精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第二学期高二年级英语学科4月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Reading the Story. It’s the customary bedtime practice every parent would feel fearful — being asked to read the same book for many many times. But ____1____ the constant repetition might be boring for mum or dad, it is the best way for children to learn new words, according to research. The findings suggest parents are wasting money by spending a fortune on huge book collections in the hope ____2____ they will inspire their little ones. Instead, a small selection of favourites such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar will achieve far more. Dr. Jessica Horst of the University of Sussex’s WORD Lab devised an experiment ____3____ (check) how quickly three-year-olds could recognize and recall six new words. The children ____4____ (visit) three times in a week. One group heard the same story three times back-to-back each time and another was read three different stories. All had the same number of new words ____5____ appeared the same amount of times. When researchers returned a week later, they found the children who heard the same story over and over had typically learned 3.6 of the new words, while those ____6____ (expose) to a variety of stories remembered only 2.6. They also noted the “repetition” group learned at a faster rate than those in the “variety” group. Dr. Horst said, “We are showing that less is more, to a point. And, obviously, the more times you read to a child and the more books you have will help him or her. But you ____7____ (not need) to go crazy and buy every single Thomas the Tank Engine book. ____8____ (read) the same books over and over again helps.” Speaking of the previous studies, we have found one in three parents don’t read to their children ____9____ putting them to bed. Yet 30 minutes of one-on-one reading periods can improve reading age ____10____ nearly two years in less than five months. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. comparisons B. crucially C. cultivate D. descriptions E. extends F. findings G. frequently H. presented I. preserve J. supports K. useful Smells and Sensibility The human sense of smell is weak. And the relative weakness of smell compared with sight ____11____ to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to smells. Some researchers suggest it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words ____12____ to their speakers. A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden, ____13____ this. To test how important people's way of life is to their use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at how two groups of people used terms for colours and smells. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who ____14____ rice. And ____15____ although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name smells and colours ____16____ to them at random. The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for smells 86% of the time—about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour ____17____ at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing smells they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while turning to ____18____ such as "banana-like" and "chocolate-like", 56% of the time. Moreover, the Semaq Beri more ____19____ agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these ____20____, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is important to the use of abstract names for smells. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Every decade, the average height of people in Europe grows another centimetre. Every year, more and more truly big people are born. However, this does not mean humanity is producing a new super race. In fact, we are ____21____ what we were like as cavemen. Only now are we ____22____ the effects of generations of poor diet. For most of human history, our ancestors got their food from a wide variety of sources: women gathered herbs (草药), fruits and berries, while men added to these with occasional kills of animals. One research study found that they based their diet on 85 different wild plants, for example. Then about 9,000 years ago, agriculture was ____23____, with destructive consequences. Most of the planet’s green places have been gradually ____24____ by farmers, with the result that just three carbohydrate (碳水化合物)-rich plants — wheat, rice and maize — provide more than half of the calories consumed by the human race today. This poor diet has had a disastrous effect. Over the centuries we have lived on soups and breads that have left us underfed and ____25____. In one study in Ohio, scientists discovered that when they began to grow corn, healthy hunter-gatherers were turned into sickly, underweight ____26____. Tooth decay increased, as did diseases. Far from being one of the ____27____ of the New World, corn was a public health disaster, according to some anthropologists (人类学家). ____28____, from then on agriculture spread because a piece of farmed land could support ten times the number of people who had previously lived off it as hunter-gatherers. The fact that most people relying on this system are poorly nourished has only ____29____ been handled, even by the world’s wealthier nations. Only in some countries are diets again reflecting the ____30____ of our ancestors’ diets. As a result, the average man in the US is now 179 cm, in Holland 180 cm, and in Japan 177 cm. It is a(n) ____31____ trend, though not without its own problems. Heights may have risen, but the world has not moved on, it seems. A standard bed-length has remained at 190 cm since 1860. ____32____, leg-room in planes and trains seems to have shrunk rather than grown, while clothes manufacturers are constantly having to revise their range of products. However, scientists add one note of qualification. Individuals may be growing taller because of improved nutrition, but as a species we are actually ____33____. During the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, members of the human race were slightly rounder and taller — an evolutionary response to the ____34____. Since the climate warmed, we appear to have got slightly thinner and smaller, even when ____35____ fed. And as the planet continues to heat up, we may get even thinner and smaller. 21. A. returning to B. relying on C. agreeing with D. looking for 22. A. suffering B. defending C. losing D. seeing 23. A. invented B. discussed C. neglected D. replaced 24. A. taken over B. settled down C. passed on D. made up 25. A. over-rated B. over-consumed C. under-corrected D. underdeveloped 26. A. workers B. farmers C. researchers D. soldiers 27. A. discovery B. symbol C. nature D. blessings 28. A. Nevertheless B. Consequently C. Furthermore D. Namely 29. A. unintentionally B. theoretically C. recently D. scarcely 30. A. shortage B. safety C. quantity D. richness 31. A. average B. similar C. welcome D. curious 32. A. In effect B. To conclude C. For example D. Even worse 33. A. developing B. awakening C. shrinking D. suspecting 34. A. wildlife B. cold C. starvation D. crisis 35. A. unhealthily B. properly C. randomly D. regularly Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It is a cold November evening and I am sitting at the top of a tall stepladder in a village hall. On the floor, 16 dogs stare up at me curiously. They are arranged in a square, four by four. I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous. I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier, “Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?” It sounded straightforward enough. He sent me a link to Charlie Bit My Finger, a video of a baby biting his little brother. It is currently YouTube’s most watched video of all time. “I want you to make your own viral and become internet famous,” he said. “If this can get 135 million hits, you can do it too.” To better understand what makes people share videos, I turned to Judith Donath of MIT, who studies online social networks. She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds. Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming. Sharing videos through email or within social networks is just the next step. Donath argues, “Sharing online is equivalent to small talk,” she says. “It’s a little gift of information. It shows I’m thinking of you.” Video sharing is also a way of making a statement. “In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too. I have friends and colleagues who are cool, so I quizzed them for inspiration. Eventually, we hit upon a winning idea. I called it Pets Teach Science. The aim is to demonstrate tricky concepts ranging from quantum physics to chemical structure with the help of man’s best friend and other furry companions. 36. The writer is on a ladder at the beginning of the passage because ______. A. some dogs are watching him from below B. someone is filming him with some animals C. he is trying to make a special type of video D. he is observing people making a film 37. What does the writer’s editor want him to do? A. To make them both famous. B. To get a film of some rare dogs. C. To investigate the success of video-sharing websites. D. To discover the reasons for the popularity of some videos. 38. The phrase “such grooming” (in paragraph 3) refers to ______. A. using small talk B. sharing stuff on the web C. looking after each other like animals do D. establishing social networks through gossiping 39. Which of the following does Donath give as a further reason why people share videos? A. People enjoy entertaining their friends. B. People think it gives them a good image. C. People use videos as a statement of their ideas. D. People want to practice their technical skills. （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. （C） Researchers have been looking for genes related to schizophrenia, a mental disease, for at least 50 years. What makes them think they will find them is that the disorder has a high heritability (遗传力). This term is often interpreted as a measure of the relative role played by genes. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100 percent. Scientists have estimated the heritability of schizophrenia using several approaches, including studies of twins. Most estimates are around 80 percent. Many researchers argue that heritability estimates for schizophrenia can be very misleading, however. They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins (同卵及异卵双胞胎) to be subject to the same environmental influences. “These basic assumptions are wrong,” says Roar Fosse, a neuroscientist at the Vestre Viken Hospital Trust in Norway, who led a recent critical assessment of the EEA. But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine. Some researchers have an even deeper critique of heritability. They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment. Heritability, rather, measures only how much the variation of a trait (特征) in a particular population — whether height, IQ or being diagnosed with schizophrenia — reflects genetic differences in that group. As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms. Nearly everyone in a given population has two of them, and there is normally no difference in the number of arms between identical twins — who share nearly 100 percent of their DNA sequence — and fraternal twins, who are assumed to share 50 percent of their genes on average. Thus, when heritability for arm number is calculated using standard heritability equations, it comes out to 0. And yet we know that having two arms is almost entirely genetically determined. Figuring out what heritability for schizophrenia actually means is key, says Evan Eichel at the University of Washington, Seattle, because even the most high-powered genetic studies have identified only about a third of the predicted genetic part. Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see. 43. It can be inferred from the passage that some researchers criticize heritability because ______. A. it leads to underestimation of possible cases of schizophrenia B. it puts emphasis on a small number of genetic differences C. it fails to take the effect of the environment into account D. it relies too much on the studies of two kinds of twins 44. According to the passage, ______ is a supporter of EEA. A. Roar Fosse B. Kenneth Kendler C. Eric Turkheimer D. Evan Eichel 45. Why is the human trait of two arms mentioned in the passage (in paragraph 3)? A. As an example of the zero difference between twins. B. To illustrate how wrong heritability estimates can be. C. To argue against using both identical and fraternal twins. D. As an approach to explaining what is genetically determined. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding? B. Heritability: A Self-Evident Concept C. Heritability: A New Method of Research? D. Heritability: High-powered genetic studies Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is a Food Chain? A food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. This essay will describe the three types of organism which form food chains, and explain how each organism acts as a food source for the next one in the chain. ____47____ Green plants are an example of a producer. They use photosynthesis (光合作用), that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (有机化合物) using energy from light from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots. ____48____ Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds. ____49____ For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. Consumers can also be divided into groups according to what they eat: herbivores, which eat only plants or plant products, carnivores, which eat animals, and omnivores, which eat both plants and animals. ____50____ When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food chain begins again. To summarize, a food chain shows that every organism is dependent on another for its source of energy, and in turn acts as a food source for the next organism in the chain. A. The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. B. The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. C. Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. D. Firstly, producers are those that rely on green plants for energy. E. They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. F. Once a cycle ends, it starts another one. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Hosting the Olympics Today, the Olympic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this? What are the advantages of hosting such an event? A world-class event demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come. Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008. Another consideration is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right. IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 亨利抓住弟弟的手臂。(by) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 53. 越靠近那幢屋子，我们的步伐就越缓慢。(close)(汉译英) _____________________________________________ 54. 在一次心理课上，当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，你可以想象这有多尴尬。(embarrassing) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 55. 这个应用程序很快就无人问津的原因是它的开发者没有将用户的实际需求考虑在内。(account) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你的英国笔友Tom来信，询问疫情期间你们学校是采取什么措施保障同学们学习进度的。请你写一封回信，内容包括：1) 学校采取的两项主要措施；2) 你的感受。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2025学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Reading the Story. It’s the customary bedtime practice every parent would feel fearful — being asked to read the same book for many many times. But ____1____ the constant repetition might be boring for mum or dad, it is the best way for children to learn new words, according to research. The findings suggest parents are wasting money by spending a fortune on huge book collections in the hope ____2____ they will inspire their little ones. Instead, a small selection of favourites such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar will achieve far more. Dr. Jessica Horst of the University of Sussex’s WORD Lab devised an experiment ____3____ (check) how quickly three-year-olds could recognize and recall six new words. The children ____4____ (visit) three times in a week. One group heard the same story three times back-to-back each time and another was read three different stories. All had the same number of new words ____5____ appeared the same amount of times. When researchers returned a week later, they found the children who heard the same story over and over had typically learned 3.6 of the new words, while those ____6____ (expose) to a variety of stories remembered only 2.6. They also noted the “repetition” group learned at a faster rate than those in the “variety” group. Dr. Horst said, “We are showing that less is more, to a point. And, obviously, the more times you read to a child and the more books you have will help him or her. But you ____7____ (not need) to go crazy and buy every single Thomas the Tank Engine book. ____8____ (read) the same books over and over again helps.” Speaking of the previous studies, we have found one in three parents don’t read to their children ____9____ putting them to bed. Yet 30 minutes of one-on-one reading periods can improve reading age ____10____ nearly two years in less than five months. 【答案】1. while##although##though 2. that 3. to check 4. were visited 5. which##that 6. exposed 7. don’t need 8. Reading 9. before 10. by 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍研究发现，反复读同一本绘本比读多样书籍更利于幼儿学习新词。 【1题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：但是尽管不断重复对爸爸妈妈来说可能很枯燥，研究表明，这是孩子学习新单词最好的方式。前后句意存在转折让步关系，本空引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”，用while/although/though。 【2题详解】 考查同位语从句。句意：该研究结果表明，父母花大价钱买一大堆藏书，希望这些书能激发孩子的兴趣，其实是在浪费钱。本空引导同位语从句，解释说明hope的内容，从句句意完整、不缺成分，用that引导该从句。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：萨塞克斯大学词汇实验室的杰西卡・霍斯特博士设计了一项实验，来测试三岁孩子识别和回忆六个新单词的速度。本空作目的状语，表示实验的目的，用不定式to check。 【4题详解】 考查动词语态。句意：这些孩子在一周内被探访了三次。主语the children和visit之间是被动关系，描述过去实验的情况，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为复数，谓语用were visited。 【5题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：所有故事有着数量相同的生词，并且生词出现次数一样。本空引导定语从句，修饰先行词new words，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用that或which。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：研究者一周后回访，反复听同一个故事的孩子平均学会3.6个新词，而接触不同故事的孩子只记住2.6个。those指代前文提到的听不同故事的孩子们，和expose之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。 【7题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：但是你没必要疯狂买下每一本托马斯小火车的书。本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，主语为you，否定形式用don’t need。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：反复阅读相同的书籍是有帮助的。本空在句中作主语，表示泛指的动作，用动名词reading，句首单词首字母大写。 【9题详解】 考查介词。句意：说到之前的研究，我们发现三分之一的家长在哄孩子睡觉前不给孩子读书。本空表示“在……之前”，用介词before。 【10题详解】 考查介词。句意：然而，不到五个月里，三十分钟一对一阅读，可以让阅读年龄提升将近两岁。固定搭配“improve...by+幅度”，表示提升了多少。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. comparisons B. crucially C. cultivate D. descriptions E. extends F. findings G. frequently H. presented I. preserve J. supports K. useful Smells and Sensibility The human sense of smell is weak. And the relative weakness of smell compared with sight ____11____ to language, too. Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are bad at putting names to smells. Some researchers suggest it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words ____12____ to their speakers. A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden, ____13____ this. To test how important people's way of life is to their use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at how two groups of people used terms for colours and smells. These were the Semaq Beri, who also hunt and gather for a living, and the Semelai, who ____14____ rice. And ____15____ although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest. Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name smells and colours ____16____ to them at random. The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for smells 86% of the time—about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%. The Semelai also used abstract colour ____17____ at a similar rate, namely 78% of the time. But when it came to describing smells they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while turning to ____18____ such as "banana-like" and "chocolate-like", 56% of the time. Moreover, the Semaq Beri more ____19____ agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai. Given these ____20____, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is important to the use of abstract names for smells. 【答案】11. E 12. K 13. J 14. C 15. B 16. H 17. D 18. A 19. G 20. F 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了该研究对比两个雨林族群，发现狩猎采集者更常用抽象词描述气味，说明生活方式而非语言影响气味命名。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：并且嗅觉相较于视觉的这种相对弱势也延伸到语言层面。根据“the relative weakness of smell compared with sight”以及句意“延伸”可知应填动词extend，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为weakness，谓语用三单形式。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：一些研究者认为，这是语言倾向于包含对使用者有用的词汇所带来的结果。根据“it is a consequence of the tendency of languages to contain words”以及句意“有用的”可知应填形容词useful，作定语修饰words。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：荷兰拉德堡德大学的Asifa Majid和瑞典隆德大学的Nicole Kruspe开展的一项研究支持这一观点。根据“A study, by Asifa Majid at Radboud University in the Netherlands and Nicole Kruspe at Lund University in Sweden”以及句意“支持”可知应填动词support，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为study，谓语用三单形式。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：这两个族群分别是以狩猎采集为生的Semaq Beri人和种植水稻的Semelai人。根据宾语rice以及句意“种植，培育”可知应填动词cultivate，非限制性定语从句中谓语与先行词the Semelai保持一致，用原形。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：而至关重要的是，尽管这两个族群谋生方式不同，但他们的语言亲缘关系很近，并且都生活在雨林之中。根据下文“although these two peoples make their livings in different ways, their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest”以及句意“至关重要地”可知应填副词crucially，作状语。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：Majid博士和Kruspe博士随机向20名Semaq Beri人和21名Semelai人展示气味和颜色，让他们命名。根据后文“to them at random”以及句意“展示”可知应填动词present，与smells and colours构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：Semelai人使用抽象的颜色描述的比例也相近，也就是78%。根据“abstract colour”以及句意“描述”可知应填复数名词descriptions，作宾语。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：但在描述气味时，他们仅在44%的场景下使用抽象表达，而56%的时候会借助对比，比如“像香蕉一样”“像巧克力一样”。根据后文“banana-like”、“chocolate-like”以及句意“对比，类比”可知应填复数名词comparisons。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：此外，Semaq Beri人在气味命名上相互达成一致的情况比Semelai人更频繁。根据后文“agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai”以及句意“频繁地”可知应填副词frequently，修饰动词。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：基于这些研究发现，两位博士提出：对气味抽象名称的使用起重要作用的是狩猎采集的生活方式，而不是某一种特定语言。根据上文实验数据以及句意“发现，研究结果”可知应填复数名词findings，作宾语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Every decade, the average height of people in Europe grows another centimetre. Every year, more and more truly big people are born. However, this does not mean humanity is producing a new super race. In fact, we are ____21____ what we were like as cavemen. Only now are we ____22____ the effects of generations of poor diet. For most of human history, our ancestors got their food from a wide variety of sources: women gathered herbs (草药), fruits and berries, while men added to these with occasional kills of animals. One research study found that they based their diet on 85 different wild plants, for example. Then about 9,000 years ago, agriculture was ____23____, with destructive consequences. Most of the planet’s green places have been gradually ____24____ by farmers, with the result that just three carbohydrate (碳水化合物)-rich plants — wheat, rice and maize — provide more than half of the calories consumed by the human race today. This poor diet has had a disastrous effect. Over the centuries we have lived on soups and breads that have left us underfed and ____25____. In one study in Ohio, scientists discovered that when they began to grow corn, healthy hunter-gatherers were turned into sickly, underweight ____26____. Tooth decay increased, as did diseases. Far from being one of the ____27____ of the New World, corn was a public health disaster, according to some anthropologists (人类学家). ____28____, from then on agriculture spread because a piece of farmed land could support ten times the number of people who had previously lived off it as hunter-gatherers. The fact that most people relying on this system are poorly nourished has only ____29____ been handled, even by the world’s wealthier nations. Only in some countries are diets again reflecting the ____30____ of our ancestors’ diets. As a result, the average man in the US is now 179 cm, in Holland 180 cm, and in Japan 177 cm. It is a(n) ____31____ trend, though not without its own problems. Heights may have risen, but the world has not moved on, it seems. A standard bed-length has remained at 190 cm since 1860. ____32____, leg-room in planes and trains seems to have shrunk rather than grown, while clothes manufacturers are constantly having to revise their range of products. However, scientists add one note of qualification. Individuals may be growing taller because of improved nutrition, but as a species we are actually ____33____. During the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, members of the human race were slightly rounder and taller — an evolutionary response to the ____34____. Since the climate warmed, we appear to have got slightly thinner and smaller, even when ____35____ fed. And as the planet continues to heat up, we may get even thinner and smaller. 21. A. returning to B. relying on C. agreeing with D. looking for 22. A. suffering B. defending C. losing D. seeing 23. A. invented B. discussed C. neglected D. replaced 24. A. taken over B. settled down C. passed on D. made up 25. A. over-rated B. over-consumed C. under-corrected D. underdeveloped 26. A. workers B. farmers C. researchers D. soldiers 27. A. discovery B. symbol C. nature D. blessings 28. A. Nevertheless B. Consequently C. Furthermore D. Namely 29. A. unintentionally B. theoretically C. recently D. scarcely 30. A. shortage B. safety C. quantity D. richness 31. A. average B. similar C. welcome D. curious 32. A. In effect B. To conclude C. For example D. Even worse 33. A. developing B. awakening C. shrinking D. suspecting 34. A. wildlife B. cold C. starvation D. crisis 35. A. unhealthily B. properly C. randomly D. regularly 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. B 【解析】 【导语】文章讲述了现代人身高增长得益于饮食回归祖先多样化模式；农业兴起曾造成饮食单一、健康受损，而从物种层面看，气候变暖会让人类整体体型逐渐变小。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：事实上，我们正在回归穴居人原本的状态。A. returning to回归；B. relying on依靠；C. agreeing with同意；D. looking for寻找。根据第四段“Only in some countries are diets again reflecting the 　　　 of our ancestors’ diets.”可知，此处指如今部分国家饮食重回祖先丰富多样的模式，身高回升。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：直到现在，我们才看到几代人饮食不佳所带来的影响。A. suffering遭受；B. defending保卫；C. losing摆脱；D. seeing看见。根据前文“Every decade, the average height of people in Europe grows another centimetre”可知，人们身高变化，让我们得以看见不良饮食带来的影响。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：然后大约九千年前，农业被发明，带来了破坏性的后果。A. invented发明；B. discussed讨论；C. neglected忽视；D. replaced取代。根据第三段“agriculture spread because a piece of farmed land could support ten times the number of people” 可知，农业这一生产方式诞生并传播。 【24题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：地球上大部分绿地逐渐被农民接管，结果如今仅小麦、水稻和玉米这三种富含碳水的作物，就为人类提供一半以上的热量。A. taken over接管；B. settled down安定；C. passed on传递；D. made up编造。根据后文“wheat, rice and maize”描述农民种植三种主食作物可知，此处指绿地被农田占据接管。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：几个世纪以来，我们依靠汤和面包果腹，营养不足，发育不良。A. over-rated被高估的；B. over-consumed过度消耗的；C. under-corrected未被纠正的；D. underdeveloped发育不良的。根据前文“This poor diet has had a disastrous effect”以及“underfed”可知，此处指饮食单一、营养不足会造成发育不良。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：在俄亥俄州的一项研究中，科学家发现，当他们开始种植玉米时，原本健康的狩猎采集者变成了体弱、体重不足的农民。A. workers工人；B. farmers农民；C. researchers研究者；D. soldiers士兵。根据前文“when they began to grow corn”可知，种植玉米的人成为农民。 【27题详解】 考查名词。句意：一些人类学家认为，玉米远非新大陆的福祉之一，反而是一场公共卫生灾难。A. discovery发现；B. symbol象征；C. nature自然；D. blessings福祉。根据后文“corn was a public health disaster”可知，此处指玉米远非新大陆的福祉之一，blessings与disaster构成相反对照，贴合语境。 【28题详解】 考查副词。句意：尽管如此，从那以后农业还是传播开来，因为一块耕地能养活的人口，是之前狩猎采集模式下的十倍。A. Nevertheless尽管如此；B. Consequently因此；C. Furthermore此外；D. Namely也就是。根据前文“corn was a public health disaster”描述玉米带来健康灾难可知，后文农业依旧扩散，两句是转折让步关系，Nevertheless贴合语境。 【29题详解】 考查副词。句意：依靠这套农耕体系的大多数人营养不良这一问题，直到最近才得到处理，即便是在世界上富裕国家。A. unintentionally无意地；B. theoretically理论上；C. recently最近；D. scarcely几乎不。根据后文“been handled, even by the world’s wealthier nations”可知，此处指营养不良的问题到近期才得到重视解决。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：只有在部分国家，饮食再次重现了祖先饮食的丰富性。A. shortage短缺；B. safety安全；C. quantity数量；D. richness丰富性。根据第一段“our ancestors got their food from a wide variety of sources”可知，此处指祖先食物来源多样，richness和a wide variety呼应，贴合语境。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这是一个可喜的趋势，尽管它本身也带来一些问题。A. average平均的；B. similar相似的；C. welcome可喜的；D. curious好奇的。根据前文“the average man in the US is now 179 cm, in Holland 180 cm, and in Japan 177 cm”可知，各国平均身高提升是向好趋势，welcome贴合语境。 【32题详解】 考查副词短语。句意：更糟糕的是，飞机和火车上腿部空间似乎不增反减，而服装厂商则要不断更新产品尺码。A. In effect实际上；B. To conclude总之；C. For example例如；D. Even worse更糟糕的是。根据前文“A standard bed-length has remained at 190 cm since 1860”以及语境可知，床的标准长度长期不变，本句继续列举跟不上身高增长的糟心事，递进加强负面含义，Even worse贴合语境。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：个体或许因为营养改善长得更高，但作为一个物种，我们实际上正在缩小。A. developing发展；B. awakening觉醒；C. shrinking缩小；D. suspecting怀疑。根据后文“we appear to have got slightly thinner and smaller”可知，人类物种整体体型在变小。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：一万年前末次冰期时，人类体型稍壮、个子更高，这是对寒冷环境的进化适应。A. wildlife野生动物；B. cold寒冷；C. starvation饥饿；D. crisis危机。根据前文“During the last ice age”以及常识可知，冰期的环境特点是寒冷。 【35题详解】 考查副词。句意：气候变暖之后，即便营养供给充足，我们也变得更瘦、更小了。A. unhealthily不健康地；B. properly充足地，恰当地；C. randomly随意地；D. regularly定期地。根据前文“Individuals may be growing taller because of improved nutrition”可知，个体营养变好会长高，此处对比物种层面，就算营养充足体型依旧变小。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） It is a cold November evening and I am sitting at the top of a tall stepladder in a village hall. On the floor, 16 dogs stare up at me curiously. They are arranged in a square, four by four. I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous. I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier, “Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?” It sounded straightforward enough. He sent me a link to Charlie Bit My Finger, a video of a baby biting his little brother. It is currently YouTube’s most watched video of all time. “I want you to make your own viral and become internet famous,” he said. “If this can get 135 million hits, you can do it too.” To better understand what makes people share videos, I turned to Judith Donath of MIT, who studies online social networks. She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds. Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming. Sharing videos through email or within social networks is just the next step. Donath argues, “Sharing online is equivalent to small talk,” she says. “It’s a little gift of information. It shows I’m thinking of you.” Video sharing is also a way of making a statement. “In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too. I have friends and colleagues who are cool, so I quizzed them for inspiration. Eventually, we hit upon a winning idea. I called it Pets Teach Science. The aim is to demonstrate tricky concepts ranging from quantum physics to chemical structure with the help of man’s best friend and other furry companions. 36. The writer is on a ladder at the beginning of the passage because ______. A. some dogs are watching him from below B. someone is filming him with some animals C. he is trying to make a special type of video D. he is observing people making a film 37. What does the writer’s editor want him to do? A. To make them both famous. B. To get a film of some rare dogs. C. To investigate the success of video-sharing websites. D. To discover the reasons for the popularity of some videos. 38. The phrase “such grooming” (in paragraph 3) refers to ______. A. using small talk B. sharing stuff on the web C. looking after each other like animals do D. establishing social networks through gossiping 39. Which of the following does Donath give as a further reason why people share videos? A. People enjoy entertaining their friends. B. People think it gives them a good image. C. People use videos as a statement of their ideas. D. People want to practice their technical skills. 【答案】36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述作者为探究网络视频走红的原因尝试自制爆款视频。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“I watch through the viewfinder of my video camera. This, I think to myself, could make me famous.(我透过摄像机的取景器观察，心想这说不定能让我出名。)”可知，作者站在梯子上是为了拍摄制作一款特殊的视频。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“I hadn’t thought up the idea myself — it all came about at the request of my editor. We want you to write about viral video, he had told me a couple of weeks earlier. Go and find out why some videos go viral. What makes people share them?(这个点子并不是我自己想出来的——一切都是应编辑的要求。几周前他跟我说：“我们想让你写一篇关于爆款视频的报道。去弄清楚为什么有些视频会走红，是什么促使人们转发它们。”)”可知，编辑希望作者去探究部分视频广受欢迎的原因。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“She argues that the factors driving people to share stuff over the web are not that different from the reasons apes pick bugs out of each other’s fur: it’s a way of establishing social bonds.(她认为促使人们在网上分享内容的因素，和猿类互相从对方毛发中挑出虫子的原因差别不大，这是建立社会联结的一种方式。)”和第三段中“Other researchers have argued that in human societies, language — especially gossip — has taken on the social function of such grooming.(其他研究者认为，在人类社会中，语言——尤其是闲聊八卦——已经承担起such grooming社交功能。)”可知，其他研究者认为，在人类社会中，语言——尤其是闲聊八卦——已经承担起这种梳理毛发行为所具备的社交功能。such grooming指代的是“像动物那样互相照料、建立社交联结的行为”。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中““In addition, people use videos as a way of showing their position in the ‘information-technology ecology’,” Donath says. “A video reflects on the person who sends it.” In other words, people will pass on a video if they think it’s cool — because it makes them look cool too.(“除此之外，人们借助视频来展示自己在“信息技术生态”里所处的位置，”多纳特说，“一个视频也折射出发送它的这个人。”换句话说，如果人们觉得一个视频很酷，就会转发它——因为这也会让自己显得很酷。)”可知，多纳特提出人们分享视频的另一个原因是，他们认为这能给自己塑造良好的形象。 （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了伊冯娜接受采访，讲述她收养宠物狗斯坎普的经过及其独特外貌和带给人们的快乐。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据空格后“When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face.(当我在Petfinder上看到斯坎普时，我突然明白了爱是什么感觉。我突然发现自己爱他，因为我爱上了他的脸。)”可知，这是在回答“如何第一次遇到斯坎普”的问题，D项“How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder?(你是如何第一次遇见神奇的斯坎普的?)”与下文回答衔接最自然。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable.(这是纯天然的!他确实用了芒果洗发水和椰子护发素，但这些灰色的乱发就是出现在他的头、背和尾巴上。宠物美容师说他的头发无法控制。)”可知，伊冯娜说“It’s au naturel!”是表示斯坎普的“床头发型”是自然形成的，并没有人为改变它的外貌。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s.(他一直住在加利福尼亚州康普顿的街上，人们喂他吃麦当劳。)”可知，斯坎普过去在街头过着艰难的生活。 （C） Researchers have been looking for genes related to schizophrenia, a mental disease, for at least 50 years. What makes them think they will find them is that the disorder has a high heritability (遗传力). This term is often interpreted as a measure of the relative role played by genes. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage between 0 and 100 percent. Scientists have estimated the heritability of schizophrenia using several approaches, including studies of twins. Most estimates are around 80 percent. Many researchers argue that heritability estimates for schizophrenia can be very misleading, however. They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins (同卵及异卵双胞胎) to be subject to the same environmental influences. “These basic assumptions are wrong,” says Roar Fosse, a neuroscientist at the Vestre Viken Hospital Trust in Norway, who led a recent critical assessment of the EEA. But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine. Some researchers have an even deeper critique of heritability. They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment. Heritability, rather, measures only how much the variation of a trait (特征) in a particular population — whether height, IQ or being diagnosed with schizophrenia — reflects genetic differences in that group. As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms. Nearly everyone in a given population has two of them, and there is normally no difference in the number of arms between identical twins — who share nearly 100 percent of their DNA sequence — and fraternal twins, who are assumed to share 50 percent of their genes on average. Thus, when heritability for arm number is calculated using standard heritability equations, it comes out to 0. And yet we know that having two arms is almost entirely genetically determined. Figuring out what heritability for schizophrenia actually means is key, says Evan Eichel at the University of Washington, Seattle, because even the most high-powered genetic studies have identified only about a third of the predicted genetic part. Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see. 43. It can be inferred from the passage that some researchers criticize heritability because ______. A. it leads to underestimation of possible cases of schizophrenia B. it puts emphasis on a small number of genetic differences C. it fails to take the effect of the environment into account D. it relies too much on the studies of two kinds of twins 44. According to the passage, ______ is a supporter of EEA. A. Roar Fosse B. Kenneth Kendler C. Eric Turkheimer D. Evan Eichel 45. Why is the human trait of two arms mentioned in the passage (in paragraph 3)? A. As an example of the zero difference between twins. B. To illustrate how wrong heritability estimates can be. C. To argue against using both identical and fraternal twins. D. As an approach to explaining what is genetically determined. 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding? B. Heritability: A Self-Evident Concept C. Heritability: A New Method of Research? D. Heritability: High-powered genetic studies 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍科学家围绕精神分裂症的遗传力展开争论，有人质疑遗传力估算的假设与算法，并提出了“缺失遗传力”这一疑问。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“They argue that the technical calculations of the term do not account for the relative role of genes and environment.(他们认为这一术语的专业计算方式并没有考虑基因和环境各自起到的相对作用。)”可知，一些研究者批判遗传力，是因为它没有把环境的影响纳入考量。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“They question key suppositions, including the so-called equal environment assumption (EEA), which considers both identical and fraternal twins to be subject to the same environmental influences.(他们质疑了一些关键假设，包括所谓的“环境平等假设”（EEA），该假设认为同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎都受到相同的环境影响)”及下文“But twin researchers have mounted a vigorous defense of the approach. “I don’t think it’s likely that current heritability numbers are substantially overestimated,” says Kenneth Kendler, a psychiatrist at the Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Medicine.(但是研究双胞胎的学者积极为该研究方法辩护。弗吉尼亚联邦大学医学院的精神病学家Kenneth Kendler说：“我认为目前的遗传力数值不太可能被大幅高估。”)”可知，这里的the approach指代前文的EEA（同等环境假设），由此可知Kenneth Kendler是EEA的支持者。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“As an example of how misleading heritability estimates can be, Eric Turkheimer, a geneticist at the University of Virginia, points to the human trait of having two arms.(弗吉尼亚大学遗传学家埃里克·特克海默举出人类拥有两条手臂这一特征作为例子，以此说明遗传力估值具有多大的误导性。)”可知，提到该例子是为了说明遗传力估值可能存在错误。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文特别是根据最后一段“Will this so-called missing heritability eventually show up in more complicated studies? Or will it turn out that genes are not playing as big a role as heritability estimates have long predicted? Let’s wait and see.(这种所谓的“缺失遗传力” 最终会不会在更复杂的研究中显现出来？还是事实会证明基因发挥的作用并不像长期以来遗传力估值所预测的那样大？让我们拭目以待。)”可知，文章围绕精神分裂症的“缺失遗传力”展开讨论。所以A项“Heritability: Missing or Just Hiding?(遗传力：缺失抑或隐匿？)”符合语境。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What is a Food Chain? A food chain shows the relationship between organisms which feed on each other. This essay will describe the three types of organism which form food chains, and explain how each organism acts as a food source for the next one in the chain. ____47____ Green plants are an example of a producer. They use photosynthesis (光合作用), that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (有机化合物) using energy from light from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots. ____48____ Consumers are generally animals and humans who eat the products of photosynthesis. Examples of this are sheep eating grass, and birds eating seeds. ____49____ For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. Consumers can also be divided into groups according to what they eat: herbivores, which eat only plants or plant products, carnivores, which eat animals, and omnivores, which eat both plants and animals. ____50____ When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food chain begins again. To summarize, a food chain shows that every organism is dependent on another for its source of energy, and in turn acts as a food source for the next organism in the chain. A. The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. B. The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. C. Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. D. Firstly, producers are those that rely on green plants for energy. E. They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. F. Once a cycle ends, it starts another one. 【答案】47. B 48. E 49. C 50. A 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了食物链，依次讲解生产者、消费者、分解者三类生物，阐释能量传递与循环过程。 【47题详解】 下文“Green plants are an example of a producer. (绿色植物是生产者的一个例子。)”开始介绍生产者，空处是段首句，需引出生产者这个概念。因此B项“The first organism in the food chain cannot feed on other organisms and is called a producer because it makes its own food. (食物链中的第一种生物不以其他生物为食，被称作生产者，因为它能制造自身所需的食物。)”符合语境，定义生产者，引出下文。 【48题详解】 上文“They use photosynthesis (光合作用), that is, the process of turning carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (有机化合物) using energy from light from the sun. These organic compounds are found in various parts of the plant such as the leaves, fruit, and roots. (它们利用光合作用，即通过太阳光提供的能量，将二氧化碳和水转化为有机化合物的过程。这些有机化合物存在于植物的各个部分，如叶子、果实和根部。)”讲植物通过光合作用制造有机物，将其存储，下文段落开始介绍消费者，空处是段末句，要承接生产者，引出下一级生物。因此E项“They are a source of energy for the organism in the next step in the chain, a consumer. (它们为食物链中下一级生物——消费者，提供能量来源。)”符合语境，说明生产者的作用，过渡到下一段消费者。 【49题详解】 下文“For instance, when humans eat vegetables, they are primary consumers. In other words, they are directly eating a product of photosynthesis. When they eat meat, they are secondary consumers. (例如，当人类食用蔬菜时，他们是初级消费者，也就是说，他们直接摄取了光合作用产生的产物。而当他们吃肉时，则属于次级消费者。)”举例介绍消费者的类别，空处应说明如何对消费者进行分类。因此C项“Consumers are classified depending on their place in the chain. (消费者根据其在食物链中的位置进行分类。)”符合语境，下文是对其例证。 【50题详解】 下文“When the final consumer dies, its body is broken down into simple molecules (分子) by decomposers such as bacteria, in the final steps of the chain. These molecules are returned to the soil, where they are used by plants, and the food chain begins again. (当最终的消费者死亡时，其身体在食物链的最后阶段会被细菌等分解者分解为简单的分子。这些分子被返回土壤，由植物利用，食物链由此重新开始。)”介绍分解者登场，物质回归土壤，食物链重新开始，空处是段首句，应引出食物链终结的概念。因此A项“The transfer of energy from one species to another can occur several times, but eventually the chain ends. (能量在不同物种之间可以传递数次，但食物链最终会终结。)”符合语境，引出下文内容。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Hosting the Olympics Today, the Olympic Games are one of the most popular and most watched events on earth. Every four years, many countries bid for the Games. Why do they do this? What are the advantages of hosting such an event? A world-class event demands world-class facilities from the host city, and any which do not already exist will have to be built. These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. An example of this is the accommodation which will have to be built, not only for the athletes in their Olympic village, but also for visitors. Later this can be transformed into permanent accommodation for tourists and students. The transport system must also be taken into consideration. Hosting the Olympics means having an effective wide-reaching system, which is essential to carry people safely and efficiently to their destinations. Such a transport system is a great advantage for any city and will be in service for the years to come. Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. This means that advertising profits can easily cover a large proportion of the cost involved. In addition, the broadcasting rights can be a source of finance. For example, the national American TV company NBC paid $3.5 billion to broadcast the Olympic Games between 2000 and 2008. Another consideration is employment. High-tech video cameras are already common in most of our big cities today, and increasing the manpower necessary to guarantee the safety of all concerned provides valuable employment opportunities. Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. But this is not all. Not only do the improved facilities remain after the Games have gone, but the city also becomes a significant place in its own right. 【答案】Hosting the Olympics brings various benefits. Firstly, infrastructures, like accommodation and transport, will remain for citizens to enjoy afterwards. Besides, companies can make profit from advertising or broadcasting during the Games, so they compete to sponsor it. Finally, job opportunities are created to ensure the Games go on smoothly. Above all, the host city benefits greatly, gaining a significant place. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述举办奥运会带来各种好处。主要有以下几点：住宿和交通等基础设施将留待公民在事后享用，主办城市获得了重要地位；公司竞争赞助奥运会，可以从奥运会期间的广告或广播中获利；创造就业机会。 【详解】2. 要点摘录 ①What are the advantages of hosting such an event ②These will remain for the local population to enjoy after the Games are over. ③Funding any great event is a costly business, but many companies fiercely compete to become sponsors of such global events as it is an ideal platform for advertising. ④Indeed, the organization of such an event gives rise to a large number of jobs in a variety of sectors including security, catering and hospitality. ⑤It’s universally agreed that the host city gains overall in terms of improvements in facilities and infrastructure. 2.缜密构思将第2、5两个要点进行重组，将第1、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It’s beneficial to host the Olympics. Citizens can enjoy infrastructures, like accommodation and transport after the Olympics. The host city has benefited a lot and gained worldwide attention. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Hosting the Olympics brings various benefits.(运用动名词短语hosting the Olympics作主语，表达高级) [高分句型2]： Finally, job opportunities are created to ensure the Games go on smoothly.（用动词不定式to ensure the Games go on作目的状语，表达非常高级） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 亨利抓住弟弟的手臂。(by) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】Henry held his brother by the arm. 【解析】 【详解】表示“亨利”用Henry，作主语，位于句首首字母大写。表示“抓住”用hold，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，hold的过去式为held。表示“弟弟”用his brother，作held的宾语。表示“抓住弟弟的手臂”用held his brother by the arm。 53. 越靠近那幢屋子，我们的步伐就越缓慢。(close)(汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】The closer we were to the house, the more slowly we walked. 【解析】 【详解】“越…越…”用“the + 比较级 + 陈述语序，the + 比较级 + 陈述语序”结构；表示“我们”用we，作主语；“靠近”用close的比较级closer；“越靠近那幢屋子”为The closer we were to the house；“慢”表达为slowly，描述过去的事情，用一般过去时，表示“走”用walked。 54. 在一次心理课上，当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，你可以想象这有多尴尬。(embarrassing) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】You can imagine how embarrassing it was when I was asked during a psychology class to say whether I liked this course. 【解析】 【详解】表示“你可以想象”用You can imagine；表示“当我必须要表态是否喜欢这个课程时，这有多尴尬”用how引导的宾语从句，表示“多尴尬”用how embarrassing，从句用it作形式主语，描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，系动词用was；表示“表态是否喜欢这个课程”用不定式短语to say whether I liked this course，作真正的主语，其中whether I liked this course为宾语从句；表示“在一次心理课上，当我被问”用when引导时间状语从句，从句主语用I，主语I和ask“问”是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态was asked；表示“在一次心理课上”用during a psychology class。 55. 这个应用程序很快就无人问津的原因是它的开发者没有将用户的实际需求考虑在内。(account) (汉译英) _____________________________________________ 【答案】The reason why no one showed interest in this application soon was that its developer didn’t take users’ actual needs into account. 【解析】 【详解】句子可看作是陈述过去的情况，时态可用一般过去时；“……的原因是……”可用固定句型the reason why... was that...，其中why引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词the reason，that引导表语从句陈述原因的具体内容；定语从句中“无人问津”可用no one showed interest in，“这个应用程序”可用名词短语this application，“很快”可用副词soon；表语从句中“它的开发者”可用名词短语its developer，“将……考虑在内”可用动词短语take... into account，“用户的实际需求”可用名词短语users’ actual needs。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高二学生李明，你的英国笔友Tom来信，询问疫情期间你们学校是采取什么措施保障同学们学习进度的。请你写一封回信，内容包括：1) 学校采取的两项主要措施；2) 你的感受。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Dear Tom, I am happy to share with you how our school has ensured our academic progress during the COVID-19 pandemic. First and foremost, our school rapidly transitioned to a comprehensive online teaching platform. Teachers utilized various interactive video conferencing tools to deliver live lectures, ensuring that our education was not interrupted despite the physical closure of the campus. This measure effectively maintained our academic momentum. Secondly, the school adopted flexible assessment methods and prioritized our mental well-being. Assignments were adjusted to be more manageable, and professional psychological counselors were made available online to alleviate our anxiety. The school also encouraged us to maintain a healthy daily routine. Personally, I found these measures incredibly reassuring. Although it was challenging to adapt to the virtual environment initially, the dedication of our teachers and the supportive online community made me feel safe and motivated. I firmly believe that we will overcome these difficulties together. Yours, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】题目要求学生以李明的身份，给英国笔友Tom回信，告知疫情期间学校为保障同学们学习进度而采取的两项主要措施，并分享个人的感受。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 使用：utilize→employ 多种多样的：various→multiple/manifold 适应：adapt to→adjust to/be accustomed to/fit in with 克服：overcome→conquer/surmount 2. 句式拓展 升级为倒装句 原句：Assignments were adjusted to be more manageable, and professional psychological counselors were made available online to alleviate our anxiety. 拓展句：Not only were assignments adjusted to be more manageable, but professional psychological counselors were also made available online to alleviate our anxiety. 【点睛】[高分句型1] I am happy to share with you how our school has ensured our academic progress during the COVID-19 pandemic. (运用了how引导的宾语从句) [高分句型2] Although it was challenging to adapt to the virtual environment initially, the dedication of our teachers and the supportive online community made me feel safe and motivated. (运用了Although引导的让步状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $