大写。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. accomplished B. count C. encounter D. engage E. focus F. interactions G. reactions H. recommended I. represented J. self-serving K. takeaways Feel Happier Today When I learned that the most popular course in the history of Yale University — a psychology class designed to teach students how to become happier — was available online to anyone who wanted to take it, I was curious to see what Yale professor Laurie Santos ____11____. Santos’s online course consists of 19 hours of video lectures and I spent three months digesting what she had to offer. Here are two of my favorite ____12____. Increase social connections. Reconnecting with a friend can boost happiness, but so can a meaningful ____13____ with a stranger. “One of the most complex things we can ____14____ with is another person’s mind,” says Juliana Schroeder, an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and one of the researchers cited in the course. I love chatting with waiters, and I have been doing it even more since we learned about the benefits of such ____15____. Tim Bono, who teaches his own course on happiness at Washington University in St Louis, offers this warning: Online friends don’t ____16____. In fact, many studies have found that the more you use social media, the less happy you are. Bono argues this is because social media showcases things others have that we don’t, making us want more and appreciate less. Santos supports this idea in her course. She warns of ways our minds trick us into feeling less happy, such as by comparing ourselves with others who seem richer or more ____17____. Perform acts of kindness. Volunteering to help someone or buying a coffee for the person behind you in line can make you happier than doing things like getting a massage. “You just feel good about yourself as a person,” says Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California, Riverside, another of Santos’s sources. I held doors open for people and helped colleagues solve computer problems. The ____18____ I got made me feel better about myself, and they didn’t cost me anything, unlike a massage. Kindness brings other happiness benefits, too, says Raj Raghunathan, author of If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You Happy?. Helping others takes the ____19____ away from our own worries and problems, which can boost happiness. And because it doesn’t result in the guilt that more ____20____ behaviors can, being generous won’t increase levels of the stress hormone (荷尔蒙) cortisol. Perhaps surprisingly, kindness improves overall physical health. 【答案】11. H 12. K 13. C 14. D 15. F 16. B 17. A 18. G 19. E 20. J 【解析】 【导语】文章讲述了作者学习了耶鲁大学热门的幸福心理学网课，收获了课程中推荐的提升幸福感的两大方法：建立真实的人际联结、多行善举，并解释了背后的原理。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：当我得知耶鲁大学史上最受欢迎的课程——一门旨在教学生如何变得更快乐的心理学课程，在网上对所有想要学习的人开放时，我很好奇想看看耶鲁大学教授Laurie Santos推荐了哪些内容。空处作从句谓语，结合“a psychology class designed to teach students how to become happier”可推知，H项recommended“推荐”符合题意，表示“教授Laurie Santos推荐了哪些内容”。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：下面是我最喜欢的两个要点。空处作of的宾语，结合上一句中“I spent three months digesting what she had to offer”可推知，K项takeaways“要点”符合题意，表示“最喜欢的两个要点”。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：和老朋友重新建立联系可以提升幸福感，和陌生人一次有意义的偶遇同样可以。空处作主语，结合“Reconnecting with a friend can boost happiness”可推知，C项encounter“邂逅，偶遇”符合题意，表示“和陌生人一次有意义的偶遇”。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：加州大学伯克利分校助理教授Juliana Schroeder（课程引用的研究者之一）说：“我们所能打交道的最复杂事物之一，就是另一个人的思想。”空处和can构成谓语，结合“with”可推知，D项engage“参与”符合题意，构成固定短语engage with“与……打交道”，表示“能打交道的最复杂事物”。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：我喜欢和服务员聊天，自从了解这类互动带来的好处之后，我更加经常这么做。空处作of的宾语，结合“I love chatting with waiters”可推知，F项interactions“互动”符合题意，表示“这类互动带来的好处”。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：Tim Bono在圣路易斯华盛顿大学讲授幸福相关课程，他提出这个提醒：线上的朋友并不算数。空处和don’t构成谓语，结合下一句中“many studies have found that the more you use social media, the less happy you are”可推知，B项count“有价值，重要”符合题意，表示“线上的朋友并不算数”。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：她警示，我们的大脑会用一些方式欺骗我们，让我们幸福感降低，比如拿自己和那些看起来更富有或者更有成就的人比较。空处和more构成比较级，与richer并列作表语，结合“others who seem richer”可推知，A项accomplished“有成就的”符合题意，表示“看起来更富有或者更有成就的人”。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：我收到的那些反馈，让我的自我感觉更好，而且这些举动不需要花费任何金钱，不像按摩。空处作主句的主语，结合上一句“I held doors open for people and helped colleagues solve computer problems.”可推知，G项reactions“反应”符合题意，表示“我收到的那些反馈”。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：帮助他人可以把注意力从自身的烦恼和难题上移开，从而提升幸福感。空处作takes的宾语，结合“away from our own worries and problems”可推知，E项focus“注意力，焦点”符合题意，构成固定短语take the focus away from“把注意力从……移开”。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：而且慷慨待人不会像更利己的行为那样带来负罪感，不会升高压力激素皮质醇水平。空处和more构成比较级，作修饰behaviors的定语，结合“result in the guilt”可推知，J项self-serving“利己的”符合题意，表示“更利己的行为”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We’ve all experienced that terrible feeling of being distracted from the task at hand. But don’t be too hard on your butterfly mind: our brains have evolved, ____21____, to be distractible. We prize an ability to concentrate, but we need our attention to be ____22____. If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking (嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard that signifies an invader, or the smoke that announces fire. Attention has proven to be much more complicated, and weirder, than it seems. If you look closely at something — a photo of a landscape, say — you probably feel that you are noticing everything when, in fact, you’re ____23____ just a few bits at a time. This is because the more you concentrate, the ____24____ your view becomes. Inattentional blindness, as this is known, has been shown in dozens of demonstrations. The most famous is a video of a group of people passing a basketball to each other. As the ____25____ continue, a person in a monkey suit walks into the middle of the group and beats his chest before slowly walking off. If you show the video to people who’ve never seen it before and instruct them to watch the ball closely, nearly all of them ____26____ to see the gorilla because it falls outside the range of their attention. ____27____, attention is marked by neural (神经的) activity in the brain areas concerned with the object of attention. If you’re listening to music, ____28____, neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you're studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head). Areas in the parietal brain lobes (upper rear of the brain) direct attention in three-dimensional space. The more you’re ____29____ something, the more intense and persistent the activity. The back of the parietal lobe is particularly important for attention because it ____30____ your focus, like a hand guiding a torch. Damage to this area can make a person effectively ____31____ to whole chunks of the world — everything in the left half of their visual field, for example. Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn't attract their attention. They only ____32____ it when someone else forces them to attend to it. But attention-related blindness is something that we all ____33____ to a lesser degree, and it can reach into every area of our lives. People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks. Such ____34____ may be good, but it can lead to disaster. Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn, but sometimes it can be just as important to ____35____ our field of attention. 21. A. for good reason B. on a regular basis C. on a large scale D. for no purpose 22. A. personal B. flexible C. critical D. persistent 23. A. taking in B. seeing off C. looking up D. putting on 24. A. clearer B. more complex C. narrower D. more difficult 25. A. passes B. videos C. fights D. bits 26. A. expect B. hate C. begin D. fail 27. A. Culturally B. Spiritually C. Physically D. Historically 28. A. in addition B. as a result C. on the contrary D. for instance 29. A. believing in B. taking to C. hinting at D. focusing on 30. A. demands B. provides C. directs D. reflects 31. A. accessible B. opposed C. helpful D. blind 32. A. see B. recall C. hear D. forget 33. A. introduce B. experience C. evaluate D. integrate 34. A. intelligence B. ignorance C. interaction D. impression 35. A. survey B. maintain C. broaden D. restrict 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了注意力是如何运作的，指出我们的大脑天生就容易分心，注意力比看起来更复杂、更奇怪，并说明了注意力相关的盲区及其影响。 【21题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：但不要太苛责你那颗像蝴蝶一样飘忽不定的心：我们的大脑进化得分心是有充分理由的。A. for good reason有充分理由；B. on a regular basis定期地；C. on a large scale大规模地；D. for no purpose没有目的。根据后文“we need our attention to be ____”可知，分心是有好处的，即有充分理由。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：我们珍视专注的能力，但我们需要我们的注意力是灵活的。A. personal个人的；B. flexible灵活的；C. critical关键的；D. persistent持久的。根据后文“If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking ( 嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard”可知，如果过于专注就会错过周围的信息，所以注意力需要灵活。 【23题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：如果你仔细观察某样东西——比如一张风景照片——你可能会觉得自己注意到了一切，而事实上，你一次只吸收几个片段。A. taking in吸收，理解；B. seeing off送行；C. looking up查阅；D. putting on穿上。根据前文“you probably feel that you are noticing everything”和“in fact”的转折可知，实际上一次只吸收少量信息。 【24题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：这是因为你越专注，你的视野就越狭窄。A. clearer更清晰的；B. more complex更复杂的；C. narrower更狭窄的；D. more difficult更困难的。根据后文“Inattentional blindness”可知，越专注视野越窄，会忽略其他事物。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：随着传球继续，一个穿着猴子服装的人走到人群中间，捶打胸口，然后慢慢走开。A. passes传球；B. videos视频；C. fights打斗；D. bits片段。根据前文“a group of people passing a basketball to each other”可知，这里指传球继续进行。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果你把视频给从未看过的人看，并指示他们密切注视球，几乎所有人都会看不到大猩猩，因为它超出了他们注意力的范围。A. expect期待；B. hate讨厌；C. begin开始；D. fail失败，未能。根据后文“because it falls outside the range of their attention”可知，他们未能看到大猩猩。fail to do sth.“未能做某事”。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：在生理上，注意力以大脑中与注意对象相关的区域的神经活动为标志。A. Culturally文化上；B. Spiritually精神上；C. Physically生理上；D. Historically历史上。根据后文“attention is marked by neural activity in the brain areas”可知，这里描述的是生理层面的表现。 【28题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：例如，如果你在听音乐，你听觉皮层（靠近耳朵）的神经元会被激活。A. in addition此外；B. as a result结果；C. on the contrary相反；D. for instance例如。根据后文“neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you’re studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head).”可知是举例说明前文的观点，用for instance。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：你越专注于某件事，活动就越强烈、越持久。A. believing in相信；B. taking to喜欢；C. hinting at暗示；D. focusing on专注于。根据后文“the more intense and persistent the activity”可知，这里指专注于某事。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：顶叶后部对注意力尤其重要，因为它引导你的焦点，就像手引导手电筒一样。A. demands要求；B. provides提供；C. directs引导；D. reflects反映。根据后文“like a hand guiding a torch”可知，顶叶后部引导注意力焦点。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这一区域的损伤会使人实际上对世界的大部分区域视而不见——例如，他们视野左半部分的一切。A. accessible可接近的；B. opposed反对的；C. helpful有帮助的；D. blind盲的。根据后文“everything in the left half of their visual field”以及“Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn’t attract their attention.”可知，损伤会使人对某些区域“视而不见”。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：只有当别人强迫他们注意它时，他们才会看到它。A. see看到；B. recall回忆；C. hear听到；D. forget忘记。根据前文“Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn’t attract their attention.”可知，只有被强迫注意时他们才会真正“看到”。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：但与注意力相关的盲区是我们所有人都在较小程度上经历的，它可以触及我们生活的每一个领域。A. introduce介绍；B. experience经历；C. evaluate评估；D. integrate整合。根据后文“it can reach into every area of our lives”可知，这种盲区是我们都会经历的。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种无知可能是好事，但也可能导致灾难。A. intelligence智力；B. ignorance无知；C. interaction互动；D. impression印象。根据前文“People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks.”可知，这种对周围事物的不注意是一种“无知”。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：专注于手头的任务是一项需要学习的重要技能，但有时拓宽我们的注意力范围也同样重要。A. survey调查；B. maintain维持；C. broaden拓宽；D. restrict限制。根据前文“Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn”和but可知，前文说聚焦手头任务是重要技能，but表示转折，说明有时拓宽注意力范围也很重要。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） “Choose your friends wisely” may not only be good parental advice but also a way to do better in college, a research study finds. The group of three researchers put that advice to the test at Berea College, a small liberal arts school in Kentucky, by looking at how much friends actually influence study habits and grades. They found that students who befriended studious (勤奋的) peers spent more hours studying themselves and posted higher grades during their freshman year. “It’s no fun to study by yourself,” said Nirav Mehta, one of the study’s authors, explaining the intuition behind the study. “If you want to goof off, and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get the same studying done too.” Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades. They found almost the same results: students who were assigned a studious roommate freshman year also studied more each day and had higher grade-point averages. Unfortunately, the opposite is also true, the researchers found. If you have friends and roommates who don’t study a lot, you’re likely to get dragged down by their poor habits, studying less and earning lower grades. Analyzing friends and study habits is usually difficult for researchers. But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying. At the beginning of freshman year, the students were surveyed on their high school study habits. The researchers also had access to roommate assignments, high school grades and college grades. From this information, the economists calculated the average amount of time each student’s college friends had reported studying in high school. They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student's friends had spent studying on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year. 36. The phrase “goof off” (paragraph 2) most probably means ________. A. post higher grades B. choose your friends C. find out why you study D. be lazy about studying 37. Why did the researchers also study the randomly assigned roommates? A. To rule out a possibility. B. To figure out more study habits. C. To expand the scale of the study. D. To get more students to work hard. 38. To carry out their research, what information did the researchers collect from students at Berea College? A. How many studious friends they have. B. How they comment on their friends’ grades. C. How much time they spent studying each day. D. How they thought of their own college grades. 39. What suggestion would the researchers most likely give college students? A. If you want to do well in study, you’d better pick a hardworking friend. B. If you want to get on well with your roommates, you’d better work hard. C. If you want to raise your GPA, you’d better keep track of your study time. D. If you want to have a happy freshman year, you’d better care less about peer effects. 【答案】36. D 37. A 38. C 39. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了一项研究表明，朋友和室友会对大学生的学习习惯与成绩产生显著影响，和勤奋的同伴相处有助于学生增加学习时长、提高分数，反之则会受到消极影响。 【36题详解】 词句猜测题。根据原文第二段“If you want to goof off, and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get same studying done too.(如果你想要goof off，而你的朋友们在图书馆，那么你也会去图书馆。并且当你在那里的时候，你或许也会完成同样的学习任务。)”可知，本句逻辑是：本来打算 goof off，但是朋友在图书馆学习，于是自己也去图书馆学习。前后形成转折，说明goof off是和学习、用功相反的含义，也就是偷懒、不想学习。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据原文第二段“Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades.(当然，有可能勤奋的人会被其他勤奋的人吸引。无论他们的朋友是谁，他们都可能努力学习并拿到很多A。所以研究人员去验证随机分配的室友是否也会对学习习惯和成绩产生积极影响。)”可知，研究人员研究随机分配的室友，是为了排除“好学生本来就主动选择和好学生做朋友”这一可能性。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据原文第三段“But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying.(但是伯里亚学院的学生被要求在每学期末列出他们最好的四个朋友，并且他们认真记录每日时间日志，其中包括学习时长。)”可知，研究人员收集了学生每天花多少时间学习的相关信息。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据原文第一段“They found that students who befriended studious (勤奋的) peers spent more hours studying themselves and posted higher grades during their freshman year.(他们发现，和勤奋同龄人交朋友的学生自己会花更多时间学习，并且在大一取得更高的分数。)”及最后一段“They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student's friends had spent studying on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year.(他们发现，学生的朋友平均每周每多学习10个小时，该学生在大学的学习时长就有可能每天增加近25分钟，并且该学生大一的平均绩点也有可能提高将近0.1分。)”可知，和勤奋的同伴相处有助于学生增加学习时长、提高分数。因此研究人员最可能给大学生的建议是“想要学好，最好结交勤奋的朋友”。 （B） Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health. THREAT: Stroke INSIGHT: Blood flow in the brain of a hibernating arctic ground squirrel drops to a tenth of normal. Typically such oxygen shortage would cause a stroke. But these squirrels can survive all winter because their metabolism lowers to 2 percent of its summer rate—requiring much less oxygen to maintain. If doctors could similarly lower the metabolism of a human patient immediately after a stroke—perhaps by cooling the body—they might prevent permanent brain damage, says Brian Barnes, a biologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. THREAT: Diabetes INSIGHT: People who gain a lot of weight often stop responding to insulin, which regulates the amount of glucose that cells take up from the blood. Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar. Scientists at biotechnology company Amgen are now testing whether making slight changes to the same protein that controls sensitivity in diabetic humans could have similar results. THREAT: Osteoporosis INSIGHT: If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade. A black bear, however, emerges from its cave after winter just as strong as ever because its bone is recycled at 25 percent of normal levels during hibernation. Researchers at Colorado State University are now trying to identify the hormones that control this extreme limit on bone turnover. They aim to create a drug for people at risk for osteoporosis that similarly protects bone density. THREAT: Heart Disease INSIGHT: During heart surgery, a patient becomes short of oxygen when the heart stops beating. To cope, the body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Unfortunately, the change creates lactic acid, which can kill cells if it builds up. Damage of this kind does not occur in hibernating arctic ground squirrels, likely because they break down more fats than sugars even after the heart has slowed to just one beat per minute. Researchers at Duke University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are now working to identify how this species prioritizes fat as fuel in low-oxygen conditions. Finding a way to get heart surgery patients to do the same may reduce injury to organs during procedures. 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. What humans can learn from animals that sleep for months on end. B. What health threats humans are facing while they are under treatment. C. How humans can survive from the same tough conditions as animals do. D. How health threats can be avoided if humans are with certain animals. 41. How grizzly bears process sugar in the autumn may give insights into how to deal with________. A. stroke B. diabetes C. osteoporosis D. heart disease 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Metabolism usually consumes a small amount of oxygen. B. Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin than other cells. C. Lying still for a long time will affect bone density. D. Doctors are seeking ways to keep patients' hearts beating in surgery. 【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health.(冬眠是一个简单问题的复杂解决方案。冬天食物匮乏。为了在这种季节性的饥饿中生存下来，动物，如北极地松鼠和黑熊，会冬眠，这样生理上的变化使它们在缺乏食物、水和运动的情况下仍能生存。研究人员和医生都对这些冬眠技巧如何帮助人类保持健康感兴趣)”结合文章主要介绍了4个人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是人类可以从连续睡几个月的动物身上学到什么。故选A。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据THREAT: Diabetes部分中“Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar.(然而，灰熊每年秋天都会增重100磅或更多，而且不知怎么就能避免患糖尿病。最近的一项研究发现，灰熊的脂肪细胞在为冬天做准备时对胰岛素更加敏感，这使得灰熊能够继续处理和储存糖分)”可知，灰熊在秋天处理糖的过程可能会给我们提供一些关于如何处理糖尿病问题的见解。故选B。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade.(如果一个人长时间不吃东西而躺着不动，他或她的骨头就会慢慢退化)”可知，C选项“长期躺着不动会影响骨密度”正确。故选C。 （C） Back in 2015 my colleague Adam Frank of the University of Rochester and I were having lunch near Columbia University's campus in New York City. As at Fermi's lunch 65 years earlier, the conversation was about the nature of spacefaring species. And inspired by Fermi's mental calculation, we were trying to craft an investigative strategy that made the fewest possible unsubstantiated assumptions and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data. At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods. This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers. But it goes further by asking whether we can obtain meaningful limits on galactic（星系的）life by constraining the exact length of time over which Earth might have gone unvisited. Perhaps long, long ago extraterrestrial explorers came and went. A number of scientists have, over the years, discussed the possibility of looking for artifacts that might have been left behind after such visitations of our solar system. The necessary scope of a complete search is hard to predict, but the situation on Earth alone turns out to be a bit more manageable. In 2018 another of my colleagues, Gavin Schmidt of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, together with Adam Frank, produced a critical assessment of whether we could even tell if there had been an earlier industrial civilization on our planet. As fantastic as it may seem, Schmidt and Frank argue—as do most planetary scientists—that it is actually very easy for time to erase essentially all signs of technological life on Earth. The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout. Fossil remains and other paleontological markers are so rare that they might not tell us anything in this case. Indeed, modern human urbanization covers only on order of about 1 percent of the planetary surface, providing a very small target area for any paleontologists（古生物学家）in the distant future. Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated. 43. The word “unsubstantiated”（in paragraph 1）is closest in meaning to ________. A. unconscious B. unknown C. unnatural D. unsupported 44. What assumption was the author and his colleague's investigative strategy built on? A. No other species have ever settled on Earth except human beings. B. Extraterrestrial explorers come and go at increasingly short intervals. C. No spacefaring species have visited the Earth since humans emerged. D. Extraterrestrial explorers once built an industrial civilization on Earth. 45. It can be inferred from the passage that if we want to prove if there used to be an industrial civilization on Earth, we should________. A. turn to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies B. find as many signs of technological life as possible C. unearth more fossil remains than we do now D. leave behind synthetic things like plastics 46. According to the passage, what are Schmidt and Frank most likely to agree with? A. Human urbanization should be expanded for the sake of research. B. We cannot say for sure that no civilization existed before ours. C. Non-natural signatures on Earth have been studied exhaustively. D. An industrial civilization came into being a few million years ago. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论人类之前地球上是否存在过文明这一假设和一些相关的研究。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词的下文“and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data（这可以用真实数据来检验或限制）”可以推断，此处的unsubstantiated assumptions应该是指未经检验和证实的假设，所以unsubstantiated意思应该是“未经证实的”。A. unconscious没有意识的；B. unknown未知的；C. unnatural不自然的；D. unsupported未经证实的。所以D选项符合题意。故选D项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods.（这次演习的中心是一个简单的想法，即探索或定居的浪潮可能会在银河系中来来往往，人类恰好在其中一个孤独的时期诞生。）”和第二段“This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers.（这个想法与哈特最初的事实有关：今天在地球上没有外星探险家的证据。）”可知，作者和他的同事的调查策略基于自从人类出现以来，还没有任何太空物种造访过地球这一假设之上。故选C项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout.（100万年或更多年后，唯一的真实证据将归结为同位素或化学地层异常——诸如合成分子、塑料或放射性沉降物等奇怪的特征。）”可知，如果想要证明是否地球上存在过工业文明，最后都会归结为同位素或化学地层异常。故选A项 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated.（施密特和弗兰克还得出结论，还没有人进行必要的实验来穷尽地寻找地球上的这种非自然特征。底线是，如果一个像我们这样规模的工业文明在几百万年前就存在了，我们可能并不知道。这绝对不意味着存在一个；它只表明不可能完全消除这种可能性。）”可知，施密特和弗兰克最可能同意“我们不能肯定地说在我们之前就没有文明存在过。”这样的观点。故选B项。 Section C Hearing our inner voice Talking to yourself used to be a strictly private pastime. ____47____ “If you’re reading text in a newspaper or a book, you hear a voice in your own head,” says Brian Pasley at the University of California, Berkeley. “We’re trying to decode the brain activity related to that voice to create a medical tool that can allow someone who is paralysed (瘫痪的) or locked in to speak.” When you hear someone speak, sound waves activate sensory neurons (神经元) in your inner ear. These neurons pass information to areas of the brain where different aspects of the sound are interpreted as words. In a previous study, Pasley and his colleagues recorded brain activity in people who already had electrodes implanted in their brain to treat epilepsy (癫痫), while they listened to speech. ____48____ Armed with this knowledge, the team built a program that could decode the words heard based on neural activity alone. The team thought that hearing speech and thinking to oneself might spark some of the same neural signatures in the brain. They supposed that a program intended to identify speech heard out loud might also be able to identify words that are thought. To test the idea, they recorded brain activity in another seven people undergoing epilepsy surgery, while they looked at a screen that displayed text from either the Gettysburg Address or the children’s song Humpty Dumpty. ____49____ While they read the text out loud, the team worked out which neurons were reacting to what aspects of speech and generated (生成) a personalised decoder to interpret this information. The decoder was used to create a spectrogram — a visual representation of the different frequencies of sound waves heard over time. As each frequency relates to specific sounds in each word spoken, the spectrogram can be used to recreate what had been said. ____50____ Despite the neural activity from imagined or actual speech differing slightly, the decoder was able to reconstruct which words several of the volunteers were thinking, using neural activity alone. A. They then applied the decoder to the brain activity that occurred while the participants read the passages silently to themselves. B. The team found that certain neurons in the brain were only active in response to certain aspects of sound, such as a specific frequency. C. So is it possible to put it all together to create one multisensory mind-reading device? D. That’s no longer the case — researchers have “heard” our internal monologue for the first time. E. In practice, if the decoder is to be used by people who are unable to speak it would have to be trained on what they hear rather than their own speech. F. Each participant was asked to read the text aloud, read it silently in their head and then do nothing. 【答案】47. D 48. B 49. F 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍科研人员首次“读取”人类内心独白，发现听语音与内心思考会产生部分相似的神经信号，并据此研发解码器，尝试仅凭神经活动还原人心里所想的话语，有望帮助瘫痪、闭锁综合征人群实现“说话”。 【47题详解】 根据上文“Talking to yourself used to be a strictly private pastime. (自言自语过去完全属于私人消遣)”以及下文““If you’re reading text in a newspaper or a book, you hear a voice in your own head,” says Brian Pasley at the University of California, Berkeley. “We’re trying to decode the brain activity related to that voice to create a medical tool that can allow someone who is paralysed (瘫痪的) or locked in to speak.” (加州大学伯克利分校的Brian Pasley表示：“当你阅读报纸或书籍中的文字时，你自己的脑海里会听到一个声音。我们正试图解码与这个声音相关的大脑活动，以此开发一种医疗工具，让瘫痪或闭锁综合征患者能够实现表达。”)”可知，空处与前文形成转折，说明现状已经改变，研究者首次“听见”了人的内心独白，引出下文研究人员利用内心声音开发医疗工具。D选项“That’s no longer the case — researchers have “heard” our internal monologue for the first time. (情况已经不同——研究人员首次“听到”了我们的内心独白)”承上启下。 【48题详解】 根据上文“In a previous study, Pasley and his colleagues recorded brain activity in people who already had electrodes implanted in their brain to treat epilepsy (癫痫), while they listened to speech. (在之前的一项研究中，Pasley及其同事在脑部植入电极治疗癫痫的人听语音的时候记录他们的大脑活动)”以及下文“Armed with this knowledge, the team built a program that could decode the words heard based on neural activity alone. (掌握这种知识后，团队开发出仅依靠神经活动就能解码听到的话语的程序)”可知，空格处介绍这项前期研究得到的实验发现。B选项“The team found that certain neurons in the brain were only active in response to certain aspects of sound, such as a specific frequency. (团队发现，大脑中的特定神经元只会对声音的某些方面产生反应，例如特定频率)”承接实验，引出后续程序开发。 【49题详解】 根据上文“To test the idea, they recorded brain activity in another seven people undergoing epilepsy surgery, while they looked at a screen that displayed text from either the Gettysburg Address or the children’s song Humpty Dumpty. (为验证该想法，他们又对另外7名接受癫痫手术的人进行了大脑活动记录，同时这些人观看屏幕上展示的文字，内容要么是《葛底斯堡演说》，要么是儿歌《矮胖子》)”以及下文“While they read the text out loud, the team worked out which neurons were reacting to what aspects of speech and generated (生成) a personalised decoder to interpret this information. (在他们大声朗读文本的过程中，团队弄清楚哪些神经元会对语音的哪些方面做出反应，并生成了个性化的解码器来解读这些信息)”可知，此处介绍受试者需要完成的几种实验任务。F选项“Each participant was asked to read the text aloud, read it silently in their head and then do nothing. (每位参与者被要求大声朗读文本、在脑中默读文本，之后什么都不做)”引出后文实验过程。 【50题详解】 根据上文“The decoder was used to create a spectrogram — a visual representation of the different frequencies of sound waves heard over time. As each frequency relates to specific sounds in each word spoken, the spectrogram can be used to recreate what had been said.(这个解码器会生成一张声谱图——这是一种随时间变化所听声波的不同频率的可视化呈现。由于每个频率都对应着所说单词中的特定发音，声谱图就可以用来还原出被说出的内容)”和下文“Despite the neural activity from imagined or actual speech differing slightly, the decoder was able to reconstruct which words several of the volunteers were thinking, using neural activity alone.(尽管想象的话语和真实说话的神经活动略有差异，解码器仅凭神经活动就还原出部分志愿者心里所想的单词)”可知，空格表示将解码器应用于受试者默读时的脑部信号。A选项“They then applied the decoder to the brain activity that occurred while the participants read the passages silently to themselves. (之后他们将解码器应用于参与者默读段落时产生的大脑活动)”衔接上下文实验逻辑。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. A Really Determined Person Will Always Succeed Many job seekers feel limited by the choices they made at college or university. They may think that because they studied marketing, all they can ever do is work in marketing. All the evidence shows that, in fact, employers are less interested in acquired knowledge than the ability to think and learn. It is also very difficult to predict the needs of society. For example, if a person chose to study dentistry because there was a lack of dentists when they were in high school, that may not be the case when they graduate. The needs of employers and the economy can change very quickly, and often unexpectedly. Of course, if it is a very tough time economically, it is hard to find employment straight after university, but it is by no means impossible. It might take several months longer to find a job after graduating, but there is work out there. My chosen career has always been competitive, but I never thought about the other people going for the same jobs. It may be human nature to compare your progress to your peers, but perhaps the best advice would be to try not to. Be focused on what you want and how you are going to get it. After all, it may appear that a friend who has a really well- paid job is doing well, but how do you know what their job is actually like? A really key piece of advice is never get downhearted by rejection, because there will probably be a lot. You can achieve your dream job, whatever it is. You must never give up. Be prepared to work hard and for long hours without necessarily climbing up the career ladder. There is a lot to be said for learning your ' trade' from the bottom up. At the start, there will probably be little money, but it will be worth it in the end. The best jobs are not supposed to be easy—that is what makes them challenging. And if you like a challenge, just keep your head down and go for it. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn and what is more, the needs of society are hard to predict. Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart. Don’t compare yourself with others and keep going despite any rejection. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了大学生找工作时，不要拘泥于自己所学的知识，要适应社会的发展，雇主们更重视思考和学习能力。找工作要有决心，不要放弃。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①All the evidence shows that, in fact, employers are less interested in acquired knowledge than the ability to think and learn. ②It is also very difficult to predict the needs of society. ③Of course, if it is a very tough time economically, it is hard to find employment straight after university, but it is by no means impossible. ④My chosen career has always been competitive, but I never thought about the other people going for the same jobs. ⑤really key piece of advice is never get downhearted by rejection, because there will probably be a lot. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4、5三个要点进行重组。 3.遣词造句 While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn The needs of society are hard to predict.  Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart. Don’t compare yourself with others and keep going despite any rejection. 【点睛】[高分句型1] While looking for a job, don’t feel limited by what you learned at college because employers care more about your ability to think and learn and what is more, the needs of society are hard to predict. （运用了while引导的状语从句的省略，what引导的宾语从句；because引导的原因状语从句，and连接的并列句和不定式） [高分句型2] Though it may be hard to find a job, don’t lose heart. （运用了though引导状语从句，it形式主语，不定式作主语） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 那时候，找工作不太顺利，但他还是每天都去图书馆看书。(difficulty)(汉译英) ______________________________________________ 【答案】At that time, he had difficulty finding a job, but he still went to the library to read every day. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“那时候”应用At that time，作时间状语；表示“他”应用he，作主语；表示“找工作不太顺利”应用had difficulty finding a job，时态用一般过去时表过去情况，其中固定搭配have difficulty (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”；but连接并列转折分句；表示“他”应用he，作转折分句主语；表示“还是去图书馆看书”应用still went to the library to read，不定式to read作目的状语；表示“每天”应用every day，作时间状语。 53. 创新让老字号更年轻，更贴合年轻人的需求。(suitable) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ 【答案】Innovation makes time-honored brands younger and more suitable for young people’s needs. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“创新”应用Innovation，作主语；表示“让”应用makes，作谓语，时态用一般现在时陈述客观事实；表示“老字号”应用time-honored brands，作宾语；表示“更年轻，更贴合年轻人的需求”应用younger and more suitable for young people’s needs，并列作宾语补足语，其中固定搭配(be) suitable for，表示“适合、贴合”。 54. 人们的理想追求差异很大，兴趣、快乐之类的体验也同样如此。(so) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ 【答案】People’s ideals and pursuits vary greatly, and so do their experiences like interest and happiness. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“人们的理想追求”应用People’s ideals and pursuits，作前半句主语；表示“差异很大”应用vary greatly，作谓语，时态用一般现在时陈述客观事实；and连接并列分句；so引导倒装结构，表示“……也一样”；表示“（他们）兴趣、快乐之类的体验”应用their experiences like interest and happiness，作后半句主语，为复数，助动词用do。 55. 科学家们说，这将是未来若干年最“凉爽”的一个夏天，真希望他们的预言是错的。 (which) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ 【答案】Scientists say that this summer will be the coolest (one) in the next few years, a prediction which I do hope won’t come true. 【解析】 【详解】表示“科学家们说”应用Scientists say，主句时态用一般现在时表客观事实；表示“这将是未来若干年最“凉爽”的一个夏天”应用this summer will be the coolest (one) in the next few years，宾语从句不缺少成分或含义，用that引导；a prediction“一个预言”是this summer will be the coolest (one) in the next few years的同位语；表示“真希望是错的”用限制性定语从句，修饰先行词prediction，表示“真希望这个预言是错的”应用I do hope won’t come true，do用来加强语气，关系词在定语从句中作主语，可用which引导。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到英国笔友 Carol 的邮件。在邮件中，她提到自己对于高中毕业后是继续留在英国深造还是来中国留学犹豫不决，想听听你的意见。你将回复一封邮件，内容须包括: 1) 你对 Carol 的建议; 2) 你的理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Carol, I am thrilled to hear about your plan to further your studies, and I completely understand the dilemma you are currently facing. Choosing between staying in the UK and studying in China is indeed a significant decision. From my perspective, I highly recommend that you choose to study in China. This choice will not only broaden your horizons but also provide you with an unparalleled opportunity to immerse yourself in a vibrant and distinct culture. Furthermore, acquiring a degree in China will significantly enhance your competitive edge in the global job market. With the accelerating pace of globalization, proficiency in Chinese and a deep understanding of its market are highly sought after by multinational corporations. Therefore, if you are seeking a transformative experience and long-term career benefits, China is undoubtedly your best choice. I sincerely hope my advice helps you make the right decision. Yours, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生对于最近收到英国笔友 Carol 的邮件，她提到自己对于高中毕业后是继续留在英国深造还是来中国留学犹豫不决，想听听你的意见这一情况，回复一封邮件给她。 【详解】1.词汇积累 拓展：broaden→ expand 提升、增强：enhance→ boost 充满活力的：vibrant→ dynamic 兴奋的：thrilled→ excited 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Choosing between staying in the UK and studying in China is indeed a significant decision. 拓展句：It is indeed a significant decision that you choose between staying in the UK and studying in China. 【点睛】【高分句型1】This choice will not only broaden your horizons but also provide you with an unparalleled opportunity to immerse yourself in a vibrant and distinct culture.（运用了not only…but also…的固定句型） 【高分句型2】Therefore, if you are seeking a transformative experience and long-term career benefits, China is undoubtedly your best choice.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2023学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科5月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Adventure Abroad Four students from National University have recently returned from Africa, ____1____ they participated in development projects with local residents in rural areas. For 10 weeks, these young people worked in Zimbabwe and Botswana as members of a program called Raleigh International. Raleigh International, which ____2____ (found) in 1984, gives young people a chance to do volunteer work while experiencing other countries and their cultures. The program, named ____3____ the explorer Sir Walter Raleigh, encourages young people to help others and work in difficult settings. More than 30,000 students from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have volunteered in ____4____ total of 40 countries. Marisa Silvestri, 20, a business major, traveled to Zimbabwe to work with a group in the Mavuradonha Wilderness Area. Their first project was helping farmers build electric fences to protect their crops from ____5____ (destroy) by elephants. When elephants entered the village one night, the students joined with farmers ____6____ (drive) them away and preserve the fields. Silvestri’s group also constructed small cottages for tourists to stay in, ____7____ (build) in the local style. Saeed Mohammed, also 20 and an engineering major, joined another group in Zimbabwe. His group carried out a survey of health problems in several villages and taught children about good health habits. ____8____ impressed Saeed was that the kids were so curious about the Raleigh International students that after the health lessons, they asked them questions about “everything else under the sun”. Saeed’s group also worked to build foot trails (小径) through the forest. While they were out working in the bush, a fire ____9____ (break) out, destroying eight kilometers of forest. The students fought to bring the fire under control, sleeping only 45 minutes during the two days. In Botswana, two 19-year-old students, Lakeishia Young and David Min, helped to build a clinic and a meeting hall in a small village. ____10____ they didn’t face angry elephants, they said the building work was much harder than they expected. “It was a great learning experience,” Young said. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. accomplished B. count C. encounter D. engage E. focus F. interactions G. reactions H. recommended I. represented J. self-serving K. takeaways Feel Happier Today When I learned that the most popular course in the history of Yale University — a psychology class designed to teach students how to become happier — was available online to anyone who wanted to take it, I was curious to see what Yale professor Laurie Santos ____11____. Santos’s online course consists of 19 hours of video lectures and I spent three months digesting what she had to offer. Here are two of my favorite ____12____. Increase social connections. Reconnecting with a friend can boost happiness, but so can a meaningful ____13____ with a stranger. “One of the most complex things we can ____14____ with is another person’s mind,” says Juliana Schroeder, an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and one of the researchers cited in the course. I love chatting with waiters, and I have been doing it even more since we learned about the benefits of such ____15____. Tim Bono, who teaches his own course on happiness at Washington University in St Louis, offers this warning: Online friends don’t ____16____. In fact, many studies have found that the more you use social media, the less happy you are. Bono argues this is because social media showcases things others have that we don’t, making us want more and appreciate less. Santos supports this idea in her course. She warns of ways our minds trick us into feeling less happy, such as by comparing ourselves with others who seem richer or more ____17____. Perform acts of kindness. Volunteering to help someone or buying a coffee for the person behind you in line can make you happier than doing things like getting a massage. “You just feel good about yourself as a person,” says Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of California, Riverside, another of Santos’s sources. I held doors open for people and helped colleagues solve computer problems. The ____18____ I got made me feel better about myself, and they didn’t cost me anything, unlike a massage. Kindness brings other happiness benefits, too, says Raj Raghunathan, author of If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You Happy?. Helping others takes the ____19____ away from our own worries and problems, which can boost happiness. And because it doesn’t result in the guilt that more ____20____ behaviors can, being generous won’t increase levels of the stress hormone (荷尔蒙) cortisol. Perhaps surprisingly, kindness improves overall physical health. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We’ve all experienced that terrible feeling of being distracted from the task at hand. But don’t be too hard on your butterfly mind: our brains have evolved, ____21____, to be distractible. We prize an ability to concentrate, but we need our attention to be ____22____. If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking (嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard that signifies an invader, or the smoke that announces fire. Attention has proven to be much more complicated, and weirder, than it seems. If you look closely at something — a photo of a landscape, say — you probably feel that you are noticing everything when, in fact, you’re ____23____ just a few bits at a time. This is because the more you concentrate, the ____24____ your view becomes. Inattentional blindness, as this is known, has been shown in dozens of demonstrations. The most famous is a video of a group of people passing a basketball to each other. As the ____25____ continue, a person in a monkey suit walks into the middle of the group and beats his chest before slowly walking off. If you show the video to people who’ve never seen it before and instruct them to watch the ball closely, nearly all of them ____26____ to see the gorilla because it falls outside the range of their attention. ____27____, attention is marked by neural (神经的) activity in the brain areas concerned with the object of attention. If you’re listening to music, ____28____, neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you're studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head). Areas in the parietal brain lobes (upper rear of the brain) direct attention in three-dimensional space. The more you’re ____29____ something, the more intense and persistent the activity. The back of the parietal lobe is particularly important for attention because it ____30____ your focus, like a hand guiding a torch. Damage to this area can make a person effectively ____31____ to whole chunks of the world — everything in the left half of their visual field, for example. Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn't attract their attention. They only ____32____ it when someone else forces them to attend to it. But attention-related blindness is something that we all ____33____ to a lesser degree, and it can reach into every area of our lives. People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks. Such ____34____ may be good, but it can lead to disaster. Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn, but sometimes it can be just as important to ____35____ our field of attention. 21. A. for good reason B. on a regular basis C. on a large scale D. for no purpose 22. A. personal B. flexible C. critical D. persistent 23. A. taking in B. seeing off C. looking up D. putting on 24. A. clearer B. more complex C. narrower D. more difficult 25. A. passes B. videos C. fights D. bits 26. A. expect B. hate C. begin D. fail 27. A. Culturally B. Spiritually C. Physically D. Historically 28. A. in addition B. as a result C. on the contrary D. for instance 29. A. believing in B. taking to C. hinting at D. focusing on 30. A. demands B. provides C. directs D. reflects 31. A. accessible B. opposed C. helpful D. blind 32. A. see B. recall C. hear D. forget 33. A. introduce B. experience C. evaluate D. integrate 34. A. intelligence B. ignorance C. interaction D. impression 35. A. survey B. maintain C. broaden D. restrict Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） “Choose your friends wisely” may not only be good parental advice but also a way to do better in college, a research study finds. The group of three researchers put that advice to the test at Berea College, a small liberal arts school in Kentucky, by looking at how much friends actually influence study habits and grades. They found that students who befriended studious (勤奋的) peers spent more hours studying themselves and posted higher grades during their freshman year. “It’s no fun to study by yourself,” said Nirav Mehta, one of the study’s authors, explaining the intuition behind the study. “If you want to goof off, and your friends are at the library, then you’re going to go to the library, too. And while you’re there, you’re probably going to get the same studying done too.” Of course, it’s possible that studious people gravitate toward other studious people. They might have hit the books and got as many A’s no matter who their friends were. So the researchers checked to see if randomly assigned roommates also have a positive influence on study habits and grades. They found almost the same results: students who were assigned a studious roommate freshman year also studied more each day and had higher grade-point averages. Unfortunately, the opposite is also true, the researchers found. If you have friends and roommates who don’t study a lot, you’re likely to get dragged down by their poor habits, studying less and earning lower grades. Analyzing friends and study habits is usually difficult for researchers. But students at Berea College were asked to list their four best friends at the end of each semester and they kept careful daily logs of their time, including time spent studying. At the beginning of freshman year, the students were surveyed on their high school study habits. The researchers also had access to roommate assignments, high school grades and college grades. From this information, the economists calculated the average amount of time each student’s college friends had reported studying in high school. They found that for every additional 10 hours a week that a student's friends had spent studying on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year. 36. The phrase “goof off” (paragraph 2) most probably means ________. A. post higher grades B. choose your friends C. find out why you study D. be lazy about studying 37. Why did the researchers also study the randomly assigned roommates? A. To rule out a possibility. B. To figure out more study habits. C. To expand the scale of the study. D. To get more students to work hard. 38. To carry out their research, what information did the researchers collect from students at Berea College? A. How many studious friends they have. B. How they comment on their friends’ grades. C. How much time they spent studying each day. D. How they thought of their own college grades. 39. What suggestion would the researchers most likely give college students? A. If you want to do well in study, you’d better pick a hardworking friend. B. If you want to get on well with your roommates, you’d better work hard. C. If you want to raise your GPA, you’d better keep track of your study time. D. If you want to have a happy freshman year, you’d better care less about peer effects. （B） Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health. THREAT: Stroke INSIGHT: Blood flow in the brain of a hibernating arctic ground squirrel drops to a tenth of normal. Typically such oxygen shortage would cause a stroke. But these squirrels can survive all winter because their metabolism lowers to 2 percent of its summer rate—requiring much less oxygen to maintain. If doctors could similarly lower the metabolism of a human patient immediately after a stroke—perhaps by cooling the body—they might prevent permanent brain damage, says Brian Barnes, a biologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. THREAT: Diabetes INSIGHT: People who gain a lot of weight often stop responding to insulin, which regulates the amount of glucose that cells take up from the blood. Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar. Scientists at biotechnology company Amgen are now testing whether making slight changes to the same protein that controls sensitivity in diabetic humans could have similar results. THREAT: Osteoporosis INSIGHT: If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade. A black bear, however, emerges from its cave after winter just as strong as ever because its bone is recycled at 25 percent of normal levels during hibernation. Researchers at Colorado State University are now trying to identify the hormones that control this extreme limit on bone turnover. They aim to create a drug for people at risk for osteoporosis that similarly protects bone density. THREAT: Heart Disease INSIGHT: During heart surgery, a patient becomes short of oxygen when the heart stops beating. To cope, the body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Unfortunately, the change creates lactic acid, which can kill cells if it builds up. Damage of this kind does not occur in hibernating arctic ground squirrels, likely because they break down more fats than sugars even after the heart has slowed to just one beat per minute. Researchers at Duke University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are now working to identify how this species prioritizes fat as fuel in low-oxygen conditions. Finding a way to get heart surgery patients to do the same may reduce injury to organs during procedures. 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. What humans can learn from animals that sleep for months on end. B. What health threats humans are facing while they are under treatment. C. How humans can survive from the same tough conditions as animals do. D. How health threats can be avoided if humans are with certain animals. 41. How grizzly bears process sugar in the autumn may give insights into how to deal with________. A. stroke B. diabetes C. osteoporosis D. heart disease 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Metabolism usually consumes a small amount of oxygen. B. Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin than other cells. C. Lying still for a long time will affect bone density. D. Doctors are seeking ways to keep patients' hearts beating in surgery. （C） Back in 2015 my colleague Adam Frank of the University of Rochester and I were having lunch near Columbia University's campus in New York City. As at Fermi's lunch 65 years earlier, the conversation was about the nature of spacefaring species. And inspired by Fermi's mental calculation, we were trying to craft an investigative strategy that made the fewest possible unsubstantiated assumptions and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data. At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods. This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers. But it goes further by asking whether we can obtain meaningful limits on galactic（星系的）life by constraining the exact length of time over which Earth might have gone unvisited. Perhaps long, long ago extraterrestrial explorers came and went. A number of scientists have, over the years, discussed the possibility of looking for artifacts that might have been left behind after such visitations of our solar system. The necessary scope of a complete search is hard to predict, but the situation on Earth alone turns out to be a bit more manageable. In 2018 another of my colleagues, Gavin Schmidt of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, together with Adam Frank, produced a critical assessment of whether we could even tell if there had been an earlier industrial civilization on our planet. As fantastic as it may seem, Schmidt and Frank argue—as do most planetary scientists—that it is actually very easy for time to erase essentially all signs of technological life on Earth. The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout. Fossil remains and other paleontological markers are so rare that they might not tell us anything in this case. Indeed, modern human urbanization covers only on order of about 1 percent of the planetary surface, providing a very small target area for any paleontologists（古生物学家）in the distant future. Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated. 43. The word “unsubstantiated”（in paragraph 1）is closest in meaning to ________. A. unconscious B. unknown C. unnatural D. unsupported 44. What assumption was the author and his colleague's investigative strategy built on? A. No other species have ever settled on Earth except human beings. B. Extraterrestrial explorers come and go at increasingly short intervals. C. No spacefaring species have visited the Earth since humans emerged. D. Extraterrestrial explorers once built an industrial civilization on Earth. 45. It can be inferred from the passage that if we want to prove if there used to be an industrial civilization on Earth, we should________. A. turn to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies B. find as many signs of technological life as possible C. unearth more fossil remains than we do now D. leave behind synthetic things like plastics 46. According to the passage, what are Schmidt and Frank most likely to agree with? A. Human urbanization should be expanded for the sake of research. B. We cannot say for sure that no civilization existed before ours. C. Non-natural signatures on Earth have been studied exhaustively. D. An industrial civilization came into being a few million years ago. Section C Hearing our inner voice Talking to yourself used to be a strictly private pastime. ____47____ “If you’re reading text in a newspaper or a book, you hear a voice in your own head,” says Brian Pasley at the University of California, Berkeley. “We’re trying to decode the brain activity related to that voice to create a medical tool that can allow someone who is paralysed (瘫痪的) or locked in to speak.” When you hear someone speak, sound waves activate sensory neurons (神经元) in your inner ear. These neurons pass information to areas of the brain where different aspects of the sound are interpreted as words. In a previous study, Pasley and his colleagues recorded brain activity in people who already had electrodes implanted in their brain to treat epilepsy (癫痫), while they listened to speech. ____48____ Armed with this knowledge, the team built a program that could decode the words heard based on neural activity alone. The team thought that hearing speech and thinking to oneself might spark some of the same neural signatures in the brain. They supposed that a program intended to identify speech heard out loud might also be able to identify words that are thought. To test the idea, they recorded brain activity in another seven people undergoing epilepsy surgery, while they looked at a screen that displayed text from either the Gettysburg Address or the children’s song Humpty Dumpty. ____49____ While they read the text out loud, the team worked out which neurons were reacting to what aspects of speech and generated (生成) a personalised decoder to interpret this information. The decoder was used to create a spectrogram — a visual representation of the different frequencies of sound waves heard over time. As each frequency relates to specific sounds in each word spoken, the spectrogram can be used to recreate what had been said. ____50____ Despite the neural activity from imagined or actual speech differing slightly, the decoder was able to reconstruct which words several of the volunteers were thinking, using neural activity alone. A. They then applied the decoder to the brain activity that occurred while the participants read the passages silently to themselves. B. The team found that certain neurons in the brain were only active in response to certain aspects of sound, such as a specific frequency. C. So is it possible to put it all together to create one multisensory mind-reading device? D. That’s no longer the case — researchers have “heard” our internal monologue for the first time. E. In practice, if the decoder is to be used by people who are unable to speak it would have to be trained on what they hear rather than their own speech. F. Each participant was asked to read the text aloud, read it silently in their head and then do nothing. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. A Really Determined Person Will Always Succeed Many job seekers feel limited by the choices they made at college or university. They may think that because they studied marketing, all they can ever do is work in marketing. All the evidence shows that, in fact, employers are less interested in acquired knowledge than the ability to think and learn. It is also very difficult to predict the needs of society. For example, if a person chose to study dentistry because there was a lack of dentists when they were in high school, that may not be the case when they graduate. The needs of employers and the economy can change very quickly, and often unexpectedly. Of course, if it is a very tough time economically, it is hard to find employment straight after university, but it is by no means impossible. It might take several months longer to find a job after graduating, but there is work out there. My chosen career has always been competitive, but I never thought about the other people going for the same jobs. It may be human nature to compare your progress to your peers, but perhaps the best advice would be to try not to. Be focused on what you want and how you are going to get it. After all, it may appear that a friend who has a really well- paid job is doing well, but how do you know what their job is actually like? A really key piece of advice is never get downhearted by rejection, because there will probably be a lot. You can achieve your dream job, whatever it is. You must never give up. Be prepared to work hard and for long hours without necessarily climbing up the career ladder. There is a lot to be said for learning your ' trade' from the bottom up. At the start, there will probably be little money, but it will be worth it in the end. The best jobs are not supposed to be easy—that is what makes them challenging. And if you like a challenge, just keep your head down and go for it. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 那时候，找工作不太顺利，但他还是每天都去图书馆看书。(difficulty)(汉译英) ______________________________________________ 53. 创新让老字号更年轻，更贴合年轻人的需求。(suitable) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ 54. 人们的理想追求差异很大，兴趣、快乐之类的体验也同样如此。(so) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ 55. 科学家们说，这将是未来若干年最“凉爽”的一个夏天，真希望他们的预言是错的。 (which) (汉译英) ______________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到英国笔友 Carol 的邮件。在邮件中，她提到自己对于高中毕业后是继续留在英国深造还是来中国留学犹豫不决，想听听你的意见。你将回复一封邮件，内容须包括: 1) 你对 Carol 的建议; 2) 你的理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $