精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第二学期高二年级英语学科4月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试题

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Sea Gypsies (吉普赛人) We had been travelling for a few hours when on the horizon we spotted the group of small hand-built boats called kabang. The Moken are cautious of strangers, so ____1____ we approached, I called out some reassuring words in their language. The family elder, Gatcha, was at first reluctant to stop. Outsiders have been making use of the Moken throughout their history and his instinct told him to keep his distance. But after hearing that I had been researching the Moken way of life ____2____ 1982, in the end he accepted us into his “home”. Home for this nomadic sea people are the kabang, on ____3____ they live, eat, and sleep for eight months of the year. In these light craft, they travel across the Mergui Archipelago, 800 islands ____4____ (dot) across the Andaman Sea, off Myanmar, ____5____ (collect) what they need to survive and moving on. They get by only on ____6____ they take from the sea and beaches each day: fish, mollusks and sandworms to eat; shells and oysters to trade with Malay and Chinese merchants. They accumulate little and live on land only during the monsoons But the world is closing in on the Moken way of life. As divers and beachcombers, they pose no threat to others who share these waters. In spite of this, the authorities are always pressuring them ____7____ (settle) in one place. Ten years ago, 2,500 Moken were still leading a traditional life, but that population is slowly declining and now stands at around 1,000. If they cease to be sea gypsies, it ____8____ (fear) that their unique understanding of the sea will disappear also. Moken people can dive to 20m without breathing equipment, and ____9____ (develop) extraordinary underwater vision. They are experts at reading changes in the sea, and it is even said they ____10____ predict a tsunami 【答案】1. as 2. since 3. which 4. dotting 5. collecting 6. what 7. to settle 8. is feared 9. have developed 10. can 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海上吉普赛人的生活习性、现状和对海洋的独特理解。 【1题详解】 考查连词。句意：莫肯人对陌生人很谨慎，所以当我们靠近时，我用他们的语言喊了几句安慰话。根据“we approached”和“I called out some reassuring words in their language”可知，此处是指当“我们”靠近时，所以应用连词as表示 “当……时”，引导时间状语从句。故填as。 【2题详解】 考查介词。句意：但在听说我从1982年开始研究莫肯人的生活方式后，他最终接纳了我们进入他的“家”。根据“I had been researching the Moken way of life”可知，此处用过去完成进行时，所以是指从1982年开始研究莫肯人的生活方式，应用介词since表示“自从”。故填since。 【3题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：这些海中游牧民的家是卡邦，他们一年中有八个月的时间在这里吃饭、生活和睡觉。在非限制性定语从句中，缺少介词on的宾语，且先行词为kabang，所以应用关系代词which。故填which。 【4题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：在这些轻型船中，他们穿越了缅甸附近安达曼海的800个岛屿——默吉群岛，收集他们生存所需的东西，继续前行。动词dot意为“星罗棋布于”，和谓语之间没有连词，和逻辑主语islands构成主动关系，所以应用现在分词作后置定语。故填dotting。 【5题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：在这些轻型船中，他们穿越了缅甸附近安达曼海的800个岛屿——默吉群岛，收集他们生存所需的东西，继续前行。动词collect意为“收集”，和谓语之间没有连词，和主语they构成主动关系，所以应用现在分词作状语。故填collecting。 【6题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：他们每天只能靠从海里和海滩上取来的东西过活：鱼、软体动物和沙虫；与马来人和中国商人交易的贝壳和牡蛎。在宾语从句中缺少动词take的宾语，且是指东西，所以应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 【7题详解】 考查to do不定式。句意：尽管如此，当局一直在向他们施压，要求他们在一个地方定居。pressure sb to do意为“迫使某人做某事”，为固定搭配，此处用to do不定式作宾语补足语。故填to settle。 【8题详解】 考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：如果他们不再是海洋吉普赛人，恐怕他们对海洋的独特理解也会消失。此处描述客观事实，所以应用一般现在时。此处用it作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语。动词fear意为“害怕”，和主语构成被动关系。主语为第三人称单数。故填is feared。 【9题详解】 考查现在完成时。句意：莫肯人不用呼吸设备就能潜到20米，并且已经发展出非凡的水下视觉。此处表示过去发生的事情对现在产生结果或影响，所以应用现在完成时。故填have developed。 【10题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：他们是研究海洋变化的专家，甚至据说他们能预测海啸。根据“They are experts at reading changes in the sea”可知，此处是指他们能预测海啸，所以应用情态动词can表示“能够”。故填can。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. changes C. confidence D. limited E. options F. personalized G. redefine H. resistant I. stuck J. tailoring K. ventured Perfect Fashion by Numbers It’s the disadvantage of online clothes shopping. You come across a shirt you simply must have only to find that what you receive doesn’t fit despite being in your size. How can you order clothes with ____11____ when you can’t try them on? A new wave of start-ups are finding clever ways to ____12____ the problem. One of them wants to ____13____ our system for sizing clothes. “We think it’s kind of ridiculous that despite all of us coming in so many different shapes and sizes, we’re ____14____ with small, medium and large,” says Matt Hornbuckle, co-founder of Stantt, a New Jersey-based firm that manufactures men’s shirts to fit 70 sets of body measurements. To arrive at these, Hornbuckle hired another company to analyse 200,000 measurements of men’s bodies, looking for correlations. It found that three numbers—chest size, waist and sleeve length-are enough to predict which of those 70 ____15____ would best fit someone. Stantt’s first shirts, priced at $98, will ship in May. The company’s recent Kickstarter campaign raised $120,000 and collected pre-orders for around 1000 shirts—a sign, Hornbuckle says, that customers are eager for ____16____. “The retail store itself, and how they operate, is becoming out of date,” he says. Another start-up, Arden reed, based in New York, wants to take this ____17____ approach a step further with its suits. Six months ago, the company began sizing customers using a remodelled truck equipped with a 3D body scanner. It has 14 Kinect sensors that record around 1.5 million body contour (外形，轮廓) points in a process lasting10 minutes. The readings are turned into measurements for the ____18____ to be outsourced to producers, and customers receive their suit six weeks later for between $500 and $1500. They can order more in the same size online. The scanner has ____19____ to Boston and Washington DC, and will make its first appearance in Miami this year. “The truck concept allows us not to be ____20____ to a store,” says Carlos Solorio, Arden Reed’s co-founder. Stantt and Arden Reed now want to expand their range to include women’s clothing. 【答案】11. C 12. A 13. G 14. I 15. E 16. B 17. F 18. J 19. K 20. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。网上买衣服不能试穿的时候该如何选定衣服呢?为了解决这个问题，很多创业公司正在寻找解决办法，其中以重新定义衣服尺码系统和使用一辆配备了3D身体扫描仪的改装卡车来衡量客户的尺寸最为突出。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：当你不能试穿的时候，你怎么能自信地定购衣服呢?分析句子可知，空格处在介词with后应为名词， confidence“自信”为名词，符合题意。故选C。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：新一波的创业公司正在寻找聪明的方法来解决这个问题。分析句子可知，空格处应为动词原形，与to构成动词不定式，address“设法解决”为动词，符合题意。故选A。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：其中一个想要重新定义我们的衣服尺码系统。分析句子可知，空格处在wants to 后应为动词原形，redefine“重新定义”为动词，符合题意。故选G。 【14题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：新泽西州Stantt公司的联合创始人Matt Hornbuckle表示：“尽管我们所有人都有各种不同的体型和尺码，但我们却遇到选择小号、中号和大号的困难，我们觉得这有点荒谬。”Stantt公司生产的男式衬衫适合70种体型。分析句子可知，空格处应为动词的过去分词，表示被动，stuck“被难倒，被困住”为过去分词，符合题意。故选I。 【15题详解】 考查名词的复数。句意：研究发现，胸围、腰围和袖长这三个数字足以预测出这70个选项中最适合某人的是哪一个。分析句子可知，空格处在those 70应为名词的复数，options“选择”为名词，符合题意。故选E。 【16题详解】 考查名词的复数。句意：该公司最近在众筹网站Kickstarter上筹集了12万美元的资金，并收到了约1000件衬衫的预订单。Hornbuckle说，这表明顾客渴望改变。分析句子可知，空格处在are eager for 应为名词的复数，作介词for宾语，changes“改变”为名词，符合题意。故选B。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：另一家位于纽约的初创企业Arden reed想在其西装上进一步体现这种个性化。分析句子可知，空格处应为形容词，作定语，修饰名词approach，personalized“个性化的，个人化的”为形容词，符合题意。故选F。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些读数被转换成裁剪的尺寸，然后外包给生产商，顾客在六周后以500到1500美元的价格收到他们的西装。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，作介词for的宾语，tailoring“剪裁”为名词，符合题意。故选J。 【19题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：该扫描仪已经在波士顿和华盛顿特区投资，今年将在迈阿密首次亮相。分析句子可知，空格处应为过去分词，与has一起构成现在完成时，ventured“投资”为动词的过去分词，符合题意。故选K。 【20题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：Arden Reed的联合创始人Carlos Solorio表示：“卡车的概念让我们不必局限于一家商店。”分析句子可知，空格处在not to be应为动词的过去分词，表示被动，limited“被限制”为过去分词，符合题意。故选D。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Learning something — whether that’s new knowledge or a skill — is a physical process that actually restructures the architecture of the brain. To understand why, we need to look at what’s going on in the brain when we’re ____21____ something to memory. Every experience we have is created by the firing of millions of neurons (神经元) throughout the brain. They constantly light up in different combinations. And when neurons “light up” together they undergo small changes that ____22____ them to fire together in future. Most neural firing patterns occur just once because these changes are initially not very ____23____. Some patterns, ____24____, are encoded by the hippocampus — a small, horseshoe-shaped structure deep in the brain. This encourages the encoded brain activity to recur. Eventually, if a firing pattern is ____25____ over and over again, the neurons within it extend dendrils (卷须) which link them together to form lasting pathways. The network it forms is now a ____26____ memory. Events that are novel, shocking, important or painful are encoded more easily than others because the neural activity involved is more intense. Encountering a flame and getting burned by it, for instance, involves fast firing of visual neurons (the sight), somatosensory neurons (the feeling) and limbic neurons (the horror). A(n) ____27____ sight of flame then initiates activity in the whole network, including the neurons that registered the burn. This memory, even if it’s not conscious, ____28____ our response to the new situation: instead of touching the flame, the body turns away. A lesson has been learned. Networks of linked neurons break down and ____29____ much more easily in young brains than in older ones, which is why children learn — and forget — things so quickly. Some things are easier to learn than others. Walking and talking, for instance, emerge without much help, provided infants see it happening around them. Natural skills like these generally emerge within specific ____30____ frames, when children’s brains are genetically programmed to develop them. Skills such as reading and arithmetic, however, have to be learned ____31____, along with non-intuitive knowledge like the offside rule in football or the laws of thermodynamics. In each case, repeated practice and study will ____32____ the neural networks associated with this knowledge and help memorise it. Some types of learning are ____33____ by so-called ‘mirror neurons’. These are brain cells that become ____34____ in a person when they see someone else doing something. If you see someone lifting their arm, say, some of the neurons in your brain which would be involved in lifting your own arm start firing. Mirror neurons stimulate automatic imitation, which is particularly useful for learning ____35____ skills — a dance routine, for example, or how to serve a tennis ball. 21. A. explaining B. proving C. announcing D. committing 22. A. restrict B. warn C. equip D. recommend 23. A. recent B. similar C. slight D. stable 24. A. however B. additionally C. therefore D. otherwise 25. A. shown B. reversed C. specified D. repeated 26. A. quick B. permanent C. collective D. sudden 27. A. common B. subsequent C. pleasant D. initial 28. A. guides B. tests C. accepts D. measures 29. A. build up B. give up C. look up D. break up 30. A. viewing B. text C. time D. duty 31. A. quickly B. painfully C. naturally D. intentionally 32. A. understand B. strengthen C. produce D. distribute 33. A. discouraged B. hidden C. facilitated D. combined 34. A. asleep B. diverse C. active D. present 35. A. motor B. study C. work D. survival 【答案】21. D 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. B 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文主要介绍学习会重塑大脑结构，依靠神经元形成记忆通路，对比先天自然技能与后天刻意学习内容，还介绍镜像神经元助力动作类技能学习的原理。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：要理解缘由，我们需要看把东西存入记忆时大脑内部发生了什么。A. explaining解释；B. proving证明；C. announcing宣布；D. committing记牢。根据上文“Learning something — whether that’s new knowledge or a skill — is a physical process that actually restructures the architecture of the brain.”可知，本段介绍学习储存在大脑里的过程，commit sth. to memory为固定搭配，表示“把内容存入记忆”。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：当神经元一起“发光”时，它们会发生微小的变化，使它们在未来能够一起发光。A. restrict限制；B. warn警告；C. equip使具备；D. recommend推荐。根据下文“them to fire together in future”可知，这些微小的改变让神经元具备后续同步放电的能力，equip sth. to do表示“使某物能够做某事”。 【23题详解】 考查形容词。句意：大多数神经激活模式只出现一次，因为这些变化起初并不稳定。A. recent最近的；B. similar相似的；C. slight轻微的；D. stable稳定的。根据下文“Eventually, if a firing pattern is ____ over and over again, the neurons within it extend dendrils (卷须) which link them together to form lasting pathways.”可知，只有多次重复才能形成持久通路，说明一开始的变化不稳定，无法长久保留。 【24题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，一些模式是由海马体编码的，海马体是大脑深处的一个小马蹄形结构。A. however然而；B. additionally此外；C. therefore因此；D. otherwise否则。根据上文“Most neural firing patterns occur just once because these changes are initially not very ____.”可知，大部分神经模式只会出现一次，本句说部分模式能被海马体编码，前后是转折关系。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：最终，如果一种激活模式一遍又一遍地重复，其中的神经元会伸出卷须，将它们连接在一起形成持久的通路。A. shown展示；B. reversed颠倒；C. specified明确；D. repeated重复。根据下文“over and over again,”可知，此处表示神经模式不断重复出现。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它形成的网络现在就是永久记忆。A. quick快速的；B. permanent永久的；C. collective集体的；D. sudden突然的。根据上文“the neurons within it extend dendrils (卷须) which link them together to form lasting pathways.”可知，持久的神经通路对应的就是永久性的记忆。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：之后再看到火焰，就会触发整个网络的活动，包括记录灼烧感的神经元。A. common普通的；B. subsequent随后的；C. pleasant愉悦的；D. initial最初的。根据下文“This memory, even if it’s not conscious, ____ our response to the new situation: instead of touching the flame, the body turns away. A lesson has been learned.”可知，此处在解释发生被火烧这种情况之后，再次遇见火焰，会让神经元无意识工作，人类由此吸取教训。 【28题详解】 考查动词。句意：这种记忆，即使不是有意识的，也会引导我们对新情况的反应：身体不是触摸火焰，而是转身离开。A. guides指引；B. tests测试；C. accepts接受；D. measures测量。根据下文“instead of touching the flame, the body turns away.”可知，记忆指挥身体做出躲开火焰的反应，起到指引作用。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：连接的神经元网络在年轻的大脑中比在年长的大脑中更容易瓦解和建立，这就是为什么孩子们学得快忘得快的原因。A. build up建立；B. give up放弃；C. look up查阅；D. break up拆分。根据下文“which is why children learn — and forget — things so quickly.”可知，孩子遗忘快说明神经网络容易瓦解，and连接并列含义，对应先建立再瓦解。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：像这样的天生技能通常会在特定的时间范围内出现，此时孩子的大脑被基因设定好去发展它们。A. viewing观看；B. text文本；C. time时间；D. duty责任。根据下文“when children’s brains are genetically programmed to develop them.”可知，大脑只在特定时间段内适合发展这类本能技能，time frames表示“时间窗口”。 【31题详解】 考查副词。句意：然而，阅读和算术等技能必须有意识地学习，以及足球越位规则或热力学定律等反直觉知识。A. quickly快速地；B. painfully痛苦地；C. naturally自然地；D. intentionally刻意地。根据第五段“Walking and talking, for instance, emerge without much help, provided infants see it happening around them.”可知，走路说话可以自然习得，本句however转折，所以此处表示阅读和算术需要主动刻意学习。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：在每种情况下，反复的练习和学习都会对与这些知识相关的神经网络产生影响，并有助于记忆。A. understand理解；B. strengthen加强；C. produce生产；D. distribute分配。根据第三段“Eventually, if a firing pattern is ____ over and over again, the neurons within it extend dendrils (卷须) which link them together to form lasting pathways.”以及上文“repeated practice and study”可知，重复练习可以巩固、强化对应的神经通路。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：某些类型的学习是由所谓的“镜像神经元” 促成的。A. discouraged使气馁；B. hidden隐藏；C. facilitated促进、使便利；D. combined结合。根据下文“Mirror neurons stimulate automatic imitation,”可知，镜像神经元激发模仿，对这类学习起到促进作用。 【34题详解】 考查形容词。句意：当一个人看到别人做某事时，这些脑细胞会变得活跃。A. asleep沉睡的；B. diverse多样的；C. active活跃的；D. present在场的。根据下文“If you see someone lifting their arm, say, some of the neurons in your brain which would be involved in lifting your own arm start firing.”可知，神经元开始放电，镜像神经元会刺激自动模仿，代表神经元进入活跃状态。 【35题详解】 考查形容词和名词。句意：镜像神经元会刺激自动模仿，这对学习运动技能特别有用，例如一套舞蹈动作或者网球发球。A. motor运动的；B. study学习；C. work工作；D. survival生存。根据下文“a dance routine, for example, or how to serve a tennis ball.”可知，舞蹈、发球都属于肢体运动技能，motor skills为固定表达，指“动作技能”。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The bell rang. Jada sighed, slowly moved from the lockers where she had been leaning, and headed down the hall to her chemistry class. Honors Chemistry! Jada couldn’t believe that her mom was making her take the class because Jada’s counselor had said that she had real talent in science. Jada had to admit that she liked science and that last year’s class was a breeze, but come on Honors Chemistry? She wouldn’t know anyone in the class, and they probably wouldn’t know anyone like her. The good thing about being late is that it shortened the period a bit. The bad thing is that it made her seem like she was making a grand entrance. To make matters worse, the only two seats left in class were at the lab table at the very front of the room. Jada held her breath and walked in. Everyone’s eyes were on her. She just knew it. They were staring at her coal black hair (freshly dyed) , her black lipstick, her black fingernail polish, and her thrift-store black leather jacket. All she saw were polo shirts and khaki pants. This can’t get any worse, Jada thought. But at least she didn’t get shouted at by the teacher. He was too busy talking to a new kid. A HUGE new kid, maybe 6'4". He had to weigh at least 250 pounds. A football player, probably. She hated football players. They thought they were so great. That group of jocks that hung out by the cafeteria always made fun of her. The new kid made his way over to her table with his head down. He had to squeeze into the seat, and his legs wouldn’t fit under the lab table. He shot Jada a glance and turned red. Mr. Martin, the teacher, began class with this announcement: Okay, everyone. I know most of you know each other from last year’s Honors Physical Science class. Jada sighed loudly. “But just take a minute and introduce yourself to the person sitting at your table. You’ll be partners. You’ll be working closely together all year.” Jada rolled her eyes and stared straight ahead. Then she heard a surprisingly soft voice from next to her. “Hi. I’m Robert. I’m new here.” 36. What can be learned about Jada from the first two paragraphs? A. She thought this year’s chemistry class would be a breeze. B. She wasn’t willing to take the Honors Chemistry class. C. She was angry that her mother made her go to school D. She found she didn’t like science as she thought. 37. The writer described Jada’s appearance in paragraph 4 in order to ______. A. reveal how different she was from her classmates B. explain why she was late for school that morning. C. give readers a general impression of science students. D. imply that she felt sorry for making a grand entrance 38. In paragraph 5, the phrase “that group of jocks” refers to ______. A. the new kid B. Jada’s classmates C. Jada’s teacher D. football players 39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the new kid? A. He was rude. B. He liked sports. C. He was shy. D. He looked sad. 【答案】36. B 37. D 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【导语】本文为记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jada第一次上荣誉化学课迟到的经历。 【36题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The bell rang. Jada sighed, slowly moved from the lockers where she had been leaning, and headed down the hall to her chemistry class. Honors Chemistry! Jada couldn’t believe that her mom was making her take the class because Jada’s counselor had said that she had real talent in science. (铃响了。Jada叹了口气，慢慢地从她一直靠着的储物柜旁走出来，沿着大厅去上化学课。荣誉化学！Jada不敢相信她妈妈让她上课，因为Jada的辅导员说她有真正的科学天赋)”和第二段“Jada had to admit that she liked science and that last year’s class was a breeze, but come on Honors Chemistry? She wouldn’t know anyone in the class, and they probably wouldn’t know anyone like her. (Jada不得不承认她喜欢科学，去年的课程轻而易举，但是，荣誉化学？她不会认识班上的任何人，他们可能也不会认识像她这样的人)”可知，Jada确实喜欢化学课，但她不想去上荣誉化学课，因为她不认识班上的同学。故选B项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段第二三句“The bad thing is that it made her seem like she was making a grand entrance. (糟糕的是，这让她看起来像是在做一个宏大的入场。更糟糕的是，课堂上只剩下两个座位在房间前面的实验室桌子上)”和第四段“Jada held her breath and walked in. Everyones eyes were on her. She just knew it. They were staring at her coal black hair (freshly dyed) , her black lipstick, her black fingernail polish, and her thrift-store black leather jacket. All she saw were polo shirts and khaki pants. (Jada屏住呼吸，走了进来。每个人都盯着她。她只是知道这一点。他们盯着她的煤黑头发（新鲜染色）、黑色口红、黑色指甲油和她旧货店的黑色皮夹克。她看到的只是马球衫和卡其色裤子)”可知，因为迟到的关系，她受到了所有同学的瞩目，而她也只能屏住呼吸一直向前走到前排的空位坐下，第四段的外貌描写凸显了这一过程Jada的紧张和因为迟到受到关注的抱歉。故选D项。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据上文“She hated football players. They thought they were so great.”（她讨厌足球运动员。他们觉得自己很了不起）以及该词组所在的句子“That group of jocks that hung out by the cafeteria always made fun of her.”（在自助餐厅附近闲逛的That group of jocks总是取笑她）”可知，that group of jocks指代前文的“football players”。故选D项。 【39题详解】 细节理解题。根据第六段“The new kid made his way over to her table with his head down. He had to squeeze into the seat,and his legs wouldn’t fit under the lab table. He shot Jada a glance and turned red.(新来的孩子低着头走到她的桌子前。他不得不挤进座位上，他的腿放不进实验室的桌子下面。他瞥了Jada一眼，脸红了)”可知，新来的孩子很害羞。故选C项。 (B) Lily Studying abroad is an area that is becoming increasingly interesting for researchers, as more students are choosing to do a semester, a year or even a degree in another country. In my research, I set out to establish whether young people attending a course abroad acquire more global awareness than students enrolled on similar courses in their home country, Using a comparative study of 50 Canadian undergraduates, half of whom studied abroad for varying lengths of time, there were shown to be considering gains in global awareness and these were not only noted by the students themselves but also their tutors. Thomas My research project asked ten students starting a year of study abroad to keep a daily record of their experiences. Having begun the diary a month before leaving home they continued it for a month after they returned. The primary reason for studying abroad in all cases was to polish their language skill. The students were allowed to write as freely as they wished by were asked to include comments on their language learning experience as well as on the strategies they used to cope with living in a new culture. Analysing the diaries, we found remarkably similar patterns. All the participants demonstrate a gradual recognition and acceptance of difference in other cultures and a new objectivity about their own culture as a result of their experience. Jasmine This paper reports on some research carried out last year into why students choose a period of study abroad, their reasons for selecting a specific destination, their behaviour when abroad and the extent to which the experience matches their expectations. Having administered a questionnaire to 1,000 international students studying at a number of universities in Australia, we got 696 responses. An initial analysis of the responses has revealed some interesting data suggesting that the key factor affecting all the areas we were investigating was the individual's personality and study interests. Country of origin and 'gender proved less significant than expected. Jimmy This research looked at the career paths of 35 young business people who had spent part of their university course at a foreign educational institution in order to ascertain whether those people had acquired greater cross-cultural perspectives through their experience of study abroad. Concerned about the lack of cultural awareness of their staff, a group of US business corporations proposed the research. The results are less conclusive than expected, but they do suggest that a period of study in a foreign country may help students to develop the cross-cultural awareness that US employers currently seek. 40. The passage is mainly about four researchers' findings on ________. A. the reasons for young students to study abroad B. the impact and effects of studying in another country C. the trend of more students furthering their study abroad D. the interest of students who once studied in another country 41. ________used the subjects' personal account as the research material. A. Lily B. Thomas C. Jasmine D. Jimmy 42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Most of the researchers found the students global awareness increased. B. All of the researchers took a reserved attitude towards studying abroad. C. None of the researchers thought gender played a role in students' choice. D. Only one of the researchers did research on the subjects' career development. 【答案】40. B 41. B 42. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章主要是关于四位研究人员关于“在外国学习的影响和作用”的发现。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据Lily“In my research, I set out to establish whether young people attending a course abroad acquire more global awareness than students enrolled on similar courses in their home country（在我的研究中，我着手确定在国外上课的年轻人是否比在本国上同类课程的学生获得更多的全球意识。）”中的more global awareness可知，Lily主要研究留学生是否有更多“全球意识”；根据Thomas“All the participants demonstrate a gradual recognition and acceptance of difference in other cultures and a new objectivity about their own culture as a result of their experience.（所有参与者都表现出对其他文化差异的逐渐认识和接受，以及由于他们的经验而对自己的文化有了新的客观性。）”中的a gradual recognition and acceptance of difference in other cultures可知，Thomas主要研究留学生的“文化差异的接受度”；根据Jasmine “An initial analysis of the responses has revealed some interesting data suggesting that the key factor affecting all the areas we were investigating was the individual's personality and study interests.（对这些回答的初步分析揭示了一些有趣的数据，这些数据表明，影响我们所调查的所有领域的关键因素是个人的个性和学习兴趣。）”中的individual's personality and study interests.可知，Jasmine研究的是“个人个性和兴趣”对学习的影响；根据Jimmy “in order to ascertain whether those people had acquired greater cross-cultural perspectives through their experience of study abroad.（以确定这些人是否通过他们的海外学习经历获得了更多的跨文化视角。）”中的greater cross-cultural perspectives可知，Jimmy主要研究国外学习是否获得更多的跨文化视角。综上，杂志刊登的是四位研究者关于在外国学习的影响和作用的发现。故选B项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据Thomas中的“My research project asked ten students starting a year of study abroad to keep a daily record of their experiences.（我的研究项目要求十个开始一年国外学习的学生每天记录他们的经历。）”中的“keep a daily record”可知，Thomas将研究对象的“个人描述（personal account）”作为研究材料。故选B项。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据Jimmy中的“This research looked at the career paths of 35 young business people who had spent part of their university course at a foreign educational institution in order to ascertain whether those people had acquired greater cross-cultural perspectives through their experience of study abroad.（这项研究调查了35名在外国教育机构上过部分大学课程的年轻商业人士的职业道路，以确定这些人是否通过他们的海外学习经历获得了更多的跨文化视角。）”中的career paths可知，只有Jimmy对受试者的职业发展（career development）进行了研究。其他选项不符合题意。故选D项。 (C) Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to create similar conditions to the natural incubation (孵化) of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature difference. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to protect eggs against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo (胚胎) can no longer survive Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 43. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then ________. A. there may be a good chance for successful incubation B. the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position C. the embryo will not develop normally D. the incubation process is slowed down 44. The construction of the nest allows water to ________. A. provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest B. loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest C. keep the nest in a clean condition D. touch the bottom of the eggs 45. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators? A. They are expensive to operate. B. They are unable to heat the eggs evenly. C. They lack the natural temperature changes. D. They fail to transfer heat to eggs like parent birds do. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Nesting material varies according to the parrots’ environment. B. Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots’ eggs. C. Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. D. Wild parrots’ nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 【答案】43. A 44. A 45. D 46. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了野生鹦鹉的巢为人工孵化雏鸟提供了有用的信息。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. (热量从鸟的皮肤转移到蛋壳的顶部，使蛋的边缘和底部的温度较低。这种温差可能对孵化成功至关重要)”可知，当蛋的边缘和底部的温度比顶部的温度低时，孵化成功的机会就大了。故选A项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. (这样的巢还可以调节湿度，让雨水渗入巢的底部，这样蛋就不会直接接触到水。当聚集在巢底的水变成气体时，水蒸气上升并被孵化的鸟加热，这大大增加了孵化环境的湿度)”可知，巢的构造让水为巢提供了有益的湿度。故选A项。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks. (大多数商业孵化箱从上到下均匀地加热蛋，因此忽略了鸟类的自然孵化方法，这可能会降低孵化雏鸟的存活率)”可知，商业孵化箱的问题在于它们不能像母鸟那样把热量传给蛋。故选D项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. (他们继续寻找更好的方法来增加蛋的产量和提高雏鸟的存活率)”讲述了养鸟者在寻找人工孵化雏鸟的方法；和第二段中“When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. (鹦鹉在野外孵蛋时，巢内的温度和湿度是受自然控制的)”以及下文的描述，可知本段讲述了野生鹦鹉的巢的特点以及对于孵化的作用。因此，本篇文章主要讲述了野生鹦鹉的巢为人工孵化雏鸟提供了有用的信息。故选D项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Spray bacteria may prevent its spread Desertification is a big problem for China. Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses—the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) that binds the sand and soil to the ground. ____47____ Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert. Planting hardy grasses helps keeping sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses. ____48____ She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (干旱的) environment. Grown in nearby ponds, the cyanobacteria are trucked into the desert every few days and spray over the dunes, where they form sticky substances that hold soil particles in place and prevent them from being blown away. Cyanobacteria get their energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, and as part of the chemical reactions involved, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere and provide the organic matter the soil needs to be productive. Hu’s long-running trials shows that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes. ____49____ The topsoil improved where the crust developed, helping plant growth. The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK. ____50____ Hu says the cyanobacteria are now being used to hold the verges of roads and railways in northern China as well as the margins of farmland. Her team plans to seed 133 square kilometres over the next five years. A. So Chunxiang Hu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’s Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan has developed an alternative approach. B. That might change soon, though. C. “Unless you do something to help, you’re probably talking centuries for it to recover naturally,” he says. D. If left unchecked, sands can slowly engulf roads and railways. E. On the sunny side, the crust was about half as thick. F. People have been trying to use bacteria in this way since the 1980s, says Matthew Bowker, a soil ecologist at Northern Arizona university. 【答案】47. D 48. A 49. E 50. C 【解析】 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了由于过度放牧，地表隐生物壳已经遭到破坏，如果不采取措施治理，沙漠化会越来越严重。生态学家提出了用蓝藻来覆盖地面的解决方法并以此改善了地表状态，这种方法也将继续被实施下去来改善更多的土地。 【47题详解】 上文“Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses—the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) that binds the sand and soil to the ground.(牲畜的过度放牧已经破坏了大部分的地衣、藻类和苔藓层——这些是将沙子和土壤与地面结合在一起的隐生物壳)”说明过度放牧已经毁坏了能够固定沙粒和土壤的隐生物壳，下文“Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert.(农场甚至主要的城市可能会被沙漠中产生的沙尘暴毁坏。)”说明沙尘暴会破坏农场和城市，因此推断空格处承上启下，D项中的“If left unchecked”承接上文，“sands can slowly engulf roads and railways.”与下文是并列关系。讲述如果不治理的话，沙子就会吞没公路和铁路，进而毁坏农场和城市。故选D项。 【48题详解】 根据下文“She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (干旱的) environment.（她用能进行光合作用的蓝藻混合物覆盖住种了草的沙丘，这种蓝藻可以在干旱的地方生长的很好）”说明了一种具体的做法，句子开头的she说明与上文有人物对应关系，A项中“Chunxiang Hu”与之对应，结合上文“Planting hardy grasses helps keeping sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses.( 虽然种草可以固定沙子，但是风还是会吹走草丛间隙中的颗粒。)”可推断，空格处讲述了一种具体的解决办法，因此推断A项“位于武汉的中国科学院水生生物研究所的胡春香开发了一种可选择的方法。”符合语境。故选A项。 【49题详解】 上文“Hu’s long-running trials shows that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes.(胡春香的长期的试验向我们展示了一个结果：八年后，被蓝藻覆盖的沙丘在阴凉面形成了将近1厘米的生物外壳。”提到了阴面，下文应是讲述阳面也有所变化，E项“在阳面，外壳大概有半厘米”。正是因为这些变化，后文才说“The topsoil improved where the crust developed, helping plant growth.（形成生物外壳的地方表土层也有所改善，从而帮助植物生长。）”，故选E项。 【50题详解】 上文“The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK.(达拉莫大学的生态学者BrianWhitton说，如果半干燥的地区能够在合理的时间内得到改善的话，这个办法就是至关重要的。”这一段介绍的是学者的观点，因此接下来进一步陈述他的说法。C项“他说：几个世纪来你就是在谈论让土壤自然恢复，除非你来做点什么来有所帮助”。符合语境。故选C。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Is It Possible to be Green and Fashionable? Despite the huge numbers of people who care about the environment and love clothes, there is a basic conflict about being green and being fashionable. This is because the fashion industry depends on a constant stream of ever-changing trends, which means you have to keep consuming. However, buying a lot of things that you don’t need, in this case new clothes, is harmful to the environment. Even so, there are still some measures you can take to achieve both goals. Firstly, rather than basing your choice of clothes on whatever the fashion industry says you should, choose your own look. If you do this, you’ll look a lot more like an individual, and probably more genuinely stylish. It does not require any sense of style to copy the looks in glossy magazines. It does require some to develop your own. You’ll find that because your clothes aren’t going in and out of fashion every week, you’ll buy fewer and this helps the environment. Some people think that another way of achieving this is to buy only natural fabrics, like cotton. But actually the production of some plant-based fabrics involves the use of enormous quantities of pesticides. In fact, cotton is an especially dirty crop, with methods used in its cultivation which can wreck the local environment. If you want to avoid adding to soil and water pollution in this manner, simply opt for organic fabrics. While we’re on the subject of the materials, here’s a word of warning. Try to avoid buying clothes made from animal products, especially fur. Not only will this have the effect of reducing animal suffering, it will also reduce your environmental footprint; animal products have a larger impact than plant products because they consume more resources. In the end, what you wear is your choice and no-one would suggest that this should not be a free choice. But we hope that, having read this, you will be fully aware of the impact your choices may have on the health of our planet. 【答案】You can be fashionable and protect the environment at the same time even if they are often thought of as conflicting. By developing your own style, you can avoid buying new clothes to constantly keep fashionable. Choosing organic fabrics, instead of plant-based fabrics, is another approach. Lastly, stop buying clothes made from animal products. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，你可以既时髦又环保，即使这两者经常被认为是相互冲突的。通过发展自己的风格，你可以避免买新衣服来保持时尚。另一种方法是选择有机面料，而不是植物面料。最后，停止购买动物制品制成的衣服。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Despite the huge numbers of people who care about the environment and love clothes, there is a basic conflict about being green and being fashionable. Even so, there are still some measures you can take to achieve both goals. ②It does require some to develop your own. You’ll find that because your clothes aren’t going in and out of fashion every week, you’ll buy fewer and this helps the environment. ③But actually the production of some plant-based fabrics involves the use of enormous quantities of pesticides. If you want to avoid adding to soil and water pollution in this manner, simply opt for organic fabrics. ④Try to avoid buying clothes made from animal products, especially fur. 2.缜密构思将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It is by developing your own style that you can avoid buying new clothes to constantly keep fashionable. It is advisable to choose organic fabrics instead of plant-based fabrics. Lastly, stop buying clothes which are made from animal products. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Choosing organic fabrics, instead of plant-based fabrics, is another approach. (运用了动名词作主语) [高分句型2] You can be fashionable and protect the environment at the same time even if they are often thought of as conflicting. (运用了even if引导的让步状语从句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 我公司非常感谢收到的任何反馈。(grateful)(汉译英） 【答案】Our company is very grateful for any feedback. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语。根据提示可知，本句涉及固定短语be grateful for“对......心存感激”，该词作谓语，陈述现在的客观情况，应用一般现在时；主语“我公司”表达为our company；宾语“任何反馈”表达为any feedback。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：Our company is very grateful for any feedback. 53. 接受了这份新工作意味着小王必须最晚在本月底之前抵达北京。（force）(汉译英） 【答案】Accepting the new job means Xiao Wang is forced to arrive in Beijing by the end of this month at the latest. 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词、宾语从句和被动语态。分析可知，句子用动名词短语做主语，所以“接受了这份新工作”的表达为accepting the new job，做主语谓语动词用单数；表示“意味着”为mean，后面跟宾语从句作宾语，引导词that可省略，句子表达的是现在的情况，所以用一般现在时；表示“必须做某事”用force的被动形式be forced to do sth.；表示“到达北京”为arrive in Beijing；表示“本月底之前”为by the end of this month；表示“最晚”为at the latest。故翻译为Accepting the new job means Xiao Wang is forced to arrive in Beijing by the end of this month at the latest. 54. 受外在奖励驱动的人，有时很难达到自己制定别人却不知情的目标。（find it）(汉译英） 【答案】People who are driven by extrinsic rewards sometimes find it difficult to achieve goals that they set without the knowledge of others. 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】考查it作形式主语、不定式作真正主语和定语从句。该句在描述一个客观事实，句子用一般现在时；“受外在奖励驱动的人”翻译为people who are driven by extrinsic rewards，其中people作先行词，指人，在后面的定语从句中作主语，且和从句谓语动词之间是被动关系，是一般现在时的被动语态；“有时很难达到自己制定别人却不知情的目标”翻译为sometimes find it difficult to achieve goals that they set without the knowledge of others，其中it作形式宾语，动词不定式作真正宾语，且goals作先行词，后面是that引导的定语从句。故答案为People who are driven by extrinsic rewards sometimes find it difficult to achieve goals that they set without the knowledge of others. 55. 要求孩子不去感知自己真正的情绪，其坏处就是他们在必要的时候无法恰当地表达情绪。（stop）(汉译英） 【答案】The downside of asking children to stop feeling their true emotions is that they can't express themself properly when they need to. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词短语、动词短语、表语从句、名词、副词及时间状语从句等。表示“要求某人做某事”应用动词短语ask sb. to do sth.；表示“不去做某事”应用动词短语stop doing sth.；表示“感知某人的真正情绪”，应用短语feel one’s true emotions；表示“要求孩子不去感知自己真正的情绪的坏处”可翻译为The downside of asking children to stop feeling their true emotions；表示“恰当地表达情绪”，应用翻译为express oneself properly；表示“他们在必要的时候”，应翻译为when they need to。再结合句意及提示词stop。故翻译为：The downside of asking children to stop feeling their true emotions is that they can't express themself properly when they need to. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校即将接待来自英国的一批高中生，需要在校内招募寄宿家庭，在接待这些学生的同时，向他们介绍中国文化。你对此很感兴趣，写一封邮件给学校外事接待处，表达你的意愿，内容需包括： 1）在和父母协商后，你愿意作为寄宿家庭； 2）你对哪一方面的中国文化特别感兴趣，计划通过何种方式向寄宿在你家的外国学生介绍。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Sir or Madam, Hearing that our school will welcome some English students to stay with us, and that you are recruiting host families, I am writing to show my interest after a negotiation with my parents. First, my parents and I can speak fluent English, which will enable us to communicate with the foreign students. Secondly, our house is big enough for him or her to stay. Furthermore, I live near the Huangpu River. It has a good view of Shanghai. Last but not least, in my home, he or she will experience much Chinese culture. My grandpa and grandma have a good command of handwriting which is also my hobby. My grandparents can teach the student handwriting and then he or she can learn more about Chinese culture. I think our hospitality will bring him or her an interesting and cozy experience in China. Thank you for your reading during your busy work. I hope that you will consider my application. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给学校外事接待处写封申请信，申请充当外国留学生的寄宿家庭。 【详解】词汇积累 听说：learn→hear 体验：enjoy→experience 擅长：be good at→have a good command of 舒适的：comfortable→cozy 2.句式拓展 合并简单句 原句：Furthermore, I live near the Huangpu River. It has a good view of Shanghai. 拓展句：Furthermore, I live near the Huangpu River, which has a good view of Shanghai. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Hearing that our school will welcome some English students to stay with us, and that you are recruiting host families, I am writing to show my interest after a negotiation with my parents. (运用了现在分词作状语) [高分句型2] I hope that you will consider my application. (运用了that引导的宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高二年级英语学科4月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Sea Gypsies (吉普赛人) We had been travelling for a few hours when on the horizon we spotted the group of small hand-built boats called kabang. The Moken are cautious of strangers, so ____1____ we approached, I called out some reassuring words in their language. The family elder, Gatcha, was at first reluctant to stop. Outsiders have been making use of the Moken throughout their history and his instinct told him to keep his distance. But after hearing that I had been researching the Moken way of life ____2____ 1982, in the end he accepted us into his “home”. Home for this nomadic sea people are the kabang, on ____3____ they live, eat, and sleep for eight months of the year. In these light craft, they travel across the Mergui Archipelago, 800 islands ____4____ (dot) across the Andaman Sea, off Myanmar, ____5____ (collect) what they need to survive and moving on. They get by only on ____6____ they take from the sea and beaches each day: fish, mollusks and sandworms to eat; shells and oysters to trade with Malay and Chinese merchants. They accumulate little and live on land only during the monsoons But the world is closing in on the Moken way of life. As divers and beachcombers, they pose no threat to others who share these waters. In spite of this, the authorities are always pressuring them ____7____ (settle) in one place. Ten years ago, 2,500 Moken were still leading a traditional life, but that population is slowly declining and now stands at around 1,000. If they cease to be sea gypsies, it ____8____ (fear) that their unique understanding of the sea will disappear also. Moken people can dive to 20m without breathing equipment, and ____9____ (develop) extraordinary underwater vision. They are experts at reading changes in the sea, and it is even said they ____10____ predict a tsunami Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. changes C. confidence D. limited E. options F. personalized G. redefine H. resistant I. stuck J. tailoring K. ventured Perfect Fashion by Numbers It’s the disadvantage of online clothes shopping. You come across a shirt you simply must have only to find that what you receive doesn’t fit despite being in your size. How can you order clothes with ____11____ when you can’t try them on? A new wave of start-ups are finding clever ways to ____12____ the problem. One of them wants to ____13____ our system for sizing clothes. “We think it’s kind of ridiculous that despite all of us coming in so many different shapes and sizes, we’re ____14____ with small, medium and large,” says Matt Hornbuckle, co-founder of Stantt, a New Jersey-based firm that manufactures men’s shirts to fit 70 sets of body measurements. To arrive at these, Hornbuckle hired another company to analyse 200,000 measurements of men’s bodies, looking for correlations. It found that three numbers—chest size, waist and sleeve length-are enough to predict which of those 70 ____15____ would best fit someone. Stantt’s first shirts, priced at $98, will ship in May. The company’s recent Kickstarter campaign raised $120,000 and collected pre-orders for around 1000 shirts—a sign, Hornbuckle says, that customers are eager for ____16____. “The retail store itself, and how they operate, is becoming out of date,” he says. Another start-up, Arden reed, based in New York, wants to take this ____17____ approach a step further with its suits. Six months ago, the company began sizing customers using a remodelled truck equipped with a 3D body scanner. It has 14 Kinect sensors that record around 1.5 million body contour (外形，轮廓) points in a process lasting10 minutes. The readings are turned into measurements for the ____18____ to be outsourced to producers, and customers receive their suit six weeks later for between $500 and $1500. They can order more in the same size online. The scanner has ____19____ to Boston and Washington DC, and will make its first appearance in Miami this year. “The truck concept allows us not to be ____20____ to a store,” says Carlos Solorio, Arden Reed’s co-founder. Stantt and Arden Reed now want to expand their range to include women’s clothing. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Learning something — whether that’s new knowledge or a skill — is a physical process that actually restructures the architecture of the brain. To understand why, we need to look at what’s going on in the brain when we’re ____21____ something to memory. Every experience we have is created by the firing of millions of neurons (神经元) throughout the brain. They constantly light up in different combinations. And when neurons “light up” together they undergo small changes that ____22____ them to fire together in future. Most neural firing patterns occur just once because these changes are initially not very ____23____. Some patterns, ____24____, are encoded by the hippocampus — a small, horseshoe-shaped structure deep in the brain. This encourages the encoded brain activity to recur. Eventually, if a firing pattern is ____25____ over and over again, the neurons within it extend dendrils (卷须) which link them together to form lasting pathways. The network it forms is now a ____26____ memory. Events that are novel, shocking, important or painful are encoded more easily than others because the neural activity involved is more intense. Encountering a flame and getting burned by it, for instance, involves fast firing of visual neurons (the sight), somatosensory neurons (the feeling) and limbic neurons (the horror). A(n) ____27____ sight of flame then initiates activity in the whole network, including the neurons that registered the burn. This memory, even if it’s not conscious, ____28____ our response to the new situation: instead of touching the flame, the body turns away. A lesson has been learned. Networks of linked neurons break down and ____29____ much more easily in young brains than in older ones, which is why children learn — and forget — things so quickly. Some things are easier to learn than others. Walking and talking, for instance, emerge without much help, provided infants see it happening around them. Natural skills like these generally emerge within specific ____30____ frames, when children’s brains are genetically programmed to develop them. Skills such as reading and arithmetic, however, have to be learned ____31____, along with non-intuitive knowledge like the offside rule in football or the laws of thermodynamics. In each case, repeated practice and study will ____32____ the neural networks associated with this knowledge and help memorise it. Some types of learning are ____33____ by so-called ‘mirror neurons’. These are brain cells that become ____34____ in a person when they see someone else doing something. If you see someone lifting their arm, say, some of the neurons in your brain which would be involved in lifting your own arm start firing. Mirror neurons stimulate automatic imitation, which is particularly useful for learning ____35____ skills — a dance routine, for example, or how to serve a tennis ball. 21. A. explaining B. proving C. announcing D. committing 22. A. restrict B. warn C. equip D. recommend 23. A. recent B. similar C. slight D. stable 24. A. however B. additionally C. therefore D. otherwise 25. A. shown B. reversed C. specified D. repeated 26. A. quick B. permanent C. collective D. sudden 27. A. common B. subsequent C. pleasant D. initial 28. A. guides B. tests C. accepts D. measures 29. A. build up B. give up C. look up D. break up 30. A. viewing B. text C. time D. duty 31. A. quickly B. painfully C. naturally D. intentionally 32. A. understand B. strengthen C. produce D. distribute 33. A. discouraged B. hidden C. facilitated D. combined 34. A. asleep B. diverse C. active D. present 35. A. motor B. study C. work D. survival Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The bell rang. Jada sighed, slowly moved from the lockers where she had been leaning, and headed down the hall to her chemistry class. Honors Chemistry! Jada couldn’t believe that her mom was making her take the class because Jada’s counselor had said that she had real talent in science. Jada had to admit that she liked science and that last year’s class was a breeze, but come on Honors Chemistry? She wouldn’t know anyone in the class, and they probably wouldn’t know anyone like her. The good thing about being late is that it shortened the period a bit. The bad thing is that it made her seem like she was making a grand entrance. To make matters worse, the only two seats left in class were at the lab table at the very front of the room. Jada held her breath and walked in. Everyone’s eyes were on her. She just knew it. They were staring at her coal black hair (freshly dyed) , her black lipstick, her black fingernail polish, and her thrift-store black leather jacket. All she saw were polo shirts and khaki pants. This can’t get any worse, Jada thought. But at least she didn’t get shouted at by the teacher. He was too busy talking to a new kid. A HUGE new kid, maybe 6'4". He had to weigh at least 250 pounds. A football player, probably. She hated football players. They thought they were so great. That group of jocks that hung out by the cafeteria always made fun of her. The new kid made his way over to her table with his head down. He had to squeeze into the seat, and his legs wouldn’t fit under the lab table. He shot Jada a glance and turned red. Mr. Martin, the teacher, began class with this announcement: Okay, everyone. I know most of you know each other from last year’s Honors Physical Science class. Jada sighed loudly. “But just take a minute and introduce yourself to the person sitting at your table. You’ll be partners. You’ll be working closely together all year.” Jada rolled her eyes and stared straight ahead. Then she heard a surprisingly soft voice from next to her. “Hi. I’m Robert. I’m new here.” 36. What can be learned about Jada from the first two paragraphs? A. She thought this year’s chemistry class would be a breeze. B. She wasn’t willing to take the Honors Chemistry class. C. She was angry that her mother made her go to school D. She found she didn’t like science as she thought. 37. The writer described Jada’s appearance in paragraph 4 in order to ______. A. reveal how different she was from her classmates B. explain why she was late for school that morning. C. give readers a general impression of science students. D. imply that she felt sorry for making a grand entrance 38. In paragraph 5, the phrase “that group of jocks” refers to ______. A. the new kid B. Jada’s classmates C. Jada’s teacher D. football players 39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the new kid? A. He was rude. B. He liked sports. C. He was shy. D. He looked sad. (B) Lily Studying abroad is an area that is becoming increasingly interesting for researchers, as more students are choosing to do a semester, a year or even a degree in another country. In my research, I set out to establish whether young people attending a course abroad acquire more global awareness than students enrolled on similar courses in their home country, Using a comparative study of 50 Canadian undergraduates, half of whom studied abroad for varying lengths of time, there were shown to be considering gains in global awareness and these were not only noted by the students themselves but also their tutors. Thomas My research project asked ten students starting a year of study abroad to keep a daily record of their experiences. Having begun the diary a month before leaving home they continued it for a month after they returned. The primary reason for studying abroad in all cases was to polish their language skill. The students were allowed to write as freely as they wished by were asked to include comments on their language learning experience as well as on the strategies they used to cope with living in a new culture. Analysing the diaries, we found remarkably similar patterns. All the participants demonstrate a gradual recognition and acceptance of difference in other cultures and a new objectivity about their own culture as a result of their experience. Jasmine This paper reports on some research carried out last year into why students choose a period of study abroad, their reasons for selecting a specific destination, their behaviour when abroad and the extent to which the experience matches their expectations. Having administered a questionnaire to 1,000 international students studying at a number of universities in Australia, we got 696 responses. An initial analysis of the responses has revealed some interesting data suggesting that the key factor affecting all the areas we were investigating was the individual's personality and study interests. Country of origin and 'gender proved less significant than expected. Jimmy This research looked at the career paths of 35 young business people who had spent part of their university course at a foreign educational institution in order to ascertain whether those people had acquired greater cross-cultural perspectives through their experience of study abroad. Concerned about the lack of cultural awareness of their staff, a group of US business corporations proposed the research. The results are less conclusive than expected, but they do suggest that a period of study in a foreign country may help students to develop the cross-cultural awareness that US employers currently seek. 40. The passage is mainly about four researchers' findings on ________. A. the reasons for young students to study abroad B. the impact and effects of studying in another country C. the trend of more students furthering their study abroad D. the interest of students who once studied in another country 41. ________used the subjects' personal account as the research material. A. Lily B. Thomas C. Jasmine D. Jimmy 42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Most of the researchers found the students global awareness increased. B. All of the researchers took a reserved attitude towards studying abroad. C. None of the researchers thought gender played a role in students' choice. D. Only one of the researchers did research on the subjects' career development. (C) Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to create similar conditions to the natural incubation (孵化) of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature difference. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to protect eggs against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo (胚胎) can no longer survive Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 43. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then ________. A. there may be a good chance for successful incubation B. the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position C. the embryo will not develop normally D. the incubation process is slowed down 44. The construction of the nest allows water to ________. A. provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest B. loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest C. keep the nest in a clean condition D. touch the bottom of the eggs 45. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators? A. They are expensive to operate. B. They are unable to heat the eggs evenly. C. They lack the natural temperature changes. D. They fail to transfer heat to eggs like parent birds do. 46. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Nesting material varies according to the parrots’ environment. B. Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots’ eggs. C. Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. D. Wild parrots’ nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Spray bacteria may prevent its spread Desertification is a big problem for China. Overgrazing by livestock has destroyed much of the layer of lichen, algae and mosses—the cryptobiotic crust (隐生物壳) that binds the sand and soil to the ground. ____47____ Farmland and even major cities can be destroyed by dust storms that began in the desert. Planting hardy grasses helps keeping sand in place, but the wind can still blow away particles (颗粒) between the grasses. ____48____ She coats planted dunes with a mixture of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria that can grow well in the semi-arid (干旱的) environment. Grown in nearby ponds, the cyanobacteria are trucked into the desert every few days and spray over the dunes, where they form sticky substances that hold soil particles in place and prevent them from being blown away. Cyanobacteria get their energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, and as part of the chemical reactions involved, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere and provide the organic matter the soil needs to be productive. Hu’s long-running trials shows that after eight years, dunes treated with cyanobacteria developed a biological crust nearly 1 centimetre thick when on the shady side of dunes. ____49____ The topsoil improved where the crust developed, helping plant growth. The method is vital if semi-arid regions are going to recover on a reasonable timescale, says Brian Whitton, an ecologist at Durham University, UK. ____50____ Hu says the cyanobacteria are now being used to hold the verges of roads and railways in northern China as well as the margins of farmland. Her team plans to seed 133 square kilometres over the next five years. A. So Chunxiang Hu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’s Institute of Hydrobiology in Wuhan has developed an alternative approach. B. That might change soon, though. C. “Unless you do something to help, you’re probably talking centuries for it to recover naturally,” he says. D. If left unchecked, sands can slowly engulf roads and railways. E. On the sunny side, the crust was about half as thick. F. People have been trying to use bacteria in this way since the 1980s, says Matthew Bowker, a soil ecologist at Northern Arizona university. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Is It Possible to be Green and Fashionable? Despite the huge numbers of people who care about the environment and love clothes, there is a basic conflict about being green and being fashionable. This is because the fashion industry depends on a constant stream of ever-changing trends, which means you have to keep consuming. However, buying a lot of things that you don’t need, in this case new clothes, is harmful to the environment. Even so, there are still some measures you can take to achieve both goals. Firstly, rather than basing your choice of clothes on whatever the fashion industry says you should, choose your own look. If you do this, you’ll look a lot more like an individual, and probably more genuinely stylish. It does not require any sense of style to copy the looks in glossy magazines. It does require some to develop your own. You’ll find that because your clothes aren’t going in and out of fashion every week, you’ll buy fewer and this helps the environment. Some people think that another way of achieving this is to buy only natural fabrics, like cotton. But actually the production of some plant-based fabrics involves the use of enormous quantities of pesticides. In fact, cotton is an especially dirty crop, with methods used in its cultivation which can wreck the local environment. If you want to avoid adding to soil and water pollution in this manner, simply opt for organic fabrics. While we’re on the subject of the materials, here’s a word of warning. Try to avoid buying clothes made from animal products, especially fur. Not only will this have the effect of reducing animal suffering, it will also reduce your environmental footprint; animal products have a larger impact than plant products because they consume more resources. In the end, what you wear is your choice and no-one would suggest that this should not be a free choice. But we hope that, having read this, you will be fully aware of the impact your choices may have on the health of our planet. IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 我公司非常感谢收到的任何反馈。(grateful)(汉译英） 53. 接受了这份新工作意味着小王必须最晚在本月底之前抵达北京。（force）(汉译英） 54. 受外在奖励驱动的人，有时很难达到自己制定别人却不知情的目标。（find it）(汉译英） 55. 要求孩子不去感知自己真正的情绪，其坏处就是他们在必要的时候无法恰当地表达情绪。（stop）(汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校即将接待来自英国的一批高中生，需要在校内招募寄宿家庭，在接待这些学生的同时，向他们介绍中国文化。你对此很感兴趣，写一封邮件给学校外事接待处，表达你的意愿，内容需包括： 1）在和父母协商后，你愿意作为寄宿家庭； 2）你对哪一方面的中国文化特别感兴趣，计划通过何种方式向寄宿在你家的外国学生介绍。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $