精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Adventure Abroad Four students from National University have recently returned from Africa, ____1____ they participated in development projects with local residents in rural areas. For 10 weeks, these young people worked in Zimbabwe and Botswana as members of a program called Raleigh International. Raleigh International, which ____2____ (found) in 1984, gives young people a chance to do volunteer work while experiencing other countries and their cultures. The program, named ____3____ the explorer Sir Walter Raleigh, encourages young people to help others and work in difficult settings. More than 30,000 students from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have volunteered in ____4____ total of 40 countries. Marisa Silvestri, 20, a business major, traveled to Zimbabwe to work with a group in the Mavuradonha Wilderness Area. Their first project was helping farmers build electric fences to protect their crops from ____5____ (destroy) by elephants. When elephants entered the village one night, the students joined with farmers ____6____ (drive) them away and preserve the fields. Silvestri’s group also constructed small cottages for tourists to stay in, ____7____ (build) in the local style. Saeed Mohammed, also 20 and an engineering major, joined another group in Zimbabwe. His group carried out a survey of health problems in several villages and taught children about good health habits. ____8____ impressed Saeed was that the kids were so curious about the Raleigh International students that after the health lessons, they asked them questions about “everything else under the sun”. Saeed’s group also worked to build foot trails (小径) through the forest. While they were out working in the bush, a fire ____9____ (break) out, destroying eight kilometers of forest. The students fought to bring the fire under control, sleeping only 45 minutes during the two days. In Botswana, two 19-year-old students, Lakeishia Young and David Min, helped to build a clinic and a meeting hall in a small village. ____10____ they didn’t face angry elephants, they said the building work was much harder than they expected. “It was a great learning experience,” Young said. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. digitally B. disconnection C. extension D. inaccuracies E. inappropriate F. misled G. needed H. parental I. shared J. successfully K. symptoms The Impact of Social Media on Children and Adolescents Engaging in social media is a routine activity that has been shown to benefit young people by enhancing communication and social skills. Social media sites offer multiple opportunities for connecting with friends and people with ____11____ interests. Many parents today use technology well and feel comfortable with the programs that their children are using. Nevertheless, some may find it is difficult to relate to their ____12____ smart youngsters. Such parents may lack a basic understanding of these forms of socialisation, which are part of children’s lives. Frequently, they do not have the technical abilities ____13____ to keep pace with their children in their ever-changing internet habits. In addition, these parents often lack a basic understanding that children’s online lives are a(n) ____14____ of their offline lives. The result can be a knowledge and skill gap, which creates a(n) ____15____ in how these parents and their children relate. Social media sites allow young people to accomplish online many of the tasks that are important to them offline: staying connected with friends and family, making new friends, and exchanging ideas. Older students also use social media to connect with one another on school work. For example, some schools ____16____ use blogs (博客) as teaching tools, which has the benefit of reinforcing skills in written expression and creativity. Adolescents are also finding that they can access online information about their health concerns easily and anonymously (匿名地). Excellent health resources are increasingly available to youth on topics such as stress reduction. However, because of their young age, adolescents can encounter ____17____ during these searches. So they may require ____18____ involvement to be sure they are using reliable online resources, interpreting the information correctly, and not becoming ____19____ by what they are reading. When people go onto websites, they can leave evidence of their visits. Young people who lack an awareness of privacy issues often post ____20____ material without understanding that “what goes online stays online”. As a result, future jobs and college acceptance may be put in danger by inexperienced clicks of the mouse. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. At 3.45 a.m. on a rainy morning in May two years ago, I got up, and headed down to a street market in London to meet Phil, my school friend and business partner. On arriving there, I found him setting up the stall with our meal kits: boxes with all the fresh ingredients already chopped, washed and weighed. That was it. After months of painstaking planning, our task was simple: ____21____ the books and theory, make up our products and get them into the kitchens of paying customers. Neither of us had had any previous business experience. We had, ____22____, followed the advice of countless start-up guides and new business courses for those just starting out: we had written a business plan, identified market trends and developed a ____23____. Phil and I had also organised focus groups to try out early products and set up an online questionnaire. While this sort of research was ____24____, we were faced with a slight problem. On the basis of our research findings, we’d have 95 per cent of adults buying our products at a cost of £6 per go, at least four nights a week. This gave us confidence that our ____25____ was a good one. However, it also highlighted that maybe we’d missed something, that there were clearly some fundamental questions that hadn’t been answered and couldn’t be ____26____ in this way: Was our product right? Would people ____27____ buy it? This ____28____ that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, led us to the 3.45 a.m. wake-up calls and a real drive to test our products on the ____29____ public. ____30____ we landed on our feet, selling 100 meals on our first day of trading. And despite a few nail-biting initial hours after the market opened, our rather ____31____ promotional activity (literally grabbing customers off the street) finally paid off. To our great delight, we sold out by the end of the day. Above and beyond the ____32____ sales figures, the insights gained from the first day were so useful that we kept our stall at Whitecross Street Market for three months. Looking back, we would not ____33____ any other approach to businesses that are launching products for the first time. The most valuable aspect of our experience in the street market was that it allowed us to communicate with our customers on a daily basis and respond to their feedback on our products, marketing and pricing ____34____. Over the three months, we were able to take many small-scale risks and experiment with many different recipes (配方), points of sale and kinds of messaging, allowing us to develop those that worked and give up those that proved ____35____. 21. A. hand out B. take over C. put away D. get across 22. A. though B. besides C. rather D. otherwise 23. A. proposal B. product C. reputation D. tendency 24. A. impersonal B. impractical C. innovative D. invaluable 25. A. research B. plan C. basis D. group 26. A. tested B. raised C. missed D. covered 27. A. terribly B. scarcely C. actually D. gratefully 28. A. limitation B. assumption C. progression D. realisation 29. A. paying B. satisfying C. telling D. knowing 30. A. Humbly B. Additionally C. Fortunately D. Virtually 31. A. direct B. seasonal C. passive D. forceless 32. A. insulting B. puzzling C. pleasing D. remaining 33. A. evaluate B. recommend C. compare D. commit 34. A. to a small degree B. for financial purposes C. on common ground D. in real time 35. A. expensive B. unpopular C. artificial D. dangerous Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The way I came to miss the end of the world was just accident. I was in hospital. Chance played it not only that I should be there at that particular time, but that my eyes should be enclosed in bandages (绷带). This morning I was feeling annoyed because someone should begin to wash and tidy me up at exactly three minutes after 7 a.m. That was one of the best reasons I had for appreciating a private room. In a public ward the proceeding would have taken place a whole unnecessary hour earlier. But here, today, clocks of varying reliability were continuing to strike eight in all directions — and still nobody had shown up. Much as I disliked the washing process, its failure to occur was very worrying. Besides, it was normally a close forerunner of breakfast, and I was feeling hungry. The day outside, I realised now, was sounding even more wrong than I had thought. Why the founders of St Merryn’s Hospital chose to build their institution at a main-road crossing upon a valuable office site, I never properly understood. The traffic had to be heard. I had to fight down the same feeling of fear that I had had when I was a kid crying in the dark and when I had been too scared to put even a foot out of bed. The temptation to lift the bandages — just enough to get some idea of what on earth could be happening — was huge. But I controlled it. For one thing, it was a far less simple matter than it sounded. It wasn’t just a case of lifting a blindfold: there were a lot of pads and bandages. Some little while must have passed, but after a bit I found myself looking once more for a possible explanation for the silence. I became absolutely convinced that it was Wednesday. For the previous day had been notable. You’ll find it in the records that on Tuesday, May 7, the Earth’s orbit passed through a cloud of comet debris (彗星碎片). I was in no state to see what happened myself. All that I actually know is that I had to listen to eyewitness accounts of what was considered to be the greatest free fireworks display ever. And yet, until the thing actually began, nobody had ever heard a word about this comet. It was reported in the news bulletins during the day that mysterious bright green flashes had been seen in the Californian skies the previous night. 36. What can we learn about the writer from the first paragraph? A. He was keen to have his bandages changed. B. He was regretful he had not been put in a ward. C. He liked the sense of routine he found in the hospital. D. He felt he no longer needed to be in hospital. 37. What does the writer say about the location of the hospital? A. It was at a busy place where roads met. B. It was next to a large office block. C. It was at the top of a steep hill. D. It was beside a motorway. 38. What does the writer mean by “I controlled it” in paragraph 3? A. He managed to resist his wish to take a look. B. He tried to fight against his feeling of fear. C. He held back his need to get out of bed. D. He checked his desire to cry out. 39. What does the writer say about Tuesday, May 7? A. A comet made its expected appearance. B. The hospital had held a fireworks display. C. What happened on that day is well documented. D. He had no memory of the unusual happenings on that day. (B) Ancient Greek pottery is one of our most important windows into ancient Greek life. Thousands of vases survive, painted with scenes from daily life, myths and sports. These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water. Yet their paintings tell us far more than written texts about how ordinary people lived 2,500 years ago. In ancient Greece, pottery-making was a major craft. Workshops were usually small family businesses. Men shaped the clay on the potter’s wheel. Women sometimes painted the vases, though most painters were men. Some painters signed their work. Most did not. Many beautiful pots were produced for everyday use. Others were made as grave gifts, prizes for sports competitions or wedding presents. There are two main styles of painted Greek pottery: black-figure and red-figure. In black-figure style, figures are painted in black slip on the red clay surface. Details are cut into the black paint with a sharp tool. In red-figure style, the background is painted black, and the figures are left showing the natural red colour of the clay. Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular. For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence. Writers in ancient Greece mostly came from wealthy, educated male backgrounds. Their books often focus on upper-class men’s politics and wars. Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities. We can see weaving, cooking, farming, sports and religious ceremonies. Of course, we must be careful. Pottery painters were artists, not documentary photographers. They might exaggerate or omit details. But even with these limitations, ancient Greek pottery remains an invaluable source for understanding the past. 40. What was the original purpose of most ancient Greek pottery vases? A. To serve as practical daily-use objects. B. To be exhibited in public museums. C. To record important historical events. D. To win competitions for painters. 41. Compared with black-figure style, red-figure pottery ________. A. was mostly painted by women artists B. allowed artists to paint more detailed pictures C. used black clay as the main material D. was mainly used as grave gifts 42. Why are ancient Greek pots so valuable for modern researchers? A. Most of them have clear painter signatures. B. They only record the life of upper-class males. C. They show the lives of various groups of ancient Greeks. D. They are completely reliable documentary records of real life. (C) The most distractingly unrealistic feature of most science fiction — by some margin — is how the great flying cities of the future never seem to struggle with traffic. Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion. If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different. Transport innovation, from railways to cars, reshaped cities and drove economic advance. But it also brought crowded traffic. Now, as tech firms and carmakers aim to roll out driverless cars, it is worth asking: might this time be different? Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed. Of course, new transport technologies are not useless. Railways and highways allowed big cities to get bigger. When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres. In a paper published in 2011, Gilles Duranton, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Turner, of Brown University, identified a “fundamental law of road congestion”: namely, that building more highways does not reduce congestion. Rather, it attracts more residents, leads to more driving by existing residents and boosts transport-intensive economic activity, until roads are once again crowded. Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity. But reductions in traffic will make living in currently congested areas more attractive and hence more densely populated. Miles travelled per person might also rise, since self-driving technology frees passengers to use travel time for work or sleep. And just as new highways help increase transport-intensive business, driverless vehicles could give rise to lots of new road-using activity. Where now a worker might pop into the coffee shop before going to work, for example, a coffee might soon be delivered in a driverless vehicle. The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic. 43. The phrase “springs eternal” in paragraph 1 most probably means ________. A. gets fulfilled B. varies with the season C. becomes heated D. lasts forever 44. What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. Living far from the downtown area means being away from the city’s social benefits. B. Expanding a city proves to be an unwise way to reduce people’s cost of living. C. The congestion-easing benefits of new transport technology are temporary. D. Building more highways doesn’t always help a city’s economy to develop. 45. According to the writer, what will happen thanks to driverless cars? A. Fewer accidents will happen. B. More people will choose to drive. C. There will be more road capacity. D. More people will live in the suburbs. 46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the writer’s opinion of driverless cars? A. They can’t fundamentally solve the current traffic problem. B. They will help promote the development of artificial intelligence. C. They can increase productivity by reducing people’s time on the road. D. They won’t increase transport-intensive business as much as highways do. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Right to Cognitive Freedom The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. ____47____ Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. While these advances have a great potential for research and medicine, they pose a fundamental ethical, legal and social challenge: determining whether or under what conditions it is all right to gain access to another person’s mental activity. This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. ____48____ For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood. Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. ____49____ People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. ____50____ A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. Neurotechnology brings benefits, but to minimize unintended risks, we need an open debate involving neuroscientists, legal experts, ethicists and general citizens. A. It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts. B. But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion. C. If brain-scanning tools become common, new possibilities for misuse will arise. D. Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way. E. Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold. F. This new understanding would not only protect people from being denied access to treatment for mental illness. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A World of Water Water is essential to life and we depend on it, yet many people take water for granted. As the population of the world increases, and with it the demand for water, there is growing concern that our water supplies will not prove adequate. In areas near the coast, an obvious solution to this problem is to find ways of using the abundant supply of water from the sea. Water covers 70% of the surface of the earth, but 98% of this is undrinkable salt water. However, for centuries man has experimented with different methods of converting salt water into fresh water in a process called desalination, whereby salt and contaminants (污染物) are removed from the water. The challenge, nowadays, is to do this on a much larger scale. One place which has used desalination for many years is the United Arab Emirates (the UAE). It installed the first desalination plants in 1972, and nowadays most of the drinking water in the country is supplied by the process. New filtration systems have been developed to replace the traditional methods, which used a heating process. Another example is Saudi Arabia, whose desalination plants produce almost 25% of the world’s desalinated water. One of the largest plants in the world has been constructed there, producing 300 billion litres annually. Unfortunately, desalination is an expensive process using large amounts of energy, but research is currently being carried out into the development of more efficient technology using a combination of different methods. To supply water to 25% of the world’s population living within 25 kilometres of the sea, more desalination plants are expected to be built in the future. The hope is that the technology currently being developed will lower the costs and help solve the problem of water shortages in many parts of the world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 夏天是这条绿树成荫的马路最美的时节。(than) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 今天空气质量不好，最好不要进行任何户外运动。(better) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 值得大家关注的是，这位小提琴家从三年前起已不参加任何商演。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 我最不希望看到的结果是我的学生都只关注学习成绩而不在乎学习过程。(the last) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备； 2）你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科11月第三次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Adventure Abroad Four students from National University have recently returned from Africa, ____1____ they participated in development projects with local residents in rural areas. For 10 weeks, these young people worked in Zimbabwe and Botswana as members of a program called Raleigh International. Raleigh International, which ____2____ (found) in 1984, gives young people a chance to do volunteer work while experiencing other countries and their cultures. The program, named ____3____ the explorer Sir Walter Raleigh, encourages young people to help others and work in difficult settings. More than 30,000 students from a variety of cultures and backgrounds have volunteered in ____4____ total of 40 countries. Marisa Silvestri, 20, a business major, traveled to Zimbabwe to work with a group in the Mavuradonha Wilderness Area. Their first project was helping farmers build electric fences to protect their crops from ____5____ (destroy) by elephants. When elephants entered the village one night, the students joined with farmers ____6____ (drive) them away and preserve the fields. Silvestri’s group also constructed small cottages for tourists to stay in, ____7____ (build) in the local style. Saeed Mohammed, also 20 and an engineering major, joined another group in Zimbabwe. His group carried out a survey of health problems in several villages and taught children about good health habits. ____8____ impressed Saeed was that the kids were so curious about the Raleigh International students that after the health lessons, they asked them questions about “everything else under the sun”. Saeed’s group also worked to build foot trails (小径) through the forest. While they were out working in the bush, a fire ____9____ (break) out, destroying eight kilometers of forest. The students fought to bring the fire under control, sleeping only 45 minutes during the two days. In Botswana, two 19-year-old students, Lakeishia Young and David Min, helped to build a clinic and a meeting hall in a small village. ____10____ they didn’t face angry elephants, they said the building work was much harder than they expected. “It was a great learning experience,” Young said. 【答案】1. where 2. was founded 3. after 4. a 5. being destroyed 6. to drive 7. built 8. What 9. broke 10. Though##Although##While 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了国立大学四名学生赴非洲参加国际志愿者项目，在津巴布韦和博茨瓦纳参与社区建设、野生动物防护和健康教育等活动的经历。 【1题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：国立大学的四名学生最近从非洲归来，他们在那里与农村地区的当地居民一起参与了发展项目。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Africa，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。 【2题详解】 考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：Raleigh International成立于1984年，为年轻人提供在体验其他国家及其文化的同时从事志愿工作的机会。found(创立)是定语从句的谓语动词，与主语(即先行词Raleigh International)之间是被动关系；结合时间状语in 1984可知，描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时的被动语态；主语为专有名词，谓语用单数形式was founded。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：该项目以探险家沃尔特·雷利爵士的名字命名，鼓励年轻人帮助他人并在艰苦环境中工作。named after是固定搭配，意为“以……命名”。 【4题详解】 考查冠词。句意：来自不同文化和背景的3万多名学生已在总共40个国家从事过志愿服务。a total of为固定搭配，意为“总计，共”。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的第一个项目是帮助农民建造电围栏，以保护庄稼不被大象毁坏。destroy(毁坏)作介词from后宾语，用动名词形式，与其逻辑主语their crops之间是被动关系，应用动名词的被动式being destroyed。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：一天晚上大象进入村庄时，学生们和农民一起把它们赶走，保护了田地。此处作目的状语，用不定式形式to drive表目的。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：西尔维斯特里的小组还为游客建造了小屋，这些小屋是按当地风格建造的。此处作后置定语，build(建造)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语small cottages之间是被动关系，应用过去分词形式表被动。 【8题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：令赛义德印象深刻的是，孩子们对Raleigh International的学生如此好奇，以至于在健康课之后，他们问了他们关于“天下万物”的问题。此处引导主语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，表示“……的事情”，应用连接代词what引导该从句；句首单词首字母大写。 【9题详解】 考查时态。句意：他们在灌木丛中干活时，一场大火燃起，烧毁了八公里的森林。break out(爆发，突然发生)作主句谓语，与主语a fire之间是主动关系；描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。 【10题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管他们没有遇到愤怒的大象，但他们说修建工作比预期的要难得多。前后句之间为让步转折关系，应用连词though/although/while引导让步状语从句；句首单词首字母大写。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. digitally B. disconnection C. extension D. inaccuracies E. inappropriate F. misled G. needed H. parental I. shared J. successfully K. symptoms The Impact of Social Media on Children and Adolescents Engaging in social media is a routine activity that has been shown to benefit young people by enhancing communication and social skills. Social media sites offer multiple opportunities for connecting with friends and people with ____11____ interests. Many parents today use technology well and feel comfortable with the programs that their children are using. Nevertheless, some may find it is difficult to relate to their ____12____ smart youngsters. Such parents may lack a basic understanding of these forms of socialisation, which are part of children’s lives. Frequently, they do not have the technical abilities ____13____ to keep pace with their children in their ever-changing internet habits. In addition, these parents often lack a basic understanding that children’s online lives are a(n) ____14____ of their offline lives. The result can be a knowledge and skill gap, which creates a(n) ____15____ in how these parents and their children relate. Social media sites allow young people to accomplish online many of the tasks that are important to them offline: staying connected with friends and family, making new friends, and exchanging ideas. Older students also use social media to connect with one another on school work. For example, some schools ____16____ use blogs (博客) as teaching tools, which has the benefit of reinforcing skills in written expression and creativity. Adolescents are also finding that they can access online information about their health concerns easily and anonymously (匿名地). Excellent health resources are increasingly available to youth on topics such as stress reduction. However, because of their young age, adolescents can encounter ____17____ during these searches. So they may require ____18____ involvement to be sure they are using reliable online resources, interpreting the information correctly, and not becoming ____19____ by what they are reading. When people go onto websites, they can leave evidence of their visits. Young people who lack an awareness of privacy issues often post ____20____ material without understanding that “what goes online stays online”. As a result, future jobs and college acceptance may be put in danger by inexperienced clicks of the mouse. 【答案】11. I 12. A 13. G 14. C 15. B 16. J 17. D 18. H 19. F 20. E 【解析】 【导语】本文讲述社交媒体对青少年利弊并存：既利于社交学习、获取健康资讯；但也存在信息错误、隐私泄露等风险，需要家长介入引导。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：社交媒体平台为与朋友以及拥有共同兴趣的人建立联系提供诸多机会。此空应填形容词修饰名词interests，根据“connecting with friends and people”可知，此处指兴趣相同的人。shared，表示“共同的，共享的”。 【12题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而部分家长难以理解精通数字技术的孩子。此空应填副词修饰形容词smart，根据上下文讲网络数字环境。digitally，表示“数字化地”，digitally smart表示 “精通数字技术的”。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：通常，他们不具备跟得上孩子不断变化的网络习惯所需要的技术能力。此空应填非谓语动词作后置定语，根据“the technical abilities”可知，此处指跟上孩子网络习惯所需的能力。needed，表示“需要的”，过去分词作后置定语修饰abilities。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：此外，这些家长并不了解，孩子的线上生活是线下生活的一种延伸。此空应填名词，根据“of their offline lives”可知，此处指线上生活是线下生活的拓展。extension，表示“延伸，扩展”。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：结果就出现知识与技能的差距，造成家长与孩子相处上的隔阂。此空应填名词，根据“a knowledge and skill gap”可知，此处指代沟带来亲子间隔阂。disconnection，表示“隔阂，脱节”。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：例如，一些学校成功地把博客用作教学工具，有益于巩固书面表达与创造力。此空应填副词修饰动词use，根据“as teaching tools, which has the benefit of reinforcing skills”可知，此处指学校把博客用作教学手段取得成效。successfully，表示“成功地”。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：但由于年纪尚小，青少年在搜索信息时会遇到信息谬误。此空应填名词作encounter的宾语，根据however表转折，此处指上网查找健康信息会碰到错误内容。inaccuracies，表示“错误，不实信息”。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：因此需要家长参与，确保他们使用可靠网络资源，正确解读信息，确保不被阅读到的内容误导。此空应填形容词修饰名词involvement，根据上下文讲家长对孩子上网的介入可知。parental，表示“父母的，家长的”，parental involvement表示“家长参与”。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：因此需要家长参与，确保他们使用可靠网络资源，正确解读信息，确保不被阅读到的内容误导。此空应填动词，根据“by what they are reading”可知，此处指被网络错误信息迷惑。misled，表示“误导”，become misled by表示“被……误导”。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：缺乏隐私意识的青少年常会发布不当内容，不明白“上网留下的痕迹永久存在”。此空应填形容词修饰名词material，根据后文危及未来求学就业可知，此处指发布的内容不妥。inappropriate，表示“不恰当的，不妥当的”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. At 3.45 a.m. on a rainy morning in May two years ago, I got up, and headed down to a street market in London to meet Phil, my school friend and business partner. On arriving there, I found him setting up the stall with our meal kits: boxes with all the fresh ingredients already chopped, washed and weighed. That was it. After months of painstaking planning, our task was simple: ____21____ the books and theory, make up our products and get them into the kitchens of paying customers. Neither of us had had any previous business experience. We had, ____22____, followed the advice of countless start-up guides and new business courses for those just starting out: we had written a business plan, identified market trends and developed a ____23____. Phil and I had also organised focus groups to try out early products and set up an online questionnaire. While this sort of research was ____24____, we were faced with a slight problem. On the basis of our research findings, we’d have 95 per cent of adults buying our products at a cost of £6 per go, at least four nights a week. This gave us confidence that our ____25____ was a good one. However, it also highlighted that maybe we’d missed something, that there were clearly some fundamental questions that hadn’t been answered and couldn’t be ____26____ in this way: Was our product right? Would people ____27____ buy it? This ____28____ that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, led us to the 3.45 a.m. wake-up calls and a real drive to test our products on the ____29____ public. ____30____ we landed on our feet, selling 100 meals on our first day of trading. And despite a few nail-biting initial hours after the market opened, our rather ____31____ promotional activity (literally grabbing customers off the street) finally paid off. To our great delight, we sold out by the end of the day. Above and beyond the ____32____ sales figures, the insights gained from the first day were so useful that we kept our stall at Whitecross Street Market for three months. Looking back, we would not ____33____ any other approach to businesses that are launching products for the first time. The most valuable aspect of our experience in the street market was that it allowed us to communicate with our customers on a daily basis and respond to their feedback on our products, marketing and pricing ____34____. Over the three months, we were able to take many small-scale risks and experiment with many different recipes (配方), points of sale and kinds of messaging, allowing us to develop those that worked and give up those that proved ____35____. 21. A. hand out B. take over C. put away D. get across 22. A. though B. besides C. rather D. otherwise 23. A. proposal B. product C. reputation D. tendency 24. A. impersonal B. impractical C. innovative D. invaluable 25. A. research B. plan C. basis D. group 26. A. tested B. raised C. missed D. covered 27. A. terribly B. scarcely C. actually D. gratefully 28. A. limitation B. assumption C. progression D. realisation 29. A. paying B. satisfying C. telling D. knowing 30. A. Humbly B. Additionally C. Fortunately D. Virtually 31. A. direct B. seasonal C. passive D. forceless 32. A. insulting B. puzzling C. pleasing D. remaining 33. A. evaluate B. recommend C. compare D. commit 34. A. to a small degree B. for financial purposes C. on common ground D. in real time 35. A. expensive B. unpopular C. artificial D. dangerous 【答案】21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. C 31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】作者和伙伴初次创业，先做线上调研，后来去街边市集实地售卖测试产品，收获实时反馈、不断优化产品，认为实地测试是新品创业的好方式。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：经过数月精心筹备，我们的任务很简单：把书本理论放到一边，制作产品，送到付费顾客的厨房里。A. hand out分发；B. take over接管；C. put away把……收起来、搁置；D. get across使理解。根据后文“make up our products and get them into the kitchens of paying customers”可知，他们不再停留在理论而是实践，即要抛开理论实操，put away贴合语境。 【22题详解】 考查副词。句意：不过，我们听从了无数创业指南和新手创业课程的建议：我们写了商业计划书，确定市场趋势，研发了一款产品。A. though不过，然而；B. besides此外；C. rather相当；D. otherwise否则。根据上一段“Neither of us had had any previous business experience”以及语境可知，此处指两人没有创业经验，不过还是做了一系列调研准备。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：不过，我们听从了无数创业指南和新手创业课程的建议：我们写了商业计划书，确定市场趋势，研发了一款产品。A. proposal提案；B. product产品；C. reputation名声；D. tendency趋势。根据后文“try out early products”可知，此处指他们研发产品，product是原词复现，贴合语境。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这类研究虽然十分宝贵，但我们遇到了一个小问题。A. impersonal缺乏人情味的；B. impractical不切实际的；C. innovative创新的；D. invaluable极宝贵的。根据后文转折“we were faced with a slight problem”可知，此处指调研本身是有价值的。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：这让我们相信我们的计划很不错。A. research研究；B. plan计划；C. basis基础；D. group小组。根据前文“we had written a business plan”以及语境可知，此处指调研结果给了他们对这份商业计划的信心。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，这也表明我们或许遗漏了一些东西，显然有一些根本问题没有得到解答，也无法通过这种方式验证。A. tested测试，验证；B. raised提出；C. missed错过；D. covered覆盖。根据后文“the proof of the pudding is in the eating, led us to the 3.45 a.m. wake-up calls and a real drive to test our products”可知，此处指线上调研无法验证核心问题。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：我们的产品合适吗？人们真的会买吗？A. terribly非常；B. scarcely几乎不；C. actually实际上，真的；D. gratefully感激地。根据前文“Was our product right?”以及语境可知，这里是质疑人们实际上会不会购买产品，actually贴合语境。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：意识到“实践出真知”这个道理后，我们凌晨三点四十五起床，迫切地想要在付费公众面前测试产品。A. limitation局限；B. assumption假设；C. progression进展；D. realisation认识，意识到。根据后文“the proof of the pudding is in the eating”以及语境可知，此处指是这个认知促使他们去市场实地测试。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：意识到“实践出真知”这个道理后，我们凌晨三点四十五起床，迫切地想要在付费公众面前测试产品。A. paying付费的；B. satisfying令人满意的；C. telling有效的；D. knowing知情的。根据第一段“get them into the kitchens of paying customers”可知，此处指面向付费的顾客，paying是原词复现，符合语境。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：幸运的是，我们站稳了脚跟，开业第一天就卖出100份套餐。A. Humbly谦逊地；B. Additionally此外；C. Fortunately幸运地；D. Virtually几乎。根据后文“selling 100 meals on our first day of trading”可知，首日销量不错，是一件幸运的事。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：开市最初几小时让人捏一把汗，但我们相当直接的推广方式——说白了就是在街上招揽顾客，最终奏效了。A. direct直接的；B. seasonal季节性的；C. passive被动的；D. forceless无力的。根据后文“literally grabbing customers off the street”可知，这种拉客方式十分直接。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：除了喜人销量之外，第一天收获的见解十分有用，所以我们在怀特克罗斯街市集摆摊三个月。A. insulting侮辱的；B. puzzling令人困惑的；C. pleasing令人满意的、喜人的；D. remaining剩余的。根据前文“we sold out by the end of the day”可知，当天售罄，销量喜人，pleasing贴合语境。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：回想起来，对于首次推出产品的创业项目，我们不会推荐其他方式。A. evaluate评估；B. recommend推荐；C. compare比较；D. commit承诺。根据前文“the insights gained from the first day were so useful”可知，作者肯定市集实地测试的方式，不会推荐别的办法。 【34题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：市集经历最宝贵之处在于，我们可以每天和顾客交流，实时回应他们关于产品、营销和定价的反馈。A. to a small degree在很小程度上；B. for financial purposes出于盈利目的；C. on common ground有共同立场；D. in real time实时。根据前文“communicate with our customers on a daily basis”可知，此处指面对面可以实时收到反馈。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：三个月里，我们小规模试错，尝试不同配方、售卖点和宣传方式，保留有效的方案，放弃那些不受欢迎的方案。A. expensive昂贵的；B. unpopular不受欢迎的；C. artificial人造的；D. dangerous危险的。根据前文“develop those that worked and give up those”以及语境可知，此处指放弃行不通、不受欢迎的方案。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The way I came to miss the end of the world was just accident. I was in hospital. Chance played it not only that I should be there at that particular time, but that my eyes should be enclosed in bandages (绷带). This morning I was feeling annoyed because someone should begin to wash and tidy me up at exactly three minutes after 7 a.m. That was one of the best reasons I had for appreciating a private room. In a public ward the proceeding would have taken place a whole unnecessary hour earlier. But here, today, clocks of varying reliability were continuing to strike eight in all directions — and still nobody had shown up. Much as I disliked the washing process, its failure to occur was very worrying. Besides, it was normally a close forerunner of breakfast, and I was feeling hungry. The day outside, I realised now, was sounding even more wrong than I had thought. Why the founders of St Merryn’s Hospital chose to build their institution at a main-road crossing upon a valuable office site, I never properly understood. The traffic had to be heard. I had to fight down the same feeling of fear that I had had when I was a kid crying in the dark and when I had been too scared to put even a foot out of bed. The temptation to lift the bandages — just enough to get some idea of what on earth could be happening — was huge. But I controlled it. For one thing, it was a far less simple matter than it sounded. It wasn’t just a case of lifting a blindfold: there were a lot of pads and bandages. Some little while must have passed, but after a bit I found myself looking once more for a possible explanation for the silence. I became absolutely convinced that it was Wednesday. For the previous day had been notable. You’ll find it in the records that on Tuesday, May 7, the Earth’s orbit passed through a cloud of comet debris (彗星碎片). I was in no state to see what happened myself. All that I actually know is that I had to listen to eyewitness accounts of what was considered to be the greatest free fireworks display ever. And yet, until the thing actually began, nobody had ever heard a word about this comet. It was reported in the news bulletins during the day that mysterious bright green flashes had been seen in the Californian skies the previous night. 36. What can we learn about the writer from the first paragraph? A. He was keen to have his bandages changed. B. He was regretful he had not been put in a ward. C. He liked the sense of routine he found in the hospital. D. He felt he no longer needed to be in hospital. 37. What does the writer say about the location of the hospital? A. It was at a busy place where roads met. B. It was next to a large office block. C. It was at the top of a steep hill. D. It was beside a motorway. 38. What does the writer mean by “I controlled it” in paragraph 3? A. He managed to resist his wish to take a look. B. He tried to fight against his feeling of fear. C. He held back his need to get out of bed. D. He checked his desire to cry out. 39. What does the writer say about Tuesday, May 7? A. A comet made its expected appearance. B. The hospital had held a fireworks display. C. What happened on that day is well documented. D. He had no memory of the unusual happenings on that day. 【答案】36. C 37. A 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了作者因住院包扎双眼而错过彗星碎片经过地球的奇观，以及他在病房中的经历与感受。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“This morning I was feeling annoyed because someone should begin to wash and tidy me up at exactly three minutes after 7 a.m. That was one of the best reasons I had for appreciating a private room. In a public ward the proceeding would have taken place a whole unnecessary hour earlier.(今天早上我很恼火，因为有人本应该在早上7点03分来给我洗漱整理。这是我喜欢单人病房的最好理由之一。在公共病房里，这一过程会提前整整一个小时，完全没必要。)”可知，作者很在意洗漱整理、早餐这些固定程序的时间安排，并庆幸单人病房让这一程序不必过早开始；再结合第一段中“But here, today, clocks of varying reliability were continuing to strike eight in all directions — and still nobody had shown up.(但今天在这里，各种走时不准的钟从四面八方不断敲响八点——却仍然没有人出现。)”可知，到了八点还没人来，作者便开始觉得不对劲。这说明他依赖并习惯了医院日常程序带来的规律感。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Why the founders of St Merryn’s Hospital chose to build their institution at a main-road crossing upon a valuable office site, I never properly understood.(我一直不太理解圣梅林医院的创办者为什么选择在一个主干道交叉口、一块宝贵的办公用地上建造医院。)”可知，医院位于一个道路交汇的繁忙地点。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The temptation to lift the bandages — just enough to get some idea of what on earth could be happening — was huge. But I controlled it.(掀起绷带——哪怕只掀起一点点，好知道到底发生了什么——的诱惑是巨大的。但我控制住了它。)”可知，作者想掀开绷带看看发生了什么，但最终克制住了这个念头；“I controlled it”意为“他设法克制住了想看一眼的欲望”。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“You’ll find it in the records that on Tuesday, May 7, the Earth’s orbit passed through a cloud of comet debris (彗星碎片).(你会在记录中发现，5月7日星期二，地球轨道穿过了一片彗星碎片云。)”可知，作者认为5月7日发生的事是有详细记录的。 (B) Ancient Greek pottery is one of our most important windows into ancient Greek life. Thousands of vases survive, painted with scenes from daily life, myths and sports. These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water. Yet their paintings tell us far more than written texts about how ordinary people lived 2,500 years ago. In ancient Greece, pottery-making was a major craft. Workshops were usually small family businesses. Men shaped the clay on the potter’s wheel. Women sometimes painted the vases, though most painters were men. Some painters signed their work. Most did not. Many beautiful pots were produced for everyday use. Others were made as grave gifts, prizes for sports competitions or wedding presents. There are two main styles of painted Greek pottery: black-figure and red-figure. In black-figure style, figures are painted in black slip on the red clay surface. Details are cut into the black paint with a sharp tool. In red-figure style, the background is painted black, and the figures are left showing the natural red colour of the clay. Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular. For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence. Writers in ancient Greece mostly came from wealthy, educated male backgrounds. Their books often focus on upper-class men’s politics and wars. Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities. We can see weaving, cooking, farming, sports and religious ceremonies. Of course, we must be careful. Pottery painters were artists, not documentary photographers. They might exaggerate or omit details. But even with these limitations, ancient Greek pottery remains an invaluable source for understanding the past. 40. What was the original purpose of most ancient Greek pottery vases? A. To serve as practical daily-use objects. B. To be exhibited in public museums. C. To record important historical events. D. To win competitions for painters. 41. Compared with black-figure style, red-figure pottery ________. A. was mostly painted by women artists B. allowed artists to paint more detailed pictures C. used black clay as the main material D. was mainly used as grave gifts 42. Why are ancient Greek pots so valuable for modern researchers? A. Most of them have clear painter signatures. B. They only record the life of upper-class males. C. They show the lives of various groups of ancient Greeks. D. They are completely reliable documentary records of real life. 【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍古希腊陶器的原本用途、两种彩绘风格，以及它为何是研究古希腊各阶层民众生活的珍贵史料。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“These vases were not made as museum pieces. They were ordinary objects used for drinking wine, storing oil or mixing water.(这些花瓶并不是作为博物馆藏品制作的。它们是用来饮酒、储油或是调水的日常普通器物。)”可知，大多数古希腊陶瓶原本是实用的日用品。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Artists could draw much finer details with red-figure technique, so this style gradually became more popular.(艺术家可以用红绘技法画出精细得多的图案，所以这种风格慢慢变得更加流行。)”可知，和黑绘风格相比，红绘陶器可以让艺术家绘制更细致的图案。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“For modern researchers, these pots are precious evidence.(对现代研究者而言，这些陶罐是珍贵的史料。)”“Pottery, by contrast, shows women, children, slaves and working-class people going about their daily activities.(与之相反，陶器展现了妇女、儿童、奴隶以及劳动阶层人群的日常活动。)”可知，因为它们展现了古希腊不同群体的生活。 (C) The most distractingly unrealistic feature of most science fiction — by some margin — is how the great flying cities of the future never seem to struggle with traffic. Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion. If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different. Transport innovation, from railways to cars, reshaped cities and drove economic advance. But it also brought crowded traffic. Now, as tech firms and carmakers aim to roll out driverless cars, it is worth asking: might this time be different? Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed. Of course, new transport technologies are not useless. Railways and highways allowed big cities to get bigger. When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres. In a paper published in 2011, Gilles Duranton, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Turner, of Brown University, identified a “fundamental law of road congestion”: namely, that building more highways does not reduce congestion. Rather, it attracts more residents, leads to more driving by existing residents and boosts transport-intensive economic activity, until roads are once again crowded. Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity. But reductions in traffic will make living in currently congested areas more attractive and hence more densely populated. Miles travelled per person might also rise, since self-driving technology frees passengers to use travel time for work or sleep. And just as new highways help increase transport-intensive business, driverless vehicles could give rise to lots of new road-using activity. Where now a worker might pop into the coffee shop before going to work, for example, a coffee might soon be delivered in a driverless vehicle. The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic. 43. The phrase “springs eternal” in paragraph 1 most probably means ________. A. gets fulfilled B. varies with the season C. becomes heated D. lasts forever 44. What can be inferred from paragraph 2? A. Living far from the downtown area means being away from the city’s social benefits. B. Expanding a city proves to be an unwise way to reduce people’s cost of living. C. The congestion-easing benefits of new transport technology are temporary. D. Building more highways doesn’t always help a city’s economy to develop. 45. According to the writer, what will happen thanks to driverless cars? A. Fewer accidents will happen. B. More people will choose to drive. C. There will be more road capacity. D. More people will live in the suburbs. 46. Which of the following statements best summarizes the writer’s opinion of driverless cars? A. They can’t fundamentally solve the current traffic problem. B. They will help promote the development of artificial intelligence. C. They can increase productivity by reducing people’s time on the road. D. They won’t increase transport-intensive business as much as highways do. 【答案】43. D 44. C 45. A 46. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讨论了无人驾驶汽车能否缓解交通拥堵，并指出新技术带来的缓解效果可能只是暂时的。 【43题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“If hope that technology will fix traffic springs eternal, history suggests something different.(如果说‘技术将解决交通问题’的希望springs eternal，那么历史却给出了不同的答案。)”以及后文“Futurists seem confident we can sort out congestion(未来主义者似乎确信我们能解决拥堵)”可知，人们对技术解决交通的信心是一种长期持续、始终存在的希望。因此“springs eternal”表示这种希望“永远存在/持续不衰”，与lasts forever意思最为接近。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“When the New York subway extended into northern Manhattan, it became practical to live far from the dirty, expensive, crowded downtown area, while still enjoying access to the city’s social and economic benefits. So the city’s population rose — a lot — leaving New Yorkers once more crowded. A post-war highway-building boom in America led to explosive growth in city suburbs. Cities once again found their balance, however, as the suburban land rush led to road congestion, raising the cost of living far from employment centres.(当纽约地铁延伸到曼哈顿北部时，住在远离肮脏、昂贵、拥挤的市中心地区，同时仍能享受城市的社会和经济便利，变得切实可行。于是城市人口大幅增加，使纽约人再次变得拥挤。战后美国高速公路建设热潮导致城市郊区爆炸性增长。然而，随着郊区土地热潮导致道路拥堵，抬高了远离就业中心的生活成本，城市再次找到了平衡。)”可知，新交通技术缓解拥堵的效果只是暂时的。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Driverless cars should cut traffic, other things being equal. Lower accident rates will mean fewer crash-related hold-ups, while AIs that can pilot cars more closely together will boost road capacity.(在其他条件相同的情况下，无人驾驶汽车应该能减少交通流量。更低的事故率将意味着更少的撞车造成的堵塞，而能够更紧密地引导车辆行驶的人工智能将提升道路通行能力)”可知，由于无人驾驶汽车，事故会更少。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Alas, artificial intelligence (AI) is unlikely to succeed where railways and cars failed.(唉，人工智能不太可能在铁路和汽车失败的地方取得成功。)”以及最后一段中“The technology of driverless cars may make us safer and more productive, but not necessarily help reduce traffic.(无人驾驶汽车技术可能让我们更安全、更高效，但不一定有助于减少交通流量。)”可知，作者认为无人驾驶汽车不能从根本上解决当前的交通问题。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Right to Cognitive Freedom The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. ____47____ Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. While these advances have a great potential for research and medicine, they pose a fundamental ethical, legal and social challenge: determining whether or under what conditions it is all right to gain access to another person’s mental activity. This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. ____48____ For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood. Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. ____49____ People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. ____50____ A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. Neurotechnology brings benefits, but to minimize unintended risks, we need an open debate involving neuroscientists, legal experts, ethicists and general citizens. A. It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts. B. But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion. C. If brain-scanning tools become common, new possibilities for misuse will arise. D. Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way. E. Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold. F. This new understanding would not only protect people from being denied access to treatment for mental illness. 【答案】47. E 48. D 49. B 50. A 【解析】 【导语】文章围绕认知自由权展开，介绍脑科技的发展、滥用风险，并提出需要建立相关权利、多方讨论规避风险。 【47题详解】 上文“The idea of the human mind being protected from external intrusion has persisted for centuries. (人脑应当免受外界侵入的观点已经存在了几个世纪)”提出长久以来的固有看法。下文“Neuroimaging (神经影像) machines and brain-computer interfaces detect the electrical activity of neurons, enabling us to decode and even alter the nervous system signals that accompany mental processes. (神经影像设备和脑机接口能够检测神经元的电活动，让我们可以解码甚至改变伴随心理活动的神经系统信号)”介绍新技术打破了原有状态。E选项“Today, however, this assumption might no longer hold. (然而如今，这个设想可能不再成立)”中this assumption指代上文旧观点，形成转折，承上启下。 【48题详解】 上文“This question has special social relevance because many neuro-technologies have moved away from a medical setting and into the commercial area. (这个问题具有特殊的社会意义，因为很多神经技术已经走出医疗领域，进入商业领域)”引出神经技术在非医疗场景的应用。下文“For example, in 2008 a woman in India was accused of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on the basis of a brain scan showing, according to the judge, “experiential knowledge” about the crime. In spite of experts’ doubt, commercial companies are marketing the use of functional MRI and electroencephalography-based technology to ascertain truth and falsehood. (例如，2008年，印度一名女性被控谋杀罪，并依据脑部扫描结果被判处无期徒刑。法官称，该扫描显示她拥有与这起案件相关的“体验性认知”。尽管专家对此心存质疑，一些商业公司仍在推广使用功能性磁共振成像和基于脑电图的技术来辨别真伪。)”举法庭案件例子。D选项“Attempts to decode mental information through imaging are also occurring in court cases, sometimes in a scientifically questionable way. (通过影像解码大脑信息的尝试也出现在法庭案件中，有时在科学层面尚存争议)”总领下文法庭案例，衔接自然。 【49题详解】 上文“Brain-reading technology can be seen as just another unavoidable trend that erodes a bit more of our personal space in the digital world. (读脑技术可被视作又一个不可避免的趋势，它进一步侵蚀我们数字世界中的私人空间)”点明读脑技术会侵犯私人空间。下文“People could, in fact, look at this technology as something that requires the reconceptualization of basic human rights and even the creation of neuro-specific rights. (事实上，人们认为这项技术要求我们重新理解基本人权，甚至设立专门针对神经领域的权利)”引出要构建新权利。B选项“But given our mental privacy, we might not be so willing to accept this intrusion.(但考虑到我们的精神隐私，我们或许不会愿意接受这种侵入)”承接上文“侵蚀私人空间”，引出下文对新权利的思考。 【50题详解】 上文“Lawyers are already talking about a right to cognitive liberty. (律师们已经在讨论认知自由权)”引出认知自由权这一概念。下文“A right to mental privacy would protect individuals against unpermitted intrusion by third parties into their brain data, as well as against the unauthorized collection of those data. (精神隐私权将保护个人，禁止第三方未经许可侵入其大脑数据，也禁止未经授权采集这类数据。)”介绍相关权利的作用。A选项“It would entitle people to make free decisions regarding the use of technology that can affect their thoughts.(它将赋予人们自主决定是否使用能够影响思想的技术的权利)”中It指代a right to cognitive liberty，解释认知自由权的内涵。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. A World of Water Water is essential to life and we depend on it, yet many people take water for granted. As the population of the world increases, and with it the demand for water, there is growing concern that our water supplies will not prove adequate. In areas near the coast, an obvious solution to this problem is to find ways of using the abundant supply of water from the sea. Water covers 70% of the surface of the earth, but 98% of this is undrinkable salt water. However, for centuries man has experimented with different methods of converting salt water into fresh water in a process called desalination, whereby salt and contaminants (污染物) are removed from the water. The challenge, nowadays, is to do this on a much larger scale. One place which has used desalination for many years is the United Arab Emirates (the UAE). It installed the first desalination plants in 1972, and nowadays most of the drinking water in the country is supplied by the process. New filtration systems have been developed to replace the traditional methods, which used a heating process. Another example is Saudi Arabia, whose desalination plants produce almost 25% of the world’s desalinated water. One of the largest plants in the world has been constructed there, producing 300 billion litres annually. Unfortunately, desalination is an expensive process using large amounts of energy, but research is currently being carried out into the development of more efficient technology using a combination of different methods. To supply water to 25% of the world’s population living within 25 kilometres of the sea, more desalination plants are expected to be built in the future. The hope is that the technology currently being developed will lower the costs and help solve the problem of water shortages in many parts of the world. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 To ease the growing water shortage caused by population growth, people turn to desalination, a process that removes salt and contaminants from sea water. The UAE and Saudi Arabia have long used it to supply drinking water. However, since it is expensive and energy-consuming, researchers are developing more efficient technology combining different methods. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍海水淡化是缓解全球水资源短缺的方法，并以阿联酋和沙特为例说明其应用，同时指出其昂贵耗能，需研发更高效的技术。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①As the population of the world increases, and with it the demand for water, there is growing concern that our water supplies will not prove adequate. ②In areas near the coast, an obvious solution to this problem is to find ways of using the abundant supply of water from the sea. ③However, for centuries man has experimented with different methods of converting salt water into fresh water in a process called desalination, whereby salt and contaminants (污染物) are removed from the water. ④The challenge, nowadays, is to do this on a much larger scale. ⑤One place which has used desalination for many years is the United Arab Emirates (the UAE). ⑥Another example is Saudi Arabia, whose desalination plants produce almost 25% of the world’s desalinated water. ⑦Unfortunately, desalination is an expensive process using large amounts of energy, but research is currently being carried out into the development of more efficient technology using a combination of different methods. ⑧To supply water to 25% of the world’s population living within 25 kilometres of the sea, more desalination plants are expected to be built in the future. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点整合，说明人口增长导致水资源短缺，利用海水是明显解决方案；将第3、4两个要点整合，说明海水淡化可去除盐和污染物，如今挑战在于大规模实施；将第5、6两个要点整合，以阿联酋和沙特为例说明海水淡化的长期应用；将第7、8两个要点整合，说明该过程昂贵耗能，正研发多种方法结合的高效技术。 3. 遣词造句 To ease the growing water shortage caused by population growth, people turn to desalination, a process that removes salt and contaminants from sea water. The UAE and Saudi Arabia have long used it to supply drinking water. However, since it is expensive and energy-consuming, researchers are developing more efficient technology combining different methods. 【点睛】[高分句型1] To ease the growing water shortage caused by population growth, people turn to desalination, a process that removes salt and contaminants from sea water. (运用了不定式短语To ease作目的状语和that引导的限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] However, since it is expensive and energy-consuming, researchers are developing more efficient technology combining different methods. (运用了since引导的原因状语从句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 夏天是这条绿树成荫的马路最美的时节。(than) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】No other season is more beautiful than summer for this tree-lined road. 【解析】 【详解】陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，固定句型No other + 单数名词 + be + 比较级 + than …意为“…是……范围内最……的”，表示“是最美的”应用No other…is more beautiful than；表示“季节”应用season；表示“夏天”应用summer；表示“ 对于这条绿树成荫的马路”应用for this tree-lined road，作状语。 53. 今天空气质量不好，最好不要进行任何户外运动。(better) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It’s better not to do any outdoor sports today as the air quality is not good. 【解析】 【详解】“今天”表达为副词today，作时间状语；“空气质量”表达为名词短语the air quality，作原因状语从句的主语；“不好”表达为形容词短语is not good，作从句表语；“最好不要做”表达为固定句型It’s better not to do；“任何户外运动”表达为名词短语any outdoor sports，作不定式to do的宾语。as引导原因状语从句，从句陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。 54. 值得大家关注的是，这位小提琴家从三年前起已不参加任何商演。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】What is worth noticing is that this violinist hasn’t participated in any commercial performance since three years ago. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“值得大家关注的”应用What is worth noticing，what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，时态用一般现在时陈述客观事实，表示“是”应用is；is后面接 that引导的表语从句；表示“这位小提琴家”应用this violinist，作从句主语；表示“不参加”应用hasn’t participated in，现在完成时否定形式作谓语，强调动作对现在的影响；表示“任何商演”应用any commercial performance，作宾语；表示“从三年前起”应用since three years ago，作时间状语，since引导时间标志，搭配现在完成时。 55. 我最不希望看到的结果是我的学生都只关注学习成绩而不在乎学习过程。(the last) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The last result I want to see is that all my students care only about their scores rather than their learning process. 【解析】 【详解】本句表达一种长久的看法，使用一般现在时。句首“我最不希望看到的结果”译为The last result I want to see，I want to see是定语从句修饰先行词result，the last暗含“最不想要的”含义；主语为单数，“是”为is，后面用that引导表语从句；“我的学生都只关注学习成绩”译为all my students care only about their scores；“而不在乎学习过程”用rather than their learning process，rather than表示“而不是”，用来对比取舍。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。 你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备； 2）你的理由。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Nowadays, with the rapid development of electronic technology, our travel journey is becoming more and more colorful. Electronic devices like computers, cellphones, and iPads are filling our time on high-speed trains or planes. Personally, there is another electronic device that I will definitely take with me on the road, and that is power bank. Firstly, power bank is small in size and can be carried around. Today more and more people prefer to take photos with mobile phones instead of cameras because it is important to be lightly equipped when travelling, so power bank can help avoid the embarrassing moment when they want to record good moments but their phones suddenly run out of power. Power bank is clearly a portable and versatile electronic device. Secondly, for long distance travel, power bank can charge my mobile phone in time so as to avoid not replying to messages timely due to the sudden death of the battery. I remember once when I was on the train to Nanjing, my mobile phone was almost out of power when I was about to arrive at the station. Fortunately, the power bank I carried was a timely help, otherwise I might not be able to contact my friend in Nanjing to pick me up. Therefore, power bank is an electronic device that I will carry with me no matter I am traveling or going out. Finally, the security of power bank is trustworthy. The current power bank generally has the functions of charge control, charge protection and discharge protection, so when charging our mobile phones or iPads, we don't need to worry about excessive charging. In addition, the current power bank capacity is high, which means it can charge different electronic devices at the same time. For me, power bank is one of the greatest inventions in the age of science and technology. I feel more secure and convenient when traveling with it. 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于夹叙夹议文，要求假设你是明启中学高一学生李明，最近你校英语报正在开展"The electronic device that I must take while travelling"的征文活动。你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章，内容须包括：1）你在旅游途中一定携带的电子设备；2）你的理由。 【详解】词汇积累 有趣的：colorful→interesting 就我个人而言：personally→as far as I’m concerned 避免：avoid→prevent...from... 可靠的：trustworthy→reliable 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Nowadays, with the rapid development of electronic technology, our travel journey is becoming more and more colorful. 拓展句：Now, electronic technology has developed,which makes our travel journey become more and more colorful. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Personally, there is another electronic device that I will definitely take with me on the road, and that is power bank. (运用了that引导的定语从句) [高分句型2] In addition, the current power bank capacity is high, which means it can charge different electronic devices at the same time.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $