精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2023-2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mini-Biographies Help Clinicians Connect with Patients Bog Hall was recovering from yet another surgery in March 2014 when a volunteer walked into his hospital room. The volunteer wasn't there to check on his lungs or breathing. Instead, she asked Hall ____1____ he wanted to tell his life story. The interview was part of a program ____2____（call）My Life, My Story. Volunteer writers seek out veterans（老兵）at the hospital like Hall, and ask them all about their lives. Then they write up a thousand-word biography, and go over it with the patient, ____3____can add more details or correct any mistakes. When the story is finished, it ____4____（attach）to the patient's electronic record, where a doctor or nurse ____5____（work）anywhere in the Veterans Affairs medical system can read it. Today more than 2,000 patients at the Madison VA ____6____（share）their life stories. Project organizers say it could change the way providers interact with patients. ____7____ clinicians can access a lot of medical data through a patient's electronic medical record, there's nowhere to learn about a patients' personality or learn about his career, passion or values, said Thor Ringler, who has managed the My Life, My Story project ____8____2013. ____9____idea for My Life, My Story came from Dr. Elliot Lee, a medical resident who was doing a training programme at the Madison VA in 2012. The typical programme for medical residents lasts only about a year, so Lee wanted to find a way to bring new, young doctors up to speed on the VA patients. He wanted a way for them _____10_____（absorb）not just their health histories, but more personal pieces of knowledge. 【答案】1. if 2. called 3. who 4. is attached 5. working 6. have shared 7. Though 8. since 9. The 10. to absorb 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述麦迪逊退伍军人事务部为每一位病人撰写了一份一千字的传记，其目的是为了更好地让医生和病人联系，这一项目的名字叫“我的生活，我的故事”。 【1题详解】 考查名词性从句。句意：相反，她问霍尔是否愿意讲述自己的人生故事。分析可知，空处引导宾语从句，作ask的宾语，意思为“是否”，所以用if引导。故填if。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这次采访是“我的生活，我的故事”节目的一部分。分析可知，句子谓语动词为was，且和空处无连词连接，所以空处为非谓语动词，call和其逻辑主语program之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填called。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：然后，他们写一篇一千字的传记，和病人一起回顾，病人可以增加更多的细节或纠正任何错误。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词patient，且关系词在从句中作主语，指人，所以用who引导。故填who。 【4题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：当故事完成后，它会附在病人的电子病历上，在退伍军人事务部医疗系统中工作的医生或护士可以阅读它。分析可知，空处为句子谓语，且和主语it之间为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，表达的是客观的情况，所以要用一般现在时，it作主语，谓语动词用单数。故填is attached。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当故事完成后，它会附在病人的电子病历上，在退伍军人事务部医疗系统中工作的医生或护士可以阅读它。分析可知，句子谓语动词为can read，且和空处无连词连接，所以空处为非谓语动词，work和其逻辑主语a doctor or nurse之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填working。 【6题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：今天，超过2000名弗吉尼亚州麦迪逊医院的病人分享了他们的人生故事。分析可知，share这一动作从过去持续到现在，有可能继续持续下去，所以用现在完成时，主语为patients，所以谓语动词也要用复数形式。故填have shared。 【7题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：从2013年开始管理“我的生活，我的故事”项目的托尔·林格尔说，尽管临床医生可以通过患者的电子病历获取大量医疗数据，但却无法了解患者的性格，或者了解他的职业、激情或价值观。分析可知，前后句为让步转折关系，所以空处用though引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，句首字母需大写。故填Though。 【8题详解】 考查介词。句意：从2013年开始管理“我的生活，我的故事”项目的托尔·林格尔说，尽管临床医生可以通过患者的电子病历获取大量医疗数据，但却无法了解患者的性格，或者了解他的职业、激情或价值观。根据句意和前面的谓语动词用了完成时可知，托尔·林格尔自从2013年就开始管理这一项目，所以用介词since，表示“自从”，符合句意。故填since 【9题详解】 考查冠词。句意：《我的生活，我的故事》的灵感来自于艾略特·李医生，他是一名住院医生，2012年在弗吉尼亚州麦迪逊进行一个培训项目。分析可知，idea后面有for My Life, My Story修饰限定，所以是特指，要用定冠词the，句首字母需大写。故填The。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他希望找到一种方法，让他们不仅能了解自己的健康史，还能了解更多的个人知识。表示“一种……的方法”为a way to do sth.，用动词不定式作后置定语，修饰a way。故填to absorb。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. appears B. changing C. dependent D. dim E. discovery F. exclusively G. reflect H. review I. sexually J. underlying K. vigorously Undercover Wings The nocturnal（夜间活动）dot-underwing moth（蛾）may use shape -shifting patterns on its wings as a way to attract mates in the dark. In a study published last September in Current Biology, scientists report the____11____on males' forewings of three patches（色斑）that change darkness and size when viewed from particular angles. In females, the entire forewing darkens. Although butterfly and moth species that are active during the day are known to employ visual effects to communicate, researchers had thought their nocturnal cousins relied almost____12____on chemical signals because of the lack of light. But these____13____wing patterns, now found for the first time in a nocturnal moth, suggest the insects may also use visual signals. Because only the males have this pattern, researchers say it is likely a（n）____14____selected mechanism. Jennifer Kelley, an ecologist based at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues first noticed the visual phenomenon while looking at museum moth specimens（标本）for another project. "As soon as we figured the effect was angle-____15____, we knew that to understand how it works, we had to understand the____16____physics," Kelley says. The group contacted Gerd Schröder-Turk and Bodo Wilts, who are physicists at Murdoch University in Perth and the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Switzerland respectively. Together the researchers found that when the wings are viewed from above, they____17____available light directly, like a dull mirror. When viewed from an angle, however, they let some of the light through to reveal a deeper layer of darkness, which____18____as patches on the male's wings. If the insects were to beat their wings____19____—a common behavior among males approaching potential mates—the patches would flash on and off, creating a striking signal even in very_____20_____light. 【答案】11. E 12. F 13. B 14. I 15. C 16. J 17. G 18. A 19. K 20. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了夜间活动的点翅蛾（dot-underwing moth），可能利用翅膀上的变形图案在黑暗中吸引配偶。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：在去年9月发表在《当代生物学》上的一项研究中，科学家们报告说，在雄性的前翅上发现了三个斑块，当从特定角度观察时，它们会改变黑暗和大小。分析句子、结合句意以及根据空前的the可知，空处应使用名词discovery（发现），作report的宾语。故选E项。 【12题详解】 考查副词。句意：虽然我们知道白天活动的蝴蝶和蛾类会利用视觉效果进行交流，但研究人员认为，由于缺乏光线，它们在夜间活动的表亲几乎完全依赖于化学信号。分析句子可知，空处应使用副词exclusively，修饰动词rely，表达“完全，全部”之意。故选F项。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：但是现在这些变化的翅膀图案第一次在夜间活动的飞蛾身上发现，表明这些昆虫也可能使用视觉信号。分析句子可知，空处应使用change的现在分词形式changing作定语，表达“正在变化的”之意。故选B项。 【14题详解】 考查副词。句意：因为只有雄性才有这种图案，研究人员说这可能是一种性选择机制。分析句子并结合句意可知，空处应使用副词sexually修饰形容词selected。故选I项。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“一旦我们发现这种效应与角度有关，我们就知道要理解它是如何起作用的，我们必须理解基本的物理学，” Kelley说。根据空前的was可知，空处应填dependent，与angle构成形容词，表达“与角度有关的”之意。故选C项。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“一旦我们发现这种效应与角度有关，我们就知道要理解它是如何起作用的，我们必须理解基本的物理学，”Kelley说。根据空前的the及空后的physics可知，空处应使用形容词underlying，作定语，表达“潜在的”之意。故选J项。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：研究人员共同发现，当从上面观察翅膀时，它们会像一面暗镜子一样直接反射可见光。分析句子可知，空处应使用动词reflect，作谓语，结合句意，表达“反射”之意。故选G项。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，当从一个角度观察时，它们会让一些光线穿过，从而显露出更深层的黑暗，这种黑暗就像雄性翅膀上出现的斑块一样。分析句子并根据空前的which可知，空处应使用动词的第三人称单数形式appears，作非限制性定语从句的谓语，意为“出现”。故选A项。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：如果这些昆虫猛烈地拍打翅膀(这是寻找潜在伴侣的雄性动物的一种常见行为) ，这些斑点就会时隐时现，即使在非常暗淡的光线下也会产生一个引人注目的信号。根据空前的动词beat可知，空处应使用副词vigorously修饰，表达“猛烈地”之意。故选K项。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果这些昆虫猛烈地拍打翅膀(这是寻找潜在伴侣的雄性动物的一种常见行为) ，这些斑点就会时隐时现，即使在非常暗淡的光线下也会产生一个引人注目的信号。分析句子并根据空前的very可知，空处应使用形容词dim，表达“灰暗的”之意，作定语修饰名词light。故选D项。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence. Venture-capital investment in AI in the first nine months of 2017 totalled $7.6bn, according to PitchBook, a data provider, that compares with full-year figures of $5.4bn in 2016. At the heart of the ____21____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…. Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies. They see AI as a way to improve their ____22____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars. Many observers fear that, by cementing and extending the power of a handful of giants, AI will ____23____ competition. That will depend on two open questions. The first one is whether AI will always ____24____ vast amounts of data. Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors. ____25____ real-world data remain essential to AI, the tech superstars enjoy the biggest advantage. They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____26____ areas such as health care. A competing vision of AI stresses simulations, in which machines teach themselves using synthetic data or in virtual environments. Early versions of a program developed to play Go, an Asian board game, by DeepMind, a unit of Alphabet were trained using data from ____27____ games; the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player. If this approach is widely ____28____, or if future AI systems can be trained using small amounts of data, the tech giants will obviously lose their advantage. The other question is how openly ____29____ will be shared. The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to _____30_____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers. But their _____31_____ to share valuable data and algorithms are weak. Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. _____32_____, Europe’s data-protection rules that will take effect soon require firms to get approval for how they use data and to make it easier for customers to _____33_____ their information to other providers. The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants. It is too early to know how good that will be for competition, but not to _____34_____ the magic ingredient that will determine the outcome: the importance, _____35_____ and openness of data. 21. A. craze B. battle C. system D. model 22. A. social B. existing C. technical D. demanding 23. A. reduce B. hurt C. stimulate D. face 24. A. result from B. give rise to C. depend on D. take pride in 25. A. Although B. Unless C. Until D. If 26. A. fresh B. public C. traditional D. safe 27. A. fierce B. virtual C. actual D. boring 28. A. objective B. recognisable C. subjective D. applicable 29. A. advice B. knowledge C. consequences D. questions 30. A. design B. conduct C. involve D. publish 31. A. arrangements B. inquiries C. motivations D. complaints 32. A. By all means B. In addition C. To sum up D. For example 33. A. transfer B. explain C. cause D. deny 34. A. expect B. ignore C. produce D. taste 35. A. justifiability B. capability C. accessibility D. responsibility 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了AI在科技领域越来越火热，但是优势在个别科技巨头企业。此外，还介绍了科技巨头是否能够继续保持它们的优势所取决的问题。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些令人熟知的企业名称在这股狂热的风潮中占据核心地位，比如亚马逊、苹果、微软等等。A. craze 狂热；疯狂；B. battle 战斗；C. system 体系；D. model 模型。根据上文“No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence.”可知，没有哪个科技领域的热度能超过人工智能，所以此处表示在这个狂热的领域核心是一些知名企业，故选A。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们将人工智能视为改善现有服务、进军无人驾驶汽车等新领域的一种方式。A. social 社会的；B. existing 现存的；C. technical 技术的；D. demanding 要求高的。根据上文“Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies.”可知，数个企业置AI于战略核心，也就是AI对于他们的发展是至关重要的，再结合下文“ and to push into new areas like driverless cars. ”可知，此处表示这些企业用AI技术改善现有的服务，并进军一些新领域，故选B。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多观察家害怕AI会增强、扩大这些少数巨头的影响力，进而损害竞争。A. reduce 减少；B. hurt 伤害；C. stimulate 促进；D. face 面对。根据上文“At the heart of the ____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…”可知，在AI这个狂热的领域中，占优势的是一些知名的科技巨头企业，结合句意，如果AI继续增强、扩张这些原本就很强大的企业，那么对于其他企业来讲，就没有了竞争优势，就会破坏竞争了，故选B。 【24题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：第一个问题是AI是否会一直依赖大量的数据。A. result from 由于；B. give rise to 造成；导致；C. depend on 依靠；D. take pride in 以……为傲。根据下文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知，当前人们往往通过大量的数据组来训练机器，这些机器可以从数据组中识别有用的模式，所以此处表示AI技术目前是依赖大量的数据的，故选C。 【25题详解】 考查连词词义辨析。句意：如果现实数据对AI而言至关重要，那么科技巨头享有最大的优势。A. Although 尽管；B. Unless 除非；C. Until 直到；D. If 如果。根据下文“They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____ areas such as health care.”可知，科技巨头企业拥有大量数据作基础，而且还有源源不断的数据补充，结合上题分析，AI技术目前是依赖大量的数据，所以此处表示如果数据对AI而言至关重要，那么科技巨头享有最大的优势，故选D。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们有大量基础数据，随着它们进军医疗保健等新领域，数据更是源源不绝。A. fresh 新的；B. public 公众的；C. traditional 传统的；D. safe 安全的。根据上文“They see AI as a way to improve their ____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars.”可知他们用AI作为进军新领域的方式，所以此处表示他们进军新领域，然后获得有关新领域的数据，进而用数据帮助他们发展AI，fresh对应new，故选A。 【27题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Alphabet旗下的DeepMind开发的一个用于玩亚洲棋盘游戏——围棋的程序的早期版本，是用实际游戏中的数据进行训练的。A. fierce 凶猛的；B. virtual 虚拟的；C. actual 真实的；D. boring 无聊的。根据上文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知，当前人们往往通过大量的数据组来训练机器，这些机器可以从数据组中识别有用的模式，结合句意，可知这种下围棋的程序最终是要和人对战的，所以他们被训练时，要用到真实的人和人比赛的数据，这样这种程序可以分析这些数据，找到有用的信息，从而在和人对战时，可以获胜，故选C。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果这种方法被广泛应用，或者未来的AI系统只需少量数据就能得到训练，科技巨头的优势便会消退。 A. objective 客观的；B. recognisable 可辨认的；C. subjective 主观的；D. applicable 可应用的；合适。根据上文“the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player”可知，最新的AI程序只需要知道围棋规则，便可以开始和自己下棋。三天内它的棋技就超过了自己的前辈，也就是意味着这种AI技术的方式不需要数据作基础，结合句意，此处表示如果这种方法广泛应用，科技巨头的数据优势便会消退。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个问题是数据的共享程度。A. advice 建议；B. knowledge 知识；C. consequences 结果；D. questions 问题。根据下文“The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to ____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers.”可知，科技巨头愿意发布研究成果；谷歌和脸书已经向外部开发者开放软件库，这些都是知识方面的共享，故选B。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：科技巨头愿意发布研究成果，因此他们能够使用大学里AI方面的专门知识。A. design 设计；B. conduct 指挥；执行；C. involve 包含；D. publish 公布；出版。根据上题分析，可知本段分析知识的共享问题，结合句意，此处指科技巨头愿意公布研究成果，这样才能享用大学里AI方面的专门知识，毕竟大学里专门的知识常常只供本大学相关人员使用，如果公司使用后把研究结果公布，可以让更多人受益，那么可以使用大学里AI方面的专门知识，故选D。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但他们分享有价值数据和算法的动力不足。A. arrangements 安排；B. inquiries 询问；C. motivations 动机；动力；D. complaints 抱怨。结合上面小题分析可知，上文说到这些科技巨头愿意公布研究成果，开放软件库，而此句用到转折词but，说明此句内容和上文相反，结合句意和选项，此处表示他们分享有价值数据和算法的动力不足，也就是他们不愿意分享重要的信息，故选C。 【32题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，欧洲即将出台数据保护条例，要求企业在使用数据前，必须获得许可，而且用户可以更加容易地向其它服务商转移他们的信息。A. By all means 当然可以；一定；B. In addition 另外；C. To sum up 总之；D. For example 例如。根据上文“Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. ”可知，他们分享知识的程度很大程度上取决于是否会出台相关法规。结合句意，此处提到了欧洲即将出台的法规，所以此处是用欧洲作为例子，故选D。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：参见上题。A. transfer 转移；B. explain 解释；C. cause 造成；D. deny 否认。结合上面小题分析，本段主要讲述知识以及信息的共享，结合句意，此处表示用户更容易向其它服务商转移他们的信息，这样就可以更容易共享信息，故选A。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：知道这场战争会对竞争带来何种好处还为时尚早，但是时候预测哪一神奇因素会决定战果：数据的重要程度、获取难度还是开放程度。A. expect 预测；预计；B. ignore 忽视；C. produce 生产；D. taste 品尝。根据上文“The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants.”可知，科技巨头间的AI战争依然激烈进行中，所以此处表示知道这场战争会对竞争带来何种好处还为时尚早，但是预测哪一种因素决定最后的结果是可以的，故选A。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：参见上题。A. justifiability正当；B. capability 能力；才能；C. accessibility 可以得到；D. responsibility 责任。根据上文“Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors.”可知目前人工智能的机器训练和改进都是建立在大量数据基础上的，数据对于AI的发展是很重要的，也是科技巨头占优势的一个方面，所以能否获得大量数据可能对科技巨头在AI战争中最后结果有影响，故此空表示数据的获取，也就是数据的“可得到”，故选C。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives. For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds. The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump. Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites. After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. 36. What did the pilot do with the plane? A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly. B. He climbed and then made the plane turn over. C. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines. D. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds. 37. What was the point of being weightless? A. To show the judges of the competition what they could do. B. To prepare the young scientists for future work in space. C. To see what conditions are like in space. D. To allow the teams to try out their ideas. 38. The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________. A. the excitement B. the trip C. the opportunity D. the plane 39. The passage is intended to ________. A. report on a new scientific technique B. encourage young people to take science C. show scientists what young people can do D. describe the outcome of a scientific competition 【答案】36. C 37. D 38. B 39. D 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，旨在讲述一个科学竞赛的结果，让学生们产生新的想法。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.（飞机起飞得很平稳，但当飞行员让飞机进入持续约20秒的45度爬升时，我和这些年轻科学家们的任何感觉都很快消失了。然后引擎熄火，我们失重了。）”可知，飞行员快速上升然后停止发动机，故选C。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. （12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。挑战是建议在失重条件下进行富有想象力的实验。）”富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，故失重的目的是为了让学生们产生新的想法，故选D。 【38题详解】 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. （在飞机上做了两个小时的实验后，主要的感觉是兴奋而不是恶心。）”由此可推断下文意思为大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。所以it指代这两个小时的飞机旅程，故选B。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency.（12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。）和最后一段“Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. （大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。）”所以本文的目的就是要描述一个科学竞赛的结果，故选D。 （B） Turkish Treats Hello London foodies! I’m kicking off this week’s blog by talking about a fantastic new Turkish restaurant in Soho called Moda. I can’t remember ever eating better dolma or hummus—it was so delicious! In fact, this is one of the things which the restaurant prides itself on—the freshness and authenticity of the ingredients. Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brought over every day from his home region in Turkey—and from nowhere else. He may be a perfectionist, but it was so delicious that I can’t complain. Moda isn’t cheap, but it’s definitely worth every penny. And I’ve got great news for you. When I told him that I write a food blog, he said he’d give all my readers a 10% discount! Just mention this blog when you book. A very different restaurant, where I had lunch last Monday, is Chez Fitz. Situated near Leicester Square, its main selling point is that its food is all locally sourced (within 30 kilometres of the restaurant). My friends and I were completely amazed—we had no idea that so much could be grown so close to central London. But it turns out that there are pockets of green all over the city—you just need to know where to look. One final point: I couldn’t believe how pricey my weekly shop was this week. Normally if s about £40, but this week it was more than £55 for more or less the same amount of food. Any ideas why? More in a couple of weeks as I’m going away on my holidays tomorrow! Comments SouthLondonMum 10 October Hi—regarding your last point, I’ve found the same thing recently. I read somewhere that the average ‘shopping basket’ has already increased by 20% this year. The prices have gone up so much, because of the awful weather we’ve been having, and they may go up even more. How are we meant to feed our families? Ecovore 10 October I’m not sure we should be supporting restaurants like Moda. They are very bad for the environment. What about all the extra carbon emissions from the ‘food miles’ created by bringing over those ingredients from Turkey? Anonymous 11 October I know what you’re saying, Ecovore, but don’t have a go at restaurants like Moda. If we grow exotic vegetables in the UK, then we have to use heated greenhouses and that probably uses even more energy. 40. Why does the blogger like Moda? A. It offers its customers a discount. B. It provides typical Turkish food C. It hires a chef who comes from Turkey. D. It transports ingredients from all over the world. 41. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Chef Fitz is located 30 kilometers from Leicester Square. B. The blogger is angry that he spends so much on food this week. C. SouthLondonMum is worried about the ever worsening weather D. Ecovore doesn’t think of Moda in the same way as the blogger does. 42. The word “exotic” (in Anonymous’s comments) is closest in meaning to________. A. local B. foreign C. fruitful D. fruitless 【答案】40. B 41. D 42. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇应用文。博文中介绍了伦敦的两家餐馆，附带了几条评论。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据博文第二段中“Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brought over every day from his home region in Turkey—and from nowhere else. (显然，这位厨师坚持每天的水果和蔬菜都是从他的家乡土耳其运来的，而不是从其他地方。)”可知，博主之所以喜欢Moda，是因为它提供典型的土耳其食物。故选B项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据博文第二段中“He may be a perfectionist, but it was so delicious that I can’t complain. Moda isn’t cheap, but it’s definitely worth every penny.(他可能是个完美主义者，但它太美味了，我不能抱怨。Moda不便宜，但每一分钱都绝对值。)”等内容可知，博主很喜欢Moda；根据Ecovore的评论中“They are very bad for the environment.(它们对环境有害)”等内容可知，Ecovore评论中强调了Moda餐馆的缺点。从而判断选项D“Ecovore对Moda的看法与博主不同”是正确的。故选D项。 【42题详解】 词句猜测题。博文第二段中“Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brought over every day from his home region in Turkey—and from nowhere else. (显然，这位厨师坚持每天的水果和蔬菜都是从他的家乡土耳其运来的，而不是从其他地方。)”说明Moda餐厅从国外土耳其运来食材，再根据Anonymous（匿名）评论中“…but don’t have a go at restaurants like Moda.(……但不要去Moda这样的餐馆。)”可知，此处在谈论Moda餐馆。从而推断评论中exotic所在句“If we grow exotic vegetables in the UK, then we have to use heated greenhouses and that probably uses even more energy. (如果我们在英国种植exotic蔬菜，那么我们必须使用加热的温室，这可能会消耗更多的能源。)”中exotic应为“歪国的”的意思，对应前面提到的“从土耳其运来食材”，故选B项。 （C） Back in 2015 my colleague Adam Frank of the University of Rochester and I were having lunch near Columbia University's campus in New York City. As at Fermi's lunch 65 years earlier, the conversation was about the nature of spacefaring species. And inspired by Fermi's mental calculation, we were trying to craft an investigative strategy that made the fewest possible unsubstantiated assumptions and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data. At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods. This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers. But it goes further by asking whether we can obtain meaningful limits on galactic（星系的）life by constraining the exact length of time over which Earth might have gone unvisited. Perhaps long, long ago extraterrestrial explorers came and went. A number of scientists have, over the years, discussed the possibility of looking for artifacts that might have been left behind after such visitations of our solar system. The necessary scope of a complete search is hard to predict, but the situation on Earth alone turns out to be a bit more manageable. In 2018 another of my colleagues, Gavin Schmidt of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, together with Adam Frank, produced a critical assessment of whether we could even tell if there had been an earlier industrial civilization on our planet. As fantastic as it may seem, Schmidt and Frank argue—as do most planetary scientists—that it is actually very easy for time to erase essentially all signs of technological life on Earth. The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout. Fossil remains and other paleontological markers are so rare that they might not tell us anything in this case. Indeed, modern human urbanization covers only on order of about 1 percent of the planetary surface, providing a very small target area for any paleontologists（古生物学家）in the distant future. Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated. 43. The word “unsubstantiated”（in paragraph 1）is closest in meaning to ________. A. unconscious B. unknown C. unnatural D. unsupported 44. What assumption was the author and his colleague's investigative strategy built on? A. No other species have ever settled on Earth except human beings. B. Extraterrestrial explorers come and go at increasingly short intervals. C. No spacefaring species have visited the Earth since humans emerged. D. Extraterrestrial explorers once built an industrial civilization on Earth. 45. It can be inferred from the passage that if we want to prove if there used to be an industrial civilization on Earth, we should________. A. turn to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies B. find as many signs of technological life as possible C. unearth more fossil remains than we do now D. leave behind synthetic things like plastics 46. According to the passage, what are Schmidt and Frank most likely to agree with? A. Human urbanization should be expanded for the sake of research. B. We cannot say for sure that no civilization existed before ours. C. Non-natural signatures on Earth have been studied exhaustively. D. An industrial civilization came into being a few million years ago. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论人类之前地球上是否存在过文明这一假设和一些相关的研究。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词的下文“and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data（这可以用真实数据来检验或限制）”可以推断，此处的unsubstantiated assumptions应该是指未经检验和证实的假设，所以unsubstantiated意思应该是“未经证实的”。A. unconscious没有意识的；B. unknown未知的；C. unnatural不自然的；D. unsupported未经证实的。所以D选项符合题意。故选D项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods.（这次演习的中心是一个简单的想法，即探索或定居的浪潮可能会在银河系中来来往往，人类恰好在其中一个孤独的时期诞生。）”和第二段“This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers.（这个想法与哈特最初的事实有关：今天在地球上没有外星探险家的证据。）”可知，作者和他的同事的调查策略基于自从人类出现以来，还没有任何太空物种造访过地球这一假设之上。故选C项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout.（100万年或更多年后，唯一的真实证据将归结为同位素或化学地层异常——诸如合成分子、塑料或放射性沉降物等奇怪的特征。）”可知，如果想要证明是否地球上存在过工业文明，最后都会归结为同位素或化学地层异常。故选A项 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated.（施密特和弗兰克还得出结论，还没有人进行必要的实验来穷尽地寻找地球上的这种非自然特征。底线是，如果一个像我们这样规模的工业文明在几百万年前就存在了，我们可能并不知道。这绝对不意味着存在一个；它只表明不可能完全消除这种可能性。）”可知，施密特和弗兰克最可能同意“我们不能肯定地说在我们之前就没有文明存在过。”这样的观点。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Washing the dishes can help you live longer in later years Even a small increase in light activity, such as washing dishes or a little gentle gardening, might help lower the risk of an early death among older adults, researchers say. “It is important for elderly people, who might not be able to do much moderate intensity activity, that just moving around and doing light intensity activity will have strong effects and is beneficial,” said Ulf Ekelund, a professor and first author of the study at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. However, the study finds that there is more “bang for your buck” if you engage in intense activity compared with light activity. ____47____ Published in the BMJ, the latest research involved a review of eight studies encompassing a total of more than 36,000 people with an average age of almost 63 years. Participants were followed for five to six years; 2,149 deaths were recorded. Crucially, all of the studies involved monitoring the physical activity of individuals who had activity trackers. ____48____ For each study participants were split into four equal-sized groups, based on the total amount of time spent active, and the risk of death assessed, taking into account factors such as age, gender, body mass index, and socioeconomic status. This was then repeated for an amount of activity at different levels of intensity. The results were analysed together to give an overview. ____49____The results held for different intensities of activity. The team said the study supported the message “sit less and move more and more often.” ____50____It only looked at the situation for middle age and older adults, most of whom lived in the US or Europe, and some of the effect could be due to those people with a higher risk of death being less likely to engage in physical activity. Physical activity levels also were only measured over one period of time. A. It is said that higher levels of any physical activity help keep off an early grave. B. The studies did not rely on self-reporting, which, the experts noted, could be unreliable. C. The latest study backs up previous research suggesting reducing time spent sitting still is beneficial. D. However, the study had limitations. E. A short period of intense activity is viewed as beneficial as much longer periods of lesser activity. F. The team found a greater volume of activity overall was linked to a lower risk of death. 【答案】47. E 48. B 49. F 50. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。研究发现轻微活动能帮助预防老年人过早死亡，对老年人健康很有好处。 【47题详解】 根据上文“However, the study finds that there is more “bang for your buck” if you engage in intense activity compared with light activity. (然而，研究发现，如果你参加高强度的活动，比轻微活动更“物有所值”。)”可知，此处内容与讲述高强度活动也是有益的有关，选项E“A short period of intense activity is viewed as beneficial as much longer periods of lesser activity. (短时间的高强度活动被认为和长时间的低强度活动一样有益)”符合题意。故选E。 【48题详解】 根据上文“Crucially, all of the studies involved monitoring the physical activity of individuals who had activity trackers. (最重要的是，所有的研究都涉及到监控那些使用运动追踪器的人的身体活动)”可知，此处内容与研究的报告形式有关，选项B“The studies did not rely on self-reporting, which, the experts noted, could be unreliable. (这些研究不依赖于自我报告，专家指出，自我报告可能不可靠)”符合题意。故选B。 【49题详解】 根据上文“The results were analysed together to give an overview. (对结果进行了综合分析，给出了一个概述)”和下文“The results held for different intensities of activity. (这一结果适用于不同强度的活动)”可知，此处内容与讲述研究发现的结果有关，选项F“The team found a greater volume of activity overall was linked to a lower risk of death. (研究小组发现，总的来说，活动量越大，死亡风险就越低)”符合题意。故选F。 【50题详解】 根据下文“It only looked at the situation for middle age and older adults, most of whom lived in the US or Europe, and some of the effect could be due to those people with a higher risk of death being less likely to engage in physical activity. Physical activity levels also were only measured over one period of time. (该研究只研究了大多数生活在美国或欧洲的中老年人的情况，部分原因可能是那些死亡风险较高的人从事体力活动的可能性较小。身体活动水平也只在一段时间内测量)”可知，此处内容与讲述研究的局限性有关，选项D“However, the study had limitations. (然而，这项研究也有局限性)”符合题意。故选D。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Offshore production The world’s consumption of fashion is huge. The European Union imported textiles (clothing and carpets) to the value of €83.7 billion in 2010. Prices have fallen, too, with hand-finished shirts costing less than five euros. To make clothes at these low prices, companies have to keep costs down. They use offshore production to do this. Large companies make their products in developing countries where workers are paid much less than in developed countries. A point that should be considered in that case is that developing countries encourage developed countries to invest in them to provide jobs. Supporters of overseas production point out that increased investment has positive effects in the long term. Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman points out that the growth in manufacturing has an impact on the rest of the economy, because it reduces the number of people needing to work in agriculture and increases competition for labour. This leads to higher wages, which lead to other improvements, such as the ability to send children to school. On the other hand, the disadvantage of this foreign investment is the fact that it can have a negative impact on the economy of developed countries, because people lose their jobs when production is outsourced to other countries. It seems that if multinationals are going to benefit from low production costs by using overseas suppliers, they should do more to improve the social situation-for example, by building schools for the children in those communities. It is also clear that multinationals should invest in communities in the developed countries where they sell their products. Furthermore, given multinationals do benefit from lower costs of production in developing countries and their workers, they need to feel obliged to protect the workers in overseas manufacturing plants. 【答案】Reference answer Large clothing manufacturers exploit offshore production, outsourcing production in developing countries, to cut costs. This practice creates jobs and boosts long-term overall development in developing countries but robs people of their jobs in developed countries. To profit from offshore production, multinational companies should invest in improving overseas social situations and target consumers’ communities while protecting overseas employees. (57 words) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，大型服装制造商利用海外生产，将生产外包到发展中国家，以削减成本。这种做法在发展中国家创造了就业机会，促进了长期的整体发展，但在发达国家却剥夺了人们的就业机会。为了从海外生产中获利，跨国公司应该投资改善海外社会状况，瞄准消费者社区，同时保护海外员工。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①To make clothes at these low prices, companies have to keep costs down. ②Large companies make their products in developing countries where workers are paid much less than in developed countries. ③A point that should be considered in that case is that developing countries encourage developed countries to invest in them to provide jobs. ④because it reduces the number of people needing to work in agriculture and increases competition for labour. This leads to higher wages ⑤On the other hand, the disadvantage of this foreign investment is the fact that it can have a negative impact on the economy of developed countries ⑥they should do more to improve the social situation…. It is also clear that multinationals should invest in communities in the developed countries where they sell their products...they need to feel obliged to protect the workers in overseas manufacturing plants. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4、5三个要点进行整合，将第6个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Large clothing manufacturers exploit offshore production, outsourcing production in developing countries, to cut costs. This practice creates jobs and boosts long-term overall development in developing countries but robs people of their jobs in developed countries. To profit from offshore production, multinational companies should invest in improving overseas social situations and target consumers’ communities while protecting overseas employees. 【点睛】[高分句型1]Large clothing manufacturers exploit offshore production, outsourcing production in developing countries, to cut costs. 运用了现在分词作状语，对第一段部分内容进行概括。 [高分句型2]To profit from offshore production, multinational companies should invest in improving overseas social situations and target consumers’ communities while protecting overseas employees.运用了不定式作状语，对最后一段内容进行概括。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 要记住，没有失败我们也不会成长。(without)（汉译英） 【答案】Remember we can't grow without failure. 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】考查介词和情态动词用法。分析汉语可知要用祈使句，动词用原形remember；后半句要用情态动词can't，后加动词原形grow。要求用介词without，后加名词failure作宾语。故答案为：Remember we can't grow without failure. 53. 你越是善于反思自己的行为，就越有可能突破自我。(reflect) （汉译英） 【答案】The better you are at reflecting on your behaviors, the more likely you are to break through yourself. 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词比较级、名词和动词短语。表示“越......，就越......”应用句式the+形容词比较级......，the+形容词比较级；表示“善于”应用动词短语be good at，后接名词或动名词作宾语；表示“反思”应用动词短语 reflect on，后接名词或动名词作宾语；表示“行为”应用名词behavior，是可数名词；表示 “越可能做某事”应用固定句型 be more likely to do sth.；表示“突破自我”应用动词短语break through oneself。描述一个客观的事实，用一般现在时。故翻译为The better you are at reflecting on your behaviors, the more likely you are to break through yourself。 54. 一看到这张照片，我想起了去年夏令营时的点点滴滴。(sight) （汉译英） 【答案】At the sight of this picture, I think of the dribs and drabs of last year's summer camp. 【解析】 【详解】考查介词短语、名词短语和一般现在时。根据提示可知，表示“一看到”应用介词短语at the sight of，表示“照片”应用名词picture。表示“想起”应用动词短语think of，表示“点点滴滴”应用名词短语dribs and drabs，表示“去年”应用短语last year，表示“夏令营”应用名词短语summer camp。此处没有明显的时间提示，所以可用一般现在时。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为At the sight of this picture, I think of the dribs and drabs of last year's summer camp.。 55. 一旦找出了让你感到恼火的问题，你就会更明白谁能够解决问题。(make…right) （汉译英） 【答案】Once you figure out what’s bothering you, you’ll have a better idea of who can make it right. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语、动词时态和宾语从句。表示“一旦”应用连词once引导条件状语从句，根据句意，此处表示将来的事情，在条件状语从句中应用一般现在时表将来；表示“找出，弄清楚”应用动词短语figure out，表示“使恼火”应用动词bother，在out后的宾语从句中缺少主语，且是指事物，所以应用连接代词what引导；问题一直存在，所以应用现在进行时表示持续的状态，在主句中应用一般将来时。表示“明白”可用固定搭配have a good idea of，表示“更明白”good应用比较级better；表示“谁能够解决问题”应用who引导宾语从句作have a good idea of的宾语，表示“能够”应用情态动词can，根据提示，表示“解决”应用make...right，此处用it代 指“问题”。故翻译为Once you figure out what’s bothering you, you’ll have a better idea of who can make it right. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，在你校英语报读到如下的征文启事。 你一定曾在新年伊始许下“新年计划（New Year’s Resolution）”，其中必定有半途而废，也有坚持到底。请通过邮件（发至nyr@233.com）来和我们聊聊你们的新年计划吧！ 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件投稿，内容须包括： 1)叙述你曾经半途而废或坚持到底的某个新年计划； 2)解释导致你半途而废或促使你坚持到底的原因。 【答案】New Year’s Resolution People always make New Year’s resolutions as if they would accomplish them. But in most cases, most plans are forgotten after three days of effort. However, I made a plan last year to lose 20 pounds, which turned out to be a success. I’d like to share with you my experience. First, a plan should have realistic possibilities, such as losing 20 pounds instead of 40. Second, ever-lasting action is the key to successful planning. A plan without action mean nothing. Stick to it for 21 days and make it a habit. Finally, give your resolution a strong sense of purpose. Because it’s hard to do things you don’t like. For example, the desire of looking better in a skirt or being healthier, will motivate you to lose weight actively. A New Year’s resolution is only the first step to success, and it takes persistence and love to make your dreams come true. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给学校英语报投稿，介绍自己新年计划的成败经验。 【详解】1.词汇积累 完成：complete→accomplish 现实的：practical→realistic 持续的：continous→ever-lasting 坚持：persist→ stick to 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’d like to share with you my experience. 拓展句：I’d like to share with you my experience, hoping that it will enlighten you. 【点睛】[高分句型1] People always make New Year’s resolutions as if they would accomplish them. (运用了as if引导的与将来事实相反的虚拟语气) [高分句型2] However, I made a plan last year to lose 20 pounds, which turned out to be a success. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mini-Biographies Help Clinicians Connect with Patients Bog Hall was recovering from yet another surgery in March 2014 when a volunteer walked into his hospital room. The volunteer wasn't there to check on his lungs or breathing. Instead, she asked Hall ____1____ he wanted to tell his life story. The interview was part of a program ____2____（call）My Life, My Story. Volunteer writers seek out veterans（老兵）at the hospital like Hall, and ask them all about their lives. Then they write up a thousand-word biography, and go over it with the patient, ____3____can add more details or correct any mistakes. When the story is finished, it ____4____（attach）to the patient's electronic record, where a doctor or nurse ____5____（work）anywhere in the Veterans Affairs medical system can read it. Today more than 2,000 patients at the Madison VA ____6____（share）their life stories. Project organizers say it could change the way providers interact with patients. ____7____ clinicians can access a lot of medical data through a patient's electronic medical record, there's nowhere to learn about a patients' personality or learn about his career, passion or values, said Thor Ringler, who has managed the My Life, My Story project ____8____2013. ____9____idea for My Life, My Story came from Dr. Elliot Lee, a medical resident who was doing a training programme at the Madison VA in 2012. The typical programme for medical residents lasts only about a year, so Lee wanted to find a way to bring new, young doctors up to speed on the VA patients. He wanted a way for them _____10_____（absorb）not just their health histories, but more personal pieces of knowledge. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. appears B. changing C. dependent D. dim E. discovery F. exclusively G. reflect H. review I. sexually J. underlying K. vigorously Undercover Wings The nocturnal（夜间活动）dot-underwing moth（蛾）may use shape -shifting patterns on its wings as a way to attract mates in the dark. In a study published last September in Current Biology, scientists report the____11____on males' forewings of three patches（色斑）that change darkness and size when viewed from particular angles. In females, the entire forewing darkens. Although butterfly and moth species that are active during the day are known to employ visual effects to communicate, researchers had thought their nocturnal cousins relied almost____12____on chemical signals because of the lack of light. But these____13____wing patterns, now found for the first time in a nocturnal moth, suggest the insects may also use visual signals. Because only the males have this pattern, researchers say it is likely a（n）____14____selected mechanism. Jennifer Kelley, an ecologist based at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues first noticed the visual phenomenon while looking at museum moth specimens（标本）for another project. "As soon as we figured the effect was angle-____15____, we knew that to understand how it works, we had to understand the____16____physics," Kelley says. The group contacted Gerd Schröder-Turk and Bodo Wilts, who are physicists at Murdoch University in Perth and the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Switzerland respectively. Together the researchers found that when the wings are viewed from above, they____17____available light directly, like a dull mirror. When viewed from an angle, however, they let some of the light through to reveal a deeper layer of darkness, which____18____as patches on the male's wings. If the insects were to beat their wings____19____—a common behavior among males approaching potential mates—the patches would flash on and off, creating a striking signal even in very_____20_____light. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. No area of technology is hotter than AI, or artificial intelligence. Venture-capital investment in AI in the first nine months of 2017 totalled $7.6bn, according to PitchBook, a data provider, that compares with full-year figures of $5.4bn in 2016. At the heart of the ____21____ are some familiar names: the likes of Amazon, Apple, Microsoft…. Several have put AI at the centre of their strategies. They see AI as a way to improve their ____22____ services, and to push into new areas like driverless cars. Many observers fear that, by cementing and extending the power of a handful of giants, AI will ____23____ competition. That will depend on two open questions. The first one is whether AI will always ____24____ vast amounts of data. Machines today are usually trained on huge datasets, from which they can recognise useful patterns such as illegal financial behaviors. ____25____ real-world data remain essential to AI, the tech superstars enjoy the biggest advantage. They have vast amounts of the stuff, and are gaining more as they push into ____26____ areas such as health care. A competing vision of AI stresses simulations, in which machines teach themselves using synthetic data or in virtual environments. Early versions of a program developed to play Go, an Asian board game, by DeepMind, a unit of Alphabet were trained using data from ____27____ games; the latest was simply given the rules and started playing Go against itself. Within three days it had done better than its predecessor (前辈), which had itself beaten by the best human player. If this approach is widely ____28____, or if future AI systems can be trained using small amounts of data, the tech giants will obviously lose their advantage. The other question is how openly ____29____ will be shared. The tech giants’ ability to employ AI expertise from universities is helped by their willingness to _____30_____ research; Google and Facebook have opened software libraries to outside developers. But their _____31_____ to share valuable data and algorithms are weak. Much will depend on whether there will be relevant regulations. _____32_____, Europe’s data-protection rules that will take effect soon require firms to get approval for how they use data and to make it easier for customers to _____33_____ their information to other providers. The battle in AI is fiercest among the tech giants. It is too early to know how good that will be for competition, but not to _____34_____ the magic ingredient that will determine the outcome: the importance, _____35_____ and openness of data. 21. A. craze B. battle C. system D. model 22. A. social B. existing C. technical D. demanding 23. A. reduce B. hurt C. stimulate D. face 24. A. result from B. give rise to C. depend on D. take pride in 25. A. Although B. Unless C. Until D. If 26. A. fresh B. public C. traditional D. safe 27. A. fierce B. virtual C. actual D. boring 28. A. objective B. recognisable C. subjective D. applicable 29. A. advice B. knowledge C. consequences D. questions 30. A. design B. conduct C. involve D. publish 31. A. arrangements B. inquiries C. motivations D. complaints 32. A. By all means B. In addition C. To sum up D. For example 33. A. transfer B. explain C. cause D. deny 34. A. expect B. ignore C. produce D. taste 35. A. justifiability B. capability C. accessibility D. responsibility Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives. For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds. The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump. Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites. After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. 36. What did the pilot do with the plane? A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly. B. He climbed and then made the plane turn over. C. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines. D. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds. 37. What was the point of being weightless? A. To show the judges of the competition what they could do. B. To prepare the young scientists for future work in space. C. To see what conditions are like in space. D. To allow the teams to try out their ideas. 38. The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________. A. the excitement B. the trip C. the opportunity D. the plane 39. The passage is intended to ________. A. report on a new scientific technique B. encourage young people to take science C. show scientists what young people can do D. describe the outcome of a scientific competition （B） Turkish Treats Hello London foodies! I’m kicking off this week’s blog by talking about a fantastic new Turkish restaurant in Soho called Moda. I can’t remember ever eating better dolma or hummus—it was so delicious! In fact, this is one of the things which the restaurant prides itself on—the freshness and authenticity of the ingredients. Apparently, the chef insists that the fruit and vegetables are brought over every day from his home region in Turkey—and from nowhere else. He may be a perfectionist, but it was so delicious that I can’t complain. Moda isn’t cheap, but it’s definitely worth every penny. And I’ve got great news for you. When I told him that I write a food blog, he said he’d give all my readers a 10% discount! Just mention this blog when you book. A very different restaurant, where I had lunch last Monday, is Chez Fitz. Situated near Leicester Square, its main selling point is that its food is all locally sourced (within 30 kilometres of the restaurant). My friends and I were completely amazed—we had no idea that so much could be grown so close to central London. But it turns out that there are pockets of green all over the city—you just need to know where to look. One final point: I couldn’t believe how pricey my weekly shop was this week. Normally if s about £40, but this week it was more than £55 for more or less the same amount of food. Any ideas why? More in a couple of weeks as I’m going away on my holidays tomorrow! Comments SouthLondonMum 10 October Hi—regarding your last point, I’ve found the same thing recently. I read somewhere that the average ‘shopping basket’ has already increased by 20% this year. The prices have gone up so much, because of the awful weather we’ve been having, and they may go up even more. How are we meant to feed our families? Ecovore 10 October I’m not sure we should be supporting restaurants like Moda. They are very bad for the environment. What about all the extra carbon emissions from the ‘food miles’ created by bringing over those ingredients from Turkey? Anonymous 11 October I know what you’re saying, Ecovore, but don’t have a go at restaurants like Moda. If we grow exotic vegetables in the UK, then we have to use heated greenhouses and that probably uses even more energy. 40. Why does the blogger like Moda? A. It offers its customers a discount. B. It provides typical Turkish food C. It hires a chef who comes from Turkey. D. It transports ingredients from all over the world. 41. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Chef Fitz is located 30 kilometers from Leicester Square. B. The blogger is angry that he spends so much on food this week. C. SouthLondonMum is worried about the ever worsening weather D. Ecovore doesn’t think of Moda in the same way as the blogger does. 42. The word “exotic” (in Anonymous’s comments) is closest in meaning to________. A. local B. foreign C. fruitful D. fruitless （C） Back in 2015 my colleague Adam Frank of the University of Rochester and I were having lunch near Columbia University's campus in New York City. As at Fermi's lunch 65 years earlier, the conversation was about the nature of spacefaring species. And inspired by Fermi's mental calculation, we were trying to craft an investigative strategy that made the fewest possible unsubstantiated assumptions and that could be somehow tested or constrained with real data. At the center of this exercise was the simple thought that waves of exploration or settlement could come and go across the galaxy, with humans happening to come into being in one of the lonely periods. This idea relates to Hart's original fact: that there is no evidence here on Earth today of extraterrestrial（外星的）explorers. But it goes further by asking whether we can obtain meaningful limits on galactic（星系的）life by constraining the exact length of time over which Earth might have gone unvisited. Perhaps long, long ago extraterrestrial explorers came and went. A number of scientists have, over the years, discussed the possibility of looking for artifacts that might have been left behind after such visitations of our solar system. The necessary scope of a complete search is hard to predict, but the situation on Earth alone turns out to be a bit more manageable. In 2018 another of my colleagues, Gavin Schmidt of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, together with Adam Frank, produced a critical assessment of whether we could even tell if there had been an earlier industrial civilization on our planet. As fantastic as it may seem, Schmidt and Frank argue—as do most planetary scientists—that it is actually very easy for time to erase essentially all signs of technological life on Earth. The only real evidence after a million or more years would boil down to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies—odd features such as synthetic molecules, plastics or radioactive fallout. Fossil remains and other paleontological markers are so rare that they might not tell us anything in this case. Indeed, modern human urbanization covers only on order of about 1 percent of the planetary surface, providing a very small target area for any paleontologists（古生物学家）in the distant future. Schmidt and Frank also conclude that nobody has yet performed the necessary experiments to look exhaustively for such non-natural signatures on Earth. The bottom line is, if an industrial civilization on the scale of our own had existed a few million years ago, we might not know about it. That absolutely does not mean one existed; it indicates only that the possibility cannot be completely eliminated. 43. The word “unsubstantiated”（in paragraph 1）is closest in meaning to ________. A. unconscious B. unknown C. unnatural D. unsupported 44. What assumption was the author and his colleague's investigative strategy built on? A. No other species have ever settled on Earth except human beings. B. Extraterrestrial explorers come and go at increasingly short intervals. C. No spacefaring species have visited the Earth since humans emerged. D. Extraterrestrial explorers once built an industrial civilization on Earth. 45. It can be inferred from the passage that if we want to prove if there used to be an industrial civilization on Earth, we should________. A. turn to isotopic or chemical stratigraphic anomalies B. find as many signs of technological life as possible C. unearth more fossil remains than we do now D. leave behind synthetic things like plastics 46. According to the passage, what are Schmidt and Frank most likely to agree with? A. Human urbanization should be expanded for the sake of research. B. We cannot say for sure that no civilization existed before ours. C. Non-natural signatures on Earth have been studied exhaustively. D. An industrial civilization came into being a few million years ago. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Washing the dishes can help you live longer in later years Even a small increase in light activity, such as washing dishes or a little gentle gardening, might help lower the risk of an early death among older adults, researchers say. “It is important for elderly people, who might not be able to do much moderate intensity activity, that just moving around and doing light intensity activity will have strong effects and is beneficial,” said Ulf Ekelund, a professor and first author of the study at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. However, the study finds that there is more “bang for your buck” if you engage in intense activity compared with light activity. ____47____ Published in the BMJ, the latest research involved a review of eight studies encompassing a total of more than 36,000 people with an average age of almost 63 years. Participants were followed for five to six years; 2,149 deaths were recorded. Crucially, all of the studies involved monitoring the physical activity of individuals who had activity trackers. ____48____ For each study participants were split into four equal-sized groups, based on the total amount of time spent active, and the risk of death assessed, taking into account factors such as age, gender, body mass index, and socioeconomic status. This was then repeated for an amount of activity at different levels of intensity. The results were analysed together to give an overview. ____49____The results held for different intensities of activity. The team said the study supported the message “sit less and move more and more often.” ____50____It only looked at the situation for middle age and older adults, most of whom lived in the US or Europe, and some of the effect could be due to those people with a higher risk of death being less likely to engage in physical activity. Physical activity levels also were only measured over one period of time. A. It is said that higher levels of any physical activity help keep off an early grave. B. The studies did not rely on self-reporting, which, the experts noted, could be unreliable. C. The latest study backs up previous research suggesting reducing time spent sitting still is beneficial. D. However, the study had limitations. E. A short period of intense activity is viewed as beneficial as much longer periods of lesser activity. F. The team found a greater volume of activity overall was linked to a lower risk of death. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Offshore production The world’s consumption of fashion is huge. The European Union imported textiles (clothing and carpets) to the value of €83.7 billion in 2010. Prices have fallen, too, with hand-finished shirts costing less than five euros. To make clothes at these low prices, companies have to keep costs down. They use offshore production to do this. Large companies make their products in developing countries where workers are paid much less than in developed countries. A point that should be considered in that case is that developing countries encourage developed countries to invest in them to provide jobs. Supporters of overseas production point out that increased investment has positive effects in the long term. Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman points out that the growth in manufacturing has an impact on the rest of the economy, because it reduces the number of people needing to work in agriculture and increases competition for labour. This leads to higher wages, which lead to other improvements, such as the ability to send children to school. On the other hand, the disadvantage of this foreign investment is the fact that it can have a negative impact on the economy of developed countries, because people lose their jobs when production is outsourced to other countries. It seems that if multinationals are going to benefit from low production costs by using overseas suppliers, they should do more to improve the social situation-for example, by building schools for the children in those communities. It is also clear that multinationals should invest in communities in the developed countries where they sell their products. Furthermore, given multinationals do benefit from lower costs of production in developing countries and their workers, they need to feel obliged to protect the workers in overseas manufacturing plants. IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 要记住，没有失败我们也不会成长。(without)（汉译英） 53. 你越是善于反思自己的行为，就越有可能突破自我。(reflect) （汉译英） 54. 一看到这张照片，我想起了去年夏令营时的点点滴滴。(sight) （汉译英） 55. 一旦找出了让你感到恼火的问题，你就会更明白谁能够解决问题。(make…right) （汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，在你校英语报读到如下的征文启事。 你一定曾在新年伊始许下“新年计划（New Year’s Resolution）”，其中必定有半途而废，也有坚持到底。请通过邮件（发至nyr@233.com）来和我们聊聊你们的新年计划吧！ 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一封邮件投稿，内容须包括： 1)叙述你曾经半途而废或坚持到底的某个新年计划； 2)解释导致你半途而废或促使你坚持到底的原因。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $