精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第二学期高二年级英语学科3月试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月 第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mini-Biographies Help Clinicians Connect with Patients Bog Hall was recovering from yet another surgery in March 2014 when a volunteer walked into his hospital room. The volunteer wasn't there to check on his lungs or breathing. Instead, she asked Hall ____1____ he wanted to tell his life story. The interview was part of a program ____2____（call）My Life, My Story. Volunteer writers seek out veterans（老兵）at the hospital like Hall, and ask them all about their lives. Then they write up a thousand-word biography, and go over it with the patient, ____3____can add more details or correct any mistakes. When the story is finished, it ____4____（attach）to the patient's electronic record, where a doctor or nurse ____5____（work）anywhere in the Veterans Affairs medical system can read it. Today more than 2,000 patients at the Madison VA ____6____（share）their life stories. Project organizers say it could change the way providers interact with patients. ____7____ clinicians can access a lot of medical data through a patient's electronic medical record, there's nowhere to learn about a patients' personality or learn about his career, passion or values, said Thor Ringler, who has managed the My Life, My Story project ____8____2013. ____9____idea for My Life, My Story came from Dr. Elliot Lee, a medical resident who was doing a training programme at the Madison VA in 2012. The typical programme for medical residents lasts only about a year, so Lee wanted to find a way to bring new, young doctors up to speed on the VA patients. He wanted a way for them _____10_____（absorb）not just their health histories, but more personal pieces of knowledge. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. equivalent B. legal C. lifted D. limited E. opposite F. particularly G. present H. registration I. traced J. traditionally K. version A Brief History of Football There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are ____11____ in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be ____12____ as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named “Csu Chu”, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English ____13____ of a football was made using an animal bladder (皮囊). Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward III banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practising archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England. In 1605 football became ____14____ and once again the sport grew in popularity. In the 1800s it became ____15____ common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had ____16____ rules and no referees (裁判). Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the ____17____ team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new ____18____ called the ‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities. Though football could be considered a male sport, women also play it. An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs ____19____ done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually ____20____ in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Almost all animals sleep, but do they dream? We certainly can't ask animals if they dream, but we can at least ____21____ the evidence that they might. There are two ways in which scientists have gone about this seemingly ____22____ task. One is to look at their physical behaviour during the various stages of the sleep cycle. The second is to see whether their sleeping brains work similarly to our own sleeping brains. The story of how we ____23____ how to look into the minds of sleeping animals begins in the 1960s. Back then, reports began to appear in medical journals describing people acting out ____24____ in their dreams. This was curious, because during so-called REM sleep(rapid eye movement), our muscles are usually paralysed. Researchers realised that causing a similar state in ____25____ could allow them to explore how they dream. In 1965, French scientists Michel Jouvet and J F Delorme found that removing a part of the brainstem, called the pons, from a cat's brain ____26____ it becoming paralysed when in REM. The researchers called the condition "REM without atonia" or REM-A. Instead of lying still, the cats walked around and behaved aggressively. This hinted they were dreaming of ____27____ from their waking hours. ____28____ movement is not the only way of looking into dreams, though. Researchers can now ____29____ look into the electrical and chemical activities of brain cells in animals while they sleep. In 2007, MIT scientists Kenway Louise and Matthew Wilson recorded the activity of neurons in a part of the rat brain called the hippocampus, a structure known to be involved in the formation and encoding of memories. They first recorded the activity of those brain cells while the rats ran in their mazes. Then they looked at the activity of the very same neurons while they slept. Louise and Wilson discovered similar patterns of firing during ____30____ and during REM. ____31____ , it was as if the rats were running the maze in their minds while they were sleeping. The results were so clear that the researchers could infer the rats' precise ____32____ within their mental dream mazes and map them to actual spots within the actual maze. Does the behaviour of cats in science experiments actually ____33____ dreaming? Do rats have any subjective awareness that they' re running their mazes in their minds while they nap? We can say with a reasonable amount of ____34____ that the physiological and behavioural features of dreaming in humans have now been seen in cats, rats, and other animals. Yet what it's actually like to ____35____ a dream if you' re not human remains a mystery. 21. A. foresee B. cover C. strengthen D. observe 22. A. disconnected B. endless C. uncomfortable D. impossible 23. A. made for B. took over C. worked out D. turned down 24. A. dialogues B. ideals C. movements D. meanings 25. A. animals B. dreams C. humans D. changes 26. A. imagined B. prevented C. appreciated D. witnessed 27. A. disasters B. activities C. successes D. failures 28. A. Physical B. Accidental C. Harmonious D. Independent 29. A. randomly B. reluctantly C. unconsciously D. humanely 30. A. sleeping B. running C. recording D. studying 31. A. To sum up B. By comparison C. For example D. In other words 32. A. location B. prediction C. moment D. nature 33. A. account for B. rely on C. qualify as D. differ from 34. A. doubt B. certainty C. specification D. memory 35. A. explain B. explore C. experience D. experiment Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Community gardens have become increasingly popular across many cities. These shared pieces of land are rented or donated to local residents, who grow vegetables, herbs and flowers together. For city dwellers who have no private backyard, community gardens offer precious access to soil and green plants. But community gardens deliver more than fresh produce. They serve as important social spaces. People of different ages, occupations and cultural backgrounds come together to plant, water and harvest. While working on the land, neighbours who barely spoke to each other before start chatting and exchanging gardening tips. In this way, community gardens build connections among local residents and strengthen neighbourhood bonds. Community gardens also bring mental health benefits. Modern urban citizens are often buried in heavy work pressure. Getting close to soil and plants helps people relieve anxiety and stress. Scientific studies have shown that hands-on gardening activities can lift people’s mood and reduce the risk of depression. Children taking part in community gardening also gain a lot: they learn basic knowledge about botany, develop responsibility and get to know where food really comes from. Of course, community gardens face challenges. Conflicts may occur over land use, watering time and distribution of harvest. Some community gardens suffer from limited funding. But many local communities work out practical solutions. They set up clear rules, organize volunteer management groups and apply for public grants. Community gardens keep blooming and serve as green hearts inside crowded cities. 36. What is the main function of community gardens besides growing plants? A. To provide cheap fresh food for poor citizens. B. To build social connections among neighbours. C. To attract more people to move into the community. D. To reduce the government’s spending on city parks. 37. What mental benefit can gardening bring to children? A. It helps them reduce academic pressure. B. It improves their communication skills greatly. C. It teaches them responsibility and knowledge of plants. D. It cures children who suffer from depression. 38. Which of the following is one of the challenges community gardens meet? A. They take up too much land in downtown areas. B. Local citizens show little interest in gardening. C. Disagreements may arise among participants. D. They cannot produce enough vegetables for residents. 39. What is the author’s attitude towards community gardens? A. Doubtful. B. Critical. C. Reserved. D. Positive. （B） Enterprise Class Borer Data Systems Facilities Information System ATRACS Web Enabled Attendance Management Attendance management systems require considerable and sustained administrative effort to effectively produce meaningful management information. Effort is required to distribute reports and summaries, adjust attendance records for absences, missed clockings and holidays, or answer staff queries (疑问). Implementing an automated time and attendance system makes things very easy for both employees and their managers alike. Management Information and Control ATRACS Web puts the information directly onto the manager’s desktop by linking attendance data held on the ATRACS database to an Intranet Web Site. Then by simply using the web browser supplied with every PC, managers can instantly: Review employee absence history View employee attendance record List all staff attendance Correct employee attendance record to accommodate absence or a missed clocking Authorise adjustment requested by employees Managers with password clearance can use a web browser to check manning levels, review staff attendance and locate staff. Web enabling provides: Up-to-date staffing information so that managers can, at a click, see who is in attendance, on holiday, sick leave or absent. Less administration managers can review attendance data from their desktop PCs. Reduced paperwork attendance reports are distributed electronically to managers Efficient handling of queries members of staff can review their own attendance record without having to refer to a manager Confidentiality and Security All data is password protected with individual passwords for staff and managers. Staff may browse their own individual attendance records while managers can view the attendance details for only their own workgroups. Before data can be accessed through the Web, members of staff must first be identified by entry of user ID and personal password. To arrange a demo of the Flexitime system, or for further enquiries: web@borer.co.uk 40. The passage is mainly intended to ________. A. question the confidentiality and security of ATRACS B. introduce a web-based attendance management system C. promote the importance of managing staff attendance efficiently D. compare the new attendance management system with the old one 41. With ATRACS, staff can ________. A. review their colleagues’ attendance record B. access all the data in the system with passwords C. adjust the records with managers’ authorisation D. correct the mistakes in their colleagues’ records 42. It can be learned from the passage that ATRACS ________. A. updates its data every few hours B. makes it unnecessary to use paper C. enables managers to contact staff online D. discourages staff from being absent from work （C） ①Along with 3 million other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute into London daily. It was once an easy trip of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, getting to work became a lottery—a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only”, he complains, With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. ②Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. On January 2nd rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. Falling subsidies (补贴) mean that passengers now pick up 70% of the rail network’s costs, up from 50% ten years ago. ③Until now, passengers have put up with it. Since the industry was privatized in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. ④Many rail executives blame a slowdown related to Brexit for falling traffic. But that doesn’t explain why the drop-off has been highest in the south-east. Indeed, since referendum (全名公投) in June 2016, output in London has grown faster than in any other British region and employment has risen. ⑤More likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets—which save money for daily commuters—fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continued to rise. The trend is strongest in the south-east, where fares are highest and services heavily disrupted. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. The amount of space per employee in the City of London has fallen from 17 square metres in the 1990s to just 11 now. ⑥The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. That would cut train operators’ profit further. Mr. Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. 43. According to the first paragraph, what does Eamonn complain about in terms of the train service? A. Punctuality. B. Facilities. C. Interval. D. Routes. 44. Which of the following statements is true according to paragraphs 2 and 3? A. Fares rose by 45%in real terms in the year to April 2017. B. Rail fares across Britain have increased by 3.4% since the year of 2013. C. Fewer people in the south-east commute by train now than in the 1990s. D. Fares cover a bigger part of the rail network’s costs now than a decade ago. 45. The writer mentions the growth of output in London in paragraph 4 in order to ________. A. reveal that London has been recovering since the 2016 referendum B. argue that it was not the slowdown that led to the failing traffic C. illustrate how Brexit affected Britain’s economy D. cast doubt on the rise of employment in London 46. What can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6? A. The government has taken train operators’ profit too seriously. B. The number of people commuting to work every day is on the decline. C. Single-use tickets are just available to part-time commuters in the south-east. D. Stephen Joseph thinks it necessary to stick to the current policy of season tickets. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The fashionable history of social distancing As the world fights against the coronavirus (新冠病毒) outbreak, “social distancing” has become a buzzword of these strange times. Instead of stockpiling food or rushing to the hospital, authorities are saying social distancing— deliberately increasing the physical space between people — is the best way ordinary people can help stop the spread of the virus. ____47____ But as a historian who writes about the political and cultural meanings of clothing, I know that fashion can play an important role in the project of social distancing. In the past, maintaining distance — especially between genders, classes and races — was an important aspect of social gatherings and public life. ____48____ It was, instead, about manners and class. And fashion was the perfect tool. Take the Victorian-era “crinoline”. This large, voluminous skirt, which became fashionable in the mid-19th century, was used to create a barrier between the genders in social settings. While the origins of this trend can be traced to the 15th-century Spanish court, these voluminous skirts became a marker of class in the 18th century. Only those privileged (有特权的) enough to avoid household chores could wear them; you needed a house with enough space to be able to comfortably move from room to room, along with a servant to help you put it on. The bigger your skirt, the higher your status. ____49____ Soon, “Crinolinemania” swept the fashion world. Despite criticism by dress reformers who saw it as another tool to oppress women's mobility and freedom, the large skirt was a useful way of maintaining women’s social safety. The crinoline ensured that a stranger would keep a safe distance from a woman's body. ____50____ Perhaps we'll see the rise of new forms of protective outerwear, like the “wearable shield” that one Asian company developed. A. Today, it isn’t clear whether the coronavirus will lead to new styles. B. But for now, it seems most likely that we’ll all just continue wearing masks. C. In the 1850s and 1860s, more middle-class women started wearing the crinoline as the skirts started being mass-produced. D. Fashion might not be the first thing that comes to mind when we think of isolation strategies. E. Crinolines could be a health hazard — many women burned to death after their skirts caught fire. F. Social distancing didn’t have anything to do with isolation or health. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Small talk Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion. Nevertheless, research suggests they will benefit. One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged. “Hello” signals nothing at all. “How are you?” rarely gets a fully honest answer. However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. “If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain, and begin to establish a connection on that basis. If your bus or train is suddenly stuck, an even better opportunity arises. You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it, and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience. At work, small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do. But there is a spectrum between empty talk (“Hello”), social talk (“How was your holiday?”), social talk relevant to work (“Is Sarah still on holiday?”) and pure business talk (“Has Sarah finished that report?”). A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes, even in brief conversations. That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps. Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家餐厅的服务和美食使它成为城里无与伦比的用餐体验。(second) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 53. 针对需求的突然增加，公司迅速调整了策略。（response）(汉译英) ____________________________________________ 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 55. 培养技能人才并非朝夕之功，还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力。(require) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校计划在高三年级开设艺术课程，委托学生会听取高三学生对该课程内容和安排的意见。写一封邮件给学生会表达你的想法，内容须包括： 1）你认为该课程应包含哪些内容以及上课时间安排； 2） 你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月 第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Mini-Biographies Help Clinicians Connect with Patients Bog Hall was recovering from yet another surgery in March 2014 when a volunteer walked into his hospital room. The volunteer wasn't there to check on his lungs or breathing. Instead, she asked Hall ____1____ he wanted to tell his life story. The interview was part of a program ____2____（call）My Life, My Story. Volunteer writers seek out veterans（老兵）at the hospital like Hall, and ask them all about their lives. Then they write up a thousand-word biography, and go over it with the patient, ____3____can add more details or correct any mistakes. When the story is finished, it ____4____（attach）to the patient's electronic record, where a doctor or nurse ____5____（work）anywhere in the Veterans Affairs medical system can read it. Today more than 2,000 patients at the Madison VA ____6____（share）their life stories. Project organizers say it could change the way providers interact with patients. ____7____ clinicians can access a lot of medical data through a patient's electronic medical record, there's nowhere to learn about a patients' personality or learn about his career, passion or values, said Thor Ringler, who has managed the My Life, My Story project ____8____2013. ____9____idea for My Life, My Story came from Dr. Elliot Lee, a medical resident who was doing a training programme at the Madison VA in 2012. The typical programme for medical residents lasts only about a year, so Lee wanted to find a way to bring new, young doctors up to speed on the VA patients. He wanted a way for them _____10_____（absorb）not just their health histories, but more personal pieces of knowledge. 【答案】1. if 2. called 3. who 4. is attached 5. working 6. have shared 7. Though 8. since 9. The 10. to absorb 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述麦迪逊退伍军人事务部为每一位病人撰写了一份一千字的传记，其目的是为了更好地让医生和病人联系，这一项目的名字叫“我的生活，我的故事”。 【1题详解】 考查名词性从句。句意：相反，她问霍尔是否愿意讲述自己的人生故事。分析可知，空处引导宾语从句，作ask的宾语，意思为“是否”，所以用if引导。故填if。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这次采访是“我的生活，我的故事”节目的一部分。分析可知，句子谓语动词为was，且和空处无连词连接，所以空处为非谓语动词，call和其逻辑主语program之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。故填called。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：然后，他们写一篇一千字的传记，和病人一起回顾，病人可以增加更多的细节或纠正任何错误。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词patient，且关系词在从句中作主语，指人，所以用who引导。故填who。 【4题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：当故事完成后，它会附在病人的电子病历上，在退伍军人事务部医疗系统中工作的医生或护士可以阅读它。分析可知，空处为句子谓语，且和主语it之间为动宾关系，所以用被动语态，表达的是客观的情况，所以要用一般现在时，it作主语，谓语动词用单数。故填is attached。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当故事完成后，它会附在病人的电子病历上，在退伍军人事务部医疗系统中工作的医生或护士可以阅读它。分析可知，句子谓语动词为can read，且和空处无连词连接，所以空处为非谓语动词，work和其逻辑主语a doctor or nurse之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填working。 【6题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：今天，超过2000名弗吉尼亚州麦迪逊医院的病人分享了他们的人生故事。分析可知，share这一动作从过去持续到现在，有可能继续持续下去，所以用现在完成时，主语为patients，所以谓语动词也要用复数形式。故填have shared。 【7题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：从2013年开始管理“我的生活，我的故事”项目的托尔·林格尔说，尽管临床医生可以通过患者的电子病历获取大量医疗数据，但却无法了解患者的性格，或者了解他的职业、激情或价值观。分析可知，前后句为让步转折关系，所以空处用though引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，句首字母需大写。故填Though。 【8题详解】 考查介词。句意：从2013年开始管理“我的生活，我的故事”项目的托尔·林格尔说，尽管临床医生可以通过患者的电子病历获取大量医疗数据，但却无法了解患者的性格，或者了解他的职业、激情或价值观。根据句意和前面的谓语动词用了完成时可知，托尔·林格尔自从2013年就开始管理这一项目，所以用介词since，表示“自从”，符合句意。故填since 【9题详解】 考查冠词。句意：《我的生活，我的故事》的灵感来自于艾略特·李医生，他是一名住院医生，2012年在弗吉尼亚州麦迪逊进行一个培训项目。分析可知，idea后面有for My Life, My Story修饰限定，所以是特指，要用定冠词the，句首字母需大写。故填The。 【10题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：他希望找到一种方法，让他们不仅能了解自己的健康史，还能了解更多的个人知识。表示“一种……的方法”为a way to do sth.，用动词不定式作后置定语，修饰a way。故填to absorb。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. equivalent B. legal C. lifted D. limited E. opposite F. particularly G. present H. registration I. traced J. traditionally K. version A Brief History of Football There is no clear evidence stating where and when football was actually invented, but most historians agree that some type of ball game had been played centuries before the modern game developed in England. Football has a long and interesting history and origins of the game are ____11____ in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece. Aspects of the game can be ____12____ as early as the second and third centuries BC in China. Their game, originally named “Csu Chu”, involved kicking a leather ball into a small hole. The first football games played in Britain were in the 700s and the English ____13____ of a football was made using an animal bladder (皮囊). Games were violent and injury and death were common. Despite the violence, however, they were still very popular. The game had become so popular that in the 1300s Edward III banned the sport because people were playing football rather than practising archery. This was especially important to this king, as he was preparing to go to war with Scotland. This was to be the first of many bans imposed by the kings and queens of England. In 1605 football became ____14____ and once again the sport grew in popularity. In the 1800s it became ____15____ common in private schools such as Eton, and it was only then that a set of rules was established. Until then, the game had continued to be violent, as it had had ____16____ rules and no referees (裁判). Before the 1800s, for example, it was considered normal to hit players on the ____17____ team and to damage their possessions. In 1848, on Parker’s Piece in Cambridge, these rules were developed further and a new ____18____ called the ‘Cambridge Rules’ was used by all schools, colleges and universities. Though football could be considered a male sport, women also play it. An increase in women playing the sport began during the First World War, when women did jobs ____19____ done by men. Those working in places like factories regularly met to play. Unfortunately, a ban was imposed when the war ended, but it was eventually ____20____ in the UK in 1971. In 1991 China hosted the first Women’s World Cup and in 1996 the first ever women’s football event was held at the Olympics. 【答案】11. G 12. I 13. A 14. B 15. F 16. D 17. E 18. K 19. J 20. C 【解析】 【导语】文章简要梳理了足球的历史，从古代中国等地的球类游戏，到英国足球的演变、禁令与规则建立，再到女子足球的发展。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：足球有着悠久而有趣的历史，这项运动的起源存在于数千年前在中国、埃及、日本和希腊进行的体育运动之中。根据上文“origins of the game”和下文“in sports played thousands of years ago in China, Egypt, Japan and Greece”可知，此处说的是足球的起源存在于古代球类运动中；形容词present意为“存在的，现存的”，作表语，构成“be present in”结构。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：这项运动的各个方面可以追溯到早在公元前二三世纪的中国。根据下文“as early as the second and third centuries BC in China”可知，此处说的是足球的某些元素可以追溯到古代中国；动词trace意为“追溯”，作谓语，与主语Aspects of the game之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式traced构成被动语态。 【13题详解】 考查名词。句意：英国最早在8世纪举行足球比赛，英国足球的等价物是用动物膀胱制成的。根据下文“of a football was made using an animal bladder”可知，此处说的是当时英国足球的对应物；名词equivalent意为“对应物，等价物”，作主语，结合助动词was可知，主语单数形式。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：1605年，足球变得合法，这项运动再次流行起来。根据上一段中“Edward III banned the sport”和下文“once again the sport grew in popularity”可知，此处说的是足球从被禁变为合法；形容词legal意为“合法的”，作表语。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：在19世纪，它在伊顿公学等私立学校变得特别普遍，直到那时才建立了一套规则。根据下文“in private schools such as Eton”可知，此处说的是足球在私立学校中尤为流行；副词particularly意为“特别，尤其”，修饰形容词common。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在此之前，这项运动一直很暴力，因为规则有限且没有裁判。根据下文“no referees”可推知，此处说的是规则不完善、数量有限；形容词limited意为“有限的”，修饰名词rules，作定语。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：例如，在19世纪之前，击打对方球队的球员并损坏他们的财物被认为是正常的。根据上文“it was considered normal to hit players”可知，此处说的是击打对方球队的球员；形容词opposite意为“相反的，对立的”，修饰名词team，表示“对方球队”。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：1848年，在剑桥的帕克公园，这些规则得到进一步发展，一种名为“剑桥规则”的新版本被所有学校、学院和大学采用。根据下文“called the ‘Cambridge Rules’”可知，此处说的是“剑桥规则”这一新版本；名词version意为“版本”，作主语，被a new修饰，用单数形式。 【19题详解】 考查副词。句意：一战期间，女性开始更多地参与这项运动，当时女性从事传统上由男性做的工作。根据上文“An increase in women playing the sport began”和下文“done by men”可知，此处说的是女性开始从事传统上由男性做的工作；副词traditionally意为“传统上”，修饰过去分词done。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：不幸的是，战争结束后颁布了禁令，但该禁令最终于1971年在英国被解除。根据上文“a ban was imposed”和下文“in the UK in 1971”可知，此处说的是禁令被解除；动词lift意为“解除，撤销”，与主语it之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式lifted构成被动语态。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Almost all animals sleep, but do they dream? We certainly can't ask animals if they dream, but we can at least ____21____ the evidence that they might. There are two ways in which scientists have gone about this seemingly ____22____ task. One is to look at their physical behaviour during the various stages of the sleep cycle. The second is to see whether their sleeping brains work similarly to our own sleeping brains. The story of how we ____23____ how to look into the minds of sleeping animals begins in the 1960s. Back then, reports began to appear in medical journals describing people acting out ____24____ in their dreams. This was curious, because during so-called REM sleep(rapid eye movement), our muscles are usually paralysed. Researchers realised that causing a similar state in ____25____ could allow them to explore how they dream. In 1965, French scientists Michel Jouvet and J F Delorme found that removing a part of the brainstem, called the pons, from a cat's brain ____26____ it becoming paralysed when in REM. The researchers called the condition "REM without atonia" or REM-A. Instead of lying still, the cats walked around and behaved aggressively. This hinted they were dreaming of ____27____ from their waking hours. ____28____ movement is not the only way of looking into dreams, though. Researchers can now ____29____ look into the electrical and chemical activities of brain cells in animals while they sleep. In 2007, MIT scientists Kenway Louise and Matthew Wilson recorded the activity of neurons in a part of the rat brain called the hippocampus, a structure known to be involved in the formation and encoding of memories. They first recorded the activity of those brain cells while the rats ran in their mazes. Then they looked at the activity of the very same neurons while they slept. Louise and Wilson discovered similar patterns of firing during ____30____ and during REM. ____31____ , it was as if the rats were running the maze in their minds while they were sleeping. The results were so clear that the researchers could infer the rats' precise ____32____ within their mental dream mazes and map them to actual spots within the actual maze. Does the behaviour of cats in science experiments actually ____33____ dreaming? Do rats have any subjective awareness that they' re running their mazes in their minds while they nap? We can say with a reasonable amount of ____34____ that the physiological and behavioural features of dreaming in humans have now been seen in cats, rats, and other animals. Yet what it's actually like to ____35____ a dream if you' re not human remains a mystery. 21. A. foresee B. cover C. strengthen D. observe 22. A. disconnected B. endless C. uncomfortable D. impossible 23. A. made for B. took over C. worked out D. turned down 24. A. dialogues B. ideals C. movements D. meanings 25. A. animals B. dreams C. humans D. changes 26. A. imagined B. prevented C. appreciated D. witnessed 27. A. disasters B. activities C. successes D. failures 28. A. Physical B. Accidental C. Harmonious D. Independent 29. A. randomly B. reluctantly C. unconsciously D. humanely 30. A. sleeping B. running C. recording D. studying 31. A. To sum up B. By comparison C. For example D. In other words 32. A. location B. prediction C. moment D. nature 33. A. account for B. rely on C. qualify as D. differ from 34. A. doubt B. certainty C. specification D. memory 35. A. explain B. explore C. experience D. experiment 【答案】21. D 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. D 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了为了观察到动物们睡觉做梦的证据，科学家们通过两种方式来完成这项看似不可能的任务。介绍了研究的具体过程以及研究发现的意义。 【21题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们当然不能问动物是否做梦，但我们至少可以观察到它们可能做梦的证据。A. foresee预见；B. cover覆盖；C. strengthen加强；D. observe观察。根据后文“the evidence that they might”可知，此处指观察到动物做梦的证据，应用observe。故选D。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家们通过两种方式来完成这项看似不可能的任务。A. disconnected分离的；B. endless无尽的；C. uncomfortable不舒服的；D. impossible不可能的。上文提到不能问动物是否做梦，但是可以观察到它们做梦的证据，所以是不可能的任务。故选D。 【23题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：关于我们如何研究睡着动物思想的故事始于20世纪60年代。A. made for导致；B. took over接管；C. worked out计算；D. turned down关小。根据后文“how to look into the minds of sleeping animals”可知，此处指研究睡着的动物的思想，应用work out。故选C。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那时，医学期刊上开始出现描述人们在梦中行动的报告。A. dialogues对话；B. ideals理想；C. movements行动，运动；D. meanings意义。根据上文“people acting out”可知，此处是描述人们在梦中的行动。故选C。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员意识到，在动物身上产生类似的状态可以让他们探索自己是如何做梦的。A. animals动物；B. dreams梦想；C. humans人类；D. changes改变。根据上文可知，科学家主要是研究动物的梦境，所以是在动物身上产生类似的状态。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：1965年，法国科学家Michel Jouvet和J F Delorme发现，从猫的大脑中移除脑干的脑桥部分，可以防止猫在快速眼动时麻痹。A. imagined想象；B. prevented阻止；C. appreciated感激；D. witnessed目击。根据后文“it becoming paralysed when in REM”可知，因为猫的大脑中移除脑干的脑桥部分，所以是可以防止猫在快速眼动时瘫痪。故选B。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这暗示他们梦到了醒着时的活动。A. disasters灾难；B. activities活动；C. successes成功；D. failures失败。根据后文“from their waking hours”可知，此处是梦到了醒着的活动。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，身体运动并不是观察梦境的唯一方式。A. Physical身体的；B. Accidental意外的；C. Harmonious和谐的；D. Independent独立的。后文“into the electrical and chemical activities of brain cells in animals”提到了动物睡眠时脑细胞的电和化学活动，可见本句是在说明身体上的运动。故选A。 【29题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究人员现在可以以人道的方式观察动物睡眠时脑细胞的电和化学活动。A. randomly随便地；B. reluctantly不情愿地；C. unconsciously不知不觉；D. humanely人道地。根据后文科学家让老鼠走迷宫的方式来记录它们脑细胞的活动，可知，此处是以人道的方式观察动物睡眠时脑细胞的电和化学活动。故选D。 【30题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：路易丝和威尔逊在跑动和快速眼动期间发现了类似的放电模式。A. sleeping睡觉；B. running奔跑；C. recording记录；D. studying学习。呼应上文中“while the rats ran in their mazes.”指在跑动和快速眼动期间发现了类似的放电模式。故选B。 【31题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：换句话说，这就好像老鼠在睡觉的时候在大脑中走迷宫。A. To sum up总之；B. By comparison相比之下；C. For example例如；D. In other words换句话说。根据后文“it was as if the rats were running the maze in their minds while they were sleeping”可知，后文“这就好像老鼠在睡觉的时候在大脑中走迷宫”是对上文“在跑步和快速眼动期间发现了类似的放电模式”的一种转述，即“换句话说”故选D。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究结果非常清楚，以至于研究人员可以推断出老鼠在大脑梦境迷宫中的精确位置，并将它们映射到迷宫中的实际位置。A. location位置；B. prediction预测；C. moment时刻；D. nature自然。根据后文“within their mental dream mazes and map them to actual spots within the actual maze”可知，研究人员可以推断出老鼠在大脑梦境迷宫中的精确位置，并将它们映射到迷宫中的实际位置。故选A。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：在科学实验中，猫的行为真的称得上是在做梦吗？A. account for解释；B. rely on依赖；C. qualify as作为；D. differ from不同于。此处指科学实验中猫的行为是否真的称得上是在做梦，qualify as表示“称得上，作为”符合语境。故选C。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们可以相当肯定地说，人类做梦的生理和行为特征现在已经在猫、老鼠和其他动物身上看到了。A. doubt怀疑；B. certainty必然；C. specification规格；D. memory记忆。根据后文“the physiological and behavioural features of dreaming in humans have now been seen in cats, rats, and other animals”可知，人类做梦的生理和行为特征现在已经在猫、老鼠和其他动物身上看到了，这是可以肯定的事实。故选B。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，如果你不是人类，在梦中体验到底是什么感觉仍然是个谜。A. explain解释；B. explore探索；C. experience经历；D. experiment实验。根据后文“a dream if you' re not human remains a mystery.”可知，此处指梦中的体验，应用experience。故选C。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Community gardens have become increasingly popular across many cities. These shared pieces of land are rented or donated to local residents, who grow vegetables, herbs and flowers together. For city dwellers who have no private backyard, community gardens offer precious access to soil and green plants. But community gardens deliver more than fresh produce. They serve as important social spaces. People of different ages, occupations and cultural backgrounds come together to plant, water and harvest. While working on the land, neighbours who barely spoke to each other before start chatting and exchanging gardening tips. In this way, community gardens build connections among local residents and strengthen neighbourhood bonds. Community gardens also bring mental health benefits. Modern urban citizens are often buried in heavy work pressure. Getting close to soil and plants helps people relieve anxiety and stress. Scientific studies have shown that hands-on gardening activities can lift people’s mood and reduce the risk of depression. Children taking part in community gardening also gain a lot: they learn basic knowledge about botany, develop responsibility and get to know where food really comes from. Of course, community gardens face challenges. Conflicts may occur over land use, watering time and distribution of harvest. Some community gardens suffer from limited funding. But many local communities work out practical solutions. They set up clear rules, organize volunteer management groups and apply for public grants. Community gardens keep blooming and serve as green hearts inside crowded cities. 36. What is the main function of community gardens besides growing plants? A. To provide cheap fresh food for poor citizens. B. To build social connections among neighbours. C. To attract more people to move into the community. D. To reduce the government’s spending on city parks. 37. What mental benefit can gardening bring to children? A. It helps them reduce academic pressure. B. It improves their communication skills greatly. C. It teaches them responsibility and knowledge of plants. D. It cures children who suffer from depression. 38. Which of the following is one of the challenges community gardens meet? A. They take up too much land in downtown areas. B. Local citizens show little interest in gardening. C. Disagreements may arise among participants. D. They cannot produce enough vegetables for residents. 39. What is the author’s attitude towards community gardens? A. Doubtful. B. Critical. C. Reserved. D. Positive. 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. C 39. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍城市社区菜园，它既能产出作物，还促进邻里交往、有益身心，同时面临难题但社区积极解决。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“But community gardens deliver more than fresh produce. They serve as important social spaces.(但是社区菜园带来的不仅仅是新鲜农产品。它们充当重要的社交场所。)”以及第二段“In this way, community gardens build connections among local residents and strengthen neighbourhood bonds.(这样一来，社区菜园在当地居民之间建立联系，并且巩固邻里关系。)”可知，除了种植植物，社区菜园的主要作用是在邻居之间建立社交联系。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Children taking part in community gardening also gain a lot: they learn basic knowledge about botany, develop responsibility and get to know where food really comes from.(参与社区园艺的孩子也收获很多：他们学习基础的植物学知识，培养责任感，并且了解食物真正的来源。)”可知，园艺能教会孩子们植物相关知识以及培养责任感。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Conflicts may occur over land use, watering time and distribution of harvest.(在土地使用、浇水时间以及收成分配方面可能会发生冲突。)”可知，参与者之间可能产生分歧是社区菜园面临的难题之一。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Community gardens keep blooming and serve as green hearts inside crowded cities.(社区菜园持续蓬勃发展，充当拥挤城市里的绿色核心。)”可知，作者肯定社区菜园带来的诸多好处，能够推断出作者对社区菜园持积极的态度。 （B） Enterprise Class Borer Data Systems Facilities Information System ATRACS Web Enabled Attendance Management Attendance management systems require considerable and sustained administrative effort to effectively produce meaningful management information. Effort is required to distribute reports and summaries, adjust attendance records for absences, missed clockings and holidays, or answer staff queries (疑问). Implementing an automated time and attendance system makes things very easy for both employees and their managers alike. Management Information and Control ATRACS Web puts the information directly onto the manager’s desktop by linking attendance data held on the ATRACS database to an Intranet Web Site. Then by simply using the web browser supplied with every PC, managers can instantly: Review employee absence history View employee attendance record List all staff attendance Correct employee attendance record to accommodate absence or a missed clocking Authorise adjustment requested by employees Managers with password clearance can use a web browser to check manning levels, review staff attendance and locate staff. Web enabling provides: Up-to-date staffing information so that managers can, at a click, see who is in attendance, on holiday, sick leave or absent. Less administration managers can review attendance data from their desktop PCs. Reduced paperwork attendance reports are distributed electronically to managers Efficient handling of queries members of staff can review their own attendance record without having to refer to a manager Confidentiality and Security All data is password protected with individual passwords for staff and managers. Staff may browse their own individual attendance records while managers can view the attendance details for only their own workgroups. Before data can be accessed through the Web, members of staff must first be identified by entry of user ID and personal password. To arrange a demo of the Flexitime system, or for further enquiries: web@borer.co.uk 40. The passage is mainly intended to ________. A. question the confidentiality and security of ATRACS B. introduce a web-based attendance management system C. promote the importance of managing staff attendance efficiently D. compare the new attendance management system with the old one 41. With ATRACS, staff can ________. A. review their colleagues’ attendance record B. access all the data in the system with passwords C. adjust the records with managers’ authorisation D. correct the mistakes in their colleagues’ records 42. It can be learned from the passage that ATRACS ________. A. updates its data every few hours B. makes it unnecessary to use paper C. enables managers to contact staff online D. discourages staff from being absent from work 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. B 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍网页版考勤系统ATRACS，管理者可线上查看、审批考勤，员工可自查记录，系统设有密码保障安全，减少文书工作，简化考勤管理流程。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Enterprise Class Borer Data Systems Facilities Information System ATRACS Web Enabled Attendance Management Attendance management systems require considerable and sustained administrative effort to effectively produce meaningful management information...Implementing an automated time and attendance system makes things very easy for both employees and their managers alike. Management Information and Control ATRACS Web puts the information directly onto the manager’s desktop by linking attendance data held on the ATRACS database to an Intranet Web Site.(企业级Borer数据系统设施信息系统ATRACS网页版考勤管理系统：考勤管理系统需要大量持续的行政工作才能产出有价值的管理信息……启用这套自动考勤系统对员工和管理者都十分便捷。管理信息与管控模块ATRACS网页版将数据库里的考勤数据连接到内网网站，直接把信息送到管理者的电脑桌面。)”可知，本文主要目的是介绍这款网页考勤管理系统ATRACS。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Correct employee attendance record to accommodate absence or a missed clocking Authorise adjustment requested by employees(修改员工考勤记录，处理缺勤或者漏打卡情况，审批员工提交的调整申请)”以及第四段“Staff may browse their own individual attendance records while managers can view the attendance details for only their own workgroups.(员工只能查看自己的考勤记录，管理者仅能查看自己工作组内员工的考勤详情)”可知，员工想要调整记录，需要管理者批准。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“Reduced paperwork attendance reports are distributed electronically to managers(减少文书工作，考勤报告以电子形式发送给管理者)”可知，ATRACS可减少文书工作，考勤报告以电子形式分发至管理者。 （C） ①Along with 3 million other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute into London daily. It was once an easy trip of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, getting to work became a lottery—a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only”, he complains, With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. ②Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. On January 2nd rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. Falling subsidies (补贴) mean that passengers now pick up 70% of the rail network’s costs, up from 50% ten years ago. ③Until now, passengers have put up with it. Since the industry was privatized in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. ④Many rail executives blame a slowdown related to Brexit for falling traffic. But that doesn’t explain why the drop-off has been highest in the south-east. Indeed, since referendum (全名公投) in June 2016, output in London has grown faster than in any other British region and employment has risen. ⑤More likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets—which save money for daily commuters—fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continued to rise. The trend is strongest in the south-east, where fares are highest and services heavily disrupted. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. The amount of space per employee in the City of London has fallen from 17 square metres in the 1990s to just 11 now. ⑥The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. That would cut train operators’ profit further. Mr. Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. 43. According to the first paragraph, what does Eamonn complain about in terms of the train service? A. Punctuality. B. Facilities. C. Interval. D. Routes. 44. Which of the following statements is true according to paragraphs 2 and 3? A. Fares rose by 45%in real terms in the year to April 2017. B. Rail fares across Britain have increased by 3.4% since the year of 2013. C. Fewer people in the south-east commute by train now than in the 1990s. D. Fares cover a bigger part of the rail network’s costs now than a decade ago. 45. The writer mentions the growth of output in London in paragraph 4 in order to ________. A. reveal that London has been recovering since the 2016 referendum B. argue that it was not the slowdown that led to the failing traffic C. illustrate how Brexit affected Britain’s economy D. cast doubt on the rise of employment in London 46. What can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6? A. The government has taken train operators’ profit too seriously. B. The number of people commuting to work every day is on the decline. C. Single-use tickets are just available to part-time commuters in the south-east. D. Stephen Joseph thinks it necessary to stick to the current policy of season tickets. 【答案】43. A 44. D 45. B 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了伦敦铁路服务因罢工、司机短缺等问题导致服务质量差、票价高，使得乘客数量下降，人们改变通勤方式，以及政府和相关人士对此提出的一些看法和建议。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, getting to work became a lottery—a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only”, he complains, (但是，经过多年的罢工和这条线路的运营商南方铁路的司机短缺，上班变得像买彩票一样——一列准时运行的火车感觉像是“只有在特殊场合才会有的奢侈品”，他抱怨道)” 可知，Eamonn 抱怨的是火车的准点率问题。故选A。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Falling subsidies (补贴) mean that passengers now pick up 70% of the rail network’s costs, up from 50% ten years ago.(补贴的减少意味着乘客现在要承担铁路网络 70% 的成本，而十年前这一比例为 50%。)” 可知，现在票价在铁路网络成本中所占的比例比十年前更大了。故选D。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Many rail executives blame a slowdown related to Brexit for falling traffic. But that doesn’t explain why the drop-off has been highest in the south-east. Indeed, since referendum (全名公投) in June 2016, output in London has grown faster than in any other British region and employment has risen.(许多铁路高管将客流量下降归咎于英国脱欧相关的经济放缓。但这并不能解释为什么东南部的客流量下降幅度最大。事实上，自 2016 年 6 月公投以来，伦敦的产出增长速度比英国其他任何地区都快，就业率也有所上升)” 可推知，作者提到伦敦产出的增长是为了论证不是经济放缓导致了客流量下降。故选B。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion.(随着更多的兼职工作和让人们可以在家工作的技术出现，每天去办公室上班已经不再流行)” 可推知，每天通勤上班的人数在下降。故选B。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The fashionable history of social distancing As the world fights against the coronavirus (新冠病毒) outbreak, “social distancing” has become a buzzword of these strange times. Instead of stockpiling food or rushing to the hospital, authorities are saying social distancing— deliberately increasing the physical space between people — is the best way ordinary people can help stop the spread of the virus. ____47____ But as a historian who writes about the political and cultural meanings of clothing, I know that fashion can play an important role in the project of social distancing. In the past, maintaining distance — especially between genders, classes and races — was an important aspect of social gatherings and public life. ____48____ It was, instead, about manners and class. And fashion was the perfect tool. Take the Victorian-era “crinoline”. This large, voluminous skirt, which became fashionable in the mid-19th century, was used to create a barrier between the genders in social settings. While the origins of this trend can be traced to the 15th-century Spanish court, these voluminous skirts became a marker of class in the 18th century. Only those privileged (有特权的) enough to avoid household chores could wear them; you needed a house with enough space to be able to comfortably move from room to room, along with a servant to help you put it on. The bigger your skirt, the higher your status. ____49____ Soon, “Crinolinemania” swept the fashion world. Despite criticism by dress reformers who saw it as another tool to oppress women's mobility and freedom, the large skirt was a useful way of maintaining women’s social safety. The crinoline ensured that a stranger would keep a safe distance from a woman's body. ____50____ Perhaps we'll see the rise of new forms of protective outerwear, like the “wearable shield” that one Asian company developed. A. Today, it isn’t clear whether the coronavirus will lead to new styles. B. But for now, it seems most likely that we’ll all just continue wearing masks. C. In the 1850s and 1860s, more middle-class women started wearing the crinoline as the skirts started being mass-produced. D. Fashion might not be the first thing that comes to mind when we think of isolation strategies. E. Crinolines could be a health hazard — many women burned to death after their skirts caught fire. F. Social distancing didn’t have anything to do with isolation or health. 【答案】47. D 48. F 49. C 50. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍社交距离有时尚渊源，以裙撑为例说明时尚曾用来保持社交距离，并猜想疫情或催生新式防护服饰。 【47题详解】 由上文“Instead of stockpiling food or rushing to the hospital, authorities are saying social distancing— deliberately increasing the physical space between people — is the best way ordinary people can help stop the spread of the virus. (当局表示，与囤积食物或赶往医院不同，保持社交距离——刻意拉大人们之间的物理距离——是普通人帮助阻止病毒传播的最佳方式。)”及下文“But as a historian who writes about the political and cultural meanings of clothing, I know that fashion can play an important role in the project of social distancing. (但作为一名研究服饰的政治与文化意义的历史学家，我知道时尚能在社交距离的实践中发挥重要作用。)”可知，上文介绍了当下人们对抗疫社交距离的常规认知，下文转折引出时尚在其中的特殊作用，本空应说明人们想到隔离策略时通常不会第一时间联想到时尚。D选项“Fashion might not be the first thing that comes to mind when we think of isolation strategies. (当我们想到隔离策略时，时尚可能不是第一个浮现在脑海中的事物。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 【48题详解】 由上文“In the past, maintaining distance — especially between genders, classes and races — was an important aspect of social gatherings and public life. (过去，保持距离——尤其是不同性别、阶级和种族之间的距离——是社交聚会与公共生活的重要组成部分。)”及下文“It was, instead, about manners and class. (相反，它关乎礼仪与阶级。)”可知，下文用instead转折否定了社交距离的某类属性，本空应说明过去的社交距离与当下的隔离、健康的关系。F选项“Social distancing didn't have anything to do with isolation or health. (社交距离与隔离或健康毫无关系。)”能承上启下，符合语境。 【49题详解】 由上文“Only those privileged (有特权的) enough to avoid household chores could wear them; you needed a house with enough space to be able to comfortably move from room to room, along with a servant to help you put it on. The bigger your skirt, the higher your status. (只有足够有特权、不用做家务的人才能穿它们；你需要一栋有足够空间的房子，能在不同房间间自如走动，还要有仆人帮你穿上它。裙子越大，你的地位就越高。)”及下文“Soon, “Crinolinemania” swept the fashion world. (很快，“裙撑狂热”席卷了整个时尚界。)”可知，上文介绍了早期裙撑是上层阶级的身份标志，下文引出裙撑在时尚界的大范围流行，本空应说明裙撑开始量产、中产阶级女性也开始穿着的过渡阶段。C选项“In the 1850s and 1860s, more middle-class women started wearing the crinoline as the skirts started being mass-produced. (在19世纪50至60年代，随着这类裙子开始量产，更多中产阶级女性也开始穿裙撑。)”能衔接前后文的发展脉络，符合语境。 【50题详解】 由上文“The crinoline ensured that a stranger would keep a safe distance from a woman's body. (裙撑能确保陌生人与女性的身体保持安全距离。)”及下文“Perhaps we'll see the rise of new forms of protective outerwear, like the "wearable shield" that one Asian company developed. (或许我们会看到新型防护外衣的兴起，比如某家亚洲公司研发的“可穿戴护盾”。)”可知，上文介绍了历史上裙撑的社交距离防护作用，下文展望未来可能出现的新型防护时尚单品，本空应过渡到当下疫情背景下，新冠病毒和新时尚风格的关系。A选项“Today, it isn’t clear whether the coronavirus will lead to new styles. (如今，尚不清楚新冠病毒是否会催生新的时尚风格。)”能自然衔接历史案例与未来展望，符合语境。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. Small talk Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion. Nevertheless, research suggests they will benefit. One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged. “Hello” signals nothing at all. “How are you?” rarely gets a fully honest answer. However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. “If you know literally nothing about someone you can still safely presume they prefer sun to rain, and begin to establish a connection on that basis. If your bus or train is suddenly stuck, an even better opportunity arises. You can be sure your fellow passengers are not happy about it, and a shared grousing session makes them—and you—feel less alone with your inconvenience. At work, small talk may seem a distraction from what employees are paid to do. But there is a spectrum between empty talk (“Hello”), social talk (“How was your holiday?”), social talk relevant to work (“Is Sarah still on holiday?”) and pure business talk (“Has Sarah finished that report?”). A study of government departments in New Zealand by Janet Holmes shows how frequently people switch between those modes, even in brief conversations. That suggests a function beyond filling awkward gaps. Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Small talk is often considered meaningless because it involves no real information exchange. However, linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings. Research also shows that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，闲聊通常被认为没有意义，因为它不涉及真正的信息交流。然而，语言学家发现闲聊很重要，因为这是一种共同感受的交流。研究还表明，闲聊不仅不会分散注意力，而且在工作中很常见，因为它能把人们团结在一起，经理们经常开始闲聊，以使他们的指示更柔和。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Small talk is often thought of as unimportant, or perhaps worse, a substitute for real speech and thought in common opinion. ②One reason for small talk’s bad reputation is that it tends, for obvious reasons, to aim for the lowest common denominator (分母). In ritualized dialogue, little information is exchanged. ③However, linguists call that crucial hello, talk phatic (交流情感的) Bronislaw Malinowski, who coined the term in the 1920s; explained that in phatic talk ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words. ④Among other things, such chatter can bond equals together in a shared task. She also finds that bosses are more likely to initiate small talks with subordinates than the other round (as well as to cut it off). This is because, even without being told, a good manager realises that it can soften a following instruction. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2个要点进行总结，将第3、4三个要点进行分说。 3.遣词造句 Small talk is often regarded meaningless since it involves no real information exchange. But linguists find small talk is vital because it is an exchange of common feelings. Research also indicates that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work for it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer. 【点睛】[高分句型1] However, linguists find small talk is important because it is an exchange of common feelings.运用because引导原因状语从句对原文第三段进行了概括。 [高分句型2] Research also shows that, instead of a distraction, small talk is common at work because it unites people in a task and managers often start small talk to make their instruction softer.用that引导宾语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达非常高级。 IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家餐厅的服务和美食使它成为城里无与伦比的用餐体验。(second) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】The restaurant’s service and cuisine make it a dining experience second to none in the city. 【解析】 【详解】表示“这家餐厅的服务和美食”用The restaurant’s service and cuisine作主语。表示“使”用 make，本句描述一般事实，用一般现在时，主语是复数，谓语动词用原形make，宾语用it指代“这家餐厅”。“无与伦比”表达为second to none，表示“城里无与伦比的用餐体验”用a dining experience second to none in the city。 53. 针对需求的突然增加，公司迅速调整了策略。（response）(汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】In response to the sudden increase in demand, the company quickly adjusted its strategy. 【解析】 【详解】 “针对……”使用提示词response，表达为固定短语in response to；“需求的突然增加”表达为名词短语the sudden increase in demand；表示“公司”用名词the company；“调整”表达为动词adjust，句子表示过去的动作，用一般过去时adjusted；“策略”表达为名词词组its strategy；“迅速”是副词quickly，放在动词前，修饰动词adjust。 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、非谓语动词、固定短语和宾语从句。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。“尽力做某事”可使用固定短语“try one’s best to do sth.”；“向某人灌输某事”可使用固定短语“impress on sb sth.”；“坚持的重要性”可译为“the importance of perseverance”；“激励某人做某事”可使用固定短语“inspire sb. to do sth.”；“追求某人的梦想”可译为“pursue one’s dreams”。故整句话可译为：I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 55. 培养技能人才并非朝夕之功，还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力。(require) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】Developing skilled talents is not an overnight accomplishment, as it requires sustained efforts in establishing clear career development pathways, and improving supportive policies. 【解析】 【详解】表示“培养技能人才”用 develop skilled talents，作主语，用动名词短语；本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，be动词用is。表示“并非朝夕之功”用not an overnight accomplishment。表示“还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力”即“因为还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力”，用as引导原因状语从句。从句中：用it作主语，指代“培养技能人才”；表示“需要”用require，主语it为单数，谓语动词用requires；表示“持续发力”用sustained efforts。介词in后接动名词。表示“畅通发展通道”用establish clear career development pathways，establish变为动名词establishing。表示“完善保障政策”用improve supportive policies，improve变为动名词improving。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校计划在高三年级开设艺术课程，委托学生会听取高三学生对该课程内容和安排的意见。写一封邮件给学生会表达你的想法，内容须包括： 1）你认为该课程应包含哪些内容以及上课时间安排； 2） 你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Student Union, I’m Li Ming, a Senior Three student from Mingqi High School. I’m writing to share my opinions on the art courses planned for us Senior Three students. As for the course content, I hope it can cover basic painting and music appreciation instead of difficult professional skills. When it comes to the schedule, one class per week after school is my suggestion. We are buried in heavy study tasks, so we cannot spare too much time. The reasons are as follows. On one hand, simple art activities can reduce our pressure effectively. On the other hand, appreciating works of art helps us cultivate our taste without taking up much time for revision. I hope my advice will be taken into consideration. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】文章要求考生写邮件向学生会就高三开设艺术课程提出课程内容与时间安排建议并说明理由。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 观点：opinion → view 减轻压力：reduce pressure → relieve stress 培养品味：cultivate taste → develop appreciation 考虑在内：take ...into consideration → take ...into account 2. 句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：We are buried in heavy study tasks, so we cannot spare too much time. 拓展句：Since we are buried in heavy study tasks, we cannot spare too much time. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】As for the course content, I hope it can cover basic painting and music appreciation instead of difficult professional skills.（运用了省略that的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】On the other hand, appreciating works of art helps us cultivate our taste without taking up much time for revision.（运用了动名词短语作主语） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $