精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Should the Star Wars films be watched in story order? The debate over the best order in which to watch the Star Wars films is not a new one among fans. Star Wars actor Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker, was asked the order in ____1____ he would watch the films and replied, “I always think the way they were released,”which means starting with Episode IV — A New Hope, ____2____ (release) in 1977. On the other hand, George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, has said that he thinks following the story ____3____ (be) the best way to watch the films, which would mean starting with 1999’s Episode I — The Phantom Menace. So should the films be watched in story order? Yes — start at the beginning of the story. The Star Wars universe is massive, and there’s a lot ____4____ (keep) up with. Watching them in story order, starting with Episode I — The Phantom Menace, is the best way to avoid getting confused. We all read a book from beginning to end, so why wouldn’t you follow a film series the same way? Today, lots of young people ____5____ (introduce) to the Star Wars universe through the release of the newer films; watching all of them in story order is the easiest way to get up to speed beforehand. Best of all, Episode I — The Phantom Menace, ____6____ criticised by some adult fans, is the most child-friendly of the lot and makes a good starting point for younger viewers. No — you’ll miss out on clever references. Anyone ____7____ (plan) to watch all the Star Wars films and get up to “light speed” with Star Wars should begin with the first three films. ____8____ made the series what it is today. If you start with 1999’s Episode I — The Phantom Menace, you’ll miss lots of clever references ____9____ the original films because you haven’t watched them in the order they were created. By starting with the original 1977 films, you’re seeing the true progression of Star Wars, from early models and costumes to today’s CGI (computer-generated imagery) magic. Besides, watching them in date order was probably ____10____ your parents viewed the series. If you watch them in the same order, that’s something you can share together. 【答案】1. which 2. released 3. is 4. to keep 5. are being introduced##are introduced 6. although##though 7. planning 8. They 9. to 10. how 【解析】 【导语】这篇文章主要介绍了关于观看《星球大战》系列影片顺序的争论，分别阐述了按故事时间线观看和按上映先后顺序观看这两种观点各自的理由。 【1题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：饰演卢克·天行者的《星球大战》演员马克·哈米尔被问到他会选择哪种观影顺序时，他回答：“我一直认为应该按照影片上映的先后顺序”，也就是从1977年上映的第四部《新希望》开始。空处引导定语从句，介词in提前，先行词为the order，指物，关系代词作介词in的宾语，用which引导，构成in which引导定语从句。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。which引导的定语从句中已有谓语动词means，故空处需填非谓语动词，Episode IV — A New Hope和release之间是被动关系，用过去分词released作后置定语。 【3题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：另一方面，《星球大战》的创作者乔治·卢卡斯说过，他认为按照故事发展顺序是观看影片的最佳方式，即从1999年的第一部《魅影危机》开始。宾语从句的主语following the story是动名词短语作单数主语，描述乔治·卢卡斯的客观想法用一般现在时，谓语动词用is。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：《星球大战》的宇宙体系十分庞大，有很多内容需要跟进了解。固定结构there is sth. to do，不定式to keep作后置定语，表示需要去做的事。 【5题详解】 考查时态语态。句意：如今，许多年轻人通过新影片的上映接触到《星球大战》的故事；按照故事顺序看完所有影片，是提前快速了解故事背景最简单的办法。主语lots of young people和introduce是被动关系，根据时间状语Today可知，可用一般现在时被动are introduced，表示现在的情况，也可用现在进行时被动are being introduced，强调当下正在发生。 【6题详解】 考查连词。句意：最妙的是，第一部《魅影危机》尽管受到一些成年粉丝的批评，却是这一系列里最适合儿童观看的一部，很适合作为年轻观众的入门影片。本句存在让步逻辑，用although/though引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管、虽然”，此处为省略结构（从句主语和主句主语一致，含be动词，直接省略主语 + be）。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：任何打算看完所有《星球大战》电影并快速了解这部作品的人，都应该从最初的三部电影开始看。Anyone和plan为主动关系，用现在分词planning作后置定语修饰Anyone。 【8题详解】 考查代词。句意：正是它们造就了如今这个系列。此处代词They指代前文the first three films，在句中作主语。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：如果你从1999年的第一部《魅影危机》开始看，你会错过原版电影里许多巧妙的典故，因为你没有按照影片创作的顺序观看。固定搭配reference to…表示“……的典故/参考内容”。 【10题详解】 考查表语从句。句意：此外，按上映日期观看很可能就是你父母当年看这个系列的方式。空格引导表语从句，在从句中作方式状语，表示“如何、以……方式”，用连接副词how。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. abandoned B. approached C. association D. exceptionally E. overthrew F. principles G. qualified H. responsible I. sensible J. single-handedly K. unpleasant Waists of Time Resolutions and Jan. 1 have an attraction for one another. The resolution most often cited, “to go on a diet,” also happens to be one most quickly ____11____. According to a 2013 British study, two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week. The problem isn’t that people are lazy or spoiled. It’s that the purpose of a diet has become isolated from its original intentions. The ancient Greeks were largely ____12____ for the concept. “Diatia” means “way of life”. How a person ____13____ the business of eating was as important as what entered his stomach. Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life. Some early Christians ____14____ the classical concept of the good diet. Their eagerness for purity and fasting turned the body into another battleground in the war between good and evil. By the 18th century the ____15____ of goodness with thinness had become a fact of life. As Jane Austen (1775 — 1817) admitted in the novel Persuasion, it was difficult to take a fat person seriously. Perhaps that is why Lord Byron (1788 — 1824), who took himself ____16____ seriously, became so crazy about being skinny. His gift to culture — apart from his writing — was an extremely ____17____ diet of flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋). He ____18____ made the pale and skinny look so popular among devotees of romanticism. ____19____ writers like William Banting (1797 — 1878) recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food. But it was the charlatans (庸医) and their snake-oil medicine that grew rapidly in the 20th century. Yet it’s never too late to return to the first ____20____ behind diatia. As Hesiod, the 8th-century B.C. poet, said: “Moderation is best in all things.” 【答案】11. A 12. H 13. B 14. E 15. C 16. D 17. K 18. J 19. I 20. F 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了节食的历史演变，包括古希腊的“生活方式”理念、现代的节食文化等，强调了平衡与适度的重要性，指出当前节食的初衷已偏离其原始目的。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：人们最常提到的“节食”决心，往往也是最快被放弃的。空处和most quickly搭配，修饰one，结合下一句中“two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week”可推知，A项abandoned“放弃，抛弃”符合题意，过去分词表被动，表示“最快被放弃的”。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这个概念在很大程度上要归功于古希腊人。空处作表语，结合“for the concept”可推知，H项responsible“负责的”符合题意，构成固定短语be responsible for“是……的成因”。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：一个人如何对待饮食，与其摄入的食物同样重要。空处作谓语，结合下一句“Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life.”可推知，B项approached“对待”符合题意，表示“如何对待饮食”。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：一些早期基督徒推翻了古典时期对良好饮食的理解。空处作谓语，结合下一句中的“Their eagerness for purity and fasting”可推知，E项overthrew“推翻”符合题意，表示“推翻了古典时期对良好饮食的理解”。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：到了18世纪，将美德与瘦削联系在一起已成为生活常态。空处作主语，结合“of goodness with thinness”可推知，C项association“联系”符合题意，表示“将美德与瘦削联系在一起”。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：也许正因如此，对自己要求极为严格的拜伦勋爵（1788—1824）才会如此痴迷于保持身材苗条。空处作修饰seriously的状语，结合“became so crazy about being skinny”可推知，D项exceptionally“极其，非常”符合题意，表示“极为严肃自省”。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：除了他的写作之外，他对文化的贡献还在于一种极令人讨厌的饮食方式——用醋储存的扁平土豆。空处作修饰diet的定语，结合“flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋)”可推知，K项unpleasant“令人讨厌的”符合题意，表示“一种极令人讨厌的饮食方式”。 【18题详解】 考查副词。句意：他凭一己之力使苍白而瘦弱的形象在浪漫主义爱好者中如此流行。空处作修饰made的状语，结合上一句中的“His gift to culture”可推知，J项single-handedly“独力地，单独地”符合题意，表示“凭一己之力使苍白而瘦弱的形象如此流行”。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：像威廉·班廷（1797—1878）这样的理智作家意识到了高脂肪和高糖食物的危害。空处作修饰writers的定语，结合“recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food”可推知，I项sensible“理智”符合题意，表示“理智作家”。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，回归“diatia（生活方式）”背后的最初原则永远都不算太晚。空处作to的宾语，结合“behind diatia”可推知，F项principles“原则”符合题意，表示“这一理念的最初原则”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. “Where words fail, music speaks.” Though these words, from the pen of Hans Christian Andersen, are appealing, the idea that there might be something ____21____ in music which go beyond cultural boundaries has generally been met with doubt by scholars working in the field. That doubt may, however, be groundless, for research published in Current Biology this week by Samuel Mehr and Manvir Singh of Harvard University provides evidence that music does indeed ____22____ the communication of simple ideas between people even when they have no language in common. To confirm this, the two researchers recruited 750 online volunteers from 60 countries. They played these volunteers 36 musical pieces, each 14 seconds long, and each drawn at random from one of 118 songs in a collection of the music of small-scale societies around the world. Given the broad range of cultures and languages ____23____ in the collection, and the diversity of the volunteers, Dr Mehr and Mr Singh could be reasonably certain that those listening were both ____24____ with the music and unable to understand the lyrics (歌词) in question. After each piece had been played, volunteers were asked what they thought the song’s ____25____ was, and how sure they were of that on a scale of one to six. The possibilities offered were: “for dancing”; “for comforting a baby”; “for healing illness”; “for expressing love for another”; “for remembering the dead”; and “for telling a story”. The first four of these were real functions, as ____26____ by the people from whom the song in question had been collected. The last two were ____27____, and were included as foils (陪衬者). Dr Mehr and Mr. Singh found that volunteers’ ____28____ of a song’s function were generally in good agreement with its actual function — with one exception. Dance songs were particularly ____29____ to identify. They rated 2.18 points higher on the certainty scale as being used “for dancing” than lullabies (摇篮曲) did; 1.38 points higher than love songs; and 1.09 points higher than healing songs. ____30____, lullabies were rated 1.53 points higher than dance songs as being “to comfort a baby”, 1.42 points higher than healing songs and 1.19 points higher than love songs. Healing songs proved a bit more ____31____. They scored only 0.47 and 0.31 points higher than dance and love songs respectively for “to heal illness”, and were statistically indistinguishable from lullabies. The ____32____, though, was love songs. Listeners could distinguish them from healing songs, but not from lullabies or dance songs. Why love songs were hard to identify is ____33____. Because such songs involve showing off to the object of one’s affections, they may require more creativity, and thus generate more ____34____ than lullabies or dance songs. Perhaps the fact that both dancing and cooing (温柔地说话) are involved in romance ____35____ listeners. Love songs aside, however, Andersen was clearly onto something. 21. A. universal B. similar C. elegant D. innovative 22. A. weaken B. teach C. explain D. permit 23. A. concealed B. instructed C. arranged D. represented 24. A. unpopular B. unfamiliar C. dissatisfied D. disconnected 25. A. origin B. rhythm C. function D. relevance 26. A. consumed B. controlled C. excluded D. stated 27. A. taken off B. made up C. looked into D. set about 28. A. perceptions B. experiences C. memories D. methods 29. A. hard B. necessary C. inadequate D. easy 30. A. Similarly B. Consequently C. Instead D. Fortunately 31. A. troublesome B. distinguishable C. pleasant D. theoretical 32. A. agreement B. exception C. mission D. pattern 33. A. different B. certain C. unclear D. abnormal 34. A. energy B. variety C. interest D. profit 35. A. satisfied B. disappointed C. confused D. relieved 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. A 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了一项跨文化实验证明音乐有跨越语言传递简单信息的能力，舞曲、摇篮曲易识别，疗愈歌曲辨识度一般，而情歌最难分辨，原因尚不明确。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：安徒生这句话很动人，但学界学者通常对这样一种观点持怀疑态度：音乐里或许存在某种超越文化界限的普适性东西。A. universal普适的；B. similar相似的；C. elegant优雅的；D. innovative创新的。根据下文“music does indeed ____ the communication of simple ideas between people even when they have no language in common.”可知，下文研究探讨音乐能否跨越文化，对应超越文化边界、共通普适的特质。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而这份怀疑或许毫无根据，哈佛大学的两位学者发表在《当代生物学》上的研究证明，即使人们没有共同语言，音乐确实能够促成简单想法的交流。A. weaken削弱；B. teach教；C. explain解释；D. permit使成为可能、允许。根据下文“even when they have no language in common”可知，音乐可以让互不理解语言的人传递简单想法。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：该音乐集收录了多种多样的文化与语言，志愿者背景也各不相同，梅尔博士和辛格先生有理由确信听众既不熟悉这些乐曲，也看不懂相关歌词。A. concealed隐藏；B. instructed指导；C. arranged安排；D. represented代表。根据上文“To confirm this, the two researchers recruited 750 online volunteers from 60 countries. They played these volunteers 36 musical pieces, each 14 seconds long, and each drawn at random from one of 118 songs in a collection of the music of small-scale societies around the world.”可知，各类文化语言在曲库中被收录、代表呈现。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：该音乐集收录了多种多样的文化与语言，志愿者背景也各不相同，梅尔博士和辛格先生有理由确信听众既不熟悉这些乐曲，也看不懂相关歌词。A. unpopular不受欢迎的；B. unfamiliar不熟悉的；C. dissatisfied不满意的；D. disconnected断开的。根据下文“music and unable to understand the lyrics in question”可知，实验要排除熟悉乐曲带来的干扰，听众对曲子陌生。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：每首乐曲播放完毕后，研究人员询问志愿者认为这首歌的功能是什么，并让他们用一到六分标注自己的确信程度。A. origin起源；B. rhythm节奏；C. function功能；D. relevance关联。结合后文列出的用途以及“of a song’s function”可知，询问歌曲的作用功能。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：其中前四项是真实功能，由采集歌曲的当地人所说明。A. consumed消耗；B. controlled控制；C. excluded排除；D. stated说明、陈述。根据下文“by the people from whom the song in question”可知，这些用途是当地人陈述说明的。 【27题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：最后两项是编造出来的，用来作为干扰选项。A. taken off起飞；B. made up编造；C. looked into调查；D. set about着手。根据下文“and were included as foils (陪衬者)”可知，最后两项用来充当陪衬干扰项，是虚构编造的。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：梅尔博士与辛格先生发现，志愿者对歌曲功能的感知大多和歌曲真实功能吻合，只有一个例外。A. perceptions感知、看法；B. experiences经历；C. memories记忆；D. methods方法。根据下文“of a song’s function were generally in good agreement”可知，志愿者听完之后形成的看法感知。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：舞曲尤其容易识别。A. hard困难的；B. necessary必要的；C. inadequate不足的；D. easy容易的。结合后文“They rated 2.18 points higher on the certainty scale as being used “for dancing” than lullabies (摇篮曲) did; 1.38 points higher than love songs; and 1.09 points higher than healing songs.”提到舞曲在确信度上得分更高，说明更容易分辨。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：与之类似，摇篮曲被判定用来安抚婴儿的得分，比舞曲高1.53分，比疗愈歌曲高1.42分，比情歌高1.19分。A. Similarly类似地；B. Consequently因此；C. Instead相反；D. Fortunately幸运地。根据上文“They rated 2.18 points higher on the certainty scale as being used “for dancing” than lullabies (摇篮曲) did; 1.38 points higher than love songs; and 1.09 points higher than healing songs.”可知，前面讲舞曲好识别，这里并列说明摇篮曲也容易被识别，是同类对比。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：疗愈歌曲区分度就要弱一些。A. troublesome难处理的；B. distinguishable可区分的；C. pleasant令人愉快的；D. theoretical理论上的。根据下文“They scored only 0.47 and 0.31 points higher than dance and love songs respectively for “to heal illness”, and were statistically indistinguishable from lullabies.”可知，疗愈歌曲和摇篮曲在统计学上难以区分，说明它的辨识度有限，比较难分辨。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：但是例外情况是情歌。A. agreement一致；B. exception例外；C. mission任务；D. pattern模式。根据下文“Listeners could distinguish them from healing songs, but not from lullabies or dance songs.”可知，听众无法把情歌和摇篮曲、舞曲区分开，情歌是识别上的例外。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：情歌难以识别的原因尚不明确。A. different不同的；B. certain确定的；C. unclear不清楚的；D. abnormal反常的。根据下文“Because such songs involve showing off to the object of one’s affections, they may require more creativity,”可知，只是给出猜想，没有定论，原因不清楚。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：因为情歌要向爱慕对象展示自己，可能需要更多创意，所以相比摇篮曲、舞曲会产生更多变化。A. energy能量；B. variety多样性、变化；C. interest兴趣；D. profit收益。根据上文“they may require more creativity”可知，创意多带来更多不一样的表现形式，也就是多样性。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：或许浪漫场景里既有舞蹈又有柔声低语这件事，把听众弄糊涂了。A. satisfied使满意；B. disappointed使失望；C. confused使困惑；D. relieved使宽慰。根据上文“ both dancing and cooing (温柔地说话) are involved in romance ”可知，听众难以分辨情歌，是被这些元素混淆了。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010. As a scientist who works with the Yupik people, Alaska’s inhabitants, to develop exhibits and books about their culture, she had recently undergone surgery on her eyes, and “the vision in my right eye was still pretty poor,” she says. But when she held the Yupik goggles up to her eyes? “I could see!” What was going on? It turns out the slit cut into the goggles focuses the light, much as a camera does. As a result, far-off objects appear sharper “and your vision was much, much better,” Fienup-Riordan says. The gear shows exceptional engineering talent. The Yupik language does not have a word for “science”, but the Yupik people have had a grasp of the physics, biology and chemistry that govern the natural world. They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape. Since warm air rises, it cannot escape through the underground exit. To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in. “Our ancestors were so creative in making hunting tools,” a Yupik elder named Willie Kamkoff once told Fienup-Riordan. Paul John, a Yupik elder who lives in Toksook Bay, says, “One can see their intelligence through their things.” Some Yupik elders worry that reliance on modern Western goods and urban life is dimming reliance on creative traditions. But Fienup-Riordan believes that enough people are still hunting and fishing to preserve essential techniques. A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one. 36. What did Ann Fienup-Riordan find about the Yupik goggles? A. They can improve vision. B. They can protect eyes from injury. C. They are made from the whale baleen. D. They are used by the Yupik people as a camera. 37. Paragraph 2 and 3 is mainly intended to . A. show that the Yupik people are good at making tools out of wood B. explain why the Yupik language does not have a word for “science” C. highlight the Yupik people’s talent in turning waste into useful tools D. give examples of the Yupik people’s innovative solutions for survival 38. According to Ann Fienup-Riordan, what new challenge is the Yupik people faced with now? A. Living conditions in a subzero world. B. The changing environmental patterns. C. The disappearance of creative traditions. D. Reliance on modern western goods and urban life. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The museum that shows the Yupik’s people’s talent. B. The history of the Yupik people’s survival and evolution. C. The researcher who is dedicated to studying the Yupik culture. D. The Yupik people’s creativity in adapting to their environment. 【答案】36. A 37. D 38. B 39. D 【解析】 【导语】文章从尤皮克人的鲸须雪镜入手，介绍尤皮克人巧用各类材料创造工具，依靠智慧适应严寒，如今气候变暖成为他们新的生存挑战。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010.(这种护目镜可以保护眼睛免受伤害，甚至还能改善视力，博物馆研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹在2010年的一天发现了这一点)”可知，研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹发现尤皮克护目镜能够改善视力。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape.(他们利用能获得的任何材料制作工具和衣物，以帮助自己在恶劣环境中生存。为了在室内保暖，他们设计了木屋入口呈U形向下延伸的隧道结构)”以及第三段“To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in.(为了保持干燥，他们用鱼皮制作了防水内衬。在狩猎和捕鱼时，育空人总是随身携带一根名为“涅格奇克”的木制拐杖，其末端装有骨钩。这种拐杖用途多样：可用来从船上取出物品，保护自己免受熊的攻击，或在不幸落水时帮助自己从冰冷的水中爬出)”可知，本段列举多个例子展示尤皮克人为生存想出的创新办法。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one.(不过，一个新问题正在浮现，它打乱了延续数代人的季节规律。“海水不再像过去那样结冰了，”她说。“秋季结冰时间推迟，春季融冰时间大幅提前。这实在非同寻常。”数千年来，尤皮克人凭借创造力在零下的环境中生存，如今他们迎来一项新的生存难题：适应变暖的世界)”可知，尤皮克人现在面临的新挑战是环境规律发生改变。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010.(在美国史密森尼美国印第安人国家博物馆里，存放着一副用鲸须制成的雪镜。博物馆研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹在2010年的某天发现，这种护目镜不仅可以保护眼睛免受伤害，甚至还能改善视力)”以及全文先由护目镜引出尤皮克人，列举他们各类生存创造，讲述他们依靠智慧适应严寒环境，如今又要应对气候变暖，核心讲述尤皮克人适应环境的创造力。 （B） A Crash Course in Commencement Speeches Why is it called a “commencement speech”? The historical answer is that students in medieval times entered universities as apprentices (学徒) and left able to “commence” their professions. The word commencement isn’t the only thing passed down from graduation ceremonies of the past. We’ve also kept the caps, the gowns, and, yes, the speeches. The earliest commencement speakers were graduating students who delivered their speeches in Latin. At Princeton University, the senior chosen to give the opening address still does it in Latin. The graduates receive special copies of the speech with instructions — in English — on when to laugh, in the hope that the rest of the audience will be impressed with the students’ Latin “fluency.” Many colleges extend invitations to potential speakers a year or more in advance, but securing a speaker early doesn’t make a school escape a last-minute scramble. Just a month before its 2015 ceremony, Temple University announced that ESPN anchor Kevin Negandhi would give the commencement address in place of the school’s original pick-Bill Cosby. You don’t have to be human to give a graduation speech. Kermit the Frog gave the commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 and received an honorary doctorate in “Amphibious Letters” from the school. In 2012 at the University of Vermont, Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke delivered their speech as a dialogue between their better-known characters, SpongeBob SquarePants and Patrick Star. One of the most celebrated commencement speakers of late was billionaire investor Robert F. Smith, who gave the address at Morehouse College in 2019. Smith offered more than just words of encouragement. He promised to pay off the student debt of all 396 graduates. Months later, Smith announced he would also foot the bill for the federal student loans their parents had taken out. 40. Where are you most likely to hear a commencement speech? A. At a university’s alumni gathering. B. At a university’s opening ceremony. C. At a university‘s graduation ceremony. D. At a university’s scholar-awarding ceremony. 41. The word “scramble” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to “_______”. A. promise B. change C. rumor D. conclusion 42. Which of the following statements is true of “commencement speeches”? A. They are still delivered in Latin at Princeton University. B. They are usually given by graduating students. C. The speakers can be non-human characters. D. The speakers often make some promises. 【答案】40. C 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍毕业演讲名称的由来、传统传承，并列举一些特别的毕业演讲事例。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The word commencement isn't the only thing passed down from graduation ceremonies of the past.(“毕业典礼”这个词并不是从过去的毕业典礼流传下来的唯一事物。)”可知，毕业演讲在大学毕业典礼上听到。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Many colleges extend invitations to potential speakers a year or more in advance, but securing a speaker early doesn’t make a school escape a last-minute scramble. Just a month before its 2015 ceremony, Temple University announced that ESPN anchor Kevin Negandhi would give the commencement address in place of the school’s original pick-Bill Cosby.(许多高校会提前一年甚至更久向意向演讲嘉宾发出邀请，但早早确定演讲者，并不能让学校避免临到最后一刻的scramble。就在2015年毕业典礼的一个月前，天普大学宣布，ESPN主持人Kevin Negandhi将代替原定人选Bill Cosby发表毕业演讲。)”可知，早早确定演讲者，并不能让学校避免临到最后一刻的仓促变动，scramble此处含义为“变动、更换”。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“You don’t have to be human to give a graduation speech. Kermit the Frog gave the commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 and received an honorary doctorate in “Amphibious Letters” from the school.(发表毕业演讲的不一定非得是人类。青蛙Kermit于1996年在南安普顿学院发表毕业演讲，还拿到了该校颁发的“两栖文学”荣誉博士学位。)”可知，演讲者可以是非人类角色。 （C） The most distractingly unrealistic feature of most science fiction — by some margin — is how the great flying cities of the future never seem to struggle with traffic. Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion. If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different. Transport innovation, from railways to cars, reshaped cities and drove economic advance. But it also brought crowded traffic. Now, as tech firms and carmakers aim to roll out driverless cars, it is worth asking: might this time be different? Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed. Of course, new transport technologies are not useless. Railways and highways allowed big cities to get bigger. When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres. In a paper published in 2011, Gilles Duranton, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Turner, of Brown University, identified a “fundamental law of road congestion”: namely, that building more highways does not reduce congestion. Rather, it attracts more residents, leads to more driving by existing residents and boosts transport-intensive economic activity, until roads are once again crowded. Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity. But reductions in traffic will make living in currently congested areas more attractive and hence more densely populated. Miles travelled per person might also rise, since self-driving technology frees passengers to use travel time for work or sleep. And just as new highways help increase transport-intensive business, driverless vehicles could give rise to lots of new road-using activity. Where now a worker might pop into the coffee shop before going to work, for example, a coffee might soon be delivered in a driverless vehicle. The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic. 43. The phrase “springs eternal” in paragraph 1 most probably means ________. A. gets fulfilled B. varies with the season C. becomes heated D. lasts forever 44. What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. Living far from the downtown area means being away from the city’s social benefits. B. Expanding a city proves to be an unwise way to reduce people’s cost of living. C. The congestion-easing benefits of new transport technology are temporary. D. Building more highways doesn’t always help a city’s economy to develop. 45. According to the writer, what will happen thanks to driverless cars? A. Fewer accidents will happen. B. More people will choose to drive. C. There will be more road capacity. D. More people will live in the suburbs. 46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the writer’s opinion of driverless cars? A. They can’t fundamentally solve the current traffic problem. B. They will help promote the development of artificial intelligence. C. They can increase productivity by reducing people’s time on the road. D. They won’t increase transport-intensive business as much as highways do. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讨论了无人驾驶汽车能否缓解交通拥堵，并指出新技术带来的缓解效果可能只是暂时的。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different.(如果说‘技术将解决交通问题’的希望springs eternal，那么历史却给出了不同的答案。)”以及后文“Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion(未来主义者似乎确信我们能解决拥堵)”可知，人们对技术解决交通的信心是一种长期持续、始终存在的希望。因此“springs eternal”表示这种希望“永远存在/持续不衰”，与lasts forever意思最为接近。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres.(当纽约地铁延伸到曼哈顿北部时，住在远离肮脏、昂贵、拥挤的市中心地区，同时仍能享受城市的社会和经济便利，变得切实可行。于是城市人口大幅增加，使纽约人再次变得拥挤。战后美国高速公路建设热潮导致城市郊区爆炸性增长。然而，随着郊区土地热潮导致道路拥堵，抬高了远离就业中心的生活成本，城市再次找到了平衡。)”可知，新交通技术缓解拥堵的效果只是暂时的。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity.(在其他条件相同的情况下，无人驾驶汽车应该能减少交通流量。更低的事故率将意味着更少的撞车造成的堵塞，而能够更紧密地引导车辆行驶的人工智能将提升道路通行能力)”可知，由于无人驾驶汽车，事故会更少。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed.(唉，人工智能不太可能在铁路和汽车失败的地方取得成功。)”以及最后一段中“The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic.(无人驾驶汽车技术可能让我们更安全、更高效，但不一定有助于减少交通流量。)”可知，作者认为无人驾驶汽车不能从根本上解决当前的交通问题。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Is Science Actually “Right”? The Covid crisis has led many scientists to take up arms (or at least keyboards) to defend their enterprise — and to be sure, science needs defenders these days. But while fighting back against science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true. ____47____ We are done. Anyone who denies such truths is stupid or ignorant. Well, no. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Some familiar examples are Earth as the center of the universe, the absolute nature of time and space, and the stability of continents. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method.” ____48____ Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experience and experiment to test a hypothesis (假设). (This is cast sometimes as the hypothetico-deductive (演绎的) method, in which the experiment must be framed as a deduction from theory, and sometimes as falsification, where the point of observation and experiment is to prove these theories false.) In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Yet science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the greatest challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and characterize the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. ____49____ Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is its own reward. ____50____ However, we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. A. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. B. Scientific theories are not perfect reflections of reality. C. One popular move is to insist that science is right and that once we discover the truth about the world, that’s it. D. A popular move is that you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. E. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. F. However, are scientific methods really scientific? 【答案】47. C 48. E 49. A 50. B 【解析】 【导语】本文主要探讨科学并非绝对正确，科学方法没有统一标准，科学是人类不断探索、修正认知的过程。 【47题详解】 根据空前的“The Covid crisis has led many scientists to take up arms (or at least keyboards) to defend their enterprise — and to be sure, science needs defenders these days. But while fighting back against science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true.(新冠危机促使许多科学家站出来（至少是在网络上）捍卫科学事业——诚然，如今科学确实需要捍卫者。但在反驳科学否定论的同时，一些科学家说出了并不属实的观点)”以及空后的“We are done. Anyone who denies such truths is stupid or ignorant.(大功告成。任何否认这些真理的人都是愚昧无知的)”可知，前文提出部分科学家存在不妥当的说法，后文是这类说法的具体内容，空格引出第一种常见错误观点。C选项“One popular move is to insist that science is right and that once we discover the truth about the world, that’s it.(一种常见说法就是坚称科学是正确的，一旦我们发现关于世界的真相，就到此为止了)”引出后文对该观点的阐述，语义衔接自然。 【48题详解】 根据空前的“Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method.”(另一种常见说法是，科学结论之所以正确，是因为科学家使用了“科学方法”)”以及空后的“Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experience and experiment to test hypothesis (假设).(有的人会说它是经验主义：对世界进行观察和描述。另一些人会说它是实验法：依靠经验和实验检验假设)”可知，前文提到用科学方法佐证结论，后文展现人们对科学方法有着不同理解，空格需要体现大家无法对科学方法达成统一看法。E选项“But we can never actually agree on what that method is.(但我们实际上永远无法就这种方法究竟是什么达成共识)”承接上文，引出下文不同人的不同解读。 【49题详解】 根据空前的“Our efforts to understand and characterize the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat.(我们理解、描绘自然界的尝试终究只是尝试。身为人类，我们常常会失败)”可知，前文说明人类探索科学时经常遭遇失败，空格承接失败这一情况，说明失败之后我们的做法。A选项“The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work.(好消息是，当这种情况发生时，我们会振作起来，重整旗鼓，继续研究)”中的that指代前文探索失败这件事，逻辑连贯。 【50题详解】 根据空后的“However, we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it.(然而，我们有充分理由相信它们抓住了现实当中重要的部分)”可知，however表示转折，后文说明它们能够反映现实的一部分，空格应表达它们并不能完全复刻现实。B选项“Scientific theories are not perfect reflections of reality.(科学理论并不是现实的完美写照)”和后文形成转折关系，其中they指代句中的Scientific theories。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Food Security Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty (source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2003). As of late 2007, export restrictions and panic buying, US Dollar Depreciation, increased farming for use in biofuels, world oil prices at more than $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, and loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development are claimed to have pushed up the price of grain. The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). The latest FAO figures indicate that there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment rate is over 35%. In its ‌“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003,” FAO states that: ‌“In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised by more rapid growth in their agricultural sectors.” So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Food security is the constant availability and access to food. Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. Asia and Africa rank first and second in the number of undernourished people, while Africa has the most hungry people. Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matter for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍粮食安全的含义，指出全球粮食产量虽增但饥饿人口仍多，并强调发展农业和控制人口对实现粮食安全至关重要。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. ②A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. ③According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. ④Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty. ⑤The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. ⑥Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. ⑦The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). ⑧So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. ⑨Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点整合，界定粮食安全；将第3、4、5三个要点整合，说明全球粮食产量增加但饥饿人口仍多；将第6、7两个要点整合，说明亚洲和非洲饥饿人口的分布；将第8、9两个要点整合，说明实现粮食安全的关键在于发展农业和控制人口。 3. 遣词造句 Food security is the constant availability and access to food. Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. Asia and Africa rank first and second in the number of undernourished people, while Africa has the most hungry people. Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matters for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. (运用了介词短语作让步状语) [高分句型2] Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matter for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. (运用了动名词短语Improving...作主语) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。(remind)(汉译英) 【答案】This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s. 【解析】 【详解】考查句子结构及动词用法。表示“这家咖啡馆”使用名词短语this cafe在句中做主语；表示“让某人想起...”使用动词短语remind somebody of something，在句中作谓语，陈述现状应使用一般现在时单数形式；代词宾格me作宾语；表示“二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆”，使用名词teahouses作介词of的宾语，使用“in the 1950s and 1960s”作后置定语。故翻译为This cafe reminds me of the teahouses in the 1950s and 1960s. 53. 最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。(lie) (汉译英) 【答案】The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees’ confidence in the company. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语和固定结构。表示“最大挑战”短语为The biggest challenge；表示“在于”短语为lie in，may后跟动词原形；表示“如何重塑员工对公司的信心”应用“疑问词+不定式”结构，短语为how to rebuild employees’ confidence in the company。故翻译为The biggest challenge may lie in how to rebuild employees’ confidence in the company. 54. 这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。(effort) (汉译英) 【答案】The coach is not only strict with the children, but also spares no effort to protect their love for football. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型和短语。此处主语为coach；表示“不仅……而且……”应用not only…but also…；表示“对孩子们严格”短语为be strict with the children；表示“不遗余力地”短语为spares no effort to；表示“呵护着他们对足球的热爱”翻译为protect their love for football。为一般现在时。故翻译为The coach is not only strict with the children, but also spares no effort to protect their love for football. 55. 50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。(contrast) (汉译英) 【答案】Fifty years ago, this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists, forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语、非谓语动词和时态。表示“50年前”短语为fifty years ago；表示“这里”用this area，作主语；表示“人迹罕至的海滩”翻译为a beach rarely visited by tourists，其中visited by tourists为过去分词作后置定语；表示“与今天的游人如织迥然不同”用现在分词短语forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists，作状语，句子为一般过去时。故翻译为Fifty years ago, this area was a beach rarely visited by tourists, forming a sharp contrast to the present scene of so many tourists. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“Decision Making”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括：在无法抉择的情况下，通常是什么因素帮助你做出最后的决定；用一个具体的例子说明你的观点。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文： The Rational Approach to Decision Making Decision-making, especially when confronted with a genuine dilemma, is an inevitable challenge in our lives. In such bewildering situations, I always rely on rational analysis to guide my final choice. When facing difficult choices, my primary guiding principle is to objectively weigh the pros and cons rather than acting on impulsive emotions. I usually make a detailed list to visualize potential outcomes and evaluate the long-term consequences. A concrete example is my choice between the debate club and the drama club last year. Although I loved acting, I ultimately opted for debate, realizing it would better hone my critical thinking and public speaking skills, which are crucial for my future career. To summarize, evaluating the long-term impacts of each option is the most effective factor in my decision-making process. This logical framework ensures that my choices align with my ultimate life goals. 【解析】 【导语】题目要求学生以李明的身份，写一篇文章参与校英语报举办的征文活动，需就难以抉择时帮助自己做出最后决定的因素表明观点，并用具体例子支撑该观点。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 不可避免的：inevitable→inescapable, ineluctable 依靠：rely on→ depend on, count on 评估：evaluate→assess, gauge 与……一致：align with→conform to, agree with, correspond with, be consistent with 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：A concrete example is my choice between the debate club and the drama club last year. 拓展句：A concrete example which I can give is that I had to choose between the debate club and the drama club last year. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Although I loved acting, I ultimately opted for debate, realizing it would better hone my critical thinking and public speaking skills, which are crucial for my future career. (运用了Although引导让步状语从句、现在分词realizing作状语、that引导宾语从句并被省略、which引导非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] This logical framework ensures that my choices align with my ultimate life goals. (运用了that引导宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科1月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Should the Star Wars films be watched in story order? The debate over the best order in which to watch the Star Wars films is not a new one among fans. Star Wars actor Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker, was asked the order in ____1____ he would watch the films and replied, “I always think the way they were released,”which means starting with Episode IV — A New Hope, ____2____ (release) in 1977. On the other hand, George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, has said that he thinks following the story ____3____ (be) the best way to watch the films, which would mean starting with 1999’s Episode I — The Phantom Menace. So should the films be watched in story order? Yes — start at the beginning of the story. The Star Wars universe is massive, and there’s a lot ____4____ (keep) up with. Watching them in story order, starting with Episode I — The Phantom Menace, is the best way to avoid getting confused. We all read a book from beginning to end, so why wouldn’t you follow a film series the same way? Today, lots of young people ____5____ (introduce) to the Star Wars universe through the release of the newer films; watching all of them in story order is the easiest way to get up to speed beforehand. Best of all, Episode I — The Phantom Menace, ____6____ criticised by some adult fans, is the most child-friendly of the lot and makes a good starting point for younger viewers. No — you’ll miss out on clever references. Anyone ____7____ (plan) to watch all the Star Wars films and get up to “light speed” with Star Wars should begin with the first three films. ____8____ made the series what it is today. If you start with 1999’s Episode I — The Phantom Menace, you’ll miss lots of clever references ____9____ the original films because you haven’t watched them in the order they were created. By starting with the original 1977 films, you’re seeing the true progression of Star Wars, from early models and costumes to today’s CGI (computer-generated imagery) magic. Besides, watching them in date order was probably ____10____ your parents viewed the series. If you watch them in the same order, that’s something you can share together. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. abandoned B. approached C. association D. exceptionally E. overthrew F. principles G. qualified H. responsible I. sensible J. single-handedly K. unpleasant Waists of Time Resolutions and Jan. 1 have an attraction for one another. The resolution most often cited, “to go on a diet,” also happens to be one most quickly ____11____. According to a 2013 British study, two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week. The problem isn’t that people are lazy or spoiled. It’s that the purpose of a diet has become isolated from its original intentions. The ancient Greeks were largely ____12____ for the concept. “Diatia” means “way of life”. How a person ____13____ the business of eating was as important as what entered his stomach. Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life. Some early Christians ____14____ the classical concept of the good diet. Their eagerness for purity and fasting turned the body into another battleground in the war between good and evil. By the 18th century the ____15____ of goodness with thinness had become a fact of life. As Jane Austen (1775 — 1817) admitted in the novel Persuasion, it was difficult to take a fat person seriously. Perhaps that is why Lord Byron (1788 — 1824), who took himself ____16____ seriously, became so crazy about being skinny. His gift to culture — apart from his writing — was an extremely ____17____ diet of flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋). He ____18____ made the pale and skinny look so popular among devotees of romanticism. ____19____ writers like William Banting (1797 — 1878) recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food. But it was the charlatans (庸医) and their snake-oil medicine that grew rapidly in the 20th century. Yet it’s never too late to return to the first ____20____ behind diatia. As Hesiod, the 8th-century B.C. poet, said: “Moderation is best in all things.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. “Where words fail, music speaks.” Though these words, from the pen of Hans Christian Andersen, are appealing, the idea that there might be something ____21____ in music which go beyond cultural boundaries has generally been met with doubt by scholars working in the field. That doubt may, however, be groundless, for research published in Current Biology this week by Samuel Mehr and Manvir Singh of Harvard University provides evidence that music does indeed ____22____ the communication of simple ideas between people even when they have no language in common. To confirm this, the two researchers recruited 750 online volunteers from 60 countries. They played these volunteers 36 musical pieces, each 14 seconds long, and each drawn at random from one of 118 songs in a collection of the music of small-scale societies around the world. Given the broad range of cultures and languages ____23____ in the collection, and the diversity of the volunteers, Dr Mehr and Mr Singh could be reasonably certain that those listening were both ____24____ with the music and unable to understand the lyrics (歌词) in question. After each piece had been played, volunteers were asked what they thought the song’s ____25____ was, and how sure they were of that on a scale of one to six. The possibilities offered were: “for dancing”; “for comforting a baby”; “for healing illness”; “for expressing love for another”; “for remembering the dead”; and “for telling a story”. The first four of these were real functions, as ____26____ by the people from whom the song in question had been collected. The last two were ____27____, and were included as foils (陪衬者). Dr Mehr and Mr. Singh found that volunteers’ ____28____ of a song’s function were generally in good agreement with its actual function — with one exception. Dance songs were particularly ____29____ to identify. They rated 2.18 points higher on the certainty scale as being used “for dancing” than lullabies (摇篮曲) did; 1.38 points higher than love songs; and 1.09 points higher than healing songs. ____30____, lullabies were rated 1.53 points higher than dance songs as being “to comfort a baby”, 1.42 points higher than healing songs and 1.19 points higher than love songs. Healing songs proved a bit more ____31____. They scored only 0.47 and 0.31 points higher than dance and love songs respectively for “to heal illness”, and were statistically indistinguishable from lullabies. The ____32____, though, was love songs. Listeners could distinguish them from healing songs, but not from lullabies or dance songs. Why love songs were hard to identify is ____33____. Because such songs involve showing off to the object of one’s affections, they may require more creativity, and thus generate more ____34____ than lullabies or dance songs. Perhaps the fact that both dancing and cooing (温柔地说话) are involved in romance ____35____ listeners. Love songs aside, however, Andersen was clearly onto something. 21. A. universal B. similar C. elegant D. innovative 22. A. weaken B. teach C. explain D. permit 23. A. concealed B. instructed C. arranged D. represented 24. A. unpopular B. unfamiliar C. dissatisfied D. disconnected 25. A. origin B. rhythm C. function D. relevance 26. A. consumed B. controlled C. excluded D. stated 27. A. taken off B. made up C. looked into D. set about 28. A. perceptions B. experiences C. memories D. methods 29. A. hard B. necessary C. inadequate D. easy 30. A. Similarly B. Consequently C. Instead D. Fortunately 31. A. troublesome B. distinguishable C. pleasant D. theoretical 32. A. agreement B. exception C. mission D. pattern 33. A. different B. certain C. unclear D. abnormal 34. A. energy B. variety C. interest D. profit 35. A. satisfied B. disappointed C. confused D. relieved Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010. As a scientist who works with the Yupik people, Alaska’s inhabitants, to develop exhibits and books about their culture, she had recently undergone surgery on her eyes, and “the vision in my right eye was still pretty poor,” she says. But when she held the Yupik goggles up to her eyes? “I could see!” What was going on? It turns out the slit cut into the goggles focuses the light, much as a camera does. As a result, far-off objects appear sharper “and your vision was much, much better,” Fienup-Riordan says. The gear shows exceptional engineering talent. The Yupik language does not have a word for “science”, but the Yupik people have had a grasp of the physics, biology and chemistry that govern the natural world. They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape. Since warm air rises, it cannot escape through the underground exit. To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in. “Our ancestors were so creative in making hunting tools,” a Yupik elder named Willie Kamkoff once told Fienup-Riordan. Paul John, a Yupik elder who lives in Toksook Bay, says, “One can see their intelligence through their things.” Some Yupik elders worry that reliance on modern Western goods and urban life is dimming reliance on creative traditions. But Fienup-Riordan believes that enough people are still hunting and fishing to preserve essential techniques. A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one. 36. What did Ann Fienup-Riordan find about the Yupik goggles? A. They can improve vision. B. They can protect eyes from injury. C. They are made from the whale baleen. D. They are used by the Yupik people as a camera. 37. Paragraph 2 and 3 is mainly intended to . A. show that the Yupik people are good at making tools out of wood B. explain why the Yupik language does not have a word for “science” C. highlight the Yupik people’s talent in turning waste into useful tools D. give examples of the Yupik people’s innovative solutions for survival 38. According to Ann Fienup-Riordan, what new challenge is the Yupik people faced with now? A. Living conditions in a subzero world. B. The changing environmental patterns. C. The disappearance of creative traditions. D. Reliance on modern western goods and urban life. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The museum that shows the Yupik’s people’s talent. B. The history of the Yupik people’s survival and evolution. C. The researcher who is dedicated to studying the Yupik culture. D. The Yupik people’s creativity in adapting to their environment. （B） A Crash Course in Commencement Speeches Why is it called a “commencement speech”? The historical answer is that students in medieval times entered universities as apprentices (学徒) and left able to “commence” their professions. The word commencement isn’t the only thing passed down from graduation ceremonies of the past. We’ve also kept the caps, the gowns, and, yes, the speeches. The earliest commencement speakers were graduating students who delivered their speeches in Latin. At Princeton University, the senior chosen to give the opening address still does it in Latin. The graduates receive special copies of the speech with instructions — in English — on when to laugh, in the hope that the rest of the audience will be impressed with the students’ Latin “fluency.” Many colleges extend invitations to potential speakers a year or more in advance, but securing a speaker early doesn’t make a school escape a last-minute scramble. Just a month before its 2015 ceremony, Temple University announced that ESPN anchor Kevin Negandhi would give the commencement address in place of the school’s original pick-Bill Cosby. You don’t have to be human to give a graduation speech. Kermit the Frog gave the commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 and received an honorary doctorate in “Amphibious Letters” from the school. In 2012 at the University of Vermont, Tom Kenny and Bill Fagerbakke delivered their speech as a dialogue between their better-known characters, SpongeBob SquarePants and Patrick Star. One of the most celebrated commencement speakers of late was billionaire investor Robert F. Smith, who gave the address at Morehouse College in 2019. Smith offered more than just words of encouragement. He promised to pay off the student debt of all 396 graduates. Months later, Smith announced he would also foot the bill for the federal student loans their parents had taken out. 40. Where are you most likely to hear a commencement speech? A. At a university’s alumni gathering. B. At a university’s opening ceremony. C. At a university‘s graduation ceremony. D. At a university’s scholar-awarding ceremony. 41. The word “scramble” (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to “_______”. A. promise B. change C. rumor D. conclusion 42. Which of the following statements is true of “commencement speeches”? A. They are still delivered in Latin at Princeton University. B. They are usually given by graduating students. C. The speakers can be non-human characters. D. The speakers often make some promises. （C） The most distractingly unrealistic feature of most science fiction — by some margin — is how the great flying cities of the future never seem to struggle with traffic. Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion. If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different. Transport innovation, from railways to cars, reshaped cities and drove economic advance. But it also brought crowded traffic. Now, as tech firms and carmakers aim to roll out driverless cars, it is worth asking: might this time be different? Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed. Of course, new transport technologies are not useless. Railways and highways allowed big cities to get bigger. When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres. In a paper published in 2011, Gilles Duranton, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Turner, of Brown University, identified a “fundamental law of road congestion”: namely, that building more highways does not reduce congestion. Rather, it attracts more residents, leads to more driving by existing residents and boosts transport-intensive economic activity, until roads are once again crowded. Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity. But reductions in traffic will make living in currently congested areas more attractive and hence more densely populated. Miles travelled per person might also rise, since self-driving technology frees passengers to use travel time for work or sleep. And just as new highways help increase transport-intensive business, driverless vehicles could give rise to lots of new road-using activity. Where now a worker might pop into the coffee shop before going to work, for example, a coffee might soon be delivered in a driverless vehicle. The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic. 43. The phrase “springs eternal” in paragraph 1 most probably means ________. A. gets fulfilled B. varies with the season C. becomes heated D. lasts forever 44. What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. Living far from the downtown area means being away from the city’s social benefits. B. Expanding a city proves to be an unwise way to reduce people’s cost of living. C. The congestion-easing benefits of new transport technology are temporary. D. Building more highways doesn’t always help a city’s economy to develop. 45. According to the writer, what will happen thanks to driverless cars? A. Fewer accidents will happen. B. More people will choose to drive. C. There will be more road capacity. D. More people will live in the suburbs. 46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the writer’s opinion of driverless cars? A. They can’t fundamentally solve the current traffic problem. B. They will help promote the development of artificial intelligence. C. They can increase productivity by reducing people’s time on the road. D. They won’t increase transport-intensive business as much as highways do. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Is Science Actually “Right”? The Covid crisis has led many scientists to take up arms (or at least keyboards) to defend their enterprise — and to be sure, science needs defenders these days. But while fighting back against science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true. ____47____ We are done. Anyone who denies such truths is stupid or ignorant. Well, no. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered. Some familiar examples are Earth as the center of the universe, the absolute nature of time and space, and the stability of continents. Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method.” ____48____ Some will say it is empiricism: observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method: the use of experience and experiment to test a hypothesis (假设). (This is cast sometimes as the hypothetico-deductive (演绎的) method, in which the experiment must be framed as a deduction from theory, and sometimes as falsification, where the point of observation and experiment is to prove these theories false.) In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is dumb. Yet science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the greatest challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often, hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and characterize the natural world are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. ____49____ Understanding the beautiful, complex world we live in, and using that knowledge to do useful things, is its own reward. ____50____ However, we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us. A. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up, brush ourselves off, and get back to work. B. Scientific theories are not perfect reflections of reality. C. One popular move is to insist that science is right and that once we discover the truth about the world, that’s it. D. A popular move is that you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy. E. But we can never actually agree on what that method is. F. However, are scientific methods really scientific? III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Food Security Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty (source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2003). As of late 2007, export restrictions and panic buying, US Dollar Depreciation, increased farming for use in biofuels, world oil prices at more than $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, and loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development are claimed to have pushed up the price of grain. The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). The latest FAO figures indicate that there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment rate is over 35%. In its ‌“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003,” FAO states that: ‌“In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised by more rapid growth in their agricultural sectors.” So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家咖啡馆让我想起了二十世纪五六十年代的茶馆。(remind)(汉译英) 53. 最大挑战可能在于如何重塑员工对公司的信心。(lie) (汉译英) 54. 这位教练既对孩子们要求严格，也不遗余力地呵护着他们对足球的热爱。(effort) (汉译英) 55. 50年前，这里还是人迹罕至的海滩，与今天的游人如织迥然不同。(contrast) (汉译英) V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“Decision Making”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括：在无法抉择的情况下，通常是什么因素帮助你做出最后的决定；用一个具体的例子说明你的观点。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $