精品解析：上海师范大学附属虹口中学2026-2027学年高二上学期月考英语

选必一 Unit 1-2 Test I. Listening Comprehension 16% Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. In a supermarket. B. In a drug store. C. In a department store. D. In a car repair shop. 2. A. 20 minutes. B. 45 minutes. C. 25 minutes. D. 65 minutes. 3. A. Professor and student. B. Director and actor. C. Writer and advertiser. D. Hostess and guest. 4. A. She picked up the book from the bus stop. B. She can help the man out C. She’s also in need of a chemistry textbook. D. She will help the man to find the right person. 5. A. Take the test in three weeks. B. Call to make inquiries about the test results. C. Be patient and wait for the test results D. Inquire about the date when the results will be released. 6. A. He set fire to the building. B. He parked his car beside the building. C. He was trying to clear the road with the help of some other people. D. He found out what was going on. 7. A. He’s going to the theatre. B. He’s just returned from a job interview. C. He’s just visited his tailor. D. He’s dressed up to have his photo taken. 8. A. Registering for courses. B. Studying engineering and art history. C. Buying literature books. D. Going to the registry office. 9. A. The Jenkins made a wise investment. B. It is not sensible to make such an investment. C. The Jenkins should buy the stocks later. D. It is essential that the Jenkins should move out. 10. A. It is not a good timing to build it. B. It should have been built earlier. C. She is curious about this plan. D. She doubts how long the plan will take. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. South Korean Women. B. American citizens. C. People in industrialized countries. D. People with economic improvements. 12. A. High premature deaths. B. Overweight citizens. C. A lack of public health care. D. A shortage in new medical technologies. 13. A. More facilities should be established. B. Additional pressure should be put on pensions. C. People should retire at an earlier age. D. People should be provided with more payments Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following conversation. 14. A. Because of the security of the job. B. For a promotion to the Executive Director. C. To inspire the folks in the community. D. To enrich others and her own lives. 15. A. The speaker graduated in law and used to earn generous salaries. B. Spelman is a non-profit institute which turns out social workers. C. The audiences are regarded as beautiful because they all belong to Spelman. D. Public service is rewarding both in a spiritual and material sense. 16. A. Urging classmates to get involved in public service. B. Expressing gratitude to the audience for their volunteer work. C. Delivering a speech to the graduates from Spelman College. D. Illustrating how to help others as one climbs his career ladder. II. Grammar & Vocabulary Section A (10%) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Drinking coffee may help protect against Parkinson’s We know that what we eat and drink has a significant impact on our health, and a new study has found another connection between drinking coffee and a reduced risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. Looking at data collected on 184,024 individuals, over an average of 13 years, the international team of researchers behind the study found that coffee consumers had a lower risk of getting Parkinson’s than ____1____ not drinking coffee at all. “This study demonstrated an association of caffeinated coffee consumption ____2____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease with more than 20 years of follow-up,” write the researchers in their published paper. This wasn’t the first time that we ____3____ (find) a link between coffee and Parkinson’s, but it went further than previous research in the way it looked at biomarkers of caffeine intake years ahead of Parkinson’s disease ____4____ (diagnose) . The top 25 percent of coffee drinkers were found to be 40 percent less likely to develop Parkinson’s, compared to non-drinkers. ____5____ the association still persisted when factors such as smoking and drinking were accounted for, it’s not enough to prove direct cause and effect. However, there does seem to be something about caffeine and its ingredients ____6____ is protecting people’s brains. ____7____ (base) on previous research, it’s thought that the way caffeine keeps dopamine flowing in the brain may be the reason for these effects. Parkinson’s in the brain ____8____ (characterize) by a reduction in dopamine, due to a loss of nerve cells. Considering the way that caffeine hits our neurons, it’s perhaps not surprising that there appears to be a relationship with neurodegenerative diseases. However, as we’re still not sure how exactly Parkinson’s gets started in the brain, it’s difficult to be sure. The important work of figuring out what triggers Parkinson’s, what might affect our risk of getting the disease, and ____9____ it might be stopped, goes on. Coffee is the most widely-consumed psychoactive beverage in the world. ____10____ (unlock) the biological mechanism of caffeine on Parkinson’s disease not only carries important public health implications but also enhances our understanding of Parkinson’s disease etiology, fostering potential prevention strategies. 【答案】1. those 2. with 3. had found 4. being diagnosed 5. Although##Though##While 6. that 7. Based 8. is characterized 9. how 10. Unlocking 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍一项新研究发现饮用咖啡和降低患帕金森病风险存在关联，并介绍相关研究内容、局限以及咖啡因可能发挥作用的原理。 【1题详解】 考查代词。句意：这项研究背后的国际研究团队分析了184024人的平均13年收集的数据，发现咖啡饮用者患帕金森病的风险比完全不喝咖啡的人更低。此处为同类异物指代，上文consumer是复数，故此处用those，those not drinking coffee at all相当于the consumers not drinking coffee at all。 【2题详解】 考查介词。句意：研究人员在他们发表的论文中写道：“这项研究证明了摄入含咖啡因咖啡与帕金森病风险之间的关联，随访时长超过20年。”固定搭配 an association of A with B，表示“A与B之间的关联”。 【3题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：这并不是我们第一次发现咖啡和帕金森病之间存在联系，但这项研究在帕金森病确诊多年前就检测咖啡因摄入生物标志物的方式上，比以往的研究走得更远。固定句型It was the first time that…，从句使用过去完成时had done。 【4题详解】 考查非谓语动词 / 动词语态。句意：这并不是我们第一次发现咖啡和帕金森病之间存在联系，但这项研究在帕金森病确诊多年前就检测咖啡因摄入生物标志物的方式上，比以往的研究走得更远。介词ahead of后接动名词作宾语，且Parkinson’s disease和diagnose之间是被动关系，故用动名词的被动式being diagnosed。 【5题详解】 考查连词。句意：即使在把吸烟、饮酒等因素考虑在内时，这种关联仍然存在，但这不足以证明直接的因果关系。上下文是让步关系，although/though/while引导让步状语从句，放句首首字母大写。 【6题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：然而，咖啡因及其所含成分中似乎确实有某种物质在保护人们的大脑。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词something是不定代词，定语从句缺主语，用关系代词that引导。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：基于以往的研究，人们认为咖啡因让大脑内多巴胺持续分泌的方式可能是产生这些效果的原因。固定搭配be based on “基于”，此处省略be，用过去分词作状语，首字母大写。 【8题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：大脑中的帕金森病特征是多巴胺减少，这源于神经细胞的损耗。句子陈述客观事实，一般现在时，主语Parkinson’s是单数，且与characterize是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态is characterized。 【9题详解】 考查连接词。句意：找出是什么诱发帕金森病、什么可能影响我们患病风险以及如何阻止该病发生的重要工作仍在继续。此处和what引导的从句并列作figuring out的宾语，是宾语从句，表示“如何”，用连接副词how。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：解开咖啡因作用于帕金森病的生物学机制，不仅具备重要的公共卫生意义，也加深我们对帕金森病病因的理解，助力潜在预防方案的形成。本空在句中作主语，用动名词形式，首字母大写。 Section B (10%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. establish B. outdated C. implementing D. unconventional E. commitment F. promotion G. functioning H. certified I. subject J. individuals K. identify Reasons to Keep Learning Once You’re Done With School There have always been people who have believed that lifelong learning is a worthwhile process. For example, a recent article in The Atlantic reported that when ____11____ learn new tasks, they strengthen the part of their brain used in learning the task. Even better, this process makes the neighboring areas of the brain more resilient as well. Here are some more reasons why you should always keep learning: ·Fight Boredom. Most people feel bored when they aren’t challenged and boredom is the number one cause of bad decisions. If you’re constantly learning new things, you’ll be less ____12____ to disinterest. ·Keep Your Brain Healthy. A study by the University of California at Irvine revealed that learning keeps your brain ____13____ at a high level. Just like you need to exercise your body’s muscles and cardiovascular system, you need to exercise your brain to keep it in tip-top shape. ·Grow Your Career. If you learn new work-related skills, you’ll be more likely to get a ____14____ or raise. And, with the rise of online education, you can even enroll in ____15____programs that allow you to learn and improve your career during your off-hours. ·Model Positive Behaviour for Your Kids. If you expect your children to focus in school and take the time to learn their lessons, you should exhibit the same ____16____ to self-improvement in your daily life. ·Keep in Touch With The World. If you don’t know the latest fashion, comedy and news trends, you’ll sound ____17____. By trying new things and learning new ideas, you’ll better be able to ____18____ connections with those around you. ·Look at the World with Fresh Eyes. Scientists believe that much of what is called creativity is simply the ability to apply skills learned in one setting to problems in another setting. If you’re always learning, this means that when you face a familiar problem, you may be able to come at it with a (an) ____19____ solution, on the basis of your new knowledge. ·All the Greats are Doing It. Think of anyone, in any field, who is truly brilliant at what they do. They got where they ace through constant self-improvement. Truly talented people are constantly learning and ____20____ new skills. It’s worth joining them in this passion. 【答案】11. J 12. I 13. G 14. F 15. H 16. E 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍离校之后坚持终身学习的诸多益处，鼓励人们持续学习、自我提升。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：例如，《大西洋月刊》近期一篇报道称，当个体学习新任务时，他们会强化大脑中用于学习该任务的区域。从句缺少主语，结合语境，此处指普通人、个体，名词individuals“个体，个人”符合题意。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果你持续不断地学习新事物，你就不容易感到提不起兴趣。空处作表语，结合上文“If you’re constantly learning new things”可知，此处指如果不断学习新事物，就不太容易感到提不起兴趣，形容词subject“易受……影响的”符合题意，固定搭配be subject to表示“易遭受……；容易受到……影响”。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：加州大学欧文分校的一项研究表明，学习能让你的大脑维持高水平运转。结合常识和“learning keeps your brain”可知，学习能让大脑维持高水平运转，动词function“运转”符合题意，固定搭配keep sth. doing“使某物持续做……”，空处填functioning。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果你学习和工作相关的新技能，你更有可能获得晋升或者加薪。空处和raise并列指“晋升”，名词 promotion“晋升”符合题意，作宾语。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：并且，随着线上教育兴起，你甚至可以报名参加经过认证的课程，让你在业余时间学习、助力职业提升。空处修饰修饰名词programs，结合“with the rise of online education, you can even enroll”可知，此处指参加经过认证的网课，形容词certified“认证的，有资质的” 符合题意。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果你期待孩子在校专心、花时间学习功课，你也应当在日常生活中展现同样致力于自我提升的投入。空处作动词exhibit的宾语，结合上文“If you expect your children to focus in school and take the time to learn their lessons”可知，此处指在日常生活中的投入，名词commitment“投入，奉献”符合题意。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果你不了解最新的潮流、喜剧热点和新闻趋势，你听起来就会落伍。空处作表语，结合上文“If you don’t know the latest fashion, comedy and news trends”可知，这是一种落伍的表现，形容词outdated“过时的，落伍的”符合题意。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：通过尝试新事物、学习新理念，你能够更好地和身边人建立联系。be able to后接动词原形，结合后文“connections with those around you”可知，此处指身边的人建立联系，动词establish“建立”符合题意。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果你一直在学习，这意味着当你面对熟悉的问题时，你可以依托新知识，想出一个非常规的解决方案。空处修饰名词solution，结合下文“on the basis of your new knowledge”可知，此处指依托新知识想出非常规的解决方案，形容词unconventional“非传统的，非常规的” 符合题意。 【20题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：真正有才能的人一直在学习并且运用新技能。呼应learning此处指运用学习的技能，动词implement“实施，运用”的现在分词implementing符合题意，与are构成现在进行时。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A (15%) Why You Might Need an Adventure In 2017, a scholar at the Murdoch University in Australia proposed a hypothesis about why materially comfortable humans would be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. The universe is life-giving and deadly, and therefore, from the beginning, humans needed to embrace ____21____ to flourish. This characteristic, encoded in the genes ever since, may ____22____ itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors. Evidence from modern researchers does suggest that regarding one’s life as this type of difficult quest (探索) can lead to positive transformation. In one 2023 experiment, scholars asked participants to regard their life as a (an) ____23____ journey. The researchers found it raised their subjects’ ____24____ ; it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble. Beyond simply rewriting your life story, starting a voluntary challenge or adventure can bring immediate and big ____25____ benefits. Consider a 2013 study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains. A challenging adventure doesn’t have to be physical in nature; it can equally be ____26____ . Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods. This raises an interesting paradox (悖论) that appears in this field of happiness research: People ____27____ a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don’t, yet we typically ____28____ the latter. In other words, you will probably be much happier reading about ____29____ or science than you will if you just scroll social media — so why are you still scrolling? The obvious answer is that it is less mentally ____30____ — and although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates (苏格拉底) will probably be greater, they are deferred (延期的) and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone. Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. ____31____ if you are a little too comfortable spending time in work that doesn’t inspire you, perhaps you should quit and start a job search. If the information in your head has become ____32____ to you, maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field. For a physical challenge, ____33____ a half-marathon in six months’ time or set out to walk a few hundred miles. There is no ____34____ that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect, of course. And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn’t be heroic; if it were ____35____ , it wouldn’t be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. 21. A. adaptation B. cooperation C. evolution D. risk 22. A. reveal B. conceal C. imagine D. replace 23. A. criminal’s B. hero’s C. ancestor’s D. champion’s 24. A. pessimism about life B. sense of purpose C. desire for materialism D. withdrawal from society 25. A. well-being B. charity C. career D. finance 26. A. academic B. mental C. professional D. subjective 27. A. sacrifice B. overlook C. obtain D. shelter 28. A. opt against B. account for C. turn down D. settle for 29. A. comics B. philosophy C. gossip D. guidance 30. A. sensational B. valuable C. demanding D. advantageous 31. A. For instance B. In addition C. By contrast D. In consequence 32. A. dull B. unpleasant C. significant D. priceless 33. A. give in to B. put up with C. keep away from D. sign up for 34. A. perspective B. guarantee C. need D. doubt 35. A. durable B. inevitable C. remarkable D. predictable 【答案】21. D 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D 【解析】 【导语】文章阐释人类会被冒险吸引的原因，挑战可带来积极改变，鼓励人们主动寻找有价值的挑战。 【21题详解】 考查名词。句意：宇宙既孕育生命，也致命，因此，从一开始，人类就需要拥抱风险才能繁荣。A. adaptation适应；B. cooperation合作；C. evolution进化；D. risk风险。根据前文“materially comfortable humans would be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. The universe is life-giving and deadly, and therefore, from the beginning”可知，人类从一开始就需要接受“风险”才能繁荣发展。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：从那时起，这种特征就被编码在基因组中，可能表现为采取冒险的英雄行为的倾向。A. reveal揭露，展示；B. conceal隐藏；C. imagine想象；D. replace取代。根据后文“itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors”可知，这种编码在基因中的特征可能表现为一种采取冒险英雄行为的倾向，reveal itself as...表示“表现为……”。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：在2023年的一项实验中，学者要求参与者把自己的人生看作一场英雄的探索之旅。A. criminal’s罪犯的；B. hero’s英雄的；C. ancestor’s祖先的；D. champion’s冠军的。结合第一段“adopt risky heroic behaviors”以及上文提到的冒险、英雄行为等内容，这里是让参与者将自己的生活重新构建为遵循“英雄”之旅的步骤。 【24题详解】 考查名词短语。句意：研究人员发现，它提高了受试者的目标感；这也使一项困难的任务变得更有意义，提高了他们对麻烦的抵抗力。A. pessimism about life对生活的悲观；B. sense of purpose目的感；C. desire for materialism物质欲；D. withdrawal from society远离社会。根据后文“it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble”可知，此处是在说明英雄之旅的好处，提高了受试者的目标感符合语境。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：除了简单地重写你的生活故事，开始一个自愿的挑战或冒险可以带来直接的和巨大的“幸福”的好处。A. well-being幸福，安康；B. charity慈善；C. career事业；D. finance经济。根据后文“Consider a 2013 study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains.”可知，开始一项自愿的挑战或冒险能带来直接且巨大的“幸福”益处。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：具有挑战性的冒险不一定本质上是体力层面的；它同样可以是精神上的。A. academic学术的；B. mental心理的；C. professional专业的；D. subjective主观的。根据后文“Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods.”可知，具有挑战性的冒险并不一定是体力层面的；它同样可以是精神上的。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：这就引出了幸福研究领域中一个有趣的悖论：人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐要比从不需要学习的低技能活动中获得的快乐多得多，但我们通常满足于后者。A. sacrifice牺牲；B. overlook忽视；C. obtain获得；D. shelter庇护。根据后文“a lot more happiness from high-skill activities”可知，此处指人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：这就引出了幸福研究领域中一个有趣的悖论：人们从需要学习的高技能活动中获得的快乐要比从不需要学习的低技能活动中获得的快乐多得多，但我们通常满足于后者。A. opt against选择反对；B. account for解释；C. turn down拒绝；D. settle for满足于。根据上文“yet we typically”中yet表示转折可知，然而我们通常“满足于”低技能活动。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：换句话说，你可能会更喜欢阅读哲学或科学，而不是浏览社交媒体——那你为什么还在刷呢？A. comics漫画；B. philosophy哲学；C. gossip流言蜚语；D. guidance指导。根据后文“or science”以及上文动词reading可知此处指阅读哲学或科学，后文“although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates(苏格拉底)”提到阅读苏格拉底也是提示阅读哲学。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：显而易见的答案是，它对精神的要求更低——尽管阅读苏格拉底的快乐益处可能会更大，但与坐在沙发上用手机看视频的即时满足感相比，它们是延迟的和抽象的。A. sensational轰动的；B. valuable宝贵的；C. demanding要求高的；D. advantageous有利的。根据后文“although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates (苏格拉底) will probably be greater, they are deferred (延期的) and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone.”可知，喜欢刷视频是因为对精神的要求更低。 【31题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：例如，如果你觉得在不能激励你的工作上消磨时间有点太舒服了，也许你应该辞职，开始找工作。A. For instance例如；B. In addition此外；C. By contrast相比之下；D. In consequence结果。根据上文“Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard”可知，前文说生活枯燥的人应该找一个有价值且困难的挑战，这里举例说明，比如工作不激励自己就辞职找工作。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果你头脑中的信息对你来说已经变得枯燥，也许是时候回到学校学习一个新的领域了。A. dull枯燥的；B. unpleasant令人不快的；C. significant重要的；D. priceless无价的。根据后文“maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field”可知，学习新领域是因为头脑中的信息变得枯燥了。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：对于身体上的挑战，你可以报名参加六个月的半程马拉松，或者开始步行几百英里。A. give in to屈服于；B. put up with忍受；C. keep away from避免；D. sign up for报名参加。根据后文“a half-marathon in six months’ time or set out to walk a few hundred miles”可知，此处指报名参加马拉松比赛。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：当然，没有人能保证你选择的任何冒险都会如你所愿。A. perspective观点；B. guarantee保证；C. need需要；D. doubt怀疑。根据后文“whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect”可知，冒险的意义在于不能“保证”你选择的任何冒险都会如你所愿。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果它是安全的，它就不是英雄主义的活动；如果它是可预测的，那就不是冒险了。A. durable持久的；B. inevitable必然发生的；C. remarkable非凡的；D. predictable可预测的。呼应上文“There is no ____ that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect”此处指如果可以预测，就不是冒险。 Section B (16%) (A) Naquela Wright’s life took an unexpected turn when she lost her eyesight as a teenager, but even when her world became dark, the New Jersey resident didn’t want to quit social media. Using Facebook was a challenge at first. Diagnosed in 2010 with pseudotumor cerebri, a rare health condition in which pressure increases around the brain and can result in the loss of vision, Wright learned how to use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice. Still, when a friend sends her a photo, Wright often has no clue what the image shows. Now Facebook is trying to solve this problem by exploiting the power of artificial intelligence to create new tools that not only describe items in a photo but allows users to ask what’s in an image. “I can have a basic picture in my mind of what’s going on in the picture and now I can comment on my own,” said Wright, who got to try out the new tools that are still being tested. “Of course, it’s different, but it’s something more than I had.” An estimated 285 million people are visually disabled globally, according to the World Health Organization, and research conducted by Facebook showed that blind users have trouble figuring out what’s in a photo because the description isn’t clear or doesn’t exist. Facebook has made it easier to skim through the content on its website with a screen reader by improving HTML headings, adding alternative text for images, launching keyboard shortcuts, and more. Using artificial intelligence to describe photos is only a part of these ongoing efforts. With 1.5 billion users, Facebook isn’t the only social media company that wants to improve its website for the visually disabled. Along with Facebook and other major tech firms, Twitter and LinkedIn have their own accessibility teams and belong to an initiative called “Teaching Accessibility”. Jeff Wieland, Facebook’s head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers, especially early in college, about designing products that are compatible with the disabled and others. “We really don’t want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of companies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around the world to be built with accessibility in mind.” 36. What tool helps the visually disabled to read Facebook? A. A screen reader. B. A special keyboard. C. A helpful robot. D. HTML headings. 37. What can be inferred from the passage about the new tool created by Facebook? A. It adds a lot of shortcuts on the keyboard. B. It helps users to employ their senses other than sight. C. It meets no competitors with its advanced technology. D. It inspires more engineers to explore artificial intelligence. 38. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph “are compatible with” most probably means ________. A. are unaffordable to B. bring harm to C. keep company of D. well suit 39. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. Screen reader: tool to access social media B. Ongoing efforts: strength to improve websites C. Artificial intelligence: power to help the blind D. Teaching accessibility: initiative to educate engineers 【答案】36. A 37. B 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Facebook利用人工智能，设计了一种屏幕阅读器来帮助视觉障碍者阅读网站内容。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Using Facebook was a challenge at first. Diagnosed in 2010 with pseudotumor cerebri, a rare health condition in which pressure increases around the brain and can result in the loss of vision, Wright learned how to use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice.(一开始使用Facebook是一个挑战。Wright在2010年被诊断出患有假性脑瘤，这是一种罕见的疾病，会导致大脑周围的压力增加，并可能导致失明。他学会了如何使用屏幕阅读器，通过触摸键盘和听机器人声音来阅读该部分)”可知，屏幕阅读器可以帮助视觉障碍者阅读Facebook。故选A。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Wright learned how to use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice.( Wright学会了如何使用屏幕阅读器，通过触摸键盘和听机器人声音来阅读该部分)”可推知，Facebook创造的新工具帮助使用者运用他们的触觉和听觉等感官，而不是视觉。故选B。 【38题详解】 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中““We really don’t want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of companies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around the world to be built with accessibility in mind.”(Wieland 说：“我们真的不希望便利性成为少数公司的奢侈品,我们希望世界各地的一切建设都考虑到可访问性”)”，再结合画线词上文“Jeff Wieland, Facebook’s head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers, especially early in college, about designing products that”以及后文“the disabled and others”可知，Jeff Wieland说该组织希望教育更多的工程师，特别是在大学早期阶段，让他们设计出非常适合残疾人和其他人的产品，提高便利性和可访问性。即画线词意思是“非常适合”。故选D。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Facebook利用人工智能，设计了一种屏幕阅读器来帮助视觉障碍者阅读网站内容，故C选项“人工智能：帮助盲人的力量”最符合文章标题。故选C。 (B) Have you ever felt out of place at a party or profoundly misunderstood by a colleague, friend, or partner? This feeling of being unable to communicate your intended information is what psychologist Carl Jung referred to when he said that loneliness comes not from being alone, but from being “unable to communicate the things that seem important to you.” While such a failure to connect is sometimes owed to poor social skills, there are also other reasons. The specific experience — of feeling separate and alone in one’s thoughts and experiences despite having the capacity to share them — is known as epistemic loneliness. Psychologists define epistemic loneliness as the inability to share “the richer mental aspects” of one’s life. To put it another way, it strikes when a person’s unique cognitive world — formed by their specific abilities and deep intellectual interests — finds no echo in others. This is the profound frustration of being mentally “all dressed up but with nowhere to go”. A musician composing a new piece, an educator polishing their teaching philosophy, or a researcher analyzing groundbreaking data all risk this loneliness when their intellectual excitement is met with disinterest from those around them. The frustration of such intellectual divorce is profound, yet a genuine connection is possible. For instance, my conversation with an English professor proved to be resonant and meaningful. This published poet and pianist and I discussed the idea of making complex ideas and experiences something more easily understood by our students, clients, and readers. Because we built bridges to meet one another via shared experiences and backgrounds, cognitive isolation was not experienced that evening. This is not to say that being cognitively connected with others is the only fix to this type of loneliness. Everyone has thoughts, stories, and experiences to share, and as both a nonprofessional and a helping professional, I am happy to hear them. But not everyone in our lives is willing or able to share their thoughts in response to ours. Therefore, a like-minded other, or someone who “gets” it or “gets” us, goes a long way toward eliminating this specific kind of loneliness. Jung’s insight points the way forward: we must seek out those moments where we can speak about what matters most to us and, in doing so, be seen and known for who we are. Ultimately, dancing in dialogue is key. Having a fellow knower who is willing to meet you halfway and who knows some of the steps, or is interested in learning a few new ones, can reduce this type of loneliness. 40. According to the passage, which of the following best describes “epistemic loneliness”? A. The frustration of failing to express complex thoughts clearly. B. The inability to share intellectual life with receptive audience. C. The objective condition of having no one to communicate with. D. The emotional distress caused by a lack of shared social identity. 41. Why does the author mention the conversation with the English professor? A. To contrast academic dialogue with everyday conversation. B. To advocate for structured solutions to intellectual isolation. C. To highlight the scarcity of genuine intellectual connections. D. To illustrate how shared backgrounds eases social loneliness. 42. The metaphor of “dancing in dialogue” is used to suggest that meaningful communication __________. A. is a mutually responsive and adaptive exchange B. depends more on one party’s expressive skills C. functions like a performance for passive audiences D. benefits from established conversational patterns 43. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A. To contrast social isolation with psychological loneliness. B. To analyze the philosophical origins of Carl Jung’s theories. C. To define a type of loneliness and explore ways to address it. D. To promote the professional methods of psychological consulting. 【答案】40. B 41. D 42. A 43. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要阐释认知孤独并探讨缓解它的有效途径。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“While such a failure to connect is sometimes owed to poor social skills, there are also other reasons. The specific experience — of feeling separate and alone in one’s thoughts and experiences despite having the capacity to share them — is known as epistemic loneliness.(虽然这种沟通上的隔阂有时是因为社交能力欠佳，但也存在其他原因。这种特殊的体验——尽管有能力分享自己的想法与经历，内心却感到疏离与孤独——被称为认知孤独)”及第三段中“Psychologists define epistemic loneliness as the inability to share “the richer mental aspects” of one’s life. To put it another way, it strikes when a person’s unique cognitive world — formed by their specific abilities and deep intellectual interests — finds no echo in others.(心理学家将认知孤独定义为：一个人无法分享自己生命中“更丰富的精神层面”。换句话说，当一个人由独特能力与深厚智识兴趣所构成的独特认知世界，在他人那里得不到共鸣时，这种孤独感便会袭来)”可知，认知孤独是指无法与有共鸣的听众分享智力生活。故选B。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“For instance, my conversation with an English professor proved to be resonant and meaningful. This published poet and pianist and I discussed the idea of making complex ideas and experiences something more easily understood by our students, clients, and readers. Because we built bridges to meet one another via shared experiences and backgrounds, cognitive isolation was not experienced that evening.(例如，我与一位英语教授的交谈就充满共鸣，意义非凡。这位既是出版诗人又是钢琴家的学者，和我一同探讨了如何让复杂的思想与经历更容易被学生、客户和读者理解。因为我们通过共同的经历和背景搭建了沟通的桥梁，那晚我并未感到认知上的孤独)”可知，作者提到与英语教授的对话是为了说明共同的背景如何缓解社交孤独。故选D。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately, dancing in dialogue is key. Having a fellow knower who is willing to meet you halfway and who knows some of the steps, or is interested in learning a few new ones, can reduce this type of loneliness.(归根结底，在对话中相伴共舞才是关键。拥有一位愿意与你相向而行、知晓其中一些舞步，或者有兴趣学习几个新舞步的知音，能够减轻这种孤独感)”可知，“对话共舞”这个比喻用来暗示有意义的交流是一种相互回应和适应的交流。故选A。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段中“The specific experience — of feeling separate and alone in one’s thoughts and experiences despite having the capacity to share them — is known as epistemic loneliness. (这种特殊的体验——尽管有能力分享自己的想法与经历，内心却感到疏离与孤独——被称为认知孤独)”可知，文章主要解释了认知孤独的定义，并通过举例说明和荣格的见解探讨了缓解认知孤独的方法。由此可推知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是定义一种孤独并探索解决它的方法。故选C。 Section C (6%) Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. ____44____ For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”) . When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. ____45____ Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. ____46____ The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”. Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role ____47____ Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity (角色认同) and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to definite advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”. A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements. B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must. C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. D. Individual differences are most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. E. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. 【答案】44. F 45. B 46. E 47. C 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍人们做志愿活动的动机以及能够让志愿者长期坚持下去的影响因素。 【44题详解】 上文“Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer.(让我们从人们为什么做志愿活动这个问题开始)”提出探讨做志愿的原因，下文“For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships.(例如，人们做志愿是为了表达和无私相关的个人价值观、拓展自身经历范围以及巩固社会关系)”举例说明多种做志愿的动因。F选项“Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.(研究者已经找出了几个促使人们参与志愿活动的因素)”承接上文的问题，并引出下文的举例。 【45题详解】 上文“Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”) . When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.(不幸的是，这些项目会把人们参与的意愿从内在因素（例如：“我做志愿，因为这对我很重要”）转变为外在因素（例如：“我做志愿，因为我被要求这样做”）。当这种情况发生时，人们未来做志愿的可能性会降低)”说明了强制志愿项目带来的负面后果。B选项“People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.(当人们把志愿活动定为硬性要求时，必须留意这种可能性)”承接上文内容给出警告，“this possibility”指代上文提到的人们以后不愿再志愿的情况。 【46题详解】 上文“For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.(例如，有一项研究对佛罗里达州的238名志愿者进行了为期一年的追踪。影响志愿者满意度最重要的因素之一是他们在志愿岗位上经历的难处多少)”介绍研究发现，下文“The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.(研究者指出，应当关注一些训练方式，让志愿者为棘手情况做好准备，或是给他们提供应对所遇难题的办法)”给出实用建议。E选项“Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice.(虽然这个结果或许不会让你惊讶，但它引出了重要的实用建议)”起到过渡作用，衔接研究结论和后文建议。 【47题详解】 上文“Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role.(另一项针对芝加哥医院302名志愿者的研究，聚焦人们把“志愿者”看作重要社会角色的程度上存在的个体差异)”引出角色认同这项研究，下文“Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”(参与者通过回答诸如“在医院做志愿是自我身份重要的一部分”这类表述，来表明该社会角色对自己的重要程度)”介绍研究内容。C选项“It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.(研究预先假定，那些把志愿者角色当成自我身份重要组成部分的人，也最有可能持续做志愿工作)”衔接上文的研究主题，引出后续的实验验证。 IV. 64. Summary (10%) 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Crown (树冠) Shyness Do you love forest bathing or taking walks in the forests? Then once in a while, you’ve witnessed a somewhat appealing phenomenon in which tree crowns in the forest seem to deliberately keep to themselves and avoid touching each other. Strange as this may seem, it is, in fact, a natural phenomenon and has a name: crown shyness. There are many theories behind this fascinating phenomenon, but the most convincing one relates to competition and defense. To grow better, trees depend on vital elements such as sunlight, water, and soil nutrients. By maintaining gaps between their crowns, they can maximize their intake of these necessities, ensuring healthy growth and a balanced ecosystem. Additionally, crown shyness acts as a protective barrier against insects and diseases. The physical separation between tree tops reduces the spread of harmful organisms and lowers the risk of widespread infection that could threaten large areas of the forest. This phenomenon, however, is not uniform across all trees. The extent and intensity of crown shyness can vary, with some gaps small and other separations obvious. Some people might think this natural phenomenon is merely a random occurrence with no real purpose, but this is not the case. Crown shyness allows each tree to access enough sunlight by preventing the overlap of branches. It ensures that sunlight can reach the lower branches and leaves, promoting their growth and enabling efficient energy production. Moreover, crown shyness aids in the efficient distribution of rainfall. When rain falls through the tree tops, the gaps between tree crowns act as channels, guiding water to the forest floor. It also plays a role in reducing wind resistance. The gaps between tree crowns create pathways for wind to pass through the forest, reducing potential damage caused by strong winds. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考答案： Crown shyness is a mysterious and fascinating phenomenon where tree crowns avoid touching each other. It may result from competition for resources like light and water or serve as a defense against insects and diseases. This phenomenon, while not universal, has real purposes. It helps maximize sunlight access, promotes efficient rainfall distribution, and reduces wind resistance, supporting overall forest health. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“树冠羞避”这一自然现象，解释了其可能的原因及其对森林生态系统的益处。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ① Crown shyness is a phenomenon where tree crowns avoid touching each other. ② It may result from competition for resources like sunlight and water, or serve as a defense against insects and diseases. ③ This phenomenon helps maximize sunlight access, promotes efficient rainfall distribution, and reduces wind resistance. ④ Crown shyness supports overall forest health and is not a random occurrence. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点整合为现象及其原因，将第3、4两个要点整合为现象的作用和意义。 3. 遣词造句 Crown shyness is a natural phenomenon where tree crowns avoid contact, possibly due to resource competition or disease prevention. It benefits forests by optimizing sunlight exposure, aiding rainfall distribution, and reducing wind damage, ensuring ecosystem balance. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Crown shyness is a natural phenomenon where tree crowns avoid contact, possibly due to resource competition or disease prevention. (运用where引导的定语从句和possibly due to短语，对现象及其原因进行了简洁而高级的概括) 【高分句型2】It benefits forests by optimizing sunlight exposure, aiding rainfall distribution, and reducing wind damage, ensuring ecosystem balance. (通过by引导的方式状语和四个动名词充当介词by的宾语，清晰地说明了现象的多重作用，表达层次丰富) V. Fill in the blanks (5%) 选词填空 work on, be aware of, persist in, hang around, consist of, lead a campaign for 49. I stayed up late last night, ________________ the speech to be delivered at the graduation ceremony. 50. The team ________________ well-educated volunteers raised funds for people in poverty-stricken area. 51. He ________________ the garden with some other guys this time tomorrow. 52. Most of people ________________ setting strict demands on themselves at that time. 53. It was not hard to imagine a chocolate manufacturer that ________________ animal protection. 【答案】49. working on 50. consisting of 51. will be hanging around 52. were aware of 53. led a campaign for 【解析】 【49题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：我昨晚熬夜到很晚，忙着准备要在毕业典礼上发表的演讲稿。结合the speech to be delivered 可知，此处指致力于准备演讲稿，动词短语work on“致力于，忙于”符合题意，主语I和work on是主动关系，用现在分词作伴随状语。 【50题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这支由受过良好教育的志愿者组成的团队为贫困地区的人们筹集资金。结合well-educated volunteers可知，此处指团队由志愿者组成，动词短语consist of“由……组成”符合题意，空处作后置定语修饰the team，consist of无被动形式，用现在分词。 【51题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：明天这个时候，他会和另外几个小伙子在花园附近闲逛。结合the garden可知，此处指在花园附近闲逛，hang around“在……附近闲逛”符合题意，时间状语this time tomorrow表示将来某一时刻正在发生的动作，故用将来进行时will be hanging around。 【52题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：那时大多数人都意识到要严格要求自己。结合setting strict demands on themselves可知，此处指意识到要严格要求自己，短语be aware of“知道，意识到”符合题意，作谓语，时间状语at that time（在那时）表明为过去的语境，用一般过去时，主语people是复数，be用were。 【53题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：不难想象一个发起动物保护运动的巧克力生产商。结合animal protection可知，此处指发起动物保护，lead a campaign for“发起支持……的运动”符合题意，主句为一般过去时，定语从句时态保持一致，用一般过去式。 54. 明年推出的两款新模型是基于提高环保意识能够产生影响的理念。 (difference) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】 The two new models to be launched next year are based on the idea that raising environmental awareness can make a difference. 【解析】 【详解】主语“两款新模型”译为名词词组the two new models；定语“明年推出的”译为动词不定式的被动式to be launched next year，作后置定语修饰主语，表被动和将来；谓语“是基于”译为动词短语be based on，句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时态，主语是复数，be用are；宾语“理念”译为名词the idea；“提高环保意识能够产生影响”是同位语，用连词that引导从句，说明idea的具体内容，从句主语“提高环保意识”译为动名词短语raising environmental awareness，结合提示词，从句谓语“能够产生影响”译为动词短语can make a difference。 55. 流感爆发时，这个在孤儿院长大的男人出于害怕隐瞒了自己的疾病，这威胁到了周边人的安全。 (threat) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】 When the flu broke out, the man brought up in an orphanage hid his disease out of fear, which posed a threat to the safety of people around him. 【解析】 【详解】句子描述过去发生的事件，用一般过去时。“流感暴发时”处理为when引导的时间状语从句，表达为when the flu broke out，break out是固定短语，意为“爆发”。主句主语“这个在孤儿院长大的男人”表达为the man brought up in an orphanage，过去分词短语brought up in an orphanage作后置定语，谓语“隐藏”用hide的过去式hid，宾语“他的疾病”表达为his disease，状语“出于害怕”表达为out of fear；“这威胁到了周边人的安全”处理为which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代主句提到的事情，且在从句中作主语，谓语“对……构成威胁”用pose a threat to，pose用过去式posed，宾语“周围人的安全”表达为the safety of people around him。 56. 本次展览的独特之处在于它涵盖了古埃及文明的方方面面，前来观展的人们无不被展品的琳琅满目深深吸引。 (consist) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】 What is unique about this exhibition is that it consists of every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and all visitors are deeply attracted by the vast array of exhibits. 【解析】 【详解】本句陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；“本次展览的独特之处”处理为主语从句，表达为what is unique about this exhibition，“涵盖”用提示词consist，固定搭配consist of表“包含、涵盖”，“它涵盖了古埃及文明的方方面面”处理为that引导的表语从句，表达为that it consists of every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization，“前来观展的人们无不被展品的琳琅满目深深吸引”为and连接的并列句，“前来观展的人们无不被深深吸引”为双重否定表肯定含义，翻译为all visitors are deeply attracted by，“展品的琳琅满目”表达为the vast array of exhibits。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 选必一 Unit 1-2 Test I. Listening Comprehension 16% Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. In a supermarket. B. In a drug store. C. In a department store. D. In a car repair shop. 2. A. 20 minutes. B. 45 minutes. C. 25 minutes. D. 65 minutes. 3. A. Professor and student. B. Director and actor. C. Writer and advertiser. D. Hostess and guest. 4. A. She picked up the book from the bus stop. B. She can help the man out C. She’s also in need of a chemistry textbook. D. She will help the man to find the right person. 5. A. Take the test in three weeks. B. Call to make inquiries about the test results. C. Be patient and wait for the test results D. Inquire about the date when the results will be released. 6. A. He set fire to the building. B. He parked his car beside the building. C. He was trying to clear the road with the help of some other people. D. He found out what was going on. 7. A. He’s going to the theatre. B. He’s just returned from a job interview. C. He’s just visited his tailor. D. He’s dressed up to have his photo taken. 8. A. Registering for courses. B. Studying engineering and art history. C. Buying literature books. D. Going to the registry office. 9. A. The Jenkins made a wise investment. B. It is not sensible to make such an investment. C. The Jenkins should buy the stocks later. D. It is essential that the Jenkins should move out. 10. A. It is not a good timing to build it. B. It should have been built earlier. C. She is curious about this plan. D. She doubts how long the plan will take. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. South Korean Women. B. American citizens. C. People in industrialized countries. D. People with economic improvements. 12. A. High premature deaths. B. Overweight citizens. C. A lack of public health care. D. A shortage in new medical technologies. 13. A. More facilities should be established. B. Additional pressure should be put on pensions. C. People should retire at an earlier age. D. People should be provided with more payments Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following conversation. 14. A. Because of the security of the job. B. For a promotion to the Executive Director. C. To inspire the folks in the community. D. To enrich others and her own lives. 15. A. The speaker graduated in law and used to earn generous salaries. B. Spelman is a non-profit institute which turns out social workers. C. The audiences are regarded as beautiful because they all belong to Spelman. D. Public service is rewarding both in a spiritual and material sense. 16. A. Urging classmates to get involved in public service. B. Expressing gratitude to the audience for their volunteer work. C. Delivering a speech to the graduates from Spelman College. D. Illustrating how to help others as one climbs his career ladder. II. Grammar & Vocabulary Section A (10%) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Drinking coffee may help protect against Parkinson’s We know that what we eat and drink has a significant impact on our health, and a new study has found another connection between drinking coffee and a reduced risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. Looking at data collected on 184,024 individuals, over an average of 13 years, the international team of researchers behind the study found that coffee consumers had a lower risk of getting Parkinson’s than ____1____ not drinking coffee at all. “This study demonstrated an association of caffeinated coffee consumption ____2____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease with more than 20 years of follow-up,” write the researchers in their published paper. This wasn’t the first time that we ____3____ (find) a link between coffee and Parkinson’s, but it went further than previous research in the way it looked at biomarkers of caffeine intake years ahead of Parkinson’s disease ____4____ (diagnose) . The top 25 percent of coffee drinkers were found to be 40 percent less likely to develop Parkinson’s, compared to non-drinkers. ____5____ the association still persisted when factors such as smoking and drinking were accounted for, it’s not enough to prove direct cause and effect. However, there does seem to be something about caffeine and its ingredients ____6____ is protecting people’s brains. ____7____ (base) on previous research, it’s thought that the way caffeine keeps dopamine flowing in the brain may be the reason for these effects. Parkinson’s in the brain ____8____ (characterize) by a reduction in dopamine, due to a loss of nerve cells. Considering the way that caffeine hits our neurons, it’s perhaps not surprising that there appears to be a relationship with neurodegenerative diseases. However, as we’re still not sure how exactly Parkinson’s gets started in the brain, it’s difficult to be sure. The important work of figuring out what triggers Parkinson’s, what might affect our risk of getting the disease, and ____9____ it might be stopped, goes on. Coffee is the most widely-consumed psychoactive beverage in the world. ____10____ (unlock) the biological mechanism of caffeine on Parkinson’s disease not only carries important public health implications but also enhances our understanding of Parkinson’s disease etiology, fostering potential prevention strategies. Section B (10%) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. establish B. outdated C. implementing D. unconventional E. commitment F. promotion G. functioning H. certified I. subject J. individuals K. identify Reasons to Keep Learning Once You’re Done With School There have always been people who have believed that lifelong learning is a worthwhile process. For example, a recent article in The Atlantic reported that when ____11____ learn new tasks, they strengthen the part of their brain used in learning the task. Even better, this process makes the neighboring areas of the brain more resilient as well. Here are some more reasons why you should always keep learning: ·Fight Boredom. Most people feel bored when they aren’t challenged and boredom is the number one cause of bad decisions. If you’re constantly learning new things, you’ll be less ____12____ to disinterest. ·Keep Your Brain Healthy. A study by the University of California at Irvine revealed that learning keeps your brain ____13____ at a high level. Just like you need to exercise your body’s muscles and cardiovascular system, you need to exercise your brain to keep it in tip-top shape. ·Grow Your Career. If you learn new work-related skills, you’ll be more likely to get a ____14____ or raise. And, with the rise of online education, you can even enroll in ____15____programs that allow you to learn and improve your career during your off-hours. ·Model Positive Behaviour for Your Kids. If you expect your children to focus in school and take the time to learn their lessons, you should exhibit the same ____16____ to self-improvement in your daily life. ·Keep in Touch With The World. If you don’t know the latest fashion, comedy and news trends, you’ll sound ____17____. By trying new things and learning new ideas, you’ll better be able to ____18____ connections with those around you. ·Look at the World with Fresh Eyes. Scientists believe that much of what is called creativity is simply the ability to apply skills learned in one setting to problems in another setting. If you’re always learning, this means that when you face a familiar problem, you may be able to come at it with a (an) ____19____ solution, on the basis of your new knowledge. ·All the Greats are Doing It. Think of anyone, in any field, who is truly brilliant at what they do. They got where they ace through constant self-improvement. Truly talented people are constantly learning and ____20____ new skills. It’s worth joining them in this passion. III. Reading Comprehension Section A (15%) Why You Might Need an Adventure In 2017, a scholar at the Murdoch University in Australia proposed a hypothesis about why materially comfortable humans would be drawn to difficult, even dangerous tasks. The universe is life-giving and deadly, and therefore, from the beginning, humans needed to embrace ____21____ to flourish. This characteristic, encoded in the genes ever since, may ____22____ itself as a tendency to adopt risky heroic behaviors. Evidence from modern researchers does suggest that regarding one’s life as this type of difficult quest (探索) can lead to positive transformation. In one 2023 experiment, scholars asked participants to regard their life as a (an) ____23____ journey. The researchers found it raised their subjects’ ____24____ ; it also made a difficult task more meaningful and improved their resistance to trouble. Beyond simply rewriting your life story, starting a voluntary challenge or adventure can bring immediate and big ____25____ benefits. Consider a 2013 study finding that experienced climbers tend to feel happier when they climb mountains. A challenging adventure doesn’t have to be physical in nature; it can equally be ____26____ . Learning new things with curiosity and exploration will arouse positive moods. This raises an interesting paradox (悖论) that appears in this field of happiness research: People ____27____ a lot more happiness from high-skill activities that require learning than they do from low-skill ones that don’t, yet we typically ____28____ the latter. In other words, you will probably be much happier reading about ____29____ or science than you will if you just scroll social media — so why are you still scrolling? The obvious answer is that it is less mentally ____30____ — and although the happiness benefits of reading Socrates (苏格拉底) will probably be greater, they are deferred (延期的) and abstract compared with the instant satisfaction of sitting on the couch watching videos on your phone. Therefore, those whose life feels dull and gray should go find a challenge that is worthwhile and hard. ____31____ if you are a little too comfortable spending time in work that doesn’t inspire you, perhaps you should quit and start a job search. If the information in your head has become ____32____ to you, maybe it is time to go back to school in a new field. For a physical challenge, ____33____ a half-marathon in six months’ time or set out to walk a few hundred miles. There is no ____34____ that whatever adventure you choose will turn out the way you expect, of course. And that is the point. If it were safe, it wouldn’t be heroic; if it were ____35____ , it wouldn’t be an adventure. The object is not to win in a conventional way; it is to wake up and be fully alive. 21. A. adaptation B. cooperation C. evolution D. risk 22. A. reveal B. conceal C. imagine D. replace 23. A. criminal’s B. hero’s C. ancestor’s D. champion’s 24. A. pessimism about life B. sense of purpose C. desire for materialism D. withdrawal from society 25. A. well-being B. charity C. career D. finance 26. A. academic B. mental C. professional D. subjective 27. A. sacrifice B. overlook C. obtain D. shelter 28. A. opt against B. account for C. turn down D. settle for 29. A. comics B. philosophy C. gossip D. guidance 30. A. sensational B. valuable C. demanding D. advantageous 31. A. For instance B. In addition C. By contrast D. In consequence 32. A. dull B. unpleasant C. significant D. priceless 33. A. give in to B. put up with C. keep away from D. sign up for 34. A. perspective B. guarantee C. need D. doubt 35. A. durable B. inevitable C. remarkable D. predictable Section B (16%) (A) Naquela Wright’s life took an unexpected turn when she lost her eyesight as a teenager, but even when her world became dark, the New Jersey resident didn’t want to quit social media. Using Facebook was a challenge at first. Diagnosed in 2010 with pseudotumor cerebri, a rare health condition in which pressure increases around the brain and can result in the loss of vision, Wright learned how to use a screen reader to read the site through the touch of the keyboard and sound of a robotic voice. Still, when a friend sends her a photo, Wright often has no clue what the image shows. Now Facebook is trying to solve this problem by exploiting the power of artificial intelligence to create new tools that not only describe items in a photo but allows users to ask what’s in an image. “I can have a basic picture in my mind of what’s going on in the picture and now I can comment on my own,” said Wright, who got to try out the new tools that are still being tested. “Of course, it’s different, but it’s something more than I had.” An estimated 285 million people are visually disabled globally, according to the World Health Organization, and research conducted by Facebook showed that blind users have trouble figuring out what’s in a photo because the description isn’t clear or doesn’t exist. Facebook has made it easier to skim through the content on its website with a screen reader by improving HTML headings, adding alternative text for images, launching keyboard shortcuts, and more. Using artificial intelligence to describe photos is only a part of these ongoing efforts. With 1.5 billion users, Facebook isn’t the only social media company that wants to improve its website for the visually disabled. Along with Facebook and other major tech firms, Twitter and LinkedIn have their own accessibility teams and belong to an initiative called “Teaching Accessibility”. Jeff Wieland, Facebook’s head of accessibility engineering, said the group wants to educate more engineers, especially early in college, about designing products that are compatible with the disabled and others. “We really don’t want accessibility to be the luxury of a handful of companies,” Wieland said. “We want everything around the world to be built with accessibility in mind.” 36. What tool helps the visually disabled to read Facebook? A. A screen reader. B. A special keyboard. C. A helpful robot. D. HTML headings. 37. What can be inferred from the passage about the new tool created by Facebook? A. It adds a lot of shortcuts on the keyboard. B. It helps users to employ their senses other than sight. C. It meets no competitors with its advanced technology. D. It inspires more engineers to explore artificial intelligence. 38. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph “are compatible with” most probably means ________. A. are unaffordable to B. bring harm to C. keep company of D. well suit 39. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A. Screen reader: tool to access social media B. Ongoing efforts: strength to improve websites C. Artificial intelligence: power to help the blind D. Teaching accessibility: initiative to educate engineers (B) Have you ever felt out of place at a party or profoundly misunderstood by a colleague, friend, or partner? This feeling of being unable to communicate your intended information is what psychologist Carl Jung referred to when he said that loneliness comes not from being alone, but from being “unable to communicate the things that seem important to you.” While such a failure to connect is sometimes owed to poor social skills, there are also other reasons. The specific experience — of feeling separate and alone in one’s thoughts and experiences despite having the capacity to share them — is known as epistemic loneliness. Psychologists define epistemic loneliness as the inability to share “the richer mental aspects” of one’s life. To put it another way, it strikes when a person’s unique cognitive world — formed by their specific abilities and deep intellectual interests — finds no echo in others. This is the profound frustration of being mentally “all dressed up but with nowhere to go”. A musician composing a new piece, an educator polishing their teaching philosophy, or a researcher analyzing groundbreaking data all risk this loneliness when their intellectual excitement is met with disinterest from those around them. The frustration of such intellectual divorce is profound, yet a genuine connection is possible. For instance, my conversation with an English professor proved to be resonant and meaningful. This published poet and pianist and I discussed the idea of making complex ideas and experiences something more easily understood by our students, clients, and readers. Because we built bridges to meet one another via shared experiences and backgrounds, cognitive isolation was not experienced that evening. This is not to say that being cognitively connected with others is the only fix to this type of loneliness. Everyone has thoughts, stories, and experiences to share, and as both a nonprofessional and a helping professional, I am happy to hear them. But not everyone in our lives is willing or able to share their thoughts in response to ours. Therefore, a like-minded other, or someone who “gets” it or “gets” us, goes a long way toward eliminating this specific kind of loneliness. Jung’s insight points the way forward: we must seek out those moments where we can speak about what matters most to us and, in doing so, be seen and known for who we are. Ultimately, dancing in dialogue is key. Having a fellow knower who is willing to meet you halfway and who knows some of the steps, or is interested in learning a few new ones, can reduce this type of loneliness. 40. According to the passage, which of the following best describes “epistemic loneliness”? A. The frustration of failing to express complex thoughts clearly. B. The inability to share intellectual life with receptive audience. C. The objective condition of having no one to communicate with. D. The emotional distress caused by a lack of shared social identity. 41. Why does the author mention the conversation with the English professor? A. To contrast academic dialogue with everyday conversation. B. To advocate for structured solutions to intellectual isolation. C. To highlight the scarcity of genuine intellectual connections. D. To illustrate how shared backgrounds eases social loneliness. 42. The metaphor of “dancing in dialogue” is used to suggest that meaningful communication __________. A. is a mutually responsive and adaptive exchange B. depends more on one party’s expressive skills C. functions like a performance for passive audiences D. benefits from established conversational patterns 43. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage? A. To contrast social isolation with psychological loneliness. B. To analyze the philosophical origins of Carl Jung’s theories. C. To define a type of loneliness and explore ways to address it. D. To promote the professional methods of psychological consulting. Section C (6%) Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. ____44____ For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract. People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g. , “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”) . When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. ____45____ Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. ____46____ The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”. Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role ____47____ Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity (角色认同) and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to definite advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”. A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements. B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must. C. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. D. Individual differences are most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work. E. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. IV. 64. Summary (10%) 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Crown (树冠) Shyness Do you love forest bathing or taking walks in the forests? Then once in a while, you’ve witnessed a somewhat appealing phenomenon in which tree crowns in the forest seem to deliberately keep to themselves and avoid touching each other. Strange as this may seem, it is, in fact, a natural phenomenon and has a name: crown shyness. There are many theories behind this fascinating phenomenon, but the most convincing one relates to competition and defense. To grow better, trees depend on vital elements such as sunlight, water, and soil nutrients. By maintaining gaps between their crowns, they can maximize their intake of these necessities, ensuring healthy growth and a balanced ecosystem. Additionally, crown shyness acts as a protective barrier against insects and diseases. The physical separation between tree tops reduces the spread of harmful organisms and lowers the risk of widespread infection that could threaten large areas of the forest. This phenomenon, however, is not uniform across all trees. The extent and intensity of crown shyness can vary, with some gaps small and other separations obvious. Some people might think this natural phenomenon is merely a random occurrence with no real purpose, but this is not the case. Crown shyness allows each tree to access enough sunlight by preventing the overlap of branches. It ensures that sunlight can reach the lower branches and leaves, promoting their growth and enabling efficient energy production. Moreover, crown shyness aids in the efficient distribution of rainfall. When rain falls through the tree tops, the gaps between tree crowns act as channels, guiding water to the forest floor. It also plays a role in reducing wind resistance. The gaps between tree crowns create pathways for wind to pass through the forest, reducing potential damage caused by strong winds. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Fill in the blanks (5%) 选词填空 work on, be aware of, persist in, hang around, consist of, lead a campaign for 49. I stayed up late last night, ________________ the speech to be delivered at the graduation ceremony. 50. The team ________________ well-educated volunteers raised funds for people in poverty-stricken area. 51. He ________________ the garden with some other guys this time tomorrow. 52. Most of people ________________ setting strict demands on themselves at that time. 53. It was not hard to imagine a chocolate manufacturer that ________________ animal protection. 54. 明年推出的两款新模型是基于提高环保意识能够产生影响的理念。 (difference) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 55. 流感爆发时，这个在孤儿院长大的男人出于害怕隐瞒了自己的疾病，这威胁到了周边人的安全。 (threat) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 56. 本次展览的独特之处在于它涵盖了古埃及文明的方方面面，前来观展的人们无不被展品的琳琅满目深深吸引。 (consist) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $