2027年高考英语一轮复习培优调研检测卷02（上海卷）

2027年高考一轮复习培优调研检测卷02（上海卷） 考生注意： 1.考试时间105分钟，试卷满分115分。 2.本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸 上， 做在试卷上一律不得分。 3.务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置。 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Are you afraid of getting old? 1 we get past the age of 25, many of us immediately feel the urge to stop the signs of ageing — especially the visible ones. Men and women are now using topical “anti-ageing” creams, spa treatments and medical procedures 2 (counter) many of them. 3 these methods can somewhat affect the way you look, ageing is an internal process. A new study has found exactly when during your lifetime this process peaks. A group of scientists based out of the Stanford University School of Medicine have discovered that 4 being a smooth, continuous process, ageing surges forward at three distinct stages of life: first, at the age of 34, then at age 60, and finally at 78. The study, published in Nature Medicine, reveals that scientists can not only predict your age by studying the proteome (protein levels in the blood) but also determine which organs are ageing faster than 5 , and which age-related diseases your body is more likely to develop. The study measured plasma proteins (血浆蛋白) collected from 4,263 adults between the ages of 18-95 years and studied the changes in the proteome that occurred with age. Their ultimate goal was to understand how to identify the changes associated with cardiovascular issues and age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s 6 therapeutic treatments can be devised to counter their onset while there’s still time. Dr Tony Wyss-Coray, one of the leading members of the study, told Stanford Medicine News Center, “We’ve known for a long time that 7 (measure) certain proteins can give you information about a person’s health status — lipoproteins (脂蛋白) for cardiovascular (心血管的) health, for example. But it 8 (not appreciate) that so many different proteins’ levels — roughly a third of all the ones we looked at — change markedly with advancing age.” This difference between the chronological (按时间计算的) and physiological (生理的) age, according to the scientists’ “plasma-protein clock”, showed that a lot of people in the study seemed younger than they actually are. What’s more, the study also confirmed that men and women, though equally 9 (represent) in the study, age differently. Does this mean medications and lifestyle methods, with further research, can also be devised to help 10 ages too rapidly and is at risk of contracting age-related diseases like hypertension and Alzheimer’s? You never know. Section B (10分) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．anchoring    B．chorus    C． cooperative    D．documenting    E. enhance    F. essentially G. host    H. randomly    I. recognizable    J. shoots    K. vocabulary Distant Diplomacy When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have recently been finding subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of 11 defense treaty. For example, Nature Ecology & Evolution carries a recent study 12 more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining (哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites (寄生繁殖) such as cuckoos. “That call is 13 the word for ‘cuckoo,’” says study co-lead author James Kennerley at Cornell University. “And it’s recruiting individuals to come together against this common enemy.” Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, manipulating the 14 parents into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species attack a cuckoo in response to whining calls in 15 . These mobs can be so aggressive that Kennerley needs to cage the specimen used in their experiments to protect it. Otherwise the attacking birds would have “just completely torn it to pieces,” Kennerley says. Many birds also share a common 16 for predators. Research by wildlife ecologist Erick Greene shows that various songbirds produce 17 “seet” calls to warn of a raptor (猛禽) in flight. The calls are too high-pitched for raptors to hear well, so the predators remain unaware as information about their arrival 18 through the forest. If the raptor settles, songbirds switch to “mobbing” calls, a distinct sound that, as Greene puts it, “draws in the troops to drive that raptor off.” Defense is not the only reason for cross-species communication. Among other things, it may help birds migrate and 19 food intake. A recent study found that when seabirds with good vision search for food with seabirds with strong senses of smell, they both have far greater success at catching krill. Unlike with the seet and whining calls, however, it’s unclear whether they’re deliberately signaling to one another or “just 20 following other birds,” says study lead author Jesse Granger, a biophysicist at Duke University. But clearly, “very complex multispecies communication networks are pervasive,” Greene says. “It really benefits animals to pay attention to one another.” II. Reading Comprehension (45分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Language allows us to describe actions, qualities, and relationships in both real and imagined experiences. A key question in linguistics (语言学) is how languages developed. Recent research suggests that iconicity — the connection between form and meaning — may have played a crucial role in the 21 . People can’t overcome language barriers and understand each other without iconicity. We often use our hands and bodies, 22 , to act out meanings, showing the sizes and shapes of objects. The key to forming new symbols is the use of iconicity. Not limited to 23 , iconicity appears in visual communication too. Traffic signs, food packaging, and maps all use iconicity to make information easy to understand, regardless of the 24 . Iconicity also exists in 25 . To explore this, researchers organized a contest where participants recorded sounds to express different meanings. These sounds could not contain actual words or 26 expressions like “BOOM” for an explosion. Listeners then tried to match the sounds to a set of written options, and the contestant whose sounds were most accurately 27 won the contest. The results were surprising — listeners successfully identified the intended 28 of the sounds. Yet, all the contestants and listeners were English speakers. Thus, it was possible that listeners’ success relied on 29 cultural knowledge. To test if this phenomenon existed across 30 , researchers conducted a broader Internet survey, translating the experiment into 25 languages. Participants from different linguistic backgrounds listened to the sounds and 31 their meanings from six written options. The findings showed 32 accuracy levels across different language groups. English speakers had the highest accuracy rate at 74%, while Portuguese speakers scored 34%. Though far from perfect, these results were much higher than the expected chance rate of 8%. These studies show that our capacity for iconic communication has played a fundamental role in language 33 . Iconicity enables individuals to express meanings in ways that are not 34 dependent on specific linguistic knowledge. Without this 35 , language may never have developed into the complex system we have today. 21．A．description B．style C．interaction D．process 22．A．as a result B．in particular C．for example D．in other words 23．A．objects B．formation C．understanding D．gesturing 24．A．language B．evidence C．hints D．explanation 25．A．cultures B．sounds C．labs D．competitions 26．A．sound-imitating B．carefully-chosen C．imaginary D．shocking 27．A．heard B．repeated C．interpreted D．recorded 28．A．meanings B．purposes C．volume D．speed 29．A．extensive B．shared C．traditional D．classic 30．A．cultures B．generations C．careers D．situations 31．A．added B．clarified C．acquired D．guessed 32．A．similar B．varying C．satisfactory D．experimental 33．A．ability B．acquisition C．evolution D．diversity 34．A．skillfully B．routinely C．vividly D．entirely 35．A．knowledge B．ability C．awareness D．finding Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Zheng He The Chinese admiral-explorer of the 15th century Zheng He was born around 1371, to a Muslim family in China’s southern Yunnan Province. At 13 he became a servant in the household of the Chinese emperor’s fourth son, Prince Zhu Di. He proved himself to be an exceptional servant, becoming skilled in the arts of war and diplomacy and serving as an officer of the prince. Zhu Di became emperor in 1402, and a year later, he promoted Zheng He to the high military position of admiral and ordered him to oversee the construction of a Treasure Fleet (舰队) to explore the seas surrounding China. The fleet used the compass (指南针) — invented in China in the 11th century -- for navigation. Marked sticks of incense were burned to measure time. Latitude was determined by monitoring the North Star in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Cross in the Southern Hemisphere. The ships of the Treasure Fleet communicated with one another through the use of flags, lanterns, bells, carrier pigeons, gongs and banners. The fleet reached Sri Lanka and India in 1406, and stayed there for several months, carrying on barter and trade. On the return voyage in 1407, the Treasure Fleet was forced to battle with pirates near Sumatra for several months. Eventually Zheng He’s men managed to capture the pirate leader and take him to the Chinese capital Nanjing. During each of Zheng He’s voyages, he encouraged diplomats from other countries to travel to China, either aboard his ships or on their own vessels. In 1426, Zhu Di’s grandson — Zhu Zhanji became the emperor, who later appointed Zheng He to make a seventh voyage in an attempt to restore peaceful relations with the kingdoms of Malacca and Siam. It took a year to prepare for the voyage, which departed as a large expedition with 100 ships and 27,500 men. Zheng He is believed to have died in 1433, on the return trip. Nonetheless, the era of exploration for China was soon over, as the following emperors prohibited trade with foreign countries and even the construction of ocean going vessels, thus ending an era of trade and exploration. 36．The underlined word “oversee” in the first paragraph probably means ______. A．overlook B．neglect C．inspect D．foresee 37．The 3rd paragraph is a brief description of ______. A．equipment used during voyages. B．the way the fleet managed to find directions. C．how night sky was employed for positioning. D．the necessity for interactions between individual ships. 38．What motivated Zhu Zhanji to send Zheng He on a further mission? A．to end hostility between China and certain nations. B．to start an expedition with vessels and sailors. C．to make full preparation for the seventh voyage. D．to bring peace and harmony back to Malacca and Siam. 39．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Zheng He was forced to make contact with foreign diplomats. B．China stopped global economic activities following Zheng’s death. C．In the battle against pirates, the fleet suffered little loss and damage. D．The pirate leader was finally set free after he was brought to Nan Jing. (B) A BRIEF HISTORY OF Shark attacks in U.S. waters It was around noon when the shark struck. Arthur Medici, a 26-year-old from Brazil, was attacked on Sept. 16 just off Cape Cod’s Newcomb Hollow Beach. Although a friend dragged him from the water, he soon succumbed (抵挡不住) to his injuries in the first fatal shark attack in Massachusetts since 1936. Coming just weeks after a 61-year-old was hospitalized following a bite a few miles up the beach, the death frightened a region unaccustomed to the presence of these famous predators. The first American shark panic began in the hot summer of 1916, when a chain of attacks of the Jersey Shore killed four in two weeks. This was thought to be the work of a single great white shark — a species native to the Atlantic coast and the same likely involved in recent attacks. In an era when little was known about beasts from the deep, the deaths were big news. One paper warned that, facing a scarcity of fish, the shark had “probably acquired a taste for human flesh.” But 1916 did not signify a new era of human-hunting sharks. The rate of attacks in the U.S. stayed relatively stable, at two or three per year, for decades. From the 1950s on, that number rose with human population growth, and its subsequent increase of people in the water. Globally, both numbers have been climbing faster since the late 1980s and into the 21st century, but such encounters with sharks are still remarkably uncommon given that the human population is some 7.5 billion. In 2017, 53 of the world’s 88 confirmed unprovoked attacks took place on U.S. coastlines, with 31 in Florida — but even there, you’re far less likely to be killed by a shark than by lightning. Thanks to beach safety and hospital access, only five of last year’s global attacks were fatal. We now know the Jersey Shore shark was probably just confused after straying (偏离) from its home in deeper waters. “If sharks were actively hunting people, we’d see far more attacks,” Gavin Naylor, director at the Florida Museum’s Program for Shark Research, tells TIME. “When sharks attack humans, it’s always a case of mistaken identity.” Instead, great whites are usually looking for seals, which helps explain the Cape Cod attacks. The East Coast is feeling the effects of the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, which has boosted the numbers of seals to unusually high levels. As the seals venture closer to shore, so do the sharks, says Naylor. Statistically, sharks have far more to fear from us than we do from them — fisheries wipe out an estimated 100 million each year, and climate change and other human activity have threatened shark habitats, sending their global population into decline. But that doesn’t make it any less distressing when the beasts bite back. 40．What can we conclude from Paragraph 2? A．The shark’s taste was thought to have changed. B．Great white sharks blame people for the lack of fish. C．Multiple attacks were launched by several sharks. D．Four attacks happened in two weeks at the Jersey Shore in the summer of 1916. 41．“Both numbers” in Paragraph 4 refer to the numbers of ________. A．shark attacks and human population B．people in the water and shark encounters C．human-hunting sharks and shark attacks D．human population and unprovoked attacks 42．The great white shark attacked Arthur Medici probably because ________. A．being lost made him scared and violent B．many seals were swimming closer to shore C．it mistook the young man for a swimming seal D．it was hungry and was hunting humans for food (C) How useful is it, really, to know yourself? The idea that self-knowledge is good for us dates all the way back to the inscriptions (铭文) on ancient Greece’s Temple of Apollo in Delphi. It is still popularly assumed that people with a clear view of themselves and their abilities are better off — that they feel better, have more satisfying relationships and are more successful. But when psychologists have tested that theory, they haven’t found much strong evidence of the benefits of self-insight for well-being. An interesting study recently added findings to this long-standing debate. It tested five of the most common hypotheses (假说) on the connection between self-insight and psychological adjustment. Does self-knowledge really lead to higher satisfaction? Is it maybe more productive to just think positively — even if a little overconfidently — about one’s abilities? Or could it be that those with the highest abilities will be better adjusted? The study, published in July in Nature Human Behaviour, found support for none of these ideas. Instead, it somehow indicated that it is people with the biggest gap between their abilities and their view of themselves who say they have the highest levels of satisfaction with their life, career and relationships. “People who report being more adjusted are those who have a combination of relatively lower true abilities and actual higher views of themselves,” says Stéphane Côté, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto and an author of the paper. Beyond its unanticipated findings, the new study is notable for how it was conducted. It was a registered report, a still relatively rare process that fundamentally shifts the way how scientific research get published. With this study, the journal looked into the planning stages of it and accepted it, in principle, for publication before any data have been collected, regardless of the result. Such an approach is expressly intended for confirmatory research. By that criterion, the self-insight study was an excellent candidate. It was one of the first two registered reports in Nature Human Behaviour. Both appeared in the same issue, along with an editorial on the importance of this new way of doing science. Traditionally, it is mostly “significant” results, meaning those that confirm a hypothesis at a level above statistical significance, that get published. That phenomenon has led to a concern that too much scientific research is left in file drawers and never submitted to a journal, biasing the perception of what is known. “We strongly believe that when the question is important and the methods robust, the results will be important no matter what they are,” the authors of the editorial wrote. 43．What is the purpose of this recent study? A．To illustrate that there’s little meaning in having much self-insight. B．To prove the strong connecting between abilities and well-being. C．To explore the relationship between self-knowledge and success. D．To find out whether one’s self-knowledge leads to higher abilities. 44．According to Stéphane Côté, what kind of people are most likely to be happy with their life? A．Those with a clear view of themselves and their abilities. B．Those with a positive way of thinking and high abilities. C．Those without much self-knowledge or high self-esteem. D．Those without high abilities but see themselves highly. 45．According to the editorial authors of Nature Human Behaviour, this study is notable because ________. A．it is one of the first attempts with a new research approach B．it is a study with some completely unanticipated new findings C．it is a rare fundamental research study in the field of psychology D．it is fully supported and financially backed up by the journal 46．What can be inferred from the findings of this recent study? A．There is no way to prove some most-commonly believed ideas. B．There is no definite answer to even the most sought-after questions. C．There is no sense in trying to figure out people’s true view of themselves. D．There is no reason behind why some people are successful and some are not. Section C (8分) Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. 47 Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks. “It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components,” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. 48 “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said. They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source. 49 “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said. Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. 50 “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.” A．Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. B．A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. C．There used to be few ways like this to study how insects fly. D．What really drives us day to day is the abundance of technologies and fascinating open scientific problems. E．Thus, it might some day perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. F．Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do I Get Anxious Thoughts Late at Night? Sleep problems are surprisingly common, with many adults struggling to fall asleep because of anxious thoughts. Research from the University of Oxford shows that people with sleeplessness tend to focus more on worries at bedtime, while good sleepers think of little in particular. Many people have experienced falling asleep easily in front of the TV, only to lie awake once in bed. This highlights a key reason for nighttime anxiety: the sudden lack of distraction. During the day and evening, the brain is constantly engaged — working, socialising, or watching something. But once the lights are off, external stimulation disappears, leaving the mind free to turn inward. At this point, it often dwells on past events or future concerns, the two main sources of worry. Psychologists suggest that trying to push these thoughts away doesn’t really work. Often, the more you resist them, the more they seem to stick around. A better approach is to notice them and simply let them pass. For worries about the past, one useful method is to write in a journal before bed. Studies have shown that people who record their thoughts and feelings fall asleep more quickly. Putting concerns onto paper seems to reduce their mental impact, making it easier to relax. For others, it is future tasks that cause anxiety, especially at the start of the week when responsibilities feel too much to handle. Research supports the idea that writing a to-do list before bedtime can help. In one study, participants who wrote down upcoming tasks fell asleep faster than those who simply reflected on what they had already done. Writing appears to organise thoughts and reduce mental overload. In general, worrying is normal. The key is to manage it, not remove it. If you deal with worries earlier in the day, you’re less likely to feel stressed at night and can sleep more easily. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation (15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52．这名冲浪运动员前往偏远的海滩，以寻找完美的海浪。(in search) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 53．同学们的热情和创意，让老师们欣慰。(What) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 54．这幢大厦建成已有半个多世纪，一直是上海的城市地标。(serve) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________ 55．在决定大学就读专业之前，我们需要权衡每个领域的利弊，包括工作前景和个人兴趣。(weigh) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing (25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 随着 AI 作业助手 (AI homework assistants) 的普及，越来越多中学生开始用它们完成作业、解答难题。有人认为这类工具能帮学生高效解决学习难点，节省时间；也有人担心过度依赖会削弱学生的独立思考能力和解题能力。假设你是高中生李华，在校园论坛上看到相关讨论，决定回帖表达你的看法。回帖内容应包括： 1.你对中学生使用 AI 作业助手的态度； 2.你的理由（至少两点）。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 / 21 1 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027年高考一轮复习培优调研检测卷02（上海卷） 英语·参考答案 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A (10分) 【答案】 1．As soon as 2．to counter 3．While/Though/Although 4．instead of 5．the others 6．so that 7．measuring 8．hasn’t been appreciated 9．represented 10．whoever Section B (10分) 【答案】 11．C 12．D 13．F 14．G 15．B 16．K 17．I 18．J 19．E 20．H II. Reading Comprehension (45分) Section A (15分) 【答案】 21．D 22．C 23．D 24．A 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．A 29．B 30．A 31．D 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．B Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） 【答案】36．C 37．A 38．A 39．B (B) 【答案】40．A 41．A 42．C (C) 【答案】43．C 44．D 45．A 46．A Section C (8分) 【答案】47．F 48．B 49．E 50．A III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. 【答案】       People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward. Trying to resist worries makes them worse. A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.   IV. Translation (15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52． 【答案】The surfer went to remote beaches in search of perfect waves. 53． 【答案】What made the teachers relieved was the students’ enthusiasm and creativity. 54． 【答案】This building has been standing for over half a century, serving as a landmark in Shanghai. 55． 【答案】Before deciding on a major at university, we need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each field, including job prospects and personal interests. V. Guided Writing (25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 【答案】    Nowadays, AI homework assistants are widely used among middle school students, causing heated debates online. As Li Hua, I hold the view that we should use such AI tools wisely rather than rely on them blindly. For one thing, AI assistants can effectively help us tackle difficult problems and clear up learning confusion. They offer detailed explanations, saving us much time spent thinking alone. For another, excessive dependence will do great harm to us. If we copy answers directly, we will gradually lose the ability of independent thinking and problem-solving, which is essential for our long-term study. In short, AI is just a useful helper. We should think independently first and turn to it only when necessary. Only in this way can we make progress in our studies. 2 / 21 1 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027年高考一轮复习培优调研检测卷02（上海卷） 考生注意： 1.考试时间105分钟，试卷满分115分。 2.本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸 上， 做在试卷上一律不得分。 3.务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置。 I. Grammar and vocabulary Section A (10分) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Are you afraid of getting old? 1 we get past the age of 25, many of us immediately feel the urge to stop the signs of ageing — especially the visible ones. Men and women are now using topical “anti-ageing” creams, spa treatments and medical procedures 2 (counter) many of them. 3 these methods can somewhat affect the way you look, ageing is an internal process. A new study has found exactly when during your lifetime this process peaks. A group of scientists based out of the Stanford University School of Medicine have discovered that 4 being a smooth, continuous process, ageing surges forward at three distinct stages of life: first, at the age of 34, then at age 60, and finally at 78. The study, published in Nature Medicine, reveals that scientists can not only predict your age by studying the proteome (protein levels in the blood) but also determine which organs are ageing faster than 5 , and which age-related diseases your body is more likely to develop. The study measured plasma proteins (血浆蛋白) collected from 4,263 adults between the ages of 18-95 years and studied the changes in the proteome that occurred with age. Their ultimate goal was to understand how to identify the changes associated with cardiovascular issues and age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s 6 therapeutic treatments can be devised to counter their onset while there’s still time. Dr Tony Wyss-Coray, one of the leading members of the study, told Stanford Medicine News Center, “We’ve known for a long time that 7 (measure) certain proteins can give you information about a person’s health status — lipoproteins (脂蛋白) for cardiovascular (心血管的) health, for example. But it 8 (not appreciate) that so many different proteins’ levels — roughly a third of all the ones we looked at — change markedly with advancing age.” This difference between the chronological (按时间计算的) and physiological (生理的) age, according to the scientists’ “plasma-protein clock”, showed that a lot of people in the study seemed younger than they actually are. What’s more, the study also confirmed that men and women, though equally 9 (represent) in the study, age differently. Does this mean medications and lifestyle methods, with further research, can also be devised to help 10 ages too rapidly and is at risk of contracting age-related diseases like hypertension and Alzheimer’s? You never know. 【答案】 1．As soon as 2．to counter 3．While/Though/Although 4．instead of 5．the others 6．so that 7．measuring 8．hasn’t been appreciated 9．represented 10．whoever 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新的研究发现了人一生中衰老过程达到顶峰的确切时间以及如何测量衰老情况。 【详解】1．考查时间状语从句。句意：一旦过了25岁，我们中的许多人就会立即感到想要阻止衰老的迹象——尤其是那些看得见的迹象。此处引导时间状语从句，表示“一旦”应用as soon as，首字母大写。故填As soon as。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：男性和女性现在都在使用局部“抗衰老”面霜、水疗和医疗程序来对抗其中的许多衰老。固定短语use sth. to do sth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填to counter。 3．考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然这些方法会在一定程度上影响你的外表，但衰老是一个内在的过程。此处引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”应用though或although或while，首字母大写。故填Though/Although/While。 4．考查介词短语。句意：斯坦福大学医学院的一组科学家发现，衰老不是一个平稳、连续的过程，而是在生命的三个不同阶段加速：首先是34岁，然后是60岁，最后是78岁。后跟动名词作宾语，此处表示“而不是”应用介词短语instead of。故填instead of。 5．考查代词。句意：这项发表在《自然医学》杂志上的研究表明，科学家不仅可以通过研究蛋白质组（血液中的蛋白质水平）来预测你的年龄，还可以确定哪些器官比其他器官衰老得更快，以及你的身体更容易患上哪些与年龄有关的疾病。比较的对象是在同一类事物（即身体的各个器官）范围内，突出了在身体所有器官这个整体中，某些器官相对其他器官的衰老速度差异，应用the others。故填the others。 6．考查目的状语从句。句意：他们的最终目标是了解如何识别与心血管问题和老年痴呆症等与年龄有关的疾病相关的变化，以便在还有时间的时候设计出治疗方法来对抗它们的攻击。此处引导目的状语从句，表示“以便”应用so that。故填so that。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们早就知道，测量某些蛋白质可以提供一个人健康状况的信息——例如，用于心血管健康的脂蛋白。此处空处作从句的主语，应用动名词形式。故填measuring。 8．考查时态语态。句意：但人们还没有意识到，这么多不同的蛋白质水平——大约占我们研究的所有蛋白质的三分之一——会随着年龄的增长而发生显著变化。此处主语与谓语构成被动关系，且表示过去的动作对现在产生影响用现在完成时的被动语态，助动词用has，且为否定陈述句，加not。故填hasn’t been appreciated。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：更重要的是，该研究还证实，男性和女性虽然在研究中占同等比例，但衰老年龄不同。此处为非谓语动词，且从句中主语men and women与represent构成被动关系，用过去分词作状语。故填represented。 10．考查宾语从句。句意：这是否意味着，通过进一步的研究，药物和生活方式也可以被设计出来，帮助那些衰老过快、有患高血压和阿尔茨海默氏症等与年龄有关的疾病风险的人？此处引导宾语从句，从句缺少主语，且表示“无论谁”应用whoever。故填whoever。 Section B (10分) Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．anchoring    B．chorus    C． cooperative    D．documenting    E. enhance    F. essentially G. host    H. randomly    I. recognizable    J. shoots    K. vocabulary Distant Diplomacy When danger approaches, many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Researchers have recently been finding subtle ways that animals communicate with other species in this kind of 11 defense treaty. For example, Nature Ecology & Evolution carries a recent study 12 more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining (哀鸣)” calls when they spot brood parasites (寄生繁殖) such as cuckoos. “That call is 13 the word for ‘cuckoo,’” says study co-lead author James Kennerley at Cornell University. “And it’s recruiting individuals to come together against this common enemy.” Brood parasites lay eggs in other birds’ nests, manipulating the 14 parents into raising their chicks for them. At a field site in Australia, Kennerley has witnessed individuals from a dozen or more species attack a cuckoo in response to whining calls in 15 . These mobs can be so aggressive that Kennerley needs to cage the specimen used in their experiments to protect it. Otherwise the attacking birds would have “just completely torn it to pieces,” Kennerley says. Many birds also share a common 16 for predators. Research by wildlife ecologist Erick Greene shows that various songbirds produce 17 “seet” calls to warn of a raptor (猛禽) in flight. The calls are too high-pitched for raptors to hear well, so the predators remain unaware as information about their arrival 18 through the forest. If the raptor settles, songbirds switch to “mobbing” calls, a distinct sound that, as Greene puts it, “draws in the troops to drive that raptor off.” Defense is not the only reason for cross-species communication. Among other things, it may help birds migrate and 19 food intake. A recent study found that when seabirds with good vision search for food with seabirds with strong senses of smell, they both have far greater success at catching krill. Unlike with the seet and whining calls, however, it’s unclear whether they’re deliberately signaling to one another or “just 20 following other birds,” says study lead author Jesse Granger, a biophysicist at Duke University. But clearly, “very complex multispecies communication networks are pervasive,” Greene says. “It really benefits animals to pay attention to one another.” 【答案】 11．C 12．D 13．F 14．G 15．B 16．K 17．I 18．J 19．E 20．H 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了动物之间存在跨物种交流，在防御、迁徙和觅食等方面发挥着重要作用。 【详解】11．考查形容词。句意：研究人员最近发现了动物以这种合作的防御方式与其他物种交流的微妙方式。空后为名词短语defense treaty，应用形容词修饰。根据“many creatures seem to follow the ancient proverb that “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.””可知，许多生物似乎都遵循着一句古老的谚语：“敌人的敌人就是朋友。”，这表明动物之间存在一种合作的防御关系。C选项cooperative“合作的”符合语境，作定语，修饰defense treaty。故选C。 12．考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，《自然生态与进化》杂志最近发表了一项研究，记录了四大洲20多种鸟类在发现杜鹃等巢寄生鸟类时发出的几乎相同的“哀鸣”声。根据“more than 20 bird species on four continents that emit virtually identical “whining (哀鸣)” calls”可知，研究对此现象进行了记录，D选项documenting“记录”，符合语境，document与study为主动关系，用现在分词，作后置定语，修饰study。故选D。 13．考查副词。句意：康奈尔大学的研究共同负责人詹姆斯·肯纳利说：“这种叫声本质上就是‘杜鹃’的信号”。根据“the word for ‘cuckoo,’”可知，这里强调的是哀鸣声与“杜鹃”这个词之间的本质联系。F选项essentially“本质上”符合语境，修饰整个句子，作状语，说明哀鸣声本质上就是“杜鹃”的代名词。故选F。 14．考查形容词。句意：巢寄生鸟类在其他鸟类的巢中产卵，操纵寄主父母为它们抚养雏鸟。根据“parents into raising their chicks for them”可知，这里指的是被巢寄生鸟类利用的鸟，即寄主父母。G选项host“寄主的，主人的”，形容词，修饰parents，作定语，符合语境。故选G。 15．考查名词。句意：在澳大利亚的一个野外地点，肯纳利看到，十几种或更多种类的鸟会齐声对哀鸣声做出反应，攻击一只杜鹃。根据“individuals from a dozen or more species attack a cuckoo in response to whining calls in”可知，这里描述的是多种鸟同时发出声音攻击杜鹃的场景。B选项chorus“齐声，合唱”，符合题意，in chorus为固定短语，意为“齐声，一起”。故选B。 16．考查名词。句意：许多鸟类也有一个共同的关于捕食者的词汇。根据后文“various songbirds produce ______ “seet” calls to warn of a raptor (猛禽) in flight”提到各种鸣禽发出不同的声音来警告捕食者，可以推断这里说的是鸟类有关于捕食者的共同“词汇”或声音信号。K选项vocabulary“词汇”符合语境，在此处引申为鸟类用来交流关于捕食者信息的声音集合。故选K。 17．考查形容词。句意：野生动物生态学家埃里克·格林的研究表明，各种鸣禽会发出可识别的“嘶嘶”声来警告空中飞行的猛禽。根据““seet” calls to warn of a raptor (猛禽) in flight”可知，这里强调的是“嘶嘶”声能够被其他鸟类识别出来，从而起到警告作用。I选项recognizable“可识别的”符合语境，修饰“seet” calls，作定语。故选I。 18．考查动词。句意：这些叫声音调太高，猛禽很难听清，因此当关于它们来袭的信息在森林中迅速传开时，这些捕食者仍浑然不觉。根据“through the forest”可知，这里描述的是信息在森林中的传播过程。J选项shoots“迅速传播”符合语境，作as引导的时间状语从句的谓语，说明信息在森林中迅速传播而猛禽未察觉。故选J。 19．考查动词。句意：除此之外，它可能有助于鸟类迁徙和增强食物摄入量。根据“food intake. A recent study found that when seabirds with good vision search for food with seabirds with strong senses of smell, they both have far greater success at catching krill”可知，这里强调的是跨物种交流对鸟类食物摄入量的积极影响。E选项enhance“增强，提高”符合语境，说明交流有助于鸟类增强食物摄入量。故选E。 20．考查副词。句意：然而，与“嘶嘶”声和哀鸣声不同，目前尚不清楚它们是否在故意向对方发出信号，还是只是随机跟随其他鸟类。根据“following other birds”可知，这里描述的是鸟类行为的不确定性，即它们是否是有目的地交流还是随机跟随。H选项randomly“随机地”符合语境，修饰following other birds，作状语。故选H。 II. Reading Comprehension (45分) Section A (15分) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Language allows us to describe actions, qualities, and relationships in both real and imagined experiences. A key question in linguistics (语言学) is how languages developed. Recent research suggests that iconicity — the connection between form and meaning — may have played a crucial role in the 21 . People can’t overcome language barriers and understand each other without iconicity. We often use our hands and bodies, 22 , to act out meanings, showing the sizes and shapes of objects. The key to forming new symbols is the use of iconicity. Not limited to 23 , iconicity appears in visual communication too. Traffic signs, food packaging, and maps all use iconicity to make information easy to understand, regardless of the 24 . Iconicity also exists in 25 . To explore this, researchers organized a contest where participants recorded sounds to express different meanings. These sounds could not contain actual words or 26 expressions like “BOOM” for an explosion. Listeners then tried to match the sounds to a set of written options, and the contestant whose sounds were most accurately 27 won the contest. The results were surprising — listeners successfully identified the intended 28 of the sounds. Yet, all the contestants and listeners were English speakers. Thus, it was possible that listeners’ success relied on 29 cultural knowledge. To test if this phenomenon existed across 30 , researchers conducted a broader Internet survey, translating the experiment into 25 languages. Participants from different linguistic backgrounds listened to the sounds and 31 their meanings from six written options. The findings showed 32 accuracy levels across different language groups. English speakers had the highest accuracy rate at 74%, while Portuguese speakers scored 34%. Though far from perfect, these results were much higher than the expected chance rate of 8%. These studies show that our capacity for iconic communication has played a fundamental role in language 33 . Iconicity enables individuals to express meanings in ways that are not 34 dependent on specific linguistic knowledge. Without this 35 , language may never have developed into the complex system we have today. 21．A．description B．style C．interaction D．process 22．A．as a result B．in particular C．for example D．in other words 23．A．objects B．formation C．understanding D．gesturing 24．A．language B．evidence C．hints D．explanation 25．A．cultures B．sounds C．labs D．competitions 26．A．sound-imitating B．carefully-chosen C．imaginary D．shocking 27．A．heard B．repeated C．interpreted D．recorded 28．A．meanings B．purposes C．volume D．speed 29．A．extensive B．shared C．traditional D．classic 30．A．cultures B．generations C．careers D．situations 31．A．added B．clarified C．acquired D．guessed 32．A．similar B．varying C．satisfactory D．experimental 33．A．ability B．acquisition C．evolution D．diversity 34．A．skillfully B．routinely C．vividly D．entirely 35．A．knowledge B．ability C．awareness D．finding 【答案】 21．D 22．C 23．D 24．A 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．A 29．B 30．A 31．D 32．B 33．C 34．D 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了语言中“象似性”（iconicity）的重要性及其在跨文化沟通中的作用，通过实验证明象似性在语言发展和理解中的基础性功能。 21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究表明，象似性——形式与意义之间的联系——可能在这一过程中起到了至关重要的作用。A. description描述；B. style风格；C. interaction互动；D. process过程。根据前文“how languages developed”可知，此处讨论讨论语言发展过程，故选D。 22．考查短语词义辨析。句意：例如，我们经常用手和身体做出各种动作来表现意义，展示物体的大小和形状。A. as a result因此；B. in particular尤其；C. for example例如；D. in other words换句话说。根据后文“act out meanings”可知，此处是前文内容的具体例子，故选C。 23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：象似性不仅局限于手势语言，它也出现在视觉交流中。A. objects物体；B. formation形成；C. understanding理解；D. gesturing手势。前文“We often use our hands and bodies, 　　2　　, to act out meanings, showing the sizes and shapes of objects.”提到用手势（gesturing）表达，故选D。 24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：交通标志、食品包装和地图都运用象似性，让信息变得易于理解，而不受语言的限制。A. language语言；B. evidence证据；C. hints暗示；D. explanation解释。根据“regardless of”和后文“researchers conducted a broader Internet survey, translating the experiment into 25 languages.”的跨文化实验，可知，此处强调脱离语言的限制，故选A。 25．考查名词词义辨析。句意：象似性同样存在于声音之中。A. cultures文化；B. sounds声音；C. labs实验室；D. competitions比赛。后文“To explore this, researchers organized a contest where participants recorded sounds to express different meanings”用实验描述用声音表达意义，故选B。 26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些声音不能包含实际的单词，也不能有类似 “BOOM”（模拟爆炸声）这样模仿声音的表达。A. sound-imitating拟声的；B. carefully-chosen精心挑选的；C. imaginary想象的；D. shocking令人震惊的。根据下文“like “BOOM” for an explosion”可知，“BOOM”是拟声词的举例，故选A。 27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，听众尝试将这些声音与一组书面选项进行匹配，其声音被最准确解读的参赛者将赢得比赛。A. heard听到；B. repeated重复；C. interpreted解释；D. recorded记录。根据前文“Listeners then tried to match the sounds to a set of written options”可知，实验要求听众匹配声音与解读，故选C。 28．考查名词词义辨析。句意：结果令人惊讶 —— 听众成功识别出了这些声音想要表达的意义。A. meanings意义；B. purposes目的；C. volume音量；D. speed速度。根据前文“To explore this, researchers organized a contest where participants recorded sounds to express different meanings..”可知，实验目的是理解声音表达的意义，故选A。 29．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，听众的成功很可能依赖于共同的文化知识。A. extensive广泛的；B. shared共有的；C. traditional传统的；D. classic经典的。根据前文“all the contestants and listeners were English speakers.”可知，实验参与者均为英语使用者，依赖共同文化背景，故选B。 30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了检验这种现象是否在不同文化中都存在，研究人员进行了一项更广泛的互联网调查，将实验内容翻译成 25 种语言。A. cultures文化；B. generations世代；C. careers职业；D. situations情境。根据后文“researchers conducted a broader Internet survey, translating the experiment into 25 languages. Participants from different linguistic backgrounds listened to the sounds”可知，实验内容翻译成25种语言，因此此处强调跨文化，故选A。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：来自不同语言背景的参与者听这些声音，并从六个书面选项中猜测其意义。A. added添加；B. clarified澄清；C. acquired获得；D. guessed猜测。根据前文“To explore this, researchers organized a contest where participants recorded sounds to express different meanings.”和“Participants from different linguistic backgrounds listened to the sounds” 可知，研究人员进行了更广泛的网络调查，实验要求从选项中猜测声音含义，故选D。 32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究结果显示，不同语言群体的准确率各不相同。A. similar相似的；B. varying不同的；C. satisfactory满意的；D. experimental实验的 。根据后文“English speakers had the highest accuracy rate at 74%, while Portuguese speakers scored 34%.”可知，后文数据（74% vs 34%）表明准确率差异，故选B。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些研究表明，我们进行象似性交流的能力在语言的演变过程中发挥了基础性作用。A. ability能力；B. acquisition习得；C. evolution演化；D. diversity多样性。根据第一段的“A key question in linguistics (语言学) is how languages developed.”可知，全文围绕语言发展（development/evolution）展开，故选C。 34．考查副词词义辨析。句意：象似性使人们能够以不完全依赖于特定语言知识的方式表达意义。A. skillfully熟练地；B. routinely常规地；C. vividly生动地；D. entirely完全地。根据后文“dependent on specific linguistic knowledge”可推断，此处强调不完全依赖语言知识，故选D。 35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果没有这种能力，语言可能永远不会发展成我们如今所拥有的复杂系统。A. knowledge知识；B. ability能力；C. awareness意识；D. finding发现。根据前文“Iconicity enables individuals to express meanings in ways that are not 　　14　　 dependent on specific linguistic knowledge.”可知，此处指的是前文提到的，象似性作为沟通能力，故选B。 Section B (22分) Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Zheng He The Chinese admiral-explorer of the 15th century Zheng He was born around 1371, to a Muslim family in China’s southern Yunnan Province. At 13 he became a servant in the household of the Chinese emperor’s fourth son, Prince Zhu Di. He proved himself to be an exceptional servant, becoming skilled in the arts of war and diplomacy and serving as an officer of the prince. Zhu Di became emperor in 1402, and a year later, he promoted Zheng He to the high military position of admiral and ordered him to oversee the construction of a Treasure Fleet (舰队) to explore the seas surrounding China. The fleet used the compass (指南针) — invented in China in the 11th century -- for navigation. Marked sticks of incense were burned to measure time. Latitude was determined by monitoring the North Star in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Cross in the Southern Hemisphere. The ships of the Treasure Fleet communicated with one another through the use of flags, lanterns, bells, carrier pigeons, gongs and banners. The fleet reached Sri Lanka and India in 1406, and stayed there for several months, carrying on barter and trade. On the return voyage in 1407, the Treasure Fleet was forced to battle with pirates near Sumatra for several months. Eventually Zheng He’s men managed to capture the pirate leader and take him to the Chinese capital Nanjing. During each of Zheng He’s voyages, he encouraged diplomats from other countries to travel to China, either aboard his ships or on their own vessels. In 1426, Zhu Di’s grandson — Zhu Zhanji became the emperor, who later appointed Zheng He to make a seventh voyage in an attempt to restore peaceful relations with the kingdoms of Malacca and Siam. It took a year to prepare for the voyage, which departed as a large expedition with 100 ships and 27,500 men. Zheng He is believed to have died in 1433, on the return trip. Nonetheless, the era of exploration for China was soon over, as the following emperors prohibited trade with foreign countries and even the construction of ocean going vessels, thus ending an era of trade and exploration. 36．The underlined word “oversee” in the first paragraph probably means ______. A．overlook B．neglect C．inspect D．foresee 37．The 3rd paragraph is a brief description of ______. A．equipment used during voyages. B．the way the fleet managed to find directions. C．how night sky was employed for positioning. D．the necessity for interactions between individual ships. 38．What motivated Zhu Zhanji to send Zheng He on a further mission? A．to end hostility between China and certain nations. B．to start an expedition with vessels and sailors. C．to make full preparation for the seventh voyage. D．to bring peace and harmony back to Malacca and Siam. 39．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A．Zheng He was forced to make contact with foreign diplomats. B．China stopped global economic activities following Zheng’s death. C．In the battle against pirates, the fleet suffered little loss and damage. D．The pirate leader was finally set free after he was brought to Nan Jing. 【答案】36．C 37．A 38．A 39．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了15世纪中国探险家郑和的生平事迹及航海探险经历。 36．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Zhu Di became emperor in 1402, and a year later, he promoted Zheng He to the high military position of admiral and ordered him to oversee the construction of a Treasure Fleet (舰队) to explore the seas surrounding China.(朱棣于1402年成为皇帝，一年后，他提拔郑和为海军上将，并命令他oversee建造一支宝船舰队，以探索中国周边海域)”可知，皇帝升他为官，命他监督、视察船队建造，oversee意为“监督，管理”。故选C。 37．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The fleet used the compass (指南针) — invented in China in the 11th century -- for navigation. Marked sticks of incense were burned to measure time. Latitude was determined by monitoring the North Star in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Cross in the Southern Hemisphere. The ships of the Treasure Fleet communicated with one another through the use of flags, lanterns, bells, carrier pigeons, gongs and banners.(船队使用指南针进行导航，指南针于11世纪在中国发明。船员们通过燃烧带有标记的香来计时。在北半球，通过观测北极星来确定纬度，在南半球则通过观测南十字星来确定纬度。宝船队的船只通过使用旗帜、灯笼、铃铛、信鸽、锣和横幅进行相互沟通)”可知，该段主要描述了郑和船队在航行中所使用的设备，包括指南针、香棒、通过观察北极星或南十字座来确定纬度的方法，以及船只之间通过旗帜、灯笼、铃铛、信鸽、锣和旗帜进行通信的方式。因此，该段是对航行中使用的设备的简要描述。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据第五段“In 1426, Zhu Di’s grandson — Zhu Zhanji became the emperor, who later appointed Zheng He to make a seventh voyage in an attempt to restore peaceful relations with the kingdoms of Malacca and Siam.(1426年，朱棣的孙子朱瞻基继位为帝，随后任命郑和进行第七次下西洋，旨在恢复与马六甲和暹罗王国的和平关系)”可知，朱瞻基派郑和进一步出使的动机是结束中国与某些国家之间的敌对状态。故选A。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Zheng He is believed to have died in 1433, on the return trip. Nonetheless, the era of exploration for China was soon over, as the following emperors prohibited trade with foreign countries and even the construction of ocean going vessels, thus ending an era of trade and exploration.(郑和据信于1433年在返程途中去世。然而，中国的探险时代很快便结束了，因为随后的皇帝禁止与外国进行贸易，甚至禁止建造远洋船只，从而终结了一个贸易和探险的时代)”可知，在郑和去世后，中国停止了全球性的经济活动。故选B。 (B) A BRIEF HISTORY OF Shark attacks in U.S. waters It was around noon when the shark struck. Arthur Medici, a 26-year-old from Brazil, was attacked on Sept. 16 just off Cape Cod’s Newcomb Hollow Beach. Although a friend dragged him from the water, he soon succumbed (抵挡不住) to his injuries in the first fatal shark attack in Massachusetts since 1936. Coming just weeks after a 61-year-old was hospitalized following a bite a few miles up the beach, the death frightened a region unaccustomed to the presence of these famous predators. The first American shark panic began in the hot summer of 1916, when a chain of attacks of the Jersey Shore killed four in two weeks. This was thought to be the work of a single great white shark — a species native to the Atlantic coast and the same likely involved in recent attacks. In an era when little was known about beasts from the deep, the deaths were big news. One paper warned that, facing a scarcity of fish, the shark had “probably acquired a taste for human flesh.” But 1916 did not signify a new era of human-hunting sharks. The rate of attacks in the U.S. stayed relatively stable, at two or three per year, for decades. From the 1950s on, that number rose with human population growth, and its subsequent increase of people in the water. Globally, both numbers have been climbing faster since the late 1980s and into the 21st century, but such encounters with sharks are still remarkably uncommon given that the human population is some 7.5 billion. In 2017, 53 of the world’s 88 confirmed unprovoked attacks took place on U.S. coastlines, with 31 in Florida — but even there, you’re far less likely to be killed by a shark than by lightning. Thanks to beach safety and hospital access, only five of last year’s global attacks were fatal. We now know the Jersey Shore shark was probably just confused after straying (偏离) from its home in deeper waters. “If sharks were actively hunting people, we’d see far more attacks,” Gavin Naylor, director at the Florida Museum’s Program for Shark Research, tells TIME. “When sharks attack humans, it’s always a case of mistaken identity.” Instead, great whites are usually looking for seals, which helps explain the Cape Cod attacks. The East Coast is feeling the effects of the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, which has boosted the numbers of seals to unusually high levels. As the seals venture closer to shore, so do the sharks, says Naylor. Statistically, sharks have far more to fear from us than we do from them — fisheries wipe out an estimated 100 million each year, and climate change and other human activity have threatened shark habitats, sending their global population into decline. But that doesn’t make it any less distressing when the beasts bite back. 40．What can we conclude from Paragraph 2? A．The shark’s taste was thought to have changed. B．Great white sharks blame people for the lack of fish. C．Multiple attacks were launched by several sharks. D．Four attacks happened in two weeks at the Jersey Shore in the summer of 1916. 41．“Both numbers” in Paragraph 4 refer to the numbers of ________. A．shark attacks and human population B．people in the water and shark encounters C．human-hunting sharks and shark attacks D．human population and unprovoked attacks 42．The great white shark attacked Arthur Medici probably because ________. A．being lost made him scared and violent B．many seals were swimming closer to shore C．it mistook the young man for a swimming seal D．it was hungry and was hunting humans for food 【答案】40．A 41．A 42．C 【导语】文章简述美国海域鲨鱼袭击历史，1916 年引发恐慌，近年袭击增多源于下海人群与海豹数量上涨，鲨鱼多认错猎物，人类对鲨鱼危害远大于鲨鱼伤人。 【详解】40．推理判断题。根据第二段“One paper warned that, facing a scarcity of fish, the shark had “probably acquired a taste for human flesh.” (一篇论文警告称，面对鱼类短缺，鲨鱼“可能已经对人类的肉产生了兴趣”。)”可知，人们认为鲨鱼的口味发生了变化。 41．细节理解题。根据第三段“From the 1950s on, that number rose with human population growth, and its subsequent increase of people in the water. (自20世纪50年代以来，随着人口增长，这一数字也随之上升，随后水中的人口也不断增多。)”以及第四段“Globally, both numbers have been climbing faster since the late 1980s and into the 21st century, but such encounters with sharks are still remarkably uncommon given that the human population is some 7.5 billion. (全球范围内，这两个数字自20世纪80年代末以来一直以更快的速度上升，并持续到21世纪。然而，考虑到全球人口约为75亿，与鲨鱼的接触仍然极为罕见。)”可知，第四段中的“both numbers”指的是鲨鱼袭击事件的数量和人类人口数量。 42．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When sharks attack humans, it’s always a case of mistaken identity. (当鲨鱼攻击人类时，总是误把人当成猎物。)”可知，大白鲨袭击亚瑟·梅迪奇，可能是因为它误将这名年轻人当作了一只游泳的海豹。 (C) How useful is it, really, to know yourself? The idea that self-knowledge is good for us dates all the way back to the inscriptions (铭文) on ancient Greece’s Temple of Apollo in Delphi. It is still popularly assumed that people with a clear view of themselves and their abilities are better off — that they feel better, have more satisfying relationships and are more successful. But when psychologists have tested that theory, they haven’t found much strong evidence of the benefits of self-insight for well-being. An interesting study recently added findings to this long-standing debate. It tested five of the most common hypotheses (假说) on the connection between self-insight and psychological adjustment. Does self-knowledge really lead to higher satisfaction? Is it maybe more productive to just think positively — even if a little overconfidently — about one’s abilities? Or could it be that those with the highest abilities will be better adjusted? The study, published in July in Nature Human Behaviour, found support for none of these ideas. Instead, it somehow indicated that it is people with the biggest gap between their abilities and their view of themselves who say they have the highest levels of satisfaction with their life, career and relationships. “People who report being more adjusted are those who have a combination of relatively lower true abilities and actual higher views of themselves,” says Stéphane Côté, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto and an author of the paper. Beyond its unanticipated findings, the new study is notable for how it was conducted. It was a registered report, a still relatively rare process that fundamentally shifts the way how scientific research get published. With this study, the journal looked into the planning stages of it and accepted it, in principle, for publication before any data have been collected, regardless of the result. Such an approach is expressly intended for confirmatory research. By that criterion, the self-insight study was an excellent candidate. It was one of the first two registered reports in Nature Human Behaviour. Both appeared in the same issue, along with an editorial on the importance of this new way of doing science. Traditionally, it is mostly “significant” results, meaning those that confirm a hypothesis at a level above statistical significance, that get published. That phenomenon has led to a concern that too much scientific research is left in file drawers and never submitted to a journal, biasing the perception of what is known. “We strongly believe that when the question is important and the methods robust, the results will be important no matter what they are,” the authors of the editorial wrote. 43．What is the purpose of this recent study? A．To illustrate that there’s little meaning in having much self-insight. B．To prove the strong connecting between abilities and well-being. C．To explore the relationship between self-knowledge and success. D．To find out whether one’s self-knowledge leads to higher abilities. 44．According to Stéphane Côté, what kind of people are most likely to be happy with their life? A．Those with a clear view of themselves and their abilities. B．Those with a positive way of thinking and high abilities. C．Those without much self-knowledge or high self-esteem. D．Those without high abilities but see themselves highly. 45．According to the editorial authors of Nature Human Behaviour, this study is notable because ________. A．it is one of the first attempts with a new research approach B．it is a study with some completely unanticipated new findings C．it is a rare fundamental research study in the field of psychology D．it is fully supported and financially backed up by the journal 46．What can be inferred from the findings of this recent study? A．There is no way to prove some most-commonly believed ideas. B．There is no definite answer to even the most sought-after questions. C．There is no sense in trying to figure out people’s true view of themselves. D．There is no reason behind why some people are successful and some are not. 【答案】43．C 44．D 45．A 46．A 【导语】文章主要介绍一项新型注册式心理学研究，探究自知之明与心理状态、人生满意度的关联，得出与传统认知相悖的结论，并介绍这种全新科研发表模式的优势。 【详解】43．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It tested five of the most common hypotheses (假说) on the connection between self-insight and psychological adjustment. Does self-knowledge really lead to higher satisfaction?(它验证了五组关于自我认知与心理适应之间关联的主流假说，自我认知是否真的能带来更高的满足感？)”可知，该研究旨在探究自我认知和人生顺遂、满意度（成功、良好心理状态）之间的关系。 44．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“People who report being more adjusted are those who have a combination of relatively lower true abilities and actual higher views of themselves.(那些自述生活状态更好的人，往往自身真实能力不算突出，但自我评价很高。)”可知，能力普通却高估自己的人更容易对生活满意。 45．细节理解题。根据第四“It was a registered report, a still relatively rare process that fundamentally shifts the way how scientific research get published.(这是一份注册报告，该发表流程目前仍较为少见，它从根本上改变了科研成果的发表模式。)”以及根据第五段“It was one of the first two registered reports in Nature Human Behaviour.(它是《自然・人类行为》期刊最早两篇注册报告之一)”可知，这项研究出名是因为它率先采用全新科研发表方式。 46．推理判断题。根据第二段“The study, published in July in Nature Human Behaviour, found support for none of these ideas.(这项发表于7月《自然-人类行为》的研究，没有为任何一个这些被普遍认可的观点找到支撑)”可推知，部分被大众普遍相信的观点目前无法得到证据证明。 Section C (8分) Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. 47 Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks. “It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components,” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. 48 “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said. They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it’s connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source. 49 “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said. Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. 50 “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.” A．Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. B．A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. C．There used to be few ways like this to study how insects fly. D．What really drives us day to day is the abundance of technologies and fascinating open scientific problems. E．Thus, it might some day perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. F．Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. 【答案】47．F 48．B 49．E 50．A 【导语】文章介绍了哈佛大学团队研发出仿生机器苍蝇，讲述其研发难点、系统构造，并展望它在科研、救援、农业、军事等领域的应用前景。 【详解】47．根据前文“A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. (哈佛大学一组工程师从大自然中获得灵感，研制出首款仿生机器苍蝇。这款机械苍蝇成为一系列全新高科技集成系统的应用平台。)”及后文“Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks. (它的微型翅膀能让它停留在空中并执行受控飞行任务。)”可知，前文引出哈佛研发的机器苍蝇，后文介绍它翅膀的飞行功能，F选项“Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. (这台微型机器的设计旨在模拟苍蝇的自然行为，其大小与一只肥胖的家蝇相当。)”介绍了机器苍蝇的设计目的和体型，承上启下，符合语境。 48．根据前文“‘It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components,’ said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. (‘对我们来说，将这视为一个整体系统，而非仅仅是一堆独立部件的总和，是极其重要的，’哈佛大学工程学教授罗伯特·伍德说，他已从事仿生苍蝇项目十多年。)”及后文“‘The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,’ he said. (‘像这样的项目，难度更大之处在于，这些部件实际上都不是现成的，所以我们必须全部自行开发，’他说。)”可知，前文提到教授研究项目十余年，强调要整合组件，后文提到组件无成品需要自研，B选项“A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. (几年前，他的团队获准开始组装这些部件。)”说明团队获得批准开始组装组件，衔接前后逻辑，符合要求。 49．根据前文“While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source. (虽然这个首个机器人飞行器与一个小型外部电源相连，但最终的目标是为其配备一个内置电源。)”及后文“‘Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,’ he said. (‘基本上，它应该能够起飞、降落和四处飞行，’他说。)”可知，前文提到研发目标是给机器苍蝇配置内置独立电源，后文说明它可实现自由飞行，E选项“Thus, it might some day perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers’ fields or on the battlefield. (因此，它有朝一日可能会在救援现场、农田或战场上执行数据收集工作。)”推断独立飞行后，它未来可在多个场景执行数据收集任务，承接上文的研发目标，符合语境。 50．根据前文“Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. (伍德表示，该设计提供了一种新的方式来研究昆虫尺度的飞行力学和控制。)”及后文“‘You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,’ he said. ‘So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis.’ (‘你可以开始考虑利用它们来回答悬而未决的科学问题，你知道，用这些机器人来研究生物学，这种方式在动物身上很难实现，’他说。‘因此，有许多技术和悬而未决的有趣科学问题真正推动我们日复一日地前进。’)”可知，前文提到该设计可用于研究昆虫尺度的飞行，后文介绍它可解决更多科学问题、替代动物开展研究，A选项“Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. (然而，搭载的动力、传感和计算技术具有更广泛的应用前景。)”指出机器苍蝇搭载的相关技术有更广泛的应用，引出下文的拓展用途，逻辑通顺。 III. Summary Writing (10分) 51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do I Get Anxious Thoughts Late at Night? Sleep problems are surprisingly common, with many adults struggling to fall asleep because of anxious thoughts. Research from the University of Oxford shows that people with sleeplessness tend to focus more on worries at bedtime, while good sleepers think of little in particular. Many people have experienced falling asleep easily in front of the TV, only to lie awake once in bed. This highlights a key reason for nighttime anxiety: the sudden lack of distraction. During the day and evening, the brain is constantly engaged — working, socialising, or watching something. But once the lights are off, external stimulation disappears, leaving the mind free to turn inward. At this point, it often dwells on past events or future concerns, the two main sources of worry. Psychologists suggest that trying to push these thoughts away doesn’t really work. Often, the more you resist them, the more they seem to stick around. A better approach is to notice them and simply let them pass. For worries about the past, one useful method is to write in a journal before bed. Studies have shown that people who record their thoughts and feelings fall asleep more quickly. Putting concerns onto paper seems to reduce their mental impact, making it easier to relax. For others, it is future tasks that cause anxiety, especially at the start of the week when responsibilities feel too much to handle. Research supports the idea that writing a to-do list before bedtime can help. In one study, participants who wrote down upcoming tasks fell asleep faster than those who simply reflected on what they had already done. Writing appears to organise thoughts and reduce mental overload. In general, worrying is normal. The key is to manage it, not remove it. If you deal with worries earlier in the day, you’re less likely to feel stressed at night and can sleep more easily. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】       People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward. Trying to resist worries makes them worse. A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.   【导语】本文主要分析了人们深夜易产生焦虑思绪的原因，并介绍了应对深夜焦虑、改善睡眠的有效方法。    【详解】1.要点摘录 ① Research shows that people with sleeplessness focus more on worries at bedtime.     ② The sudden lack of distraction after lights off leaves the mind free to turn inward, dwelling on past or future concerns.     ③ Trying to push anxious thoughts away doesn’t work; resisting makes them stick more.     ④ Writing in a journal before bed helps reduce the mental impact of past worries.     ⑤ Writing a to-do list before bed helps organize thoughts and reduce mental overload from future tasks.   2. 缜密构思     将第1、2点整合为夜间焦虑产生的原因；将第3点作为错误应对方式；将第4、5点作为两种正确管理策略。 3.遣词造句 People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward. Trying to resist worries makes them worse. A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.   【点睛】【高分句型1】People often feel anxious at night because the brain lacks daytime distractions and turns inward.(运用了because引导的原因状语从句) 【高分句型2】A better approach is to manage worries by journaling about the past or making to-do lists for future tasks, which helps reduce mental overload and improve sleep.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) IV. Translation (15分) Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52．这名冲浪运动员前往偏远的海滩，以寻找完美的海浪。(in search) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】The surfer went to remote beaches in search of perfect waves. 【详解】句子陈述已发生的动作，用一般过去时；表示“这名冲浪运动员”用The surfer，作主语；表示“前往”用go to，结合时态用went to；表示“偏远的海滩”用remote beaches，作宾语；表示“以寻找”用固定短语in search of，作目的状语；表示“完美的海浪”用perfect waves，作介词of的宾语。 53．同学们的热情和创意，让老师们欣慰。(What) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】What made the teachers relieved was the students’ enthusiasm and creativity. 【详解】句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；表示“让老师们欣慰”可以理解为为主语部分，需用What引导主语从句，即What made the teachers relieved（让老师们感到欣慰的事情），其中“欣慰的”relieved为形容词作宾语补足语；主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，结合时态用was，表示“同学们的热情和创意”用the students’ enthusiasm and creativity，作表语，说明主语的具体内容。 54．这幢大厦建成已有半个多世纪，一直是上海的城市地标。(serve) （汉译英） __________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This building has been standing for over half a century, serving as a landmark in Shanghai. 【详解】考查名词，动词和时态。“这幢大厦”用名词短语this building作主语，“建成已有半个多世纪”即表示“已经矗立了半个多世纪，还会继续矗立下去”，用现在完成进行时，表示为“has been standing ”，“半个多世纪”表示为for over half a century作时间状语，“一直是上海的城市地标”用现在分词作状语，表示为serving as a landmark in Shanghai，其中serve as表示“充当，充任”。故译为This building has been standing for over half a century, serving as a landmark in Shanghai. 55．在决定大学就读专业之前，我们需要权衡每个领域的利弊，包括工作前景和个人兴趣。(weigh) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】Before deciding on a major at university, we need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each field, including job prospects and personal interests. 【详解】句子陈述一般性建议，用一般现在时；表示“在决定大学就读专业之前”用时间状语Before deciding on a major at university；表示“我们需要”用we need to，后接动词原形；表示“权衡”用提示词weigh；表示“每个领域的利弊”用the advantages and disadvantages of each field，作宾语；表示“包括工作前景和个人兴趣”用介词短语including job prospects and personal interests。 V. Guided Writing (25分) 56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120–150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 随着 AI 作业助手 (AI homework assistants) 的普及，越来越多中学生开始用它们完成作业、解答难题。有人认为这类工具能帮学生高效解决学习难点，节省时间；也有人担心过度依赖会削弱学生的独立思考能力和解题能力。假设你是高中生李华，在校园论坛上看到相关讨论，决定回帖表达你的看法。回帖内容应包括： 1.你对中学生使用 AI 作业助手的态度； 2.你的理由（至少两点）。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】    Nowadays, AI homework assistants are widely used among middle school students, causing heated debates online. As Li Hua, I hold the view that we should use such AI tools wisely rather than rely on them blindly. For one thing, AI assistants can effectively help us tackle difficult problems and clear up learning confusion. They offer detailed explanations, saving us much time spent thinking alone. For another, excessive dependence will do great harm to us. If we copy answers directly, we will gradually lose the ability of independent thinking and problem-solving, which is essential for our long-term study. In short, AI is just a useful helper. We should think independently first and turn to it only when necessary. Only in this way can we make progress in our studies. 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生对于随着 AI 作业助手 (AI homework assistants) 的普及，越来越多中学生开始用它们完成作业、解答难题。有人认为这类工具能帮学生高效解决学习难点，节省时间；也有人担心过度依赖会削弱学生的独立思考能力和解题能力这一情况，表达你的看法。 【详解】1.词汇积累 激烈的：heated → intense 明智地：wisely → advisably 解决：tackle → solve 至关重要的：essential → crucial 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：For one thing, AI assistants can effectively help us tackle difficult problems and clear up learning confusion. 拓展句：For one thing, AI assistants can operate efficiently so that they can help us tackle difficult problems and clear up learning confusion. 【点睛】【高分句型1】If we copy answers directly, we will gradually lose the ability of independent thinking and problem-solving, which is essential for our long-term study.（运用了If引导的条件状语从句以及which引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】Nowadays, AI homework assistants are widely used among middle school students, causing heated debates online.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语） 2 / 21 1 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $