Unit 1 Period 2 Learning About Language（分层作业）英语人教版选择性必修第二册
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Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Period 2 Learning About Language
A组 巩固过关
C组 思维拔高
B组 能力进阶
一、单词拼写 根据所给汉语或首字母提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1. Everything was going well in the ______ (最初的) stage of development.
【答案】initial
【解析】考查形容词。句意：在最初的发展阶段，一切都很顺利。空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词stage，“最初的”的形容词是initial。故填initial。
2. Some genetically engineered plants can resist natural pests such as _____________(病毒) or insects.
【答案】viruses
【解析】考查名词。句意：一些基因工程植物能抵抗病毒、昆虫这类自然害虫。根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“病毒”应用名词virus；结合or后的复数名词insects，此处用复数形式viruses表泛指，符合语境。故填viruses。
3. You’ll never come to understand our way of ________ (思维).
【答案】thinking
【解析】句意：你永远也不会理解我们的思维方式。分析句子可知，空处放在of后，用名词作宾语，表示“思维”，与way of搭配，此处用thinking，不可数名词。
4. In the talk, Dr. Trice suggests that asking for the praise or thanks we need is ______ (至关重要的) for our emotional well-being.
【答案】critical
【解析】句意：在此次谈话中，Dr. Trice指出，主动寻求我们所需要的赞美或感谢，对我们的心理健康至关重要。空格处用形容词作表语，“至关重要的”的形容词是critical。
5. Our body’s natural ______ (抵抗力) to infection can be improved by a healthy lifestyle.
【答案】resistance
【解析】考查名词。句意：健康的生活方式可以改善我们身体对感染的自然抵抗力。根据空前形容词natural可知，空处需要填名词。表示“抵抗力”为resistance，不可数名词作主语。故填resistance。
6. Respect and mutual understanding provide a ________ (牢固的) foundation for friendship.
【答案】solid
【解析】考查形容词。句意：尊重与相互理解为友谊奠定了坚实的基础。“牢固的”应用形容词solid，作修饰foundation的定语，表示“坚实的基础”。故填solid。
7. Researchers studied mice and found that just two hours of silence a day contributed to ________ (细胞) development.
【答案】cell
【解析】考查名词。句意：研究人员对老鼠进行了研究，发现每天仅两小时的安静时间就能促进细胞发育。根据汉语提示可知用名词cell，作定语修饰名词development。故填cell。
8. Climate change affects nearly every ________ (方面) of our lives.
【答案】aspect
【解析】句意：气候变化影响着我们生活的方方面面。“方面”是aspect，空前有every，空格处用单数。
9. New Bedford ________ (主办) a number of lively festivals throughout last summer months.
【答案】hosted
【解析】句意：去年整个夏季，新贝德福德举办了多场热闹的节日活动。根据句意和汉语提示“主办”可知，空处应填动词host“主办，承办”；结合时间状语throughout last summer months可知，此处描述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时，故填过去式hosted，作谓语。
10. Too much ________(蛋白质) in the diet may advance the aging process.
【答案】protein
【解析】考查名词。句意：饮食中摄入过多蛋白质可能会加速衰老过程。根据句意和中文提示可知，表示“蛋白质”应用protein，为不可数名词，在本句中作主语，符合语境。故填protein。
11. The new law provides a legal f_________ for protecting the rights of every citizen.
【答案】framework
【解析】句意：这项新法律为保护每位公民的权利提供了法律框架。根据“a legal”及“new law”可知，此空是名词framework作宾语。legal framework是固定短语，意为“法律框架”。
12. The researchers shared their latest f_________ with the public through an online report. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】findings
【解析】句意：研究人员通过一份线上报告，向公众公布了他们最新的调查结果。根据句意“调查结果”和首字母可知，此处为名词finding，作宾语，该词常用复数形式。
13. The new survey will p__________ (证明) that green diets lower carbon emissions.
【答案】prove
【解析】句意：这项新调查将会证明绿色饮食能降低碳排放。根据提示的汉语“证明”以及首字母“p”可知，此处为动词prove，助动词will后接动词原形。
二、单项选择 从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The reason why he failed was ______ he didn’t prepare well enough.
A. because B. that C. which D. what
【答案】B
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：他失败的原因是他准备得不够充分。根据空前系动词was可知，空处引导表语从句，从句不缺少成分或含义，用that引导。且当主语是reason时，表语从句常用that引导。故选B项。
2. The problem is ________ will take charge of the project when the manager is absent.
A. that B. whom C. whose D. who
【答案】D
【解析】句意：问题是当经理不在时，谁将负责这个项目。is后面为表语从句，从句中缺少主语，且表示“谁”，指代人，应用who引导。
3. The question is ________ we can find effective ways to reduce soil pollution.
A. if B. whether C. what D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意：问题是，我们能否找到有效的方法来减少土壤污染。空格处引导的是表语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，此处表示“是否”，表语从句中的“是否”只用whether，不用if。
4. It seems ________ she were an expert in international law, but actually she just studied it for a year.
A. as if B. that C. whether D. when
【答案】A
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：她看起来好像是个国际法专家，但实际上她只学了一年。空处引导表语从句，根据“but actually she just studied it for a year”以及“she were an expert”可知，此处表示与事实不符的假设，需用连接词as if“似乎，好像”引导表语从句，as if引导表语从句时，如果陈述的是不真实的或极不可能发生或存在的情况时，常用虚拟语气。故选A。
5. The important thing is ______ name should be put on the top of the list.
A. whoever B. who C. whose D. what
【答案】C
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：重要的是谁的名字应该放在名单的首位。分析句子可知，此处为表语从句，从句中修饰name，所以用whose在从句中作name的定语成分，意为“……的”。故选C项。
三、完成句子 根据汉语提示，补全下列句子。
1. He would never________ anyone.
他永远不会伤害任何人。
【答案】harm
【解析】情态动词would后接动词原形，动词harm“伤害”符合题意。
2. 这是一个棘手的问题。
It's a ________ question.
【答案】tricky
【解析】考查形容词。“棘手的”可以用tricky来表达，在本句中，tricky作定语修饰question。故填tricky。
3. Taking a deep ___________, I managed to ___________ myself ___________ and walked up to the platform ___________.
深吸一口气，我成功地让自己镇定，然后自信地走上了讲台。
【答案】① breath ② calm ③ down ④ confidently
【解析】考查名词、动词短语和副词。根据句意以及句子结构可知，该句第一处为名词breath“呼吸”，构成固定搭配take a deep breath“深吸一口气”，满足句意要求；该句第二处应为动词短语calm oneself down“使自己冷静下来”，满足句意要求，结合空前to不定式可知，为动词原形；该句第三处为副词confidently“自信地”作状语修饰动词walked，满足句意要求。故分别填breath；calm；down；confidently。
4. 我意识到抱怨没有用，我开始调整我的学习方法，每当遇到困难时就向老师求助。
Aware that complaining made no sense,________________.
【答案】I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties
【解析】考查固定短语和时态。主语为I；表示“开始”短语为get down to doing sth.；表示“调整我的学习方法”为adjust my learning methods；表示“向老师求助”短语为turn to the teacher；表示“每当”应用whenever引导时间状语从句，表示“遇到困难”此处应用encounter difficulties，且此处为状语从句的省略，省略主语和be动词，应用现在分词作状语；根据上文made可知为一般过去时。故填I got down to adjusting my learning methods and turned to the teacher whenever encountering difficulties。
5. 问题是他什么时候能到。
The question is _________.
【答案】when he will come
【解析】考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处应为表语从句，根据句意，从句表示的是将来的动作，所以使用一般将来时，表示“什么时候”应为when，所以该句应为when引导的表语从句，表示“他什么时候能到”应为when he will come。故填when he will come。
6. The problem is ________ (我们如何加快耕作方式的转变).
【答案】how we can speed up the transformation of farming methods
【解析】句意：问题是我们如何加快耕作方式的转变。 “我们”用人称代词we作从句主语，“如何”用连接副词how引导表语从句并在从句中作方式状语，“能够”用情态动词can，后接动词原形共同构成谓语部分，“加快”用短语speed up作谓语核心动词，“转变”用the transformation作speed up的宾语，“耕作方式的”用of farming methods作后置定语修饰transformation；整个从句置于系动词is之后，为表语从句，从句使用陈述语序。
7. The entire ________ (理论框架) of the scientific paper is composed of five parts.
【答案】theoretical framework
【解析】考查名词短语。句意：这篇科学论文的整个理论框架由五个部分构成。根据汉语提示“理论框架”可知，“理论的”用形容词theoretical修饰名词，“框架”为可数名词framework，所以“理论框架”为theoretical framework，作主语。故填theoretical framework。
8. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic ________________ (副作用).
【答案】side effects
【解析】考查短语。句意：然而，频繁推出新产品有两个问题的副作用。“副作用”用短语side effect。根据数词two可知，用复数形式。故填side effects。
9. Governments can ________________ (制定高目标) for reducing carbon emissions and saving and reusing energy.
【答案】set high targets
【解析】根据英汉意思对比可知，空处应填“制定高目标”，应用动词短语set high target，此处指多个减排目标，target应用复数形式targets；与空前情态动词can搭配，需用动词原形。
10. This is ____________________（我出生的地方）.
【答案】where I was born
【解析】句意：这是我出生的地方。“出生”用be born表示，“我出生的地方”用where引导的名词性从句表示，翻译为where I was born。
11. This is ________ (我们在面对实验室各类安全隐患时应当牢记的原则)。(what 表语从句)
【答案】what we should bear in mind when facing various hidden dangers in the lab
【解析】句意：这就是我们在面对实验室各类安全隐患时应当牢记的原则。引导表语从句，从句缺少宾语，指事物故用what引导；主语为we；表示“牢记”短语为bear in mind，且should后跟动词原形；表示“在面对实验室各类安全隐患时”翻译为when引导的时间状语从句，且省略主语和be动词，故译为when facing various hidden dangers in the lab。
12. That is ________ (我们必须格外小心处理危险化学品的原因).
【答案】why we must handle dangerous chemicals with extra caution
【解析】句意：这就是我们必须格外小心处理危险化学品的原因。根据汉语提示可知，why引导表语从句，表示“……的原因”；表示“我们”为we，表示“必须”为must，后接动词原形；表示“处理”为handle，表示“危险化学品”为dangerous chemicals，表示“格外小心”为with extra caution，从句使用陈述语序。
13. Choosing the right club ________ ________ (取决于) what you want to learn and what you are interested in.
【答案】① depends on ② depends upon
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：选择合适的俱乐部取决于你想学什么以及你感兴趣的是什么。根据汉语提示，设空处表示“取决于”，应用depend on/upon...短语。这里陈述的是一般情况，应用一般现在时，主语为动名词短语，所以谓语应用单数。故填depends；on/upon。
14. It is a big question for me. I’m not sure which school I am going to apply for. (表语从句)
______________________________________________________________
【答案】A big question for me is which school I am going to apply for.
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：这对我来说是个难题。我不确定要申请哪所学校。第一句话中的it指代第二句中的which school I am going to apply for，可将两个句子合并为一个结构紧凑的句子。a big question for me作主语，将原句中的从句which school I am going to apply for转换为表语从句。故答案为：A big question for me is which school I am going to apply for.
四、翻译 把下列句子或词组译成英语。
1. 人造卫星绕地球运行并传回重要数据。(orbit) (汉译英)
________________________________________________________________
【答案】Artificial satellites orbit the Earth and send back important data.
【解析】考查主谓一致、并列谓语和名词。根据句意，该句描述客观事实，全句使用一般现在时；表示“人造卫星”为artificial satellites作主语，位于句首首字母需大写，用复数形式表泛指，形容词artificial作定语修饰名词satellites；表示“绕地球运行”为orbit the Earth，orbit为谓语动词，主语为复数，所以谓语动词使用动词原形，the Earth表示“地球”为专有名词，首字母需大写；用并列连词and连接另一个谓语动词，“传回重要数据”为send back important data，send back与orbit为并列谓语，同样使用动词原形，important data作send back的宾语，data为不可数名词。故翻译为Artificial satellites orbit the Earth and send back important data.
2. 他克服重重困难，着手准备演讲。（汉译英）
____________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】He got over lots of difficulties and got down to preparing the speech.
【解析】主语“他”为he，句子描述过去发生的连贯动作，谓语使用一般过去时；表示“克服”应用动词短语get over；“重重困难”译为lots of difficulties；表示“着手做某事”用固定短语get down to doing sth.，此处to是介词，后需接动名词，“准备”为prepare变动名词preparing；“演讲”为名词the speech，作preparing的宾语。两个谓语get over与get down to由and连接，表并列，均使用一般过去时保持时态统一。
3. 这次活动不仅帮助学生减少了屏幕使用时间，还使他们重新发现了阅读的乐趣。（Not only 句首倒装）（汉译英）
________________________________________________________________
【答案】Not only did the programme help students reduce screen time, but it also encouraged them to rediscover the pleasure of reading.
【解析】该句描述已经结束的活动带来的影响，动作发生在过去，用一般过去时。可用固定短语not only...but also...“不仅……还……”来表达，Not only放在句首时，它引导的分句需要部分倒装，助动词使用did，放在主语前面，“活动”译为programme，动词短语help sb do sth意为“帮助某人做某事”，“减少屏幕使用时间”译为reduce screen time，故“这次活动不仅帮助学生减少了屏幕使用时间”可译为“Not only did the programme help students reduce screen time,”；动词短语encourage sb to do sth可表示“促使某人做某事”，“重新发现了阅读的乐趣”译为rediscover the pleasure of reading，故“还使他们重新发现了阅读的乐趣”可译为“but it also encouraged them to rediscover the pleasure of reading.”。
4. 在科研中，研究人员对初步数据产生怀疑并不罕见。 (汉译英)
____________________________________________________________
【答案】In scientific research, it is not unusual for researchers to question the initial data.
【解析】1. In scientific research 对应「在科研中」，作句首状语。2. it 为形式主语，真正的主语是 for researchers to question the initial data。3. not unusual 为双重否定，表「很常见、并不罕见」，比 It is common for... 更书面。4. question 作动词表「质疑、提出疑问」，比 doubt 更贴合语境；initial data 为「初步数据」，initial 与 data 均为本课时词汇。
5. 他们真正关心的不是疫苗的副作用，而是它能否帮助增强抵抗力。 (汉译英)
____________________________________________________________
【答案】What they really care about is not the side effects of the vaccine, but rather whether it can help build up resistance.
【解析】1. What they really care about 为主语从句，what 在从句中作 care about 的宾语。2. 主句为 is not ... but rather ... 对比结构，but rather 意为「而是」，语气比 but 更强调，是本句要考的核心句式，不可换成 but。3. but rather 后接 whether 引导的表语从句，whether 表「是否」，不能用 if。4. help build up resistance 表「帮助增强抵抗力」，help 后接动词原形；side effects、vaccine、resistance 均为本课时词汇。
6. 经历数次失败的实验后，整个团队把注意力集中到了一个更小的目标上。 (汉译英)
____________________________________________________________
【答案】After several failed experiments, the whole team became focused on a smaller target.
【解析】1. sb become focused on sth 中 become 为变化系动词，后接过去分词 focused 作表语，本身即含「转入专注状态」之意，故不必另加 begin。2. After several failed experiments 为时间状语，「数次失败的实验」用 failed 作定语。3. target 用比较级 smaller 与「更小的」对应，target 为本课时词汇。
7. 那时正是我们本应立即把数据记录下来的时刻。 (汉译英)
____________________________________________________________
【答案】This was exactly when we should have recorded the data at once.
【解析】1. This was when ... 为表语从句结构，when 引导从句并在从句中作时间状语，意为「这就是……的时候」。2. exactly 对应「正是」，起强调作用。3. should have done 表示「本应该做某事（而实际上没有做）」，含责备或遗憾语气。4. at once 表「立即」；data 为本课时词汇。
8. 你可能不相信，但这个看似棘手的难题最终被证明是一个重大发现。 (汉译英)
____________________________________________________________
【答案】You may not believe it, but this seemingly tricky problem finally proved to be a major finding.
【解析】1. You may not believe it, but ... 为口语化的转折衔接句式，先用「你可能不相信」引起注意，再用 but 引出真正要说的事实。2. seemingly 对应「看似」，作副词修饰 tricky，不可省略。3. prove to be 意为「被证明是、结果是」，prove 在此后接 to be + 名词。4. tricky 与 finding 均为本课时词汇，finding 作可数名词。
五、选词填空 用方框中所给词语填空，每词限用一次，必要时改变词形。
A篇
agency astronaut data determined intelligent satellite figure out result in
Lee was busy at work. Unlike most people around the world though, his workplace was in space. There was a problem with a（n）______1______. It was supposed to send information about the sun back to the ______2______on Earth, but the equipment for sending the______3______ was not working properly. So it was Lee's mission to ______4______the problem and solve it.
Lee was very______5______ as a（n）______6______, and he was also very careful. He was______7______ to make the satellite work properly again, but he would make sure to be safe. He knew that one small mistake could______8______ death.
【答案】1. satellite 2. agency 3. data 4. figure out 5. intelligent 6. astronaut 7. determined 8. result in
【解析】这是一篇人物故事。本文主要描述了太空员Lee在太空工作，某一次工作中遇到传送数据的卫星出现故障，他下定决心要解决这个问题，让卫星重新正常运行。
1. 考查名词。句意：有一颗卫星出现了故障。分析句子可知，上文提到Lee在太空工作，下文中提到“it”可以传送太阳的数据回地球，也根据下文中出现了“satellite”这个名词，且“a”冠词后面连接名词，表示“一颗卫星”的意思，符合句意。故填satellite。
2. 考查名词。句意：它应该将有关太阳的信息发送回地球上的航天局。分析句子可知，上文提到一颗卫星出了故障，句中“it”指代上文的卫星，这颗卫星原本是要把太阳相关数据传送回地球，地球上有接收卫星传送数据的航天局，空前的“the”冠词后连接名词，“agency”表示机构、部门的意思，符合句意。故填agency。
3. 考查名词。句意：这颗卫星应该将有关太阳的信息发送回地球上的航天局，但是发送数据的设备没有正常工作。分析句子可知，卫星本应该把信息传送回地球，而这些信息就是以数据形式传送回地球的航天局，上文中提到“send information”与本句中“sending the data”形成对应关系，且空白处的“the”冠词后连接名词，符合句意。故填data。
4. 考查动词短语。句意：因此，Lee的任务就是查明故障问题并且解决它。分析句子可知，上文提到卫星上传送数据的设备运行不正常，出现了故障。短语“figure out”表示“解决、算出”的含义，与“solve”对应，且搭配下文“problem”，符合句意。故填figure out。
5. 考查形容词。句意：作为一名宇航员，Lee是非常聪明的，而且也非常细心。分析句子可知，能够成为宇航员，聪明才智必不可少，而且空白处前有“was”和“very”，后面需要作表语的形容词，因此选择填“intelligent”符合句意。故填intelligent。
6. 考查名词。句意：作为一名宇航员，Lee是非常聪明的，而且也非常细心。分析句子可知，上文提到Lee是在太空工作，因此他的身份是一名宇航员。故填astronaut。
7. 考查形容词。句意：他下定决心要让卫星再次正常工作，但是他也要确保自己的安全。分析句子可知，本句中“was”后面缺少形容词作表语，固定短语“be determined to” 表示 “下定决心做……”。故填determined。
8. 考查动词短语。句意：他知道一个小错误就可能导致死亡。分析句子可知，情态动词“could”后面需要填写动词原形，并且“result in”表示“导致”的含义，符合句意。故填result in。
阅读下面短文，从方框中选择合适的词填空，每词限用一次。（每个句子最多一个设空处）
B篇
save, resources, treasure, recycle, reduce, preserve, conserve,
natural resource, avoid waste, value
Our planet provides us with countless ______1______ that we rely on every day. Clean water, fresh air, fertile soil, and diverse wildlife are all part of this precious system. However, human activities are putting enormous pressure on these gifts. To ensure that future generations can enjoy the same quality of life, we must learn to ______2______ what we have.
One of the simplest actions we can take is to ______3______ water. Turning off the tap while brushing teeth and fixing leaks can save hundreds of gallons per month. Another important step is to ______4______ electricity by using energy-efficient light bulbs and unplugging devices when they are not in use. These habits might seem small, but when millions of people adopt them, the impact is enormous.
We also need to ______5______ the food we eat. About one-third of all food produced globally is thrown away, which is a terrible waste of water, land, and labor. To ______6______, we can plan meals carefully, store food properly, and eat leftovers. When we do need to discard something, we should ______7______ it instead of sending it to a landfill. Glass, paper, and plastic can all be processed and turned into new products.
Finally, we can ______8______ our use of single-use plastics by choosing reusable bags and bottles. Every small effort helps ______9______ our natural environment for the future. A ______10______ like fresh air might seem limitless, but it too can be polluted or depleted if we are not careful. By valuing what we have, we ensure a healthier planet for ourselves and our children.
【答案】1. resources 2. treasure 3. save 4. conserve 5. value 6. avoid waste 7. recycle 8. reduce 9. preserve 10. natural resource
【解析】文章主要论述了地球上自然资源的重要性，并从节约水和电、珍惜食物、回收利用、减少一次性塑料使用等方面提出了保护自然、避免浪费的具体措施，呼吁人们为未来守护环境。
1. 考查名词。句意：我们的星球为我们提供了无数我们每天依赖的自然资源。countless后接名词复数，resources表示“资源”，符合句意。
2. 考查动词。句意：为了确保子孙后代能够享有同等的生活质量，我们必须学会珍惜我们所拥有的。learn to后接动词原形，treasure表示“珍惜”，表深情呵护所拥有的，用treasure。
3. 考查动词。句意：我们能采取的最简单行动之一就是节约用水。to后接动词原形，构成不定式结构，根据后文的“Turning off the tap while brushing teeth and fixing leaks can save hundreds of gallons per month. (刷牙时关闭水龙头并及时修理漏水，每月可节省数百加仑的用水。)”强调节约用水，故save表示“节约，节省”，与后文呼应。
4. 考查动词。句意：另一个重要步骤是通过使用节能灯泡来节约用电。设空处置于to后，接动词原形，构成不定式结构。根据后文“by using energy-efficient light bulbs and unplugging devices when they are not in use. (使用节能灯泡，并在不使用时拔掉电器插头)”，强调节约用电。conserve表示“节约(能源等)”，与electricity搭配恰当。
5. 考查动词。句意：我们也需要珍惜我们吃的食物。need to后接动词原形，value表示“珍惜，重视”，此处表示“珍惜食物”，表示理性认可价值，value符合题意。
6. 考查动词短语。句意：为了避免浪费，我们可以仔细计划膳食、妥善储存食物并吃剩菜。To后接动词原形，avoid waste表示“避免浪费”，与前文“About one-third of all food produced globally is thrown away(全球约三分之一的食物被浪费。)”呼应。
7. 考查动词。句意：当我们确实需要舍弃某样东西时，我们应该回收它而不是送去垃圾填埋场。should后接动词原形，根据后文“Glass, paper, and plastic can all be processed and turned into new products.(玻璃、纸张和塑料都可以被加工并制成新产品。)”可知，此处强调回收利用而非送去垃圾填埋，recycle表示“回收利用”，符合语境。
8. 考查动词。句意：最后，我们可以通过选择可重复使用的袋子和瓶子来减少一次性塑料的使用。can后接动词原形，根据后文“ by choosing reusable bags and bottles(通过选择可重复使用的袋子和瓶子)”可知，此处表示“减少一次性塑料的使用”；reduce表示“减少”，符合句意。
9. 考查动词。句意：每一个小小的努力都有助于为未来保护我们的自然环境。helps后接动词原形，preserve表示“保护，保存”，与environment搭配恰当。
10. 考查名词短语。句意：像新鲜空气这样的自然资源看似无限，但如果不小心也会被污染或耗尽。A后接名词，natural resource表示“自然资源”符合，fresh air是其举例。
六、阅读理解 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A篇
Heman Bekele has been named TIME’s Kid of the Year for 2024. The 15-year-old has come up with an idea for a soap that could help treat skin cancer, and he is already working with scientists to test his idea.
Heman’s family came to the US from Ethiopia when he was-four. Heman remembers seeing people there working outside in the sun without proper sun protection, which may well increase the risk of skin cancer. From his parent’s, he had a deeper understanding of its dangers. Skin cancer can often be cured, but the treatment is extremely expensive for those poor workers.
Heman’s natural curiosity led him to experiment with different materials and at the age of 7, he nearly caused a fire with a chemistry set. As he got older, he began to wonder if his curiosity could actually help make a difference. Upon reading about imiquimod, a medicine that can help fight skin cancer in the early stages, he realized it was a good way to make the medicine work through a simple bar of soap.
But Heman knew that simply mixing imiquimod with soap wouldn’t work, as it would just wash away. Instead, he thought of creating a soap that contained the medicine inside super tiny “nanoparticles” (纳米颗粒) to make sure it remains on the skin after the soap washed off, allowing imiquimod to take effect.
Last year, when he was 14, Heman created a video explaining his idea, and won the 3M Young Scientist Challenge. He is now working with scientists at Johns Hopkins University, running tests to see if the soap helps mice with skin cancer.
Heman knows that it will take a long time and a lot of effort to develop his soap, but he’s excited about the work. He also encourages other young people to contribute. “Just keep inventing and thinking of new ways to improve our world and make it a better place,” Heman says.
1. What drove Heman Bekele to create the soap?
A. His curiosity about skin cancer.
B. His desire to develop a new medicine.
C. His concern for unprotected workers outdoors.
D. His family’s history of skin cancer.
2. Why does Heman use nanoparticles in his soap?
A. To make imiquimod affordable B. To help imiquimod stay on the skin.
C. To make imiquimod easier to use. D. To help imiquimod spread faster.
3. Which of the following best describes Heman according to the text?
A. Curious and creative. B. Focused and honest.
C. Understanding and modest. D. Efficient and generous.
4. What can be the suitable title of the passage?
A. Fight against skin cancer. B. Be a gifted teenager.
C. Meet a young scientist. D. Follow a medical career.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C
【解析】这篇文章主要讲述了一位15岁的少年Heman Bekele凭借发明治疗皮肤癌的肥皂被评为《时代》杂志年度儿童，并赢得了“青年科学家挑战赛”的故事
1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Heman remembers seeing people there working outside in the sun without proper sun protection, which may well increase the risk of skin cancer. From his parent’s, he had a deeper understanding of its dangers. Skin cancer can often be cured, but the treatment is extremely expensive for those poor workers.(Heman记得看到那里的人们在没有适当防晒的情况下在阳光下工作，这很可能增加患皮肤癌的风险。他从父母那里对皮肤癌的危险性有了更深的了解。皮肤癌虽然常常可以治愈，但对贫困劳动者而言，治疗费用极为昂贵。)”可知，Heman回忆起看到人们在烈日下无防护地工作，且了解到昂贵的治疗费用是这些贫穷工人难以承受的。正是出于对这些户外无防护工人的关心与同情，驱使他去发明这种肥皂。
2. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Instead, he thought of creating a soap that contained the medicine inside super tiny “nanoparticles” (纳米颗粒) to make sure it remains on the skin after the soap washed off, allowing imiquimod to take effect.( 相反，他想到要研制一种含有药物的肥皂，将药物封装在超微小的“纳米颗粒”中，确保肥皂洗去后药物仍能保留在皮肤上，从而让咪喹莫特发挥作用。)”可知，Heman在肥皂中使用纳米颗粒，是为了确保在肥皂泡沫被洗掉后，药物咪喹莫特依然能够附着并留在皮肤上发挥作用。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Heman’s natural curiosity led him to experiment with different materials and at the age of 7, he nearly caused a fire with a chemistry set.( Heman天生的好奇心促使他尝试各种材料。7岁时，他差点用一套化学实验装置引发火灾。)”可知，他充满好奇心以及他打破常规，想出将抗癌药物放入纳米颗粒并制成日常肥皂的创新点子，可推知，他极具创造力。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一位15岁的少年Heman Bekele凭借发明治疗皮肤癌的肥皂被评为《时代》杂志年度儿童，并赢得了“青年科学家挑战赛”的故事。全文的核心是围绕这位年轻的“科学家”及其改变世界的发明展开的，因此“Meet a young scientist（认识一位年轻的科学家）”最能概括全文主旨，适合作为文章标题。
B篇
A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references, with these errors becoming more common when the AI is instructed on less familiar or highly specialized topics.
While past studies have documented that LLMs can fabricate (编造) references, it has been less clear how the nature of a given topic might influence the frequency of these errors. A team of researchers from the School of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia sought to explore this question within the field of mental health. To conduct their study, the researchers asked GPT-4o to generate different literature reviews. These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research).
After generating the reviews, the researchers examined all 176 references provided by the AI. The analysis showed that the rate of reference fabrication was strongly linked to the topic. For major depressive disorder, the most well-researched condition, only 6 percent of references were fabricated. In contrast, the fabrication rate rose sharply to 28 percent for binge eating disorder and 29 percent for body dysmorphic disorder.
The study has some limitations that the researchers acknowledge. Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing.
1. What is the new study mainly about?
A. The precision of AI references. B. The impact of AI on mental health.
C. The reliance on AI in daily life. D. The convenience of AI in research.
2. Why were the three mental disorders selected for the study?
A. They vary in severity. B. They attract media coverage.
C. They lack sufficient study. D. They differ in public visibility.
3. What is the author’s attitude toward the study findings?
A. Approving. B. Dismissive. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful.
4. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. GPT-4o: A Reliable Writing Assistant
B. GPT-4o: A Revolution in Literature Reviews
C. AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity
D. AI References: A Solution to Research Inaccuracy
【答案】1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C
【解析】文章主要讲述了AI模型生成参考文献的不可靠性及其对学术研究诚信构成的潜在风险。
1. 细节理解题。 根据第一段中“A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references (一项针对先进人工智能模型可靠性的全新调查，指出了其给科学研究带来的重大隐患。这项发表于《JMIR心理健康》期刊的研究发现，诸如人工智能公司OpenAI旗下GPT-4o之类的大型语言模型，常会生成不准确的参考文献)”以及全文围绕AI模型参考文献的错误率、准确性展开研究可知，这项新研究主要关于AI参考文献的精确度。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research). (这些文献综述围绕三种心理健康病症展开，选取这三种病症是因其公众认知度与研究覆盖面各不相同：重度抑郁症（广为人知且研究成果丰富）、暴食症（认知度中等）以及躯体变形障碍（知名度较低，相关研究较少）。)”可知，选择这三种心理疾病是因为它们在公众认知度上存在差异。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. (尽管如此，该研究结果仍为学术界提供了明确的启示。研究人员在使用这类人工智能模型时，需保持谨慎，对人工智能生成的每一条参考文献都进行全面人工核查。该研究结果还表明，在人工智能辅助写作的时代，学术期刊与科研机构或许需要制定全新标准、研发相关工具，以保障已发表科研成果的学术严谨性与真实性。)”可知，作者认为该研究结果为学术界提供了清晰的见解，并给出了具体的建议，说明作者对研究结果的态度是赞同的。
4. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段中“A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references (一项针对先进人工智能模型可靠性的全新调查，指出了其给科学研究带来的重大隐患。这项发表于《JMIR心理健康》期刊的研究发现，诸如人工智能公司OpenAI旗下GPT-4o之类的大型语言模型，常会生成不准确的参考文献)”以及最后一段中“The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing. (研究结果还表明，在人工智能辅助写作的时代，学术期刊和机构可能需要制定新的标准和工具，以维护已发表研究的完整性。)”可知，文章主要讨论了AI生成的参考文献可能带来的学术诚信风险。C选项“AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity (AI参考文献：学术诚信的风险)”贴合全文核心内容，适合作为文章标题。
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Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Period 2 Learning About Language
A组 巩固过关
C组 思维拔高
B组 能力进阶
一、单词拼写 根据所给汉语或首字母提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1. Everything was going well in the ______ (最初的) stage of development.
2. Some genetically engineered plants can resist natural pests such as _____________(病毒) or insects.
3. You’ll never come to understand our way of ________ (思维).
4. In the talk, Dr. Trice suggests that asking for the praise or thanks we need is ______ (至关重要的) for our emotional well-being.
5. Our body’s natural ______ (抵抗力) to infection can be improved by a healthy lifestyle.
6. Respect and mutual understanding provide a ________ (牢固的) foundation for friendship.
7. Researchers studied mice and found that just two hours of silence a day contributed to ________ (细胞) development.
8. Climate change affects nearly every ________ (方面) of our lives.
9. New Bedford ________ (主办) a number of lively festivals throughout last summer months.
10. Too much ________(蛋白质) in the diet may advance the aging process.
11. The new law provides a legal f_________ for protecting the rights of every citizen.
12. The researchers shared their latest f_________ with the public through an online report. (用适当的词填空)
13. The new survey will p__________ (证明) that green diets lower carbon emissions.
二、单项选择 从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. The reason why he failed was ______ he didn’t prepare well enough.
A. because B. that C. which D. what
2. The problem is ________ will take charge of the project when the manager is absent.
A. that B. whom C. whose D. who
3. The question is ________ we can find effective ways to reduce soil pollution.
A. if B. whether C. what D. that
4. It seems ________ she were an expert in international law, but actually she just studied it for a year.
A. as if B. that C. whether D. when
5. The important thing is ______ name should be put on the top of the list.
A. whoever B. who C. whose D. what
三、完成句子 根据汉语提示，补全下列句子。
1. He would never________ anyone.
他永远不会伤害任何人。
2. 这是一个棘手的问题。
It's a ________ question.
3. Taking a deep ___________, I managed to ___________ myself ___________ and walked up to the platform ___________.
深吸一口气，我成功地让自己镇定，然后自信地走上了讲台。
4. 我意识到抱怨没有用，我开始调整我的学习方法，每当遇到困难时就向老师求助。
Aware that complaining made no sense,________________.
5. 问题是他什么时候能到。
The question is _________.
6. The problem is ________ (我们如何加快耕作方式的转变).
7. The entire ________ (理论框架) of the scientific paper is composed of five parts.
8. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic ________________ (副作用).
9. Governments can ________________ (制定高目标) for reducing carbon emissions and saving and reusing energy.
10. This is ____________________（我出生的地方）.
11. This is ________ (我们在面对实验室各类安全隐患时应当牢记的原则)。(what 表语从句)
12. That is ________ (我们必须格外小心处理危险化学品的原因).
13. Choosing the right club ________ ________ (取决于) what you want to learn and what you are interested in.
14. It is a big question for me. I’m not sure which school I am going to apply for. (表语从句)
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四、翻译 把下列句子或词组译成英语。
1. 人造卫星绕地球运行并传回重要数据。(orbit) (汉译英)
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2. 他克服重重困难，着手准备演讲。（汉译英）
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3. 这次活动不仅帮助学生减少了屏幕使用时间，还使他们重新发现了阅读的乐趣。（Not only 句首倒装）（汉译英）
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4. 在科研中，研究人员对初步数据产生怀疑并不罕见。 (汉译英)
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5. 他们真正关心的不是疫苗的副作用，而是它能否帮助增强抵抗力。 (汉译英)
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6. 经历数次失败的实验后，整个团队把注意力集中到了一个更小的目标上。 (汉译英)
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7. 那时正是我们本应立即把数据记录下来的时刻。 (汉译英)
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8. 你可能不相信，但这个看似棘手的难题最终被证明是一个重大发现。 (汉译英)
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五、选词填空 用方框中所给词语填空，每词限用一次，必要时改变词形。
A篇
agency astronaut data determined intelligent satellite figure out result in
Lee was busy at work. Unlike most people around the world though, his workplace was in space. There was a problem with a（n）______1______. It was supposed to send information about the sun back to the ______2______on Earth, but the equipment for sending the______3______ was not working properly. So it was Lee's mission to ______4______the problem and solve it.
Lee was very______5______ as a（n）______6______, and he was also very careful. He was______7______ to make the satellite work properly again, but he would make sure to be safe. He knew that one small mistake could______8______ death.
B篇
save, resources, treasure, recycle, reduce, preserve, conserve,
natural resource, avoid waste, value
Our planet provides us with countless ______1______ that we rely on every day. Clean water, fresh air, fertile soil, and diverse wildlife are all part of this precious system. However, human activities are putting enormous pressure on these gifts. To ensure that future generations can enjoy the same quality of life, we must learn to ______2______ what we have.
One of the simplest actions we can take is to ______3______ water. Turning off the tap while brushing teeth and fixing leaks can save hundreds of gallons per month. Another important step is to ______4______ electricity by using energy-efficient light bulbs and unplugging devices when they are not in use. These habits might seem small, but when millions of people adopt them, the impact is enormous.
We also need to ______5______ the food we eat. About one-third of all food produced globally is thrown away, which is a terrible waste of water, land, and labor. To ______6______, we can plan meals carefully, store food properly, and eat leftovers. When we do need to discard something, we should ______7______ it instead of sending it to a landfill. Glass, paper, and plastic can all be processed and turned into new products.
Finally, we can ______8______ our use of single-use plastics by choosing reusable bags and bottles. Every small effort helps ______9______ our natural environment for the future. A ______10______ like fresh air might seem limitless, but it too can be polluted or depleted if we are not careful. By valuing what we have, we ensure a healthier planet for ourselves and our children.
六、阅读理解 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A篇
Heman Bekele has been named TIME’s Kid of the Year for 2024. The 15-year-old has come up with an idea for a soap that could help treat skin cancer, and he is already working with scientists to test his idea.
Heman’s family came to the US from Ethiopia when he was-four. Heman remembers seeing people there working outside in the sun without proper sun protection, which may well increase the risk of skin cancer. From his parent’s, he had a deeper understanding of its dangers. Skin cancer can often be cured, but the treatment is extremely expensive for those poor workers.
Heman’s natural curiosity led him to experiment with different materials and at the age of 7, he nearly caused a fire with a chemistry set. As he got older, he began to wonder if his curiosity could actually help make a difference. Upon reading about imiquimod, a medicine that can help fight skin cancer in the early stages, he realized it was a good way to make the medicine work through a simple bar of soap.
But Heman knew that simply mixing imiquimod with soap wouldn’t work, as it would just wash away. Instead, he thought of creating a soap that contained the medicine inside super tiny “nanoparticles” (纳米颗粒) to make sure it remains on the skin after the soap washed off, allowing imiquimod to take effect.
Last year, when he was 14, Heman created a video explaining his idea, and won the 3M Young Scientist Challenge. He is now working with scientists at Johns Hopkins University, running tests to see if the soap helps mice with skin cancer.
Heman knows that it will take a long time and a lot of effort to develop his soap, but he’s excited about the work. He also encourages other young people to contribute. “Just keep inventing and thinking of new ways to improve our world and make it a better place,” Heman says.
1. What drove Heman Bekele to create the soap?
A. His curiosity about skin cancer.
B. His desire to develop a new medicine.
C. His concern for unprotected workers outdoors.
D. His family’s history of skin cancer.
2. Why does Heman use nanoparticles in his soap?
A. To make imiquimod affordable B. To help imiquimod stay on the skin.
C. To make imiquimod easier to use. D. To help imiquimod spread faster.
3. Which of the following best describes Heman according to the text?
A. Curious and creative. B. Focused and honest.
C. Understanding and modest. D. Efficient and generous.
4. What can be the suitable title of the passage?
A. Fight against skin cancer. B. Be a gifted teenager.
C. Meet a young scientist. D. Follow a medical career.
B篇
A new investigation into the reliability of advanced artificial intelligence models emphasizes a significant risk for scientific research. The study, published in JMIR Mental Health, found that large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT-4o frequently generate inaccurate references, with these errors becoming more common when the AI is instructed on less familiar or highly specialized topics.
While past studies have documented that LLMs can fabricate (编造) references, it has been less clear how the nature of a given topic might influence the frequency of these errors. A team of researchers from the School of Psychology at Deakin University in Australia sought to explore this question within the field of mental health. To conduct their study, the researchers asked GPT-4o to generate different literature reviews. These reviews centered on three mental health conditions chosen for their varying levels of public recognition and research coverage: major depressive disorder (a widely known and heavily researched condition), binge eating disorder (moderately known), and body dysmorphic disorder (a less-known condition with a smaller body of research).
After generating the reviews, the researchers examined all 176 references provided by the AI. The analysis showed that the rate of reference fabrication was strongly linked to the topic. For major depressive disorder, the most well-researched condition, only 6 percent of references were fabricated. In contrast, the fabrication rate rose sharply to 28 percent for binge eating disorder and 29 percent for body dysmorphic disorder.
The study has some limitations that the researchers acknowledge. Still, the study’s results offer clear insights for the academic community. Researchers using these models are advised to be cautious and perform thorough human checks of every reference an AI generates. The findings also suggest that academic journals and institutions may need to develop new standards and tools to safeguard the integrity of published research in an era of AI-assisted writing.
1. What is the new study mainly about?
A. The precision of AI references. B. The impact of AI on mental health.
C. The reliance on AI in daily life. D. The convenience of AI in research.
2. Why were the three mental disorders selected for the study?
A. They vary in severity. B. They attract media coverage.
C. They lack sufficient study. D. They differ in public visibility.
3. What is the author’s attitude toward the study findings?
A. Approving. B. Dismissive. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful.
4. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. GPT-4o: A Reliable Writing Assistant
B. GPT-4o: A Revolution in Literature Reviews
C. AI References: A Risk for Academic Integrity
D. AI References: A Solution to Research Inaccuracy
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