精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高二年级英语学科12月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科12月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What is the minimum difference a species must show in order to be classed as a new species? This is less straightforward than it seems. The concept of species, as a way of classifying animals and plants, ___1___ (rely) on finding some feature that all members of that species share, and which is unique to them. This works pretty well for many organisms, but species ___2___ (put) together continually or split into two as biologists search for the perfect classification system. There are currently at least 26 different ways ___3___ (define) the concept of a species. Some consider physical or genetic similarity, while others consider whether populations interbreed (杂交繁殖)—or whether they could if they weren’t separated by a geographical barrier, such as a mountain range or ocean. Other definitions of species focus on the evolutionary history of the organism, grouping species according to ___4___ recently they shared a common ancestor. ___5___ biologists could agree on a single definition of a species, identifying a point at which a new species is created would still be difficult. Theoretically, the minimum difference could be single mutated (变异) gene, marking a fork in the evolutionary tree ___6___ one species splits into two. However, biologists almost certainly wouldn’t recognize the creation of the new species until later, when the genetic mutation appeared as a difference in the way the animal looked or behaved. The ___7___ (close) we’ve come to this was probably in 2016, when researchers at the Janelia Research Campus in Virginia artificially altered the genome (基因组) of a species of Drosophila fruit fly. This change to a single gene altered the frequency of the courtship ‘song’ ___8___ (produce) by the male fly. The insects ___9___ (carry) this gene could still mate with the wild population, so they couldn’t be considered a separate species by most definitions. But they preferred to mate with similarly mutated flies, and if this mutation had occurred in the wild, it’s possible that this might have resulted ____10____ the evolution of a new species. 【答案】1. relies 2. are being put 3. to define 4. how 5. Even if##Even though 6. where 7. closest 8. produced 9. carrying 10. in 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了物种分类以及新物种界定的相关问题。 【1题详解】 考查时态。句意：物种的概念，作为一种对动植物进行分类的方式，依赖于找到该物种所有成员共有的且独有的某种特征。此句描述一般情况，用一般现在时，主语“The concept of species”是单数，谓语动词“rely”用第三人称单数形式 “relies”。故填relies。 【2题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：随着生物学家寻找完美的分类系统，物种正在不断地被合并或被分成两类。“species”与“put together” 之间是被动关系，且根据“continually” 可知，强调动作正在持续进行，用现在进行时的被动语态，“species”单复数同形，这里表示复数概念，be动词用are。故填are being put。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词（动词不定式作后置定语）。句意：目前至少有 26 种不同的方式来定义物种的概念。“ways to do sth.” 表示“做某事的方式”，用动词不定式作后置定语修饰 “ways”。故填to define。 【4题详解】 考查宾语从句引导词。句意：其他关于物种的定义则关注生物的进化史，根据它们多久前有共同的祖先来对物种进行分类。“according to”后接宾语从句，“how recently” 表示“多久前”，how表示程度，符合语境。故填how。 【5题详解】 考查连词。句意：即使生物学家能就物种的单一定义达成一致，确定新物种产生的时间点仍然很困难。根据语境，前后句是让步关系，“Even if/Even though” 意为 “即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。首字母大写。故填Even if/Even though。 【6题详解】 考查定语从句关系副词。句意：从理论上讲，最小的差异可能是单个突变基因，标志着进化树上一个物种分裂成两个物种的分叉点。此句为定语从句，先行词是“a fork in the evolutionary tree”，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用where引导。故填where。 【7题详解】 考查形容词最高级。句意：我们最接近这种情况可能是在 2016 年，当时弗吉尼亚州珍妮莉亚研究园区的研究人员人工改变了一种果蝇的基因组。“the + 形容词最高级” 表示最高级含义，“close”的最高级是“closest”，“the closest”表示“最接近的”，符合句意。故填closest。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这种单个基因的变化改变了雄性果蝇产生的求偶 “歌声” 的频率。“courtship ‘song’与“produce”之间是被动关系，即求偶“歌声” 被产生，用过去分词作后置定语。故填produced。 【9题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：携带这种基因的昆虫仍然可以与野生种群交配，所以根据大多数定义，它们不能被视为一个单独的物种。“insects”与“carry”之间是主动关系，即昆虫携带基因，用现在分词作后置定语。故填carrying。 【10题详解】 考查固定搭配。句意：但它们更喜欢与同样发生突变的果蝇交配，如果这种突变发生在野外，有可能会导致一个新物种的进化。“result in...” 是固定搭配，意为“导致……”。故填in。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. boosting B. comparison C. confirmed D. encouraged E. integrates F. intensive G. illustrates H. messages I. multisensory J. novel K. practice Learn a language or instrument So far only two types of mental exercise have been shown to improve or preserve overall cognitive (认知的) ability. One is musical training; the other is learning a new language, or practising a second one you have already learned. Gottfried Schlaug, director of the Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory at Harvard University explains: ‌“Listening to and making music is not only a hearing experience; it’s a(n) _____11_____ and motor experience. Playing an instrument changes how the brain interprets and _____12_____ a wide range of sensory information, and making music over a long period of time can change brain function and brain structure.” As for the role of language-learning in _____13_____ brain power, a team at Edinburgh University assessed mental alertness in a group of 33 students (Aged 18-78) who undertook a one-week Scottish Gaelic course. After the course they were _____14_____ to practise their new language for five hours a week. At the end of the course, their attention was found to be better than _____15_____ groups who had done other types of courses or no course at all, and nine months later those who had been practicing had bumped up their attention span even more. Lead researcher, Dr Thomas Bak of the School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences said the results _____16_____ the cognitive benefits of language-learning. ‌“I think there are three important _____17_____ from our study. Firstly, it is never too late to start a(n) _____18_____ mental activity such as learning a new language. Secondly, even a short, _____19_____ course can show beneficial effects on some cognitive functions. Thirdly, this effect can be maintained through ______20______.” 【答案】11. I 12. E 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. H 18. J 19. F 20. K 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了两类能改善认知能力的心理训练——音乐训练和语言学习，并引用研究说明乐器演奏和语言学习对大脑功能及注意力的积极影响。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：哈佛大学音乐与神经影像实验室主任Gottfried Schlaug解释说：“聆听和制造音乐不仅是一种听觉体验，它还是一种多感官和运动体验。”根据下文“and motor experience”可知，此处说的是音乐体验不仅涉及听觉，还涉及多种感官；形容词multisensory意为“多感官的”，与motor并列修饰名词experience，作定语。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：演奏乐器会改变大脑解读和整合各种感官信息的方式，而长期进行音乐创作能够改变大脑的功能和结构。根据下文“a wide range of sensory information”可知，此处说的是大脑对感觉信息进行整合；动词integrate意为“整合，使一体化”，与interprets并列作谓语，主语为the brain，用第三人称单数形式integrates。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：至于语言学习在提升脑力方面的作用，爱丁堡大学的一个团队评估了33名学生的思维敏捷度，这些学生（年龄在18至78岁之间）参加了一个为期一周的苏格兰盖尔语课程。根据下文“brain power”可知，此处说的是语言学习对脑力的提升作用；动词boost意为“提升，增强”，位于介词in后，用动名词形式boosting作宾语。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：课程结束后，他们被鼓励每周练习新语言五个小时。根据下文“to practise their new language for five hours a week”可知，此处说的是学生被鼓励练习新语言；动词encourage意为“鼓励”，与主语they之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式encouraged构成被动语态。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：课程结束时，他们的注意力被发现比那些参加了其他类型课程或没有参加课程的对照组更好。根据下文“groups who had done other types of courses or no course at all”可知，此处说的是与其他对照组进行对比；名词comparison意为“比较，对比”，构成名词词组“comparison groups”，意为“对照组”。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：首席研究员Thomas Bak博士表示，这些结果证实了语言学习的认知益处。根据下文“the cognitive benefits of language-learning”可知，此处说的是研究结果证实了语言学习的益处；动词confirm意为“证实，确认”，作谓语，讲述过去的事情，用一般过去时态。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：我认为我们的研究传递了三个重要信息。根据下文“Firstly...Secondly...Thirdly...”可知，此处说的是研究得出的几条结论性信息；名词message意为“信息，消息”，作主语，被数词three修饰，用复数形式messages。 【18题详解】 考查形容词。句意：首先，开始一项新颖的脑力活动，比如学习一门新语言，永远不嫌晚。根据下文“mental activity such as learning a new language”可知，此处说的是学习新语言是一种新颖的脑力活动；形容词novel意为“新颖的，新奇的”，修饰名词mental activity，作定语。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：其次，即使是一个短期的、密集的课程也能对某些认知功能产生有益影响。根据上文“even a short”和下文“course”可知，此处说的是短期且高强度的课程；形容词intensive意为“密集的，强化的”，与short并列修饰名词course，作定语。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：第三，这种效果可以通过练习来保持。根据上文“this effect can be maintained through”可知，此处说的是通过持续练习来维持效果；名词practice意为“练习，实践”，作介词through的宾语。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Many of us have been conditioned to keep our anger hidden. Increasingly, research is suggesting that this can have negative effects on our health. Is it ____21____, then, to scream and shout whenever something makes you mad? Recent research indicates that when we ____22____ our anger aggressively, it can actually increase the intensity of the anger — and increase the likelihood of aggressive actions in the future. If we shouldn’t bottle up our angry feelings but aggressive behavior does no good either, how should we handle things that ____23____ us? It’s the extreme highs and lows that play a role. If you’re able to apply techniques that smooth out some of those peaks and ____24____, you can have a gentler ride. Start by looking beyond the surface-level trigger (触发点) to your anger. Anger is often caused by ____25____ feelings of fear, anxiety, disappointment, and guilt. Maybe you’re angry that your friend is late, but it’s really because you were afraid he or she had had a car accident in the bad weather. Also, pay close attention to your triggers — those daily annoyances that you know will ____26____. Do you get angry at the long lines at the grocery store? Take a step back and consider that it isn’t ____27____. Everyone in the line has dinner to make, just like you. One proven method of dealing with anger is to ____28____ it. Brain imaging at the University of California has shown that if you name your feelings, you can actually calm the activity in the amygdala, the part of the brain that triggers the release of adrenaline and cortisol (肾上腺素和皮质醇). “There is a(n) ____29____ to expressing that you don’t like what’s happening, because it’s an opportunity for change,” says Diane McIntosh, a psychiatrist in Vancouver, British Columbia. It helps to take a cool-down period before explaining to someone you’re angry with how he or she rocked your boat. That will allow for the effects of the adrenaline to wear off, which, ____30____, allows you to reflect on what’s bothering you. Do some controlled breathing or find some ____31____ activity to take the edge off. “There’s clear evidence that exercise helps with feelings of anger,” says McIntosh. When you’re ready to approach the other person, focus on the behavior and why it upsets you, not the person’s character traits. Don’t make ____32____, such as “You always do this!” The idea, says Keelan, “is to bring up your ____33____ points to the other person in a manner that is most likely to get a constructive and non-defensive response.” If you’re on the ____34____ end, remember that there are benefits to acknowledging and trying to understand the other person’s anger. Try offering to make a change, if that seems fair to you. If you’re willing to be a partner in working through ____35____ situations, the other person will be much more likely to bring matters up constructively in the future. In the end, you’ll both be healthier for it. 21. A. harder B. easier C. worse D. better 22. A. swallow B. imagine C. display D. understand 23. A. annoy B. attract C. affect D. advance 24. A. pities B. valleys C. moments D. decisions 25. A. positive B. similar C. injured D. underlying 26. A. look you up B. keep you away C. set you off D. take you in 27. A. normal B. difficult C. important D. personal 28. A. listen to B. think of C. talk about D. rely on 29. A. approach B. solution C. devotion D. value 30. A. in turn B. by contrast C. on average D. without hesitation 31. A. routine B. physical C. creative D. enjoyable 32. A. generalizations B. appointments C. presentations D. conclusions 33. A. reasonable B. various C. strategic D. evident 34. A. paying B. receiving C. rising D. losing 35. A. heated B. real-life C. working D. exceptional 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍处理愤怒的正确方式，既不要压抑怒火也不要攻击性发泄。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：那么，每当有事情让你生气时就大喊大叫会不会更好？A. harder更难；B. easier更容易；C. worse更糟；D. better更好。根据上文“Many of us have been conditioned to keep our anger hidden. Increasingly, research is suggesting that this can have negative effects on our health.”可知，压抑愤怒有害健康，提出疑问：发火大喊是不是更好？ 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：近期研究表明，当我们以攻击性方式表露愤怒时，实际上会加剧愤怒的强烈程度——并增加未来采取攻击性行动的可能性。A. swallow吞咽，压抑；B. imagine想象；C. display展示，表露；D. understand理解。根据后文“increase the intensity of the anger — and increase the likelihood of aggressive actions”可知，指向外宣泄、表露怒火。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果我们不该压抑愤怒情绪，而攻击性的行为也没有好处，那我们该如何处理那些惹恼我们的事情？A. annoy使恼怒；B. attract吸引；C. affect影响；D. advance使进步。根据前文“If we shouldn’t bottle up our angry feelings but aggressive behavior does no good either, how should we handle things”可知，此处询问如何处理让我们愤怒的事情。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意：如果你可以使用技巧缓和这些情绪高峰和低谷，你的情绪体验会更平和。A. pities遗憾；B. valleys低谷；C. moments时刻；D. decisions决定。根据上文“those peaks”可知，高峰面对的是低谷。peaks and valleys为固定搭配，表示“高峰与低谷”，对应情绪起伏。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。句意：愤怒常常是由潜在的恐惧、焦虑、失望和内疚等情绪引发的。A. positive积极的；B. similar相似的；C. injured受伤的；D. underlying潜在的，根本的。根据后文“feelings of fear, anxiety, disappointment, and guilt.”可知，生气只是表象，背后藏着别的情绪，是潜在情绪。 【26题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：同时密切留意你的触发点——那些你知道会激怒你的日常烦心事。A. look you up拜访你；B. keep you away使你远离；C. set you off使你发火；D. take you in收留你。根据上文“Also, pay close attention to your triggers”可知，要留意激怒你的日常烦心事。set sb off 表示“使某人爆发情绪”。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：退一步想想，这件事并不是针对你个人的。A. normal正常的；B. difficult困难的；C. important重要的；D. personal个人的。根据下文“Everyone in the line has dinner to make, just like you.”可知，排队的每个人都有事情，队伍长不是专门针对你。 【28题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：一种经过验证的处理愤怒的方法是谈论它。A. listen to听；B. think of想到；C. talk about谈论；D. rely on依靠。根据后文“if you name your feelings, you can actually calm the activity in the amygdala”可知，要说出、谈论自己的情绪。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：表达你不喜欢正在发生的事是有价值的，因为这是做出改变的机会。A. approach方法；B. solution解决办法；C. devotion奉献；D. value价值。根据下文“because it’s an opportunity for change”可知，表达情绪这件事有价值。 【30题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：这会让肾上腺素的效果消退，继而能让你反思困扰你的问题。A. in turn反过来，继而；B. by contrast相比之下；C. on average平均；D. without hesitation毫不犹豫。肾上腺素消退，继而你可以冷静反思，是顺承关系。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：做一些可控的呼吸练习或者找一些体育活动来缓和情绪。A. routine常规的；B. physical身体的，体力的；C. creative有创造力的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据下文“There’s clear evidence that exercise helps with feelings of anger”可知，可以做一些体育活动。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：不要一概而论，比如“你总是这样！”A. generalizations概括，一概而论；B. appointments约会；C. presentations展示；D. conclusions结论。根据后文“You always do this”属于笼统概括、以偏概全的说法，可知，此处指不要一概而论。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：基兰表示，这个想法是“以最有可能获得建设性且非防御性回应的方式，将你合理的诉求传达给对方”。A. reasonable合理的；B. various各种各样的；C. strategic策略性的；D. evident明显的。根据后文“get a constructive and non-defensive response.”可知，沟通时提出合理诉求。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果你是接收愤怒的一方，请记住承认并试着理解对方怒火是有益的。A. paying支付；B. receiving接收；C. rising上升；D. losing失去。根据后文“the other person’s anger”可知，此处切换角色，描述作为接收对方情绪的人。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：如果你愿意一起处理这些激烈的局面，对方之后更可能建设性地提出问题。A. heated激烈的；B. real-life现实生活的；C. working工作的；D. exceptional例外的。根据下文“the other person will be much more likely to bring matters up constructively in the future.”可知，此处指双方一同化解这些一触即发的、激烈的火气上头的局面，另外一方更可能建设性地提出问题。heated situations指情绪激烈、争执紧张的场面。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Blue Planet is an amazing series, making the diversity of life in our seas and oceans accessible to all. And Blue Planet II took a critical step by also highlighting the challenges affecting our oceans. One such issue is that of plastic pollution, something I have researched for over 20 years. I have written more scientific papers on the topic than anyone else — but science alone is of limited value unless communicated. That’s especially important with plastic pollution where actions by all of us, in daily life, are needed to make a difference. There has been a marked increase in interest in plastic pollution; some in the field call this ‌“the Blue Planet II effect”. Michael Gove, for example, was apparently drawn by the images of plastic bags in one episode. Images of seabirds eating plastic goods were particularly shocking. A few minutes of coverage by Blue Planet II has done more to raise awareness than the decades of underlying research could ever have done alone. A step change in awareness is one thing, but what’s actually changed since the series went on air in October 2017? In 2018, twice as many volunteers participated in the Great British Beach Clean than the year before, and they reported on average a 16 per cent decrease in the number of items collected. This is a fantastic achievement, but clean-up on its own will not fix the problem. More systemic change is required, and that will take time. Over the last 60 years, we have become accustomed to the convenience of single-use plastics. It has become acceptable for items to be used in an instant, even though the resultant waste persists for decades. In my view, the challenge going forward lies in matching potential solutions to the specific uses of plastic. How and where should we adopt the different strategies — reduce, reuse, recycle, biodegrade, compost? Evidence about the problem is now clear, but evidence about which specific actions to take, and in which circumstances, is far less clear. 36. According to the writer, what is an achievement of Blue Planet II? A. It has given scientists inspirations for their work. B. It has revealed how fast the oceans are shrinking. C. It has aroused people’s interest in plastic pollution. D. It has become one of the most popular TV series globally. 37. The Great British Beach Clean is mentioned in paragraph 3 in order to ________. A. cast doubt on the real effect of clean-up B. suggest a possible solution to ocean pollution C. indicate how much we rely on single-use plastics D. imply that Blue Planet II has brought about change 38. According to the writer, what is a real challenge now? A. Making ‌“the Blue Planet II effect” last longer. B. Collecting more evidence for plastic pollution. C. Dealing with different kinds of plastic properly. D. Communicating the harm of plastic to the public. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Blue Planet II: Did It Have an Impact on Plastic Pollution? B. Blue Planet II: How Did It Win the Hearts of the Public? C. Blue Planet II: How Did We Take Full Advantage of It? D. Blue Planet II: Did It Work Against Science? 【答案】36. C 37. D 38. C 39. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要探讨了系列节目《蓝色星球II》对塑料污染问题的关注所产生的影响，以及未来应对塑料污染的真正挑战。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“There has been a marked increase in interest in plastic pollution; some in the field call this ‌“the Blue Planet II effect”.(人们对塑料污染的兴趣明显增加；该领域的一些人称这为“蓝色星球II效应”。)”可知，《蓝色星球II》激发了人们对塑料污染的兴趣。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“A step change in awareness is one thing, but what’s actually changed since the series went on air in October 2017? In 2018, twice as many volunteers participated in the Great British Beach Clean than the year before, and they reported on average a 16 per cent decrease in the number of items collected.(意识的重大转变是一回事，但自该系列节目2017年10月播出以来，实际发生了什么变化？2018年，参加“英国海滩大清洁”的志愿者人数是前一年的两倍，他们报告收集到的物品数量平均减少了16%。)”可知，提到“英国海滩大清洁”是为了暗示《蓝色星球II》带来了实际变化。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“In my view, the challenge going forward lies in matching potential solutions to the specific uses of plastic. How and where should we adopt the different strategies — reduce, reuse, recycle, biodegrade, compost? Evidence about the problem is now clear, but evidence about which specific actions to take, and in which circumstances, is far less clear.(在我看来，未来的挑战在于将潜在解决方案与塑料的具体用途相匹配。我们应该如何以及在何处采用不同的策略——减少、再利用、回收、生物降解、堆肥？关于问题的证据现在很明确，但关于采取哪些具体行动以及在什么情况下采取行动的证据却远不清楚。)”可知，作者认为真正的挑战是如何妥善处理不同种类的塑料。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“There has been a marked increase in interest in plastic pollution; some in the field call this ‌“the Blue Planet II effect”.(人们对塑料污染的兴趣明显增加；该领域的一些人称这为“蓝色星球II效应”。)”、第三段中“A step change in awareness is one thing, but what’s actually changed since the series went on air in October 2017?(意识的重大转变是一回事，但自该系列节目2017年10月播出以来，实际发生了什么变化？)”和最后一段中“In my view, the challenge going forward lies in matching potential solutions to the specific uses of plastic.(在我看来，未来的挑战在于将潜在解决方案与塑料的具体用途相匹配。)”可知，全文围绕《蓝色星球II》是否对塑料污染产生了实际影响展开讨论，A项“Blue Planet II: Did It Have an Impact on Plastic Pollution?(蓝色星球II：它对塑料污染有影响吗?)”最能概括文章内容，最适合做文章标题。 （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了伊冯娜接受采访，讲述她收养宠物狗斯坎普的经过及其独特外貌和带给人们的快乐。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据空格后“When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face.(当我在Petfinder上看到斯坎普时，我突然明白了爱是什么感觉。我突然发现自己爱他，因为我爱上了他的脸。)”可知，这是在回答“如何第一次遇到斯坎普”的问题，D项“How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder?(你是如何第一次遇见神奇的斯坎普的?)”与下文回答衔接最自然。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable.(这是纯天然的!他确实用了芒果洗发水和椰子护发素，但这些灰色的乱发就是出现在他的头、背和尾巴上。宠物美容师说他的头发无法控制。)”可知，伊冯娜说“It’s au naturel!”是表示斯坎普的“床头发型”是自然形成的，并没有人为改变它的外貌。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s.(他一直住在加利福尼亚州康普顿的街上，人们喂他吃麦当劳。)”可知，斯坎普过去在街头过着艰难的生活。 （C） A generation understandably frightened by “adulting” may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. And once established, the habit can easily make the jump to those of us more advanced in years. After all, a kid is inside every one of us, and few people are resistant to the infectiousness of creativity. Young people are the primary drivers of language change, but even we “olds” — as the young are used to putting it — like to change things up now and then. As new slang creeps across generational divides, however, it inevitably stirs up people’s deepest linguistic anxieties. Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language? Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment. It has long been ordinary for one language to borrow from another, and even from a dialect of the same language: Black English has lent mainstream English words like diss and the “angry” meaning of salty. Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did. On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a “smol kitty” and a “smol baby,” but not a “smol mailbox” or “smol Blu-ray player.” Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. Just missing out on becoming Word of the Year at the American Dialect Society’s 2019 meeting was yeet, seemingly meant to imitate the sound of something being thrown into a container or through a net (and often pronounced with a celebratory gesture to that effect). One now speaks of “yeeting” an empty can into the trash, and the word has even developed an irregular past-tense form, yote. We have kidspeak to thank for introducing these new layers of playfulness into our vocabulary. English today is arguably more fertile than it’s been since Shakespeare’s time, and those worried about the novelty of kidspeak might consider that not so long ago pedants (顽固派) were insisting the proper person should say “bal-coh-nee” for balcony, stamp out “nonwords” such as standpoint, and use obnoxious to mean “Tripe for injury.” Their arguments failed miserably when presented to everyday speakers, who tend to have good intuition about how language should work. Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words. 43. According to the speaker, what does the popularity of childlike language reflect? A. Old people’s increasing anxieties. B. People’s reluctance to growing up. C. Young people’s resistance to changes. D. The deepening of generational divides. 44. The example of “smol’” is intended to ________. A. form a sharp contrast with the word “yeet” B. illustrate that kidspeak enriches the English language C. reveal how new words are loaned from other languages D. remind readers that many English words are borrowed words 45. Which of the following statements about kidspeak is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Kidspeak does more good than harm to English. B. Kidspeak is not all playful as commonly thought. C. Kidspeak was awarded 2019’s Word of the Year. D. Kidspeak is regarded as something overestimated. 46. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The emergence of kidspeak is the result of linguists’ collective wisdom. B. The English language hasn’t changed much since Shakespeare’s time. C. The development of English depends mainly on everyday speakers. D. The advancement of the American idiom contributes to kidspeak. 【答案】43. B 44. B 45. A 46. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述由于成年人越来越多地在他们的谈话中穿插一些儿童的语言而孕育出的一种语体风格——儿童语，随着儿童语的兴起，我们实际上正在见证英语的丰富。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“A generation understandably frightened by ‘adulting’ may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. (这一代年轻人对‘成年’这个概念感到恐惧是可以理解的，正因如此，他们很有可能欣然接受儿童化的语言这种语言层面的安慰食物)”可知，年轻人对“成年”这一概念感到恐惧，所以会接受儿童化的语言作为语言层面的安慰，故儿童化语言的流行反映了人们不愿意长大。故选B。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。第二段中“Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did.(儿童语以与古斯堪的纳维亚语、法语和拉丁语完全相同的方式扩展了我们的词汇)”提到儿童语扩展了我们的词汇，下文“On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a ‘smol kitty’ and a ‘smol baby,’ but not a ‘smol mailbox’ or ‘smol Blu-ray player.’ Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. (例如，在互联网上，儿童用语指的是‘小猫咪’和‘小婴儿’，而不是‘小邮箱’或‘小蓝光播放器’。因此，Smol不仅仅是‘小’的一种拼写方式，而是一个更具体的术语，指的是可爱)”是举例证实上述观点，说明儿童语丰富了英语这门语言，故选B。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language? Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment. (儿童语言的新趋势是否代表了英语的低能化？恰恰相反：随着儿童语的兴起，我们实际上正在见证英语的丰富)”以及最后一段“Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words. (在今天的新闻周期中，儿童语言的出现是值得庆祝的。这个新俚语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步。这会使谈话更有趣。至少，我很高兴能和现在的英语生活在一起，被所有的新词包围着)”可知，儿童语对英语利大于弊。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. (这个新俚语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步)”可知，儿童语是对美国习语的一种完全自然的、无限机智的集体进步，故可推知，美国习语的进步促进了儿童语的发展，故选D。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What You Should Know about the Arctic You might have a picture in your mind of the Arctic — with its vast icy landscapes and plentiful wildlife. But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?___47___ Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice. The Arctic Circle sets both the southern boundary of the Arctic and the latitude (66.5°North) at which the sun remains above, or below, the horizon for 24 hours, at least one day per year. The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed. ____48____ Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim. Summers are full of light and people full of energy. However, the intense sunlight reflecting off snow or ice in spring can be very harmful and cause blindness, so Arctic Peoples have made glasses to protect their eyes. Today, Arctic Peoples use hats and sunglasses, but some historic models elegantly protected the eyes, focused the vision, and helped communicate identity through their different styles. Today, four million people live in the Arctic. They are spread across the eight countries with territory in the Arctic: Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups. ____49____ When much of Europe was covered in glaciers, the plains of northeastern Siberia were glacier free and it was possible to settle. Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago. The ancient people of Yana (in north eastern Siberia) spent a lot of time making jewellery, decorating themselves with animal-teeth pendants and beads made from mammoth ivory, hare bones or rare minerals. They also made bracelets carved with detailed marks indicating personal or community identity. The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways. ____50____ For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music. A. The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old. B. In general, Arctic winters are dark. C. This romantic idea of the Arctic is appealing, but of course false. D. Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art. E. But these lean seasons alternate with periods of extraordinary abundance in the summer. F. The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface. 【答案】47. F 48. B 49. A 50. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍北极的地理位置、光照特征以及北极原住民悠久的历史文化。 【47题详解】 由上文“But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?(但北极究竟在哪里，那里生活着什么样的文化族群？)” 以及下文“Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice.(它的中心，北极点位于北冰洋之上，直到不久前，北冰洋还覆盖着相对稳定的终年海冰。)” 可知，空格处需要回答北极的位置，引出下文对北极的介绍。F项“The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface.(北极是地球上最北端的区域，占地表面积的4%。)” 符合语境，承接上文问句，起到启下作用。 【48题详解】 由上文“The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed.(越往北走，光照的增减变化越快。)” 以及下文“Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim.(月光经冰雪反射带来光亮，但生物要适应昏暗的环境。)” 可知，空格处要引出北极昏暗无光的冬季。B项“In general, Arctic winters are dark.(总的来说，北极的冬天是黑暗的。)” 符合语境，和后文dim呼应，承上启下。 【49题详解】 由上文“Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups.(这些北极居民中只有10%是当地原住民，分属40个不同文化族群。)” 以及下文“Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago.(近期考古发现表明，三万年前就有猎人定居在西伯利亚东北部的亚纳河河口。)” 可知，空格处为本段主旨句，总起北极人类定居历史悠久。A项“The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old.(北极很早就有人类居住，这些文化历史十分久远。)” 符合语境，总领下文考古证据。 【50题详解】 由上文“The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways.(最早的北极居民生活丰富，用新颖的方式利用身边资源。)” 以及下文 “For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music.(例如，他们发明工具抵御严寒，捕猎动物并用兽皮制衣，还创造出属于自己的艺术和音乐。)” 可知，空格处继续介绍原住民利用自然资源进行生产、创作艺术。D项“Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art.(居民捕猎猛犸象等现已灭绝的大型动物，并创造出最早的北极艺术。)” 符合语境，承接上文，引出后文举例。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Can we improve our memory? We’ve all been there — staring at a pile of books, desperately hoping that what we study will stick in our mind. Many of us have probably asked if there’s any way that we can get better at remembering things. So, why don’t we look at what memory experts say about this? Every student who has made flashcards knows that it can be helpful to go back over what they’ve studied before. According to The Learning Scientists — a group of cognitive scientists — we can learn things better if we wait for some time before trying to study them again. They say that trying to get something back from your memory after you have had some time to forget it will make it easier to remember in future. Similarly, David Robson, a columnist, highlights studies that show taking some time to just do nothing after studying might mean that you can remember things better afterwards. We don’t know exactly why this happens, but it has been suggested that it’s to do with the relationship between long-term and short-term memory. Another study tip from The Learning Scientists is to change between different topics as you study. They say this can help you build links between different ideas. Now linking ideas and relating them to each other or to images are often suggested as good ways to memorize something. Former world memory champion Jonathan Hancock highlights how picturing pieces of information in different physical locations or linking them to memorable images makes them easier to remember. Linking new information to things that are easier to remember is a technique that many people use — it could be making letter patterns into words called memories, or by sorting things into categories. So, the good news to take from this is that while it may be hard, improving our memory is something we can control. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Memory experts suggest several ways to improve memory. Waiting some time before re-studying material, taking breaks after studying, and changing between different topics during study sessions can help retain information. Linking ideas and using memorable images or locations for new information also enhance memory. Improving memory is within our control, making it possible to retain more effectively. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍记忆专家提出的几种提高记忆力的方法，并指出改善记忆是我们可以掌控的。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①According to The Learning Scientists — a group of cognitive scientists — we can learn things better if we wait for some time before trying to study them again. ②They say that trying to get something back from your memory after you have had some time to forget it will make it easier to remember in future. ③Similarly, David Robson, a columnist, highlights studies that show taking some time to just do nothing after studying might mean that you can remember things better afterwards. ④Another study tip from The Learning Scientists is to change between different topics as you study. ⑤They say this can help you build links between different ideas. ⑥Former world memory champion Jonathan Hancock highlights how picturing pieces of information in different physical locations or linking them to memorable images makes them easier to remember. ⑦Linking new information to things that are easier to remember is a technique that many people use. ⑧So, the good news to take from this is that while it may be hard, improving our memory is something we can control. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2、3三个要点整合，说明间隔复习和适当休息有助于记忆；将第4、5两个要点整合，说明切换主题有助于建立联系；将第6、7两个要点整合，说明图像、位置联想可增强记忆；第8个要点作结论。 3. 遣词造句 Memory experts suggest several ways to improve memory. Waiting some time before re-studying material, taking breaks after studying, and changing between different topics during study sessions can help retain information. Linking ideas and using memorable images or locations for new information also enhance memory. Improving memory is within our control, making it possible to retain more effectively. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Waiting some time before re-studying material, taking breaks after studying, and changing between different topics during study sessions can help retain information. (运用了动名词短语作主语和并列结构说明间隔复习和适当休息有助于记忆。) [高分句型2] Improving memory is within our control, making it possible to retain more effectively. (运用了动名词短语作主语和现在分词短语作结果状语，对全文做出总结，句式高级。) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 夏天是这条绿树成荫的马路最美的时节。(than) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】No other season is more beautiful than summer for this tree-lined road. 【解析】 【详解】陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，固定句型No other + 单数名词 + be + 比较级 + than …意为“…是……范围内最……的”，表示“是最美的”应用No other…is more beautiful than；表示“季节”应用season；表示“夏天”应用summer；表示“ 对于这条绿树成荫的马路”应用for this tree-lined road，作状语。 53. 今天空气质量不好，最好不要进行任何户外运动。(better) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It’s better not to do any outdoor sports today as the air quality is not good. 【解析】 【详解】“今天”表达为副词today，作时间状语；“空气质量”表达为名词短语the air quality，作原因状语从句的主语；“不好”表达为形容词短语is not good，作从句表语；“最好不要做”表达为固定句型It’s better not to do；“任何户外运动”表达为名词短语any outdoor sports，作不定式to do的宾语。as引导原因状语从句，从句陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。 54. 值得大家关注的是，这位小提琴家从三年前起已不参加任何商演。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】What is worth noticing is that this violinist hasn’t participated in any commercial performance since three years ago. 【解析】 【详解】根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“值得大家关注的”应用What is worth noticing，what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，时态用一般现在时陈述客观事实，表示“是”应用is；is后面接 that引导的表语从句；表示“这位小提琴家”应用this violinist，作从句主语；表示“不参加”应用hasn’t participated in，现在完成时否定形式作谓语，强调动作对现在的影响；表示“任何商演”应用any commercial performance，作宾语；表示“从三年前起”应用since three years ago，作时间状语，since引导时间标志，搭配现在完成时。 55. 我最不希望看到的结果是我的学生都只关注学习成绩而不在乎学习过程。(the last) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The last result I want to see is that all my students care only about their scores rather than their learning process. 【解析】 【详解】本句表达一种长久的看法，使用一般现在时。句首“我最不希望看到的结果”译为The last result I want to see，I want to see是定语从句修饰先行词result，the last暗含“最不想要的”含义；主语为单数，“是”为is，后面用that引导表语从句；“我的学生都只关注学习成绩”译为all my students care only about their scores；“而不在乎学习过程”用rather than their learning process，rather than表示“而不是”，用来对比取舍。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到好友王磊的邮件。在邮件中，王磊提到了最近遇到的困惑：一直以来他都想选择英语作为大学的主修专业，但是身边的朋友和家长对他的这一想法表示反对，原因主要是选择英语专业可能以后就业比较困难。回复王磊一份邮件，内容须包括：1) 你对他这一想法的态度；2) 你的理由。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文： Dear Wang Lei, I can completely understand your confusion about college major selection. However, I firmly believe that you should follow your passion and choose English as your major, despite the practical concerns raised by your parents and friends. First and foremost, genuine interest serves as a powerful catalyst for academic excellence. If you study what you truly love, you will be highly motivated, which will undoubtedly lead to outstanding academic performance and long-term career advancement. Furthermore, the alleged grim job market for English majors is actually a misconception. With the accelerating pace of globalization, English is no longer merely a subject but a crucial bridge to diverse fields. Proficiency in English, combined with knowledge in other areas like international trade or technology, will make you highly competitive. Therefore, I encourage you to communicate your determination calmly with your parents. As long as you are well-prepared and equipped with versatile skills, you will definitely carve out a fulfilling path for yourself. Yours, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】题目要求学生以李明的身份，给好友王磊回复邮件，就他想选英语作为大学主修专业表达个人态度，再说明具体理由。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 坚定地：firmly→steadfastly, unwaveringly 充当：serve as→act as, function as 杰出的：outstanding→remarkable, exceptional 激励某人做某事：encourage sb. to do→motivate sb. to do 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Proficiency in English, combined with knowledge in other areas like international trade or technology, will make you highly competitive. 拓展句：If you possess proficiency in English in combination with knowledge in other areas like international trade or technology, you will be highly competitive. 【点睛】[高分句型1] If you study what you truly love, you will be highly motivated, which will undoubtedly lead to outstanding academic performance and long-term career advancement. (运用了If引导条件状语从句、what引导宾语从句、which引导非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] As long as you are well-prepared and equipped with versatile skills, you will definitely carve out a fulfilling path for yourself. (运用了As long as引导条件状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高二年级英语学科12月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What is the minimum difference a species must show in order to be classed as a new species? This is less straightforward than it seems. The concept of species, as a way of classifying animals and plants, ___1___ (rely) on finding some feature that all members of that species share, and which is unique to them. This works pretty well for many organisms, but species ___2___ (put) together continually or split into two as biologists search for the perfect classification system. There are currently at least 26 different ways ___3___ (define) the concept of a species. Some consider physical or genetic similarity, while others consider whether populations interbreed (杂交繁殖)—or whether they could if they weren’t separated by a geographical barrier, such as a mountain range or ocean. Other definitions of species focus on the evolutionary history of the organism, grouping species according to ___4___ recently they shared a common ancestor. ___5___ biologists could agree on a single definition of a species, identifying a point at which a new species is created would still be difficult. Theoretically, the minimum difference could be single mutated (变异) gene, marking a fork in the evolutionary tree ___6___ one species splits into two. However, biologists almost certainly wouldn’t recognize the creation of the new species until later, when the genetic mutation appeared as a difference in the way the animal looked or behaved. The ___7___ (close) we’ve come to this was probably in 2016, when researchers at the Janelia Research Campus in Virginia artificially altered the genome (基因组) of a species of Drosophila fruit fly. This change to a single gene altered the frequency of the courtship ‘song’ ___8___ (produce) by the male fly. The insects ___9___ (carry) this gene could still mate with the wild population, so they couldn’t be considered a separate species by most definitions. But they preferred to mate with similarly mutated flies, and if this mutation had occurred in the wild, it’s possible that this might have resulted ____10____ the evolution of a new species. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. boosting B. comparison C. confirmed D. encouraged E. integrates F. intensive G. illustrates H. messages I. multisensory J. novel K. practice Learn a language or instrument So far only two types of mental exercise have been shown to improve or preserve overall cognitive (认知的) ability. One is musical training; the other is learning a new language, or practising a second one you have already learned. Gottfried Schlaug, director of the Music and Neuroimaging Laboratory at Harvard University explains: ‌“Listening to and making music is not only a hearing experience; it’s a(n) _____11_____ and motor experience. Playing an instrument changes how the brain interprets and _____12_____ a wide range of sensory information, and making music over a long period of time can change brain function and brain structure.” As for the role of language-learning in _____13_____ brain power, a team at Edinburgh University assessed mental alertness in a group of 33 students (Aged 18-78) who undertook a one-week Scottish Gaelic course. After the course they were _____14_____ to practise their new language for five hours a week. At the end of the course, their attention was found to be better than _____15_____ groups who had done other types of courses or no course at all, and nine months later those who had been practicing had bumped up their attention span even more. Lead researcher, Dr Thomas Bak of the School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences said the results _____16_____ the cognitive benefits of language-learning. ‌“I think there are three important _____17_____ from our study. Firstly, it is never too late to start a(n) _____18_____ mental activity such as learning a new language. Secondly, even a short, _____19_____ course can show beneficial effects on some cognitive functions. Thirdly, this effect can be maintained through ______20______.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Many of us have been conditioned to keep our anger hidden. Increasingly, research is suggesting that this can have negative effects on our health. Is it ____21____, then, to scream and shout whenever something makes you mad? Recent research indicates that when we ____22____ our anger aggressively, it can actually increase the intensity of the anger — and increase the likelihood of aggressive actions in the future. If we shouldn’t bottle up our angry feelings but aggressive behavior does no good either, how should we handle things that ____23____ us? It’s the extreme highs and lows that play a role. If you’re able to apply techniques that smooth out some of those peaks and ____24____, you can have a gentler ride. Start by looking beyond the surface-level trigger (触发点) to your anger. Anger is often caused by ____25____ feelings of fear, anxiety, disappointment, and guilt. Maybe you’re angry that your friend is late, but it’s really because you were afraid he or she had had a car accident in the bad weather. Also, pay close attention to your triggers — those daily annoyances that you know will ____26____. Do you get angry at the long lines at the grocery store? Take a step back and consider that it isn’t ____27____. Everyone in the line has dinner to make, just like you. One proven method of dealing with anger is to ____28____ it. Brain imaging at the University of California has shown that if you name your feelings, you can actually calm the activity in the amygdala, the part of the brain that triggers the release of adrenaline and cortisol (肾上腺素和皮质醇). “There is a(n) ____29____ to expressing that you don’t like what’s happening, because it’s an opportunity for change,” says Diane McIntosh, a psychiatrist in Vancouver, British Columbia. It helps to take a cool-down period before explaining to someone you’re angry with how he or she rocked your boat. That will allow for the effects of the adrenaline to wear off, which, ____30____, allows you to reflect on what’s bothering you. Do some controlled breathing or find some ____31____ activity to take the edge off. “There’s clear evidence that exercise helps with feelings of anger,” says McIntosh. When you’re ready to approach the other person, focus on the behavior and why it upsets you, not the person’s character traits. Don’t make ____32____, such as “You always do this!” The idea, says Keelan, “is to bring up your ____33____ points to the other person in a manner that is most likely to get a constructive and non-defensive response.” If you’re on the ____34____ end, remember that there are benefits to acknowledging and trying to understand the other person’s anger. Try offering to make a change, if that seems fair to you. If you’re willing to be a partner in working through ____35____ situations, the other person will be much more likely to bring matters up constructively in the future. In the end, you’ll both be healthier for it. 21. A. harder B. easier C. worse D. better 22. A. swallow B. imagine C. display D. understand 23. A. annoy B. attract C. affect D. advance 24. A. pities B. valleys C. moments D. decisions 25. A. positive B. similar C. injured D. underlying 26. A. look you up B. keep you away C. set you off D. take you in 27. A. normal B. difficult C. important D. personal 28. A. listen to B. think of C. talk about D. rely on 29. A. approach B. solution C. devotion D. value 30. A. in turn B. by contrast C. on average D. without hesitation 31. A. routine B. physical C. creative D. enjoyable 32. A. generalizations B. appointments C. presentations D. conclusions 33. A. reasonable B. various C. strategic D. evident 34. A. paying B. receiving C. rising D. losing 35. A. heated B. real-life C. working D. exceptional Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Blue Planet is an amazing series, making the diversity of life in our seas and oceans accessible to all. And Blue Planet II took a critical step by also highlighting the challenges affecting our oceans. One such issue is that of plastic pollution, something I have researched for over 20 years. I have written more scientific papers on the topic than anyone else — but science alone is of limited value unless communicated. That’s especially important with plastic pollution where actions by all of us, in daily life, are needed to make a difference. There has been a marked increase in interest in plastic pollution; some in the field call this ‌“the Blue Planet II effect”. Michael Gove, for example, was apparently drawn by the images of plastic bags in one episode. Images of seabirds eating plastic goods were particularly shocking. A few minutes of coverage by Blue Planet II has done more to raise awareness than the decades of underlying research could ever have done alone. A step change in awareness is one thing, but what’s actually changed since the series went on air in October 2017? In 2018, twice as many volunteers participated in the Great British Beach Clean than the year before, and they reported on average a 16 per cent decrease in the number of items collected. This is a fantastic achievement, but clean-up on its own will not fix the problem. More systemic change is required, and that will take time. Over the last 60 years, we have become accustomed to the convenience of single-use plastics. It has become acceptable for items to be used in an instant, even though the resultant waste persists for decades. In my view, the challenge going forward lies in matching potential solutions to the specific uses of plastic. How and where should we adopt the different strategies — reduce, reuse, recycle, biodegrade, compost? Evidence about the problem is now clear, but evidence about which specific actions to take, and in which circumstances, is far less clear. 36. According to the writer, what is an achievement of Blue Planet II? A. It has given scientists inspirations for their work. B. It has revealed how fast the oceans are shrinking. C. It has aroused people’s interest in plastic pollution. D. It has become one of the most popular TV series globally. 37. The Great British Beach Clean is mentioned in paragraph 3 in order to ________. A. cast doubt on the real effect of clean-up B. suggest a possible solution to ocean pollution C. indicate how much we rely on single-use plastics D. imply that Blue Planet II has brought about change 38. According to the writer, what is a real challenge now? A. Making ‌“the Blue Planet II effect” last longer. B. Collecting more evidence for plastic pollution. C. Dealing with different kinds of plastic properly. D. Communicating the harm of plastic to the public. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. Blue Planet II: Did It Have an Impact on Plastic Pollution? B. Blue Planet II: How Did It Win the Hearts of the Public? C. Blue Planet II: How Did We Take Full Advantage of It? D. Blue Planet II: Did It Work Against Science? （B） Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. （C） A generation understandably frightened by “adulting” may well welcome the linguistic (语言的) comfort food of childlike language. And once established, the habit can easily make the jump to those of us more advanced in years. After all, a kid is inside every one of us, and few people are resistant to the infectiousness of creativity. Young people are the primary drivers of language change, but even we “olds” — as the young are used to putting it — like to change things up now and then. As new slang creeps across generational divides, however, it inevitably stirs up people’s deepest linguistic anxieties. Does the new trend of kidspeak represent a dumbing-down of the English language? Just the opposite: with the rise of kidspeak, we are actually witnessing English’s enrichment. It has long been ordinary for one language to borrow from another, and even from a dialect of the same language: Black English has lent mainstream English words like diss and the “angry” meaning of salty. Kidspeak extends our word stock in exactly the same way that Old Norse, French, and Latin once did. On the internet, for example, kidspeak refers to a “smol kitty” and a “smol baby,” but not a “smol mailbox” or “smol Blu-ray player.” Smol, then, is not merely a way of spelling small, but a more specific term referring to cuteness. Just missing out on becoming Word of the Year at the American Dialect Society’s 2019 meeting was yeet, seemingly meant to imitate the sound of something being thrown into a container or through a net (and often pronounced with a celebratory gesture to that effect). One now speaks of “yeeting” an empty can into the trash, and the word has even developed an irregular past-tense form, yote. We have kidspeak to thank for introducing these new layers of playfulness into our vocabulary. English today is arguably more fertile than it’s been since Shakespeare’s time, and those worried about the novelty of kidspeak might consider that not so long ago pedants (顽固派) were insisting the proper person should say “bal-coh-nee” for balcony, stamp out “nonwords” such as standpoint, and use obnoxious to mean “Tripe for injury.” Their arguments failed miserably when presented to everyday speakers, who tend to have good intuition about how language should work. Amid today’s news cycles, the emergence of kidspeak is something to celebrate. This new slang is a totally natural and endlessly witty collective advancement of the American idiom. It makes for more interesting talk. I, at least, am glad to be living with the English of right now, surrounded by all the new words. 43. According to the speaker, what does the popularity of childlike language reflect? A. Old people’s increasing anxieties. B. People’s reluctance to growing up. C. Young people’s resistance to changes. D. The deepening of generational divides. 44. The example of “smol’” is intended to ________. A. form a sharp contrast with the word “yeet” B. illustrate that kidspeak enriches the English language C. reveal how new words are loaned from other languages D. remind readers that many English words are borrowed words 45. Which of the following statements about kidspeak is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Kidspeak does more good than harm to English. B. Kidspeak is not all playful as commonly thought. C. Kidspeak was awarded 2019’s Word of the Year. D. Kidspeak is regarded as something overestimated. 46. What can be inferred from the passage? A. The emergence of kidspeak is the result of linguists’ collective wisdom. B. The English language hasn’t changed much since Shakespeare’s time. C. The development of English depends mainly on everyday speakers. D. The advancement of the American idiom contributes to kidspeak. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What You Should Know about the Arctic You might have a picture in your mind of the Arctic — with its vast icy landscapes and plentiful wildlife. But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?___47___ Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice. The Arctic Circle sets both the southern boundary of the Arctic and the latitude (66.5°North) at which the sun remains above, or below, the horizon for 24 hours, at least one day per year. The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed. ____48____ Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim. Summers are full of light and people full of energy. However, the intense sunlight reflecting off snow or ice in spring can be very harmful and cause blindness, so Arctic Peoples have made glasses to protect their eyes. Today, Arctic Peoples use hats and sunglasses, but some historic models elegantly protected the eyes, focused the vision, and helped communicate identity through their different styles. Today, four million people live in the Arctic. They are spread across the eight countries with territory in the Arctic: Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups. ____49____ When much of Europe was covered in glaciers, the plains of northeastern Siberia were glacier free and it was possible to settle. Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago. The ancient people of Yana (in north eastern Siberia) spent a lot of time making jewellery, decorating themselves with animal-teeth pendants and beads made from mammoth ivory, hare bones or rare minerals. They also made bracelets carved with detailed marks indicating personal or community identity. The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways. ____50____ For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music. A. The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old. B. In general, Arctic winters are dark. C. This romantic idea of the Arctic is appealing, but of course false. D. Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art. E. But these lean seasons alternate with periods of extraordinary abundance in the summer. F. The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Can we improve our memory? We’ve all been there — staring at a pile of books, desperately hoping that what we study will stick in our mind. Many of us have probably asked if there’s any way that we can get better at remembering things. So, why don’t we look at what memory experts say about this? Every student who has made flashcards knows that it can be helpful to go back over what they’ve studied before. According to The Learning Scientists — a group of cognitive scientists — we can learn things better if we wait for some time before trying to study them again. They say that trying to get something back from your memory after you have had some time to forget it will make it easier to remember in future. Similarly, David Robson, a columnist, highlights studies that show taking some time to just do nothing after studying might mean that you can remember things better afterwards. We don’t know exactly why this happens, but it has been suggested that it’s to do with the relationship between long-term and short-term memory. Another study tip from The Learning Scientists is to change between different topics as you study. They say this can help you build links between different ideas. Now linking ideas and relating them to each other or to images are often suggested as good ways to memorize something. Former world memory champion Jonathan Hancock highlights how picturing pieces of information in different physical locations or linking them to memorable images makes them easier to remember. Linking new information to things that are easier to remember is a technique that many people use — it could be making letter patterns into words called memories, or by sorting things into categories. So, the good news to take from this is that while it may be hard, improving our memory is something we can control. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 夏天是这条绿树成荫的马路最美的时节。(than) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 今天空气质量不好，最好不要进行任何户外运动。(better) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 值得大家关注的是，这位小提琴家从三年前起已不参加任何商演。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 我最不希望看到的结果是我的学生都只关注学习成绩而不在乎学习过程。(the last) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近收到好友王磊的邮件。在邮件中，王磊提到了最近遇到的困惑：一直以来他都想选择英语作为大学的主修专业，但是身边的朋友和家长对他的这一想法表示反对，原因主要是选择英语专业可能以后就业比较困难。回复王磊一份邮件，内容须包括：1) 你对他这一想法的态度；2) 你的理由。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $