学考专题10 定语从句：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，全国通用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题10 定语从句 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 关系代词的选用 考点二 关系副词的选用 练|巩固提升训练 本模块依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2025年修订）》对本专题在学考中的要求进行梳理，并结合近年全国各地学业水平考试命题实践作出趋势判断。 1.1 课标依据与学考层级要求 定语从句在课标附录 3 中归入“三、句法 → 主从复合句”下的定语从句条目，与宾语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句并列。其中由关系代词或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句标注一个星号，属高中必修课程要求；非限制性定语从句标注两个星号，属选择性必修要求。这一层级划分直接决定复习投入：限制性定语从句必须做到“见题能选、写作能用”，非限制性定语从句只需做到“读到能认、意思不偏”。 知识点 课标层级 学考具体要求 认知层次 常见题型 关系代词 who / whom / whose / which / that 引导限制性定语从句 必修（一个星号） 掌握五个关系代词的指人与指物之分、在从句中所作的成分，以及作宾语时可省略 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空、写作 关系副词 when / where / why 必修（一个星号） 掌握“先行词为时间、地点、reason”的对应关系，以及关系副词＝介词＋which的改写 单项选择、语法填空 只用 that 的七种情形 必修（一个星号） 掌握不定代词、the only / the very、序数词与最高级、人物同指等典型标志词 单项选择、语法填空 介词 ＋ 关系代词（whom / which） 必修（一个星号） 掌握介词的三种确定依据，以及固定短语动词不可拆的限制 单项选择、语法填空 关系代词的省略 必修（一个星号） 掌握作宾语可省、作主语不可省、介词后不可省三条底线 语法填空、写作 非限制性定语从句（which / as / who 等） 选择性必修（两个星号） 只要求辨认：有逗号、不用 that、可指代整个主句；不要求系统分析结构类型 理解辨认 完形填空、阅读理解 as 引导的定语从句 选择性必修（两个星号） 能辨认 as we all know、as is often the case 等固定说法；掌握 the same ... as、such ... as 两个句式 理解辨认 阅读理解、单项选择 定语从句中的主谓一致 必修（主谓一致条目，不带星号） 掌握 one of 与 the only one of 两类句型的谓语单复数之分 熟练掌握 单项选择 易错提醒一：把“超纲”与“超难”分开看 非限制性定语从句虽然标注两个星号，但它在阅读理解和完形填空中出现频率极高，若完全不学，会造成“单词都认识、句子读不通”的现象。 正确的处理是：考试中只要求辨认与理解，不要求主动构造复杂变式。本讲义把非限制性从句放在 2.7 节单独处理，正是出于这一考虑。 同理，课标中标注三个星号的内容（强调句、倒装、虚拟语气）属选修提高类，学考不作要求，本讲义仅在 2.8 节的辨析表中提及强调句，用于帮助排除干扰，不作考点展开。 提示：本讲义所有星号说明均指课标附录 3 语法项目表中的标注层级，“不带星号”表示义务教育阶段已学、高中必修应熟练掌握的内容。 1.2 学考与高考的考查差异 定语从句在两类考试中都属高频考点，但命题角度、选项设计难度与对输出的要求差别明显。学考偏重“识别与选用”，高考偏重“在长难句中剥离结构与精准理解”。复习时应先按学考标准把判定路径练到自动化，再向高考的理解要求延伸。 比较维度 学业水平考试（学考） 高考 考查重心 关系词的正确选用（that / which / who / whom / whose / when / where / why） 从句的剥离与句意整合，关系词选用只是其中一环 题干形态 单句为主，先行词与从句清晰可见，干扰项多为相邻关系词 长句、嵌套句与分隔式定语从句（先行词与关系词被其他成分隔开） 典型设题 直接填关系词；或给出两个中文释义，要求选择译法正确的句子 定语从句与同位语从句、强调句、并列句的混合辨析；非限制性从句对句意的影响 干扰项设计 利用只用 that 的特殊情形、介词后不用 that 设坑 利用插入语断开结构、which 指代整句设坑 对等要求 能选出正确关系词并说明理由 能在阅读中快速切分句子、在写作中恰当使用 写作要求 会用一两句定语从句即可，正确性优先 要求从句种类多样、位置得当，且能与非谓语、非限制性从句交替使用 易错提醒二：学考最常见的三类失分点 第一类：先行词与关系词被分隔而看错先行词。 例如 The news came that ... 与分隔式从句，应先找准被修饰的名词，再谈关系词。 第二类：把及物动词误判为不及物，从而错用关系副词。 the school ______ I visited 中 visit 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that，不能用 where。 第三类：在非限制性从句中选了 that。 只要有逗号，立刻排除 that；同时记住 why 也不能用于非限制性从句，改用 for which。 1.3 2027命题趋势观察与备考策略 综合近年全国各地学业水平考试与高考英语的命制实践，定语从句这一考点呈现三条较为稳定的趋势。把握趋势不是为了押题，而是为了把有限的复习时间投到出现概率最高、区分度最大的地方。 趋势 表现 备考动作 趋势一：从“背规则”转向“判成分” 单纯考“不定代词后用 that”的题目占比下降；需要先判断从句缺什么成分才能作答的题目占比上升 练熟三步判定：找先行词 → 放回从句 → 看缺什么成分；做到 10 秒内完成一次判定 趋势二：语法填空成为主战场 无提示词的空格中，关系词是稳定考点之一；常与介词＋关系代词、只用 that 结合命题 建立“先判成分、再看特殊标志、最后看介词”的固定作答顺序，避免凭语感乱填 趋势三：阅读中的长句理解权重上升 非限制性定语从句、分隔式定语从句在说明文与记叙文中大量出现，考查的是能否正确切分句子 每天精析 3 个含定语从句的长句，标注先行词、关系词与从句范围，并口头译出全句 备考策略四条 ● 第一条：先建骨架，再填细节。 把“先行词—关系词—从句”三段结构刻在脑中，所有规则都挂在这个骨架上，不必死记散点。 ● 第二条：关系词只有两类。 关系代词＝在从句里当代词（主语、宾语、表语、定语）；关系副词＝在从句里当副词（状语）。判定问题一律化为“从句缺什么”。 ● 第三条：把特殊规则做成条件反射。 看到逗号排 that，看到介词排 that 与 who，看到不定代词与最高级优先 that，看到 reason 考虑 why。 ● 第四条：以写促记。 每周在作文中有意识地写 3 句定语从句（一句限制性、一句非限制性、一句介词＋关系代词），比刷 30 道单选题更能固化结构感。 易错提醒三：语法填空的作答顺序（建议固定下来） 第一步：确认空格后面是一个句子，且空格前是名词或代词——满足这两点，才考虑定语从句。 第二步：把空格前的名词放回空格所在的从句，试读是否缺成分。 第三步：缺主语或宾语 → 关系代词；不缺 → 关系副词；缺定语 → whose。 第四步：检查特殊标志（逗号、介词、不定代词、最高级、the only、人物同指），据以修正。 第五步：填完回读全句，确认先行词与从句谓语的单复数一致。 附：若空格前没有名词或代词，该空通常不是定语从句，应转向状语从句或名词性从句考虑。 2.1 定语从句的构成与本质 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，被修饰的词叫先行词，引导从句的词叫关系词（关系代词或关系副词）。理解定语从句，关键在于认清关系词的三重身份：连接主句与从句、指代先行词、在从句中充当成分。这三重身份是所有考点的底层逻辑。 组成部分 含义与识别方法 本例对应与译文 主句 被修饰的主体句，含有被修饰的名词 The book is very useful.（这本书很有用。） 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，一定位于关系词之前；它决定关系词指人还是指物，也决定从句谓语的单复数 the book（物、单数） 关系词（关系代词／关系副词） 三重身份：①连接主句与从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一个句子成分 that（指代 the book，在从句中作 bought 的宾语） 从句 从关系词开始，到句末或到下一个标点为止；作用是修饰、限定先行词 that I bought yesterday（我昨天买的） 整句合并 先行词＋关系词＋从句＝一个完整的名词短语，整体在主句中充当成分 The book that I bought yesterday is very useful. （我昨天买的那本书很有用。） ★ 关系词的三重身份（所有定语从句考题的底层逻辑） 身份一：连接——把从句挂到主句上，位置紧跟先行词。 身份二：指代——关系词的意思就是先行词的意思，whom ＝ him / them，which ＝ it / they。 身份三：充当成分——关系词在从句里必须当一个成分（主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语），从句不可能既完整又不缺任何东西。 推论：判断用关系代词还是关系副词，就是判断“从句缺什么成分”——缺主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词；什么都不缺、只缺状语用关系副词。 易错提醒四：先行词不是“关系词前面的那个词” 先行词是“被修饰的那个名词”，不一定紧贴关系词。 分隔式定语从句中，两者之间会插入谓语或状语：The day came ______ we had been looking forward to. 中先行词是 the day，而非紧邻的 came。 先行词也可能是整个主句的一部分或整个句子（非限制性从句中 which / as 可指代整句）。 先行词决定两件事：关系词指人还是指物；关系代词作主语时从句谓语的单复数。 2.2 关系代词：who / whom / whose / which / that 关系代词在从句中起代词作用，充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。选用时按两个维度交叉判断：先行词指人还是指物（第一维度），关系词在从句中充当什么成分（第二维度）。两个维度一交叉，答案唯一。 先行词 从句中所作成分 可用关系词 例句 指人 作主语 who / that The boy who is standing there is my brother. 作宾语（动词宾语） whom / who / that，可省略 The boy (whom) I met yesterday is Tom. 作定语 whose（＋名词） the boy whose father is a doctor 作表语 that，常省略 He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. 指物 作主语 which / that The book which lies on the desk is mine. 作宾语（动词宾语） which / that，可省略 The book (which) I bought yesterday is useful. 作定语 whose / of which a house whose roof was damaged（＝ the roof of which） 作表语 that，常省略 The village is no longer the place (that) it was. 整件事 指代前面整个主句 which / as（非限制性，不用 that） He was late again, which made his teacher angry. ★ 关系代词使用的五条硬规则 规则一：whom 是 who 的宾格，只在作宾语时用，口语中常被 who / that 取代或直接省略；但介词之后只能用 whom，不能用 who 或 that（to whom、with whom）。 规则二：whose 既可指人也可指物，后必须接一个名词，等于“先行词的 ＋ 那个名词”。 规则三：that 不能用于非限制性定语从句（有逗号的从句一律不用 that）。 规则四：介词之后不用 that、不用 who，指人用 whom、指物用 which。 规则五：what 永远不能引导定语从句（what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身已含先行词）；the book what I bought 应改为 the book (that) I bought。 三个关系代词的专项说明 ● whom——只是 who 的宾格形式。 作宾语时用 whom / who / that 均可，口语中常省略；但介词之后必须用 whom，不能换 who 或 that，也不能省略。 ● whose——既可指人也可指物，后面必须接名词。 whose ＋ 名词 ＝ the ＋ 名词 ＋ of which / of whom ＝ of which / of whom ＋ the ＋ 名词。指物时三种写法等价，写作中可交替使用以避免重复。 ● that——可指人也可指物，是限制性从句的通用选项。 但它有两条禁令：不能用于非限制性从句，不能放在介词之后；同时它又是七种特殊情形下的唯一选择。 易错提醒五：what 与 which / that 的分工 what 不能引导定语从句。 what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身已经包含先行词，若再用它就是“先行词＋先行词”的重复。 错例：The book what I bought is useful. 正解：The book (which / that) I bought is useful. 或 The book I bought is useful. 记忆：定语从句必须有先行词，且关系词在从句中作成分；what 引导的是名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句），它在自己的从句里也作成分。 2.3 关系代词还是关系副词：三步判定 关系副词 when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因） 在从句中作状语，意义上分别相当于 at / on / in which、at / in which、for which。判定用代词还是副词，只需三步；第三步的“换写法”还能反向验证前两步是否判断正确。 步骤 操作 判据 结论与例句 第一步 把先行词放回从句里，看从句缺什么 缺主语、宾语、表语或定语 用关系代词：I like the book ______ is on the desk. → which / that（缺主语） 第二步 从句主谓宾齐全、意思完整，只缺状语 从句不缺主语和宾语 用关系副词：the factory ______ his father works → where（works 不及物，从句完整） 第三步 看缺的是哪一类状语 时间→when；地点→where；原因→why I still remember the day ______ we first met. → when 验证一 关系副词可改写为“介词 ＋ which” when ＝ at / on / in which；where ＝ at / in which；why ＝ for which the day on which he left ／ the house in which he lives 验证二 若改写后介词无处安放，说明从句其实缺宾语 需要“介词＋which”作宾语时，是关系代词 the book ______ I am looking for → (which / that)，介词 for 留在句末 ★ 一句话口诀与两个典型陷阱 口诀：“缺主宾用代词，不缺用副词；副词能换成介词＋which。” 陷阱一（visit / enter / reach 等及物动词）：the school ______ I visited 中 visit 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that，不能用 where；只有 the school ______ I study 这种不及物情形才用 where。 陷阱二（spend / forget 等）：the day ______ we spent together 中 spent 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that；the day ______ we met 中 met 在此不及物，用 when。 易错提醒六：及物动词是关系副词最大的陷阱 visit、enter、reach、spend、forget、attend、join 等都是及物动词，它们的定语从句缺宾语，必须用关系代词。 错例：the school where I visited（visited 缺宾语） → the school (which / that) I visited。 对照：the school where I study（study 在此不及物，从句完整）→ 正确。 快速检验：把先行词放进从句，若需要“介词＋先行词”才说得通（in the school），用关系副词；若直接说出来就通顺（I visited the school），用关系代词。 2.4 只用 that 的七种情形与禁用 that 的三种情形 这是学考单项选择与语法填空中出现频率最高的特殊规则。正向规则回答“什么时候必须用 that”，反向规则回答“什么时候绝不能用 that”，两者结合，可以把选项迅速缩到唯一。 类型 规则 例句 只用 that ① 先行词是 all / everything / nothing / something / anything / little / much / none / few 等不定代词 All that glitters is not gold.／There is nothing that I can do. 只用 that ② 先行词被 all / any / every / no / little / much / the only / the very / the last / the same / just 等修饰 This is the very book that I want.／He is the only person that can help. 只用 that ③ 先行词是序数词或最高级，或被序数词、最高级修饰 This is the first film that I have seen.／the best book that he has written 只用 that ④ 先行词既有人又有物 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 只用 that ⑤ 主句是以 who / which 开头的特殊疑问句，避免重复 Who is the man that is standing there?／Which is the book that you want? 只用 that ⑥ 两个定语从句并列，其中一个已用 which 或 who，另一个用 that The book which I bought is the one that he recommended. 只用 that ⑦ 关系词在从句中作表语 He is not the man (that) he was ten years ago. 禁用 that ① 非限制性定语从句（有逗号）一律不用 that My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.／My brother, that ...（错误） 禁用 that ② 介词之后不用 that，也不用 who（指人 whom、指物 which） the person to whom I spoke／the house in which he lives 禁用 that ③ 关系词指代整个主句时（非限制性）用 which 或 as He passed the exam, which surprised us all.／As is known to all, he is honest. ★ 记忆要点 正向：“不定、唯一、最（高级）、人物同、疑问、表语”七类只用 that。 反向：“有逗号、有介词、指整句”三类不用 that。 注意：that 作宾语时可以省略，但上述七种情形中若 that 作主语则不可省略。 易错提醒七：两条方向的规则不要混淆 正向（用 that）看的是先行词的“性质”：是不是不定代词、有没有 the only / the very、是不是序数词或最高级、是不是人物同指、主句是不是 who / which 开头的疑问句、关系词是不是作表语。 反向（不用 that）看的是关系词的“位置与环境”：有没有逗号、前面有没有介词、是不是在指代整个主句。 两者同时出现时，反向规则优先：例如先行词是 all，但从句是非限制性的，仍不能用 that，只能用 which。 2.5 介词 ＋ 关系代词 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以留在从句句末（关系词用 which / whom / that，且可省略），也可以提到关系词之前（此时只能用 which / whom，且不可省略）。介词提前是正式语体，也是学考的高频设题点。 介词的确定依据 怎么判断 例句 等价说法 依据先行词的搭配 看先行词习惯与哪个介词连用 the day on which he left on the day 依据从句谓语动词的搭配 看从句中动词要求的介词 the person to whom I spoke speak to sb 依据从句形容词的搭配 看从句中形容词要求的介词 the subject in which he is interested be interested in 表示整体中的一部分 用 of which / of whom，或 数量词 ＋ of whom / which two of which／many of whom two of the books 表示所属关系 of which the ＋ 名词 或 whose ＋ 名词 the house of which the roof was damaged ＝ the house whose roof ... ★ 三条操作规则 规则一：介词之后指人用 whom、指物用 which，绝不能用 that / who，且关系词不可省略。 规则二：固定短语动词不可拆开——look for、look after、take care of、listen to、pay attention to 等，介词必须留在动词后面：the book (which) I am looking for；the book for which I am looking（不自然，学考判错）。 规则三：介词提前是正式语体，口语与写作中更常见的是把介词留在句末、关系词省略：the person (who / whom) I spoke to。两种都正确，但介词一旦提前就必须用正确的关系词形式。 易错提醒八：固定短语动词不可拆 look for、look after、take care of、listen to、pay attention to、depend on 等“动词＋介词”已凝固为整体语义，介词不能前移。 错例：the book for which I am looking → the book (which / that) I am looking for。 对照：speak to、be interested in 属自由搭配，可以前移——the person to whom I spoke、the subject in which he is interested。 实操判断：把介词提前后读一遍，若动词意思明显改变或读不通，就说明不可拆。 2.6 as 与 which 引导的定语从句 as 与 which 都能引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句，但二者在位置、语义与固定用法上分工明确。此外，as 还用于 the same ... as、such ... as 等限制性句式，这是学考的常考点。 比较项 as which 例句 位置 可位于句首、句中、句末 只能位于被指代内容之后 As we all know, he is honest.（句首）／He was late, which made ...（句末） 指代对象 指代整个主句表达的事实 可指代整个主句，也可指代句中某个名词 He married Mary, which surprised everyone. 语义色彩 含“正如、正像”的意味，与已知事实相符 含“这、这一点”的意味，陈述结果或补充 As is often the case, he arrived late. 主句为否定时 一般不用 as 多用 which He didn't come, which made us worried. 谓语为被动时 常接系表结构，构成固定说法 较少 as is known to all／as is reported／as is expected 固定搭配 as we all know、as is known to all、as is often the case、as often happens、as has been said above、as is reported 无此类固定说法 As has been said above, practice makes perfect. ★ as 在限制性定语从句中的三个固定句式（必考） 句式一：the same ＋ 名词 ＋ as——I bought the same book as you have. 句式二：such ＋ 名词 ＋ as——He is such a good teacher as is loved by all. 句式三：as ＋ 形容词 ＋ as——I have as many books as you have. 提示：the same ... as 表“同类”，the same ... that 表“同一个”——This is the same pen as I lost.（同款）／This is the same pen that I lost.（就是那一支）。 易错：such ... that 是结果状语从句（that 后接完整句子，不作成分），such ... as 是定语从句（as 在从句中作成分）。 易错提醒九：such ... as 与 such ... that 的分野 such ... as 是定语从句：as 在从句中充当成分（主语或宾语），所以 as 后面常缺成分——He is such a good teacher as is loved by all.（as 作主语） such ... that 是结果状语从句：that 只起连接作用，不作成分，后面是完整句子——He is such a good teacher that everyone loves him.（everyone loves him 完整） 同理：the same ... as 表“同类同款”，the same ... that 表“同一个”。 2.7 限制性与非限制性定语从句 两者的区别不在语法难度，而在一个逗号。有逗号是非限制性，随之而来的是三条硬性限制：不用 that、关系词不省略、不用 why。语义上，限制性从句“限定对象”，非限制性从句“补充说明”。 比较项 限制性定语从句（必修） 非限制性定语从句（选择性必修） 形式标志 无逗号，紧附先行词 有逗号（前后成对，句末只前逗号） 与先行词的关系 限定所修饰的对象，去掉后主句意思不完整或改变 补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍然完整 可用关系词 that / who / whom / whose / which / as / when / where / why 不用 that；不用 why（改用 for which）；其余均可 关系词能否省略 作宾语时可省略 一律不可省略 指代范围 只修饰先行词（一个名词或代词） 可修饰先行词，也可指代整个主句（用 which / as） 翻译处理 译作“……的”，放在名词前面 译作并列分句或状语分句，放在后面 典型例句 The students who study hard will pass. （努力学习的学生会通过。——只指努力的那些） The students, who study hard, will pass. （这些学生都会通过，他们学习很努力。） ★ 学考应对策略 第一层：识别——看见逗号＋关系词，立刻判定为非限制性，选项中含 that 的一律排除。 第二层：理解——非限制性从句常可改写为并列句（and he ... / and it ...），理解时把它当作补充说明即可。 第三层：运用——作文中用一处“which 指代整句”能显著提升句式档次，例如 He got the first prize, which made his parents proud. 易错提醒十：逗号改变句意，这是命题人的常用手法 The students who study hard will pass.（只有努力学习的学生会通过） The students, who study hard, will pass.（这些学生都会通过，而且他们学习努力） 写作提示：非限制性从句可以改写为并列句（and they ...），在作文里用它补充说明，能避免句式单调；但一次作文中出现一到两处即可，过多会显得累赘。 2.8 四类易混结构辨析 定语从句最常与同位语从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句混淆，也与名词性从句中的 what 相混。辨析的关键不在背诵例句，而在按固定顺序做结构排查：找先行词 → 看标点 → 看介词 → 看成分 → 看特殊标志。 易混对象 判据 例句与结论 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 that 在从句中是否充当成分：充当成分（主语／宾语）是定语从句；不作成分、只起连接作用是同位语从句；且同位语的先行词多为 news / idea / fact / hope / suggestion / doubt 等抽象名词 The news that he told me is true.（定语从句，that 作 told 的宾语） The news that he won the prize is true.（同位语从句，that 不作成分） 定语从句 vs 状语从句 when / where 前有没有表示时间或地点的先行词：有先行词是定语从句，前面没有名词则是状语从句 I'll never forget the day when we met.（定语从句） I was reading when he came in.（时间状语从句） 定语从句 vs 强调句 去掉 It is / was 与 that 后句子是否完整：完整即强调句；强调句的被强调部分可以是状语，定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词 It is the book that I bought yesterday.（强调句：还原为 I bought the book yesterday.） It is the book that lies on the desk.（定语从句） 定语从句 vs 并列句 有没有 and / but 等并列连词：有连词且后面是人称代词（them / it / him），是并列句；用 whom / which 则是定语从句 He has two sons, both of whom are doctors.（定语从句） He has two sons, and both of them are doctors.（并列句） 定语从句 vs 名词性从句 what 不能引导定语从句：what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身含先行词；定语从句必须有先行词，且用 which / that The book what I bought is useful. → The book (which / that) I bought is useful. ★ 通用排查顺序（拿到题先按此走一遍） ① 找先行词：关系词前面有没有名词或代词？没有 → 考虑状语从句或名词性从句。 ② 看标点：有逗号 → 非限制性，排除 that。 ③ 看介词：介词在关系词前面 → 指人 whom、指物 which，且不省略。 ④ 看成分：把先行词放回从句，缺主宾 → 关系代词；不缺 → 关系副词。 ⑤ 看特殊：不定代词、最高级、序数词、the only、人物同指 → 优先 that。 易错提醒十一：强调句与定语从句的“还原法” 还原法：把 It is / was 与 that 一并去掉，剩余部分若能调整成一个结构完整、意思基本不变的句子，就是强调句。 It is the book that I bought yesterday. → 还原为 I bought the book yesterday.（完整）→ 强调句。 It is the book that lies on the desk. → 去掉后 the book lies on the desk 虽完整，但 it is 后是被修饰的名词短语，that 在从句中作主语，属定语从句。 补充说明：强调句属课标标注三个星号的选修提高类内容，学考不作考查要求，此处只用于排除干扰，不必系统复习。 2.9 定语从句中的主谓一致 关系代词作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致，与关系词本身无关。这一规则在 one of ... 与 the only one of ... 两个句型上最容易出错，而这两个句型正是学考单选与改错的常客。 句型 从句谓语的单复数 例句 先行词为单数名词或不可数名词 单数 The book which is on the desk is mine. 先行词为复数名词 复数 The books which are on the desk are mine. one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 复数（修饰的是复数名词） He is one of the students who are good at maths. the only one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 单数（修饰的是 the only one） He is the only one of the students who is good at maths. the one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 单数 She is the one of the girls who has been to Beijing. 先行词为 the ＋ 形容词表一类人 复数 We should help the disabled, who are in need of care. ★ 两条判定口诀 口诀一：关系代词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数与先行词一致，与关系词本身无关。 口诀二：one of 结构看有没有 the only / the very——有 the only 修饰，先行词是 one（单数）；没有，先行词是后面的复数名词（复数）。 提示：先行词前有 the number of 用单数、a number of 用复数，这个规则在主句和从句中同样适用。 易错提醒十二：one of 结构的快速判定 看 one 前面有没有 the only / the very / the 序数词等限定：有，则先行词是 one（单数）；没有，则先行词是后面的复数名词（复数）。 He is one of the students who are good at maths.（＝这些学生都擅长数学，他是其中之一） He is the only one of the students who is good at maths.（＝这些学生里只有他擅长数学） 辅助判据：把从句改成简单句读一遍——who ＝ the students（复数）还是 ＝ the one（单数），答案立刻清楚。 2.10 关系词的省略 关系词能不能省，只看两件事：它在从句里当什么成分，以及它处在什么位置。限制性从句中关系代词作宾语是最常见的省略情形，也是书面语中最自然的表达；而作主语、位于介词之后、处于非限制性从句中，则一律不能省。 情形 能否省略 例句 关系代词在限制性从句中作宾语 可以省略（最常见） The book (which / that) I bought yesterday is useful. 关系代词作主语 不可省略 The book which is on the desk is mine.（which 不可省） 关系代词作表语 常可省略 He is not the man (that) he used to be. 关系副词 when / where / why 一般不省（why 在口语中偶有省略，写作中不省） I remember the day when we first met. 介词之后的关系词 不可省略，且不能用 that / who the person to whom I spoke（whom 不可省、不可换成 that） 非限制性从句中的关系词 一律不可省略 My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor. 先行词为 the way that / in which 可省，也可保留 I don't like the way (that / in which) he speaks to me. ★ 省略的两条底线 底线一：关系词在从句中作主语时，绝不能省——省了从句就没有主语，句子结构立刻崩塌。 底线二：省略后必须仍能一眼看出从句起点——若省略会造成歧义（如先行词后紧跟另一个名词），就不省。 写作提示：限制性从句中省略关系代词是最自然的书面表达，不必刻意补上；但语法填空若已给出关系词位置，则按成分填写，不能凭“可省”而留空。 易错提醒十三：语法填空里“可省”不等于“能空着” 写作中省略是为了简洁：The book (which) I bought is useful. 省略后更自然。 语法填空中空格必须填词：若题目要求填入关系词，即便口语中可省，也要按成分填上 which / that / whom。 判断要不要填：看空格前后——若空格后紧跟主语（从句已有主语），则空格处多半是宾语位置，填 which / that / whom（指人且介词后用 whom）。 考点一：关系代词的选用 例1. (2024年辽宁省普通高中学业水平考试英语试题)…… But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing 46 once saved us may now be killing us. 例2. （2024年甘肃省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题）______ we all know, China has made great achievements in space exploration. A．It B．As C．That D．What 例3. (2025年江苏省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Unlike traditional phones, Paxo phones can be assembled (组装) by people 38 get parts through the internet and follow online teaching videos. 例4. (2026年北京市第二次普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) The man is working with us is very friendly. 1． is often the case with children, Amy was completely better by the time the doctor arrived. 2．The girl father is a teacher studies hard. 3．Anyone is against this opinion may speak out. 4．The expert we suspect is doing research on soil pollution has published a new report. 5．The storm destroyed dozens of houses in the village, made the local government launch a rescue program immediately. 6．The traveller and his pet dog we ran into on the path were really lovely. 7．The girl is standing there is my cousin. 考点二： 关系副词的选用 例1.( 2024年江苏省普通高中学业水平考试英语试题) Bicycle circles have been turned into city clubs, 43 cool city bikers gather to buy bicycle accessories, drink coffee and exchange the latest trend in the cycling world. 例2. (2025年湖南省高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) The cultural festival invited attendees to enter a world 26 the romance of the Renaissance (文艺复兴) met with modernity. 1．The reason he cried is unclear. 2．The year she left was 2010. 3．The reason he succeeded is that he never gave up. 4．The photo brought the moment back to me I first met my best friend. 5．The way he deals with tough challenges deserves our respect. 6．The small mountain town we spent our spring vacation is well‑known for its tea gardens. 7．I still recall the day I joined the school volunteer group. 一、单项选择 1．The volunteer ________ you met at the hall spends much time helping elderly neighbours. A．which B．who C．whose D．when 2．The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A．when B．that C．where D．which 3．The rain got heavier and heavier, ________ made it more difficult for me to get home on time last night. A．where B．which C．when D．that 4．A high-tech park is announced to be built in this area, ________ will be put into practice next year. A．which B．that C．what D．as 5．Most students like teachers ________ are humorous and kind. A．whom B．whose C．who D．which 6．The room ________ windows face the south is our classroom. A．which B．whose C．that D．where 7．John told his parents about the cities and the people ________ he had visited. A．that B．who C．whom D．whose 8．I don’t know the reason ________ he looks unhappy these days. A．that B．when C．where D．why 9．Mr. Smith was really a very great teacher devoted to improving students’ practical abilities, ________ lectures we benefited a lot about communication skills when we attended his weekly courses last term. A．from whom B．of whom C．from whose D．of whose 10．After the promotion, he entered a stage in his career ___________ he faced more challenges and opportunities. A．that B．which C．whose D．where 11．He talked about a hero ________ no one had ever heard. A．of whom B．from whom C．about that D．who 12．The volunteers visit the nursing home regularly, cleaning the rooms and chatting with the elderly, ________ have lived here for several years. A．all of them B．each of whom C．all of whom D．each of them 13．Watson is pleased with his answer, ________ he thinks will impress Holmes greatly. A．where B．which C．whom D．that 14．People honor perseverance, industry, talent, resilience much because they are the means ________ men achieve great ends. A．in which B．on which C．for which D．by which 15．Then they showed all of the films at the party ________ students got awarded based on how much they’d improved rather than how good the films were. A．which B．when C．where D．in which 二、单句语法填空 1． is reported, the match was cancelled. 2．This is the place he was born. 3．The reason he offered for cancelling the trip sounded unbelievable. 4．The community park we jog every evening is peaceful. 5．Simple first‑aid steps can prevent so many deaths from chemical injuries, amazes us. 6．He wrote a letter he explained what happened in the accident. 7．The team treated more than 3,000 people were injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia. 8．The lady you spoke was a nurse. 9．The reason many teenagers are anxious is that they face huge study pressure. 10．Last month, parts of eastern Japan were struck by a serious earthquake, from effects its people are still suffering. 11．All is needed for a pleasant journey is careful preparation and a positive mind. 12．Is there anything we can do to reduce waste in daily life? 13．The stay I enjoyed local folk culture impressed me deeply. 14．Those break the rules shall be punished. 15．The girl we met at the station majors in traditional Chinese medicine. 一、阅读理解 A Each year Canada Chocolate Town celebrates its community’s rich and delicious heritage with its annual Chocolate Fest. This year, this week-long, family-oriented festival is full of different activities, all things chocolate-related. Ca-r-ma Charlotte County Coffee Morning Time: 9: 30 a.m. to 12 noon Location: St. Stephen Town Square Come out and join us for a cup of coffee, tea or juice, delicious home-baked goods and many featuring chocolate. Join the adoption programme — caring for homeless cats — sponsored by Ca-r-ma Charlotte County. Dot’s Delecto Birthday Party Time: 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Location: Boys and Girls Club of Charlotte County Who does St. Stephen love? Dot Larsen! Please join us for chocolate cake and chocolate milk and help celebrate Dot’s birthday. Come and play in our indoor/outdoor playground, have your face painted and enjoy a barbecue to help raise funds for the Barracuda Swim Team. Lucy the Ladybug’s Birthday Party Time: 12 noon to 3 p.m. Location: Kingsbrae Garden, St. Andrews Come to celebrate with Lucy and her friends for a picnic on our front lawn—bring your own picnic or have lunch at our Garden Cáfe. At 2 pm, join Lucy and her friends for an amazing race adventure through the big maze (迷宫) to find treasure in the fantasy garden! Cost: $16/Adult, $12/Students and Seniors, Free/Children 6 and younger. 1．When is it available if you are interested in barbecue? A．9: 30 a.m.. B．2: 30 p.m.. C．11: 30 a.m.. D．3: 00 p.m.. 2．How much should a couple with a girl aged 12 pay to take part in the above activities? A．$22. B．$44. C．$48. D．$32. 3．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a popular festival. B．To raise funds for a swimming team. C．To compare the three activities. D．To appeal to people to care for homeless cats. B Some people find their purpose by chance, while others grow into it. For Alyssa Rae Tootle, the owner and creative mind behind A．R. T Photography, her passion for capturing life’s rawest, most unfiltered (未加滤镜的) moments was planted early and bloomed naturally into the career for which she was meant. Born and raised in Statesboro, Alyssa’s love for photography started at home. Her mother was rarely seen without a camera in hand. At just 12 Alyssa was gifted her first camera. Her world shifted. Suddenly, everything became an adventure worth documenting. As she grew older, her natural curiosity and love for people were woven into her art. Photography became the perfect marriage between her adventurous spirit and her gift of making others feel seen, and what once was a passion project gradually turned into something much bigger: a career rooted in storytelling and service. The name A．R. T Photography is more than just her initials (首字母); it’s her philosophy. Every session is a chance to add art techniques into real life, to capture a brief moment and turn it into something timeless. Alyssa describes her style in three words: raw, real moments. She leans into spontaneity (率真) and encourages her customers to do the same, promising to create an atmosphere where they can be their truest selves. Still, no journey is without challenges. For Alyssa, the hardest part of becoming a photographer wasn’t the art itself but combining artistic work with business demands. “There are days when you just have to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a situation and go with the flow,” she said. Looking ahead, Alyssa has an ambition: building A．R. T Photography into a more established and trusted local brand in Statesboro and beyond. But more than anything, she wants her work to continue to inspire others to slow down and notice the small beauty in their own lives, passions and paths — those hidden gems (宝石) that are so often overlooked. 4．What first inspired Alyssa’s interest in photography? A．A family outing. B．A camera as a gift. C．A perfect marriage. D．A chance encounter. 5．Which of the following best reflects Alyssa’s philosophy? A．Art mirrors the soul. B．Form matters more. C．Plan for big moments. D．Find beauty in ordinary life. 6．What was Alyssa’s main challenge? A．Balancing different roles. B．Winning local trust. C．Creating a business model. D．Perfecting her artistic skills. 7．Which of the following best describes Alyssa? A．Curious and patient. B．Honest and practical. C．Creative and ambitious. D．Adventurous and independent. C The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored (赞助) medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started waiting to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and extending financial aid programs to inspire doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The yearly arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups (健康检查). “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 8．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors. C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river. 9．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. 10．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A．About a year. B．About ten months. C．About two months. D．About two weeks. 11．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful. C．Negative. D．Cautious. D Learning English can be fun and important. 12 But don’t worry! We’ve got some general methods of learning English effectively (高效地). Set a goal (目标). Having an aim or goal is important when you are learning a language. You should think about why you want to study English and what you want to achieve. When you have decided on your main goal, you can then make smaller steps to reach it. 13 This method helps you to stay motivated (积极). Find a routine (惯例). Learning a language takes a lot of time and practice. So it helps if you have a routine when you are studying. 14 Whether you study for 30 minutes each day or 1-2 hours throughout the week, you will gradually improve your English. Make mistakes. You won’t be perfect at English straightaway. 15 These errors can help you learn and improve your English skills. It’s better to be fluent (流利的) and make errors than be correct in every way without fluency. 16 Understanding English is easier if you can understand the culture of its native speakers. If you’re particularly interested in British English, for example, you could learn about the culture and history of the UK. A．Connect with the culture. B．Listen to native speakers. C．All learners make mistakes in English. D．However, it can also seem difficult sometimes. E．You should think about how long you can study for each day or week. F．By having lots of small goals, you can soon build up to your main goal. G．For many people, being able to speak English fluently is their final goal 二、完形填空 Several years ago, I held a crazy attitude towards running PBs (personal bests). I treated every run as a continuous 17 against time, with my GPS watch strictly judging my performance. I felt discouraged if I failed to 18 my running goal. Even with progress, I still desired to 19 my running speed in future training. Constant fast running did great 20 to my health. 21 , a serious ankle injury stopped me from running for three months. I could only take slow walks in local parks, and this experience offered a valuable 22 for my personal growth. Gradually, I began to 23 the warm scenery around me. After recovery, I decided to 24 my addiction to speed and data, choosing a gentle pace to keep a positive 25 of body and mind. I joined a running club where members 26 stories and supported each other. Later, trail running became my new 27 , which required full focus on road conditions rather than blind speed. At first, this change made me feel 28 . But slowly, I gained inner peace and built new 29 in running and life. One early morning, I ran casually by a reservoir (水库). I no longer 30 about speed or distance. I finally realized the true 31 of running is to enjoy the moment and connect with nature. 17．A．fight B．method C．schedule D．career 18．A．limit B．miss C．reach D．gain 19．A．balance B．improve C．explore D．pursue 20．A．harm B．risk C．benefit D．burden 21．A．Above all B．In return C．By accident D．Worse still 22．A．mission B．challenge C．lesson D．fortune 23．A．appreciate B．ignore C．compare D．select 24．A．put up B．give up C．take up D．pick up 25．A．fame B．mood C．talent D．state 26．A．collected B．shared C．designed D．recorded 27．A．fashion B．duty C．passion D．tradition 28．A．awkward B．confident C．secure D．positive 29．A．pattern B．feature C．confidence D．source 30．A．complained B．cared C．forgot D．doubted 31．A．prize B．skill C．schedule D．goal 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Welcome to the Amazon rainforest, the largest rainforest in the world. It plays a significant role in 32 (maintain) the fine balance of the global ecosystem. Covering an area of around 6 million square 33 (kilometre), the Amazon rainforest is more than half 34 size of China. It is named after the Amazon River, which is close to 6,400 km in 35 (long). On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. 390,000 plant species 36 (be) known to us, and more than 40,000 of them can be found in the Amazon rainforest. The forest’s different levels support an 37 (believable) variety of wildlife. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home 38 different kinds of living things. Various living things survive here, making up the forest’s food chain. The Amazon rainforest fixes carbon and produces over 20% of all the Earth’s oxygen, 39 breathes life into the planet. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17% of the rainforest 40 (disappear) due to human activities. We can’t afford 41 (damage) it. 四、书信写作 42．假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Dick对中国的传统文化很感兴趣，他打算近期到中国具有文化底蕴的地方旅游。请你给他写一封电子邮件，推荐几个他可能感兴趣的景点，内容包括： 1.推荐的地方； 2.推荐理由； 3.表达期待。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 定语从句 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 关系代词的选用 考点二 关系副词的选用 练|巩固提升训练 本模块依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2025年修订）》对本专题在学考中的要求进行梳理，并结合近年全国各地学业水平考试命题实践作出趋势判断。 1.1 课标依据与学考层级要求 定语从句在课标附录 3 中归入“三、句法 → 主从复合句”下的定语从句条目，与宾语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句并列。其中由关系代词或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句标注一个星号，属高中必修课程要求；非限制性定语从句标注两个星号，属选择性必修要求。这一层级划分直接决定复习投入：限制性定语从句必须做到“见题能选、写作能用”，非限制性定语从句只需做到“读到能认、意思不偏”。 知识点 课标层级 学考具体要求 认知层次 常见题型 关系代词 who / whom / whose / which / that 引导限制性定语从句 必修（一个星号） 掌握五个关系代词的指人与指物之分、在从句中所作的成分，以及作宾语时可省略 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空、写作 关系副词 when / where / why 必修（一个星号） 掌握“先行词为时间、地点、reason”的对应关系，以及关系副词＝介词＋which的改写 单项选择、语法填空 只用 that 的七种情形 必修（一个星号） 掌握不定代词、the only / the very、序数词与最高级、人物同指等典型标志词 单项选择、语法填空 介词 ＋ 关系代词（whom / which） 必修（一个星号） 掌握介词的三种确定依据，以及固定短语动词不可拆的限制 单项选择、语法填空 关系代词的省略 必修（一个星号） 掌握作宾语可省、作主语不可省、介词后不可省三条底线 语法填空、写作 非限制性定语从句（which / as / who 等） 选择性必修（两个星号） 只要求辨认：有逗号、不用 that、可指代整个主句；不要求系统分析结构类型 理解辨认 完形填空、阅读理解 as 引导的定语从句 选择性必修（两个星号） 能辨认 as we all know、as is often the case 等固定说法；掌握 the same ... as、such ... as 两个句式 理解辨认 阅读理解、单项选择 定语从句中的主谓一致 必修（主谓一致条目，不带星号） 掌握 one of 与 the only one of 两类句型的谓语单复数之分 熟练掌握 单项选择 易错提醒一：把“超纲”与“超难”分开看 非限制性定语从句虽然标注两个星号，但它在阅读理解和完形填空中出现频率极高，若完全不学，会造成“单词都认识、句子读不通”的现象。 正确的处理是：考试中只要求辨认与理解，不要求主动构造复杂变式。本讲义把非限制性从句放在 2.7 节单独处理，正是出于这一考虑。 同理，课标中标注三个星号的内容（强调句、倒装、虚拟语气）属选修提高类，学考不作要求，本讲义仅在 2.8 节的辨析表中提及强调句，用于帮助排除干扰，不作考点展开。 提示：本讲义所有星号说明均指课标附录 3 语法项目表中的标注层级，“不带星号”表示义务教育阶段已学、高中必修应熟练掌握的内容。 1.2 学考与高考的考查差异 定语从句在两类考试中都属高频考点，但命题角度、选项设计难度与对输出的要求差别明显。学考偏重“识别与选用”，高考偏重“在长难句中剥离结构与精准理解”。复习时应先按学考标准把判定路径练到自动化，再向高考的理解要求延伸。 比较维度 学业水平考试（学考） 高考 考查重心 关系词的正确选用（that / which / who / whom / whose / when / where / why） 从句的剥离与句意整合，关系词选用只是其中一环 题干形态 单句为主，先行词与从句清晰可见，干扰项多为相邻关系词 长句、嵌套句与分隔式定语从句（先行词与关系词被其他成分隔开） 典型设题 直接填关系词；或给出两个中文释义，要求选择译法正确的句子 定语从句与同位语从句、强调句、并列句的混合辨析；非限制性从句对句意的影响 干扰项设计 利用只用 that 的特殊情形、介词后不用 that 设坑 利用插入语断开结构、which 指代整句设坑 对等要求 能选出正确关系词并说明理由 能在阅读中快速切分句子、在写作中恰当使用 写作要求 会用一两句定语从句即可，正确性优先 要求从句种类多样、位置得当，且能与非谓语、非限制性从句交替使用 易错提醒二：学考最常见的三类失分点 第一类：先行词与关系词被分隔而看错先行词。 例如 The news came that ... 与分隔式从句，应先找准被修饰的名词，再谈关系词。 第二类：把及物动词误判为不及物，从而错用关系副词。 the school ______ I visited 中 visit 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that，不能用 where。 第三类：在非限制性从句中选了 that。 只要有逗号，立刻排除 that；同时记住 why 也不能用于非限制性从句，改用 for which。 1.3 2027命题趋势观察与备考策略 综合近年全国各地学业水平考试与高考英语的命制实践，定语从句这一考点呈现三条较为稳定的趋势。把握趋势不是为了押题，而是为了把有限的复习时间投到出现概率最高、区分度最大的地方。 趋势 表现 备考动作 趋势一：从“背规则”转向“判成分” 单纯考“不定代词后用 that”的题目占比下降；需要先判断从句缺什么成分才能作答的题目占比上升 练熟三步判定：找先行词 → 放回从句 → 看缺什么成分；做到 10 秒内完成一次判定 趋势二：语法填空成为主战场 无提示词的空格中，关系词是稳定考点之一；常与介词＋关系代词、只用 that 结合命题 建立“先判成分、再看特殊标志、最后看介词”的固定作答顺序，避免凭语感乱填 趋势三：阅读中的长句理解权重上升 非限制性定语从句、分隔式定语从句在说明文与记叙文中大量出现，考查的是能否正确切分句子 每天精析 3 个含定语从句的长句，标注先行词、关系词与从句范围，并口头译出全句 备考策略四条 ● 第一条：先建骨架，再填细节。 把“先行词—关系词—从句”三段结构刻在脑中，所有规则都挂在这个骨架上，不必死记散点。 ● 第二条：关系词只有两类。 关系代词＝在从句里当代词（主语、宾语、表语、定语）；关系副词＝在从句里当副词（状语）。判定问题一律化为“从句缺什么”。 ● 第三条：把特殊规则做成条件反射。 看到逗号排 that，看到介词排 that 与 who，看到不定代词与最高级优先 that，看到 reason 考虑 why。 ● 第四条：以写促记。 每周在作文中有意识地写 3 句定语从句（一句限制性、一句非限制性、一句介词＋关系代词），比刷 30 道单选题更能固化结构感。 易错提醒三：语法填空的作答顺序（建议固定下来） 第一步：确认空格后面是一个句子，且空格前是名词或代词——满足这两点，才考虑定语从句。 第二步：把空格前的名词放回空格所在的从句，试读是否缺成分。 第三步：缺主语或宾语 → 关系代词；不缺 → 关系副词；缺定语 → whose。 第四步：检查特殊标志（逗号、介词、不定代词、最高级、the only、人物同指），据以修正。 第五步：填完回读全句，确认先行词与从句谓语的单复数一致。 附：若空格前没有名词或代词，该空通常不是定语从句，应转向状语从句或名词性从句考虑。 2.1 定语从句的构成与本质 定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，被修饰的词叫先行词，引导从句的词叫关系词（关系代词或关系副词）。理解定语从句，关键在于认清关系词的三重身份：连接主句与从句、指代先行词、在从句中充当成分。这三重身份是所有考点的底层逻辑。 组成部分 含义与识别方法 本例对应与译文 主句 被修饰的主体句，含有被修饰的名词 The book is very useful.（这本书很有用。） 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，一定位于关系词之前；它决定关系词指人还是指物，也决定从句谓语的单复数 the book（物、单数） 关系词（关系代词／关系副词） 三重身份：①连接主句与从句；②指代先行词；③在从句中充当一个句子成分 that（指代 the book，在从句中作 bought 的宾语） 从句 从关系词开始，到句末或到下一个标点为止；作用是修饰、限定先行词 that I bought yesterday（我昨天买的） 整句合并 先行词＋关系词＋从句＝一个完整的名词短语，整体在主句中充当成分 The book that I bought yesterday is very useful. （我昨天买的那本书很有用。） ★ 关系词的三重身份（所有定语从句考题的底层逻辑） 身份一：连接——把从句挂到主句上，位置紧跟先行词。 身份二：指代——关系词的意思就是先行词的意思，whom ＝ him / them，which ＝ it / they。 身份三：充当成分——关系词在从句里必须当一个成分（主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语），从句不可能既完整又不缺任何东西。 推论：判断用关系代词还是关系副词，就是判断“从句缺什么成分”——缺主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词；什么都不缺、只缺状语用关系副词。 易错提醒四：先行词不是“关系词前面的那个词” 先行词是“被修饰的那个名词”，不一定紧贴关系词。 分隔式定语从句中，两者之间会插入谓语或状语：The day came ______ we had been looking forward to. 中先行词是 the day，而非紧邻的 came。 先行词也可能是整个主句的一部分或整个句子（非限制性从句中 which / as 可指代整句）。 先行词决定两件事：关系词指人还是指物；关系代词作主语时从句谓语的单复数。 2.2 关系代词：who / whom / whose / which / that 关系代词在从句中起代词作用，充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。选用时按两个维度交叉判断：先行词指人还是指物（第一维度），关系词在从句中充当什么成分（第二维度）。两个维度一交叉，答案唯一。 先行词 从句中所作成分 可用关系词 例句 指人 作主语 who / that The boy who is standing there is my brother. 作宾语（动词宾语） whom / who / that，可省略 The boy (whom) I met yesterday is Tom. 作定语 whose（＋名词） the boy whose father is a doctor 作表语 that，常省略 He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. 指物 作主语 which / that The book which lies on the desk is mine. 作宾语（动词宾语） which / that，可省略 The book (which) I bought yesterday is useful. 作定语 whose / of which a house whose roof was damaged（＝ the roof of which） 作表语 that，常省略 The village is no longer the place (that) it was. 整件事 指代前面整个主句 which / as（非限制性，不用 that） He was late again, which made his teacher angry. ★ 关系代词使用的五条硬规则 规则一：whom 是 who 的宾格，只在作宾语时用，口语中常被 who / that 取代或直接省略；但介词之后只能用 whom，不能用 who 或 that（to whom、with whom）。 规则二：whose 既可指人也可指物，后必须接一个名词，等于“先行词的 ＋ 那个名词”。 规则三：that 不能用于非限制性定语从句（有逗号的从句一律不用 that）。 规则四：介词之后不用 that、不用 who，指人用 whom、指物用 which。 规则五：what 永远不能引导定语从句（what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身已含先行词）；the book what I bought 应改为 the book (that) I bought。 三个关系代词的专项说明 ● whom——只是 who 的宾格形式。 作宾语时用 whom / who / that 均可，口语中常省略；但介词之后必须用 whom，不能换 who 或 that，也不能省略。 ● whose——既可指人也可指物，后面必须接名词。 whose ＋ 名词 ＝ the ＋ 名词 ＋ of which / of whom ＝ of which / of whom ＋ the ＋ 名词。指物时三种写法等价，写作中可交替使用以避免重复。 ● that——可指人也可指物，是限制性从句的通用选项。 但它有两条禁令：不能用于非限制性从句，不能放在介词之后；同时它又是七种特殊情形下的唯一选择。 易错提醒五：what 与 which / that 的分工 what 不能引导定语从句。 what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身已经包含先行词，若再用它就是“先行词＋先行词”的重复。 错例：The book what I bought is useful. 正解：The book (which / that) I bought is useful. 或 The book I bought is useful. 记忆：定语从句必须有先行词，且关系词在从句中作成分；what 引导的是名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句），它在自己的从句里也作成分。 2.3 关系代词还是关系副词：三步判定 关系副词 when（时间）、where（地点）、why（原因） 在从句中作状语，意义上分别相当于 at / on / in which、at / in which、for which。判定用代词还是副词，只需三步；第三步的“换写法”还能反向验证前两步是否判断正确。 步骤 操作 判据 结论与例句 第一步 把先行词放回从句里，看从句缺什么 缺主语、宾语、表语或定语 用关系代词：I like the book ______ is on the desk. → which / that（缺主语） 第二步 从句主谓宾齐全、意思完整，只缺状语 从句不缺主语和宾语 用关系副词：the factory ______ his father works → where（works 不及物，从句完整） 第三步 看缺的是哪一类状语 时间→when；地点→where；原因→why I still remember the day ______ we first met. → when 验证一 关系副词可改写为“介词 ＋ which” when ＝ at / on / in which；where ＝ at / in which；why ＝ for which the day on which he left ／ the house in which he lives 验证二 若改写后介词无处安放，说明从句其实缺宾语 需要“介词＋which”作宾语时，是关系代词 the book ______ I am looking for → (which / that)，介词 for 留在句末 ★ 一句话口诀与两个典型陷阱 口诀：“缺主宾用代词，不缺用副词；副词能换成介词＋which。” 陷阱一（visit / enter / reach 等及物动词）：the school ______ I visited 中 visit 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that，不能用 where；只有 the school ______ I study 这种不及物情形才用 where。 陷阱二（spend / forget 等）：the day ______ we spent together 中 spent 及物，缺宾语，用 which / that；the day ______ we met 中 met 在此不及物，用 when。 易错提醒六：及物动词是关系副词最大的陷阱 visit、enter、reach、spend、forget、attend、join 等都是及物动词，它们的定语从句缺宾语，必须用关系代词。 错例：the school where I visited（visited 缺宾语） → the school (which / that) I visited。 对照：the school where I study（study 在此不及物，从句完整）→ 正确。 快速检验：把先行词放进从句，若需要“介词＋先行词”才说得通（in the school），用关系副词；若直接说出来就通顺（I visited the school），用关系代词。 2.4 只用 that 的七种情形与禁用 that 的三种情形 这是学考单项选择与语法填空中出现频率最高的特殊规则。正向规则回答“什么时候必须用 that”，反向规则回答“什么时候绝不能用 that”，两者结合，可以把选项迅速缩到唯一。 类型 规则 例句 只用 that ① 先行词是 all / everything / nothing / something / anything / little / much / none / few 等不定代词 All that glitters is not gold.／There is nothing that I can do. 只用 that ② 先行词被 all / any / every / no / little / much / the only / the very / the last / the same / just 等修饰 This is the very book that I want.／He is the only person that can help. 只用 that ③ 先行词是序数词或最高级，或被序数词、最高级修饰 This is the first film that I have seen.／the best book that he has written 只用 that ④ 先行词既有人又有物 They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 只用 that ⑤ 主句是以 who / which 开头的特殊疑问句，避免重复 Who is the man that is standing there?／Which is the book that you want? 只用 that ⑥ 两个定语从句并列，其中一个已用 which 或 who，另一个用 that The book which I bought is the one that he recommended. 只用 that ⑦ 关系词在从句中作表语 He is not the man (that) he was ten years ago. 禁用 that ① 非限制性定语从句（有逗号）一律不用 that My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.／My brother, that ...（错误） 禁用 that ② 介词之后不用 that，也不用 who（指人 whom、指物 which） the person to whom I spoke／the house in which he lives 禁用 that ③ 关系词指代整个主句时（非限制性）用 which 或 as He passed the exam, which surprised us all.／As is known to all, he is honest. ★ 记忆要点 正向：“不定、唯一、最（高级）、人物同、疑问、表语”七类只用 that。 反向：“有逗号、有介词、指整句”三类不用 that。 注意：that 作宾语时可以省略，但上述七种情形中若 that 作主语则不可省略。 易错提醒七：两条方向的规则不要混淆 正向（用 that）看的是先行词的“性质”：是不是不定代词、有没有 the only / the very、是不是序数词或最高级、是不是人物同指、主句是不是 who / which 开头的疑问句、关系词是不是作表语。 反向（不用 that）看的是关系词的“位置与环境”：有没有逗号、前面有没有介词、是不是在指代整个主句。 两者同时出现时，反向规则优先：例如先行词是 all，但从句是非限制性的，仍不能用 that，只能用 which。 2.5 介词 ＋ 关系代词 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以留在从句句末（关系词用 which / whom / that，且可省略），也可以提到关系词之前（此时只能用 which / whom，且不可省略）。介词提前是正式语体，也是学考的高频设题点。 介词的确定依据 怎么判断 例句 等价说法 依据先行词的搭配 看先行词习惯与哪个介词连用 the day on which he left on the day 依据从句谓语动词的搭配 看从句中动词要求的介词 the person to whom I spoke speak to sb 依据从句形容词的搭配 看从句中形容词要求的介词 the subject in which he is interested be interested in 表示整体中的一部分 用 of which / of whom，或 数量词 ＋ of whom / which two of which／many of whom two of the books 表示所属关系 of which the ＋ 名词 或 whose ＋ 名词 the house of which the roof was damaged ＝ the house whose roof ... ★ 三条操作规则 规则一：介词之后指人用 whom、指物用 which，绝不能用 that / who，且关系词不可省略。 规则二：固定短语动词不可拆开——look for、look after、take care of、listen to、pay attention to 等，介词必须留在动词后面：the book (which) I am looking for；the book for which I am looking（不自然，学考判错）。 规则三：介词提前是正式语体，口语与写作中更常见的是把介词留在句末、关系词省略：the person (who / whom) I spoke to。两种都正确，但介词一旦提前就必须用正确的关系词形式。 易错提醒八：固定短语动词不可拆 look for、look after、take care of、listen to、pay attention to、depend on 等“动词＋介词”已凝固为整体语义，介词不能前移。 错例：the book for which I am looking → the book (which / that) I am looking for。 对照：speak to、be interested in 属自由搭配，可以前移——the person to whom I spoke、the subject in which he is interested。 实操判断：把介词提前后读一遍，若动词意思明显改变或读不通，就说明不可拆。 2.6 as 与 which 引导的定语从句 as 与 which 都能引导非限制性定语从句指代整个主句，但二者在位置、语义与固定用法上分工明确。此外，as 还用于 the same ... as、such ... as 等限制性句式，这是学考的常考点。 比较项 as which 例句 位置 可位于句首、句中、句末 只能位于被指代内容之后 As we all know, he is honest.（句首）／He was late, which made ...（句末） 指代对象 指代整个主句表达的事实 可指代整个主句，也可指代句中某个名词 He married Mary, which surprised everyone. 语义色彩 含“正如、正像”的意味，与已知事实相符 含“这、这一点”的意味，陈述结果或补充 As is often the case, he arrived late. 主句为否定时 一般不用 as 多用 which He didn't come, which made us worried. 谓语为被动时 常接系表结构，构成固定说法 较少 as is known to all／as is reported／as is expected 固定搭配 as we all know、as is known to all、as is often the case、as often happens、as has been said above、as is reported 无此类固定说法 As has been said above, practice makes perfect. ★ as 在限制性定语从句中的三个固定句式（必考） 句式一：the same ＋ 名词 ＋ as——I bought the same book as you have. 句式二：such ＋ 名词 ＋ as——He is such a good teacher as is loved by all. 句式三：as ＋ 形容词 ＋ as——I have as many books as you have. 提示：the same ... as 表“同类”，the same ... that 表“同一个”——This is the same pen as I lost.（同款）／This is the same pen that I lost.（就是那一支）。 易错：such ... that 是结果状语从句（that 后接完整句子，不作成分），such ... as 是定语从句（as 在从句中作成分）。 易错提醒九：such ... as 与 such ... that 的分野 such ... as 是定语从句：as 在从句中充当成分（主语或宾语），所以 as 后面常缺成分——He is such a good teacher as is loved by all.（as 作主语） such ... that 是结果状语从句：that 只起连接作用，不作成分，后面是完整句子——He is such a good teacher that everyone loves him.（everyone loves him 完整） 同理：the same ... as 表“同类同款”，the same ... that 表“同一个”。 2.7 限制性与非限制性定语从句 两者的区别不在语法难度，而在一个逗号。有逗号是非限制性，随之而来的是三条硬性限制：不用 that、关系词不省略、不用 why。语义上，限制性从句“限定对象”，非限制性从句“补充说明”。 比较项 限制性定语从句（必修） 非限制性定语从句（选择性必修） 形式标志 无逗号，紧附先行词 有逗号（前后成对，句末只前逗号） 与先行词的关系 限定所修饰的对象，去掉后主句意思不完整或改变 补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍然完整 可用关系词 that / who / whom / whose / which / as / when / where / why 不用 that；不用 why（改用 for which）；其余均可 关系词能否省略 作宾语时可省略 一律不可省略 指代范围 只修饰先行词（一个名词或代词） 可修饰先行词，也可指代整个主句（用 which / as） 翻译处理 译作“……的”，放在名词前面 译作并列分句或状语分句，放在后面 典型例句 The students who study hard will pass. （努力学习的学生会通过。——只指努力的那些） The students, who study hard, will pass. （这些学生都会通过，他们学习很努力。） ★ 学考应对策略 第一层：识别——看见逗号＋关系词，立刻判定为非限制性，选项中含 that 的一律排除。 第二层：理解——非限制性从句常可改写为并列句（and he ... / and it ...），理解时把它当作补充说明即可。 第三层：运用——作文中用一处“which 指代整句”能显著提升句式档次，例如 He got the first prize, which made his parents proud. 易错提醒十：逗号改变句意，这是命题人的常用手法 The students who study hard will pass.（只有努力学习的学生会通过） The students, who study hard, will pass.（这些学生都会通过，而且他们学习努力） 写作提示：非限制性从句可以改写为并列句（and they ...），在作文里用它补充说明，能避免句式单调；但一次作文中出现一到两处即可，过多会显得累赘。 2.8 四类易混结构辨析 定语从句最常与同位语从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句混淆，也与名词性从句中的 what 相混。辨析的关键不在背诵例句，而在按固定顺序做结构排查：找先行词 → 看标点 → 看介词 → 看成分 → 看特殊标志。 易混对象 判据 例句与结论 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 that 在从句中是否充当成分：充当成分（主语／宾语）是定语从句；不作成分、只起连接作用是同位语从句；且同位语的先行词多为 news / idea / fact / hope / suggestion / doubt 等抽象名词 The news that he told me is true.（定语从句，that 作 told 的宾语） The news that he won the prize is true.（同位语从句，that 不作成分） 定语从句 vs 状语从句 when / where 前有没有表示时间或地点的先行词：有先行词是定语从句，前面没有名词则是状语从句 I'll never forget the day when we met.（定语从句） I was reading when he came in.（时间状语从句） 定语从句 vs 强调句 去掉 It is / was 与 that 后句子是否完整：完整即强调句；强调句的被强调部分可以是状语，定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词 It is the book that I bought yesterday.（强调句：还原为 I bought the book yesterday.） It is the book that lies on the desk.（定语从句） 定语从句 vs 并列句 有没有 and / but 等并列连词：有连词且后面是人称代词（them / it / him），是并列句；用 whom / which 则是定语从句 He has two sons, both of whom are doctors.（定语从句） He has two sons, and both of them are doctors.（并列句） 定语从句 vs 名词性从句 what 不能引导定语从句：what ＝ the thing(s) that，本身含先行词；定语从句必须有先行词，且用 which / that The book what I bought is useful. → The book (which / that) I bought is useful. ★ 通用排查顺序（拿到题先按此走一遍） ① 找先行词：关系词前面有没有名词或代词？没有 → 考虑状语从句或名词性从句。 ② 看标点：有逗号 → 非限制性，排除 that。 ③ 看介词：介词在关系词前面 → 指人 whom、指物 which，且不省略。 ④ 看成分：把先行词放回从句，缺主宾 → 关系代词；不缺 → 关系副词。 ⑤ 看特殊：不定代词、最高级、序数词、the only、人物同指 → 优先 that。 易错提醒十一：强调句与定语从句的“还原法” 还原法：把 It is / was 与 that 一并去掉，剩余部分若能调整成一个结构完整、意思基本不变的句子，就是强调句。 It is the book that I bought yesterday. → 还原为 I bought the book yesterday.（完整）→ 强调句。 It is the book that lies on the desk. → 去掉后 the book lies on the desk 虽完整，但 it is 后是被修饰的名词短语，that 在从句中作主语，属定语从句。 补充说明：强调句属课标标注三个星号的选修提高类内容，学考不作考查要求，此处只用于排除干扰，不必系统复习。 2.9 定语从句中的主谓一致 关系代词作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致，与关系词本身无关。这一规则在 one of ... 与 the only one of ... 两个句型上最容易出错，而这两个句型正是学考单选与改错的常客。 句型 从句谓语的单复数 例句 先行词为单数名词或不可数名词 单数 The book which is on the desk is mine. 先行词为复数名词 复数 The books which are on the desk are mine. one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 复数（修饰的是复数名词） He is one of the students who are good at maths. the only one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 单数（修饰的是 the only one） He is the only one of the students who is good at maths. the one of ＋ 复数名词 ＋ who / that 单数 She is the one of the girls who has been to Beijing. 先行词为 the ＋ 形容词表一类人 复数 We should help the disabled, who are in need of care. ★ 两条判定口诀 口诀一：关系代词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数与先行词一致，与关系词本身无关。 口诀二：one of 结构看有没有 the only / the very——有 the only 修饰，先行词是 one（单数）；没有，先行词是后面的复数名词（复数）。 提示：先行词前有 the number of 用单数、a number of 用复数，这个规则在主句和从句中同样适用。 易错提醒十二：one of 结构的快速判定 看 one 前面有没有 the only / the very / the 序数词等限定：有，则先行词是 one（单数）；没有，则先行词是后面的复数名词（复数）。 He is one of the students who are good at maths.（＝这些学生都擅长数学，他是其中之一） He is the only one of the students who is good at maths.（＝这些学生里只有他擅长数学） 辅助判据：把从句改成简单句读一遍——who ＝ the students（复数）还是 ＝ the one（单数），答案立刻清楚。 2.10 关系词的省略 关系词能不能省，只看两件事：它在从句里当什么成分，以及它处在什么位置。限制性从句中关系代词作宾语是最常见的省略情形，也是书面语中最自然的表达；而作主语、位于介词之后、处于非限制性从句中，则一律不能省。 情形 能否省略 例句 关系代词在限制性从句中作宾语 可以省略（最常见） The book (which / that) I bought yesterday is useful. 关系代词作主语 不可省略 The book which is on the desk is mine.（which 不可省） 关系代词作表语 常可省略 He is not the man (that) he used to be. 关系副词 when / where / why 一般不省（why 在口语中偶有省略，写作中不省） I remember the day when we first met. 介词之后的关系词 不可省略，且不能用 that / who the person to whom I spoke（whom 不可省、不可换成 that） 非限制性从句中的关系词 一律不可省略 My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor. 先行词为 the way that / in which 可省，也可保留 I don't like the way (that / in which) he speaks to me. ★ 省略的两条底线 底线一：关系词在从句中作主语时，绝不能省——省了从句就没有主语，句子结构立刻崩塌。 底线二：省略后必须仍能一眼看出从句起点——若省略会造成歧义（如先行词后紧跟另一个名词），就不省。 写作提示：限制性从句中省略关系代词是最自然的书面表达，不必刻意补上；但语法填空若已给出关系词位置，则按成分填写，不能凭“可省”而留空。 易错提醒十三：语法填空里“可省”不等于“能空着” 写作中省略是为了简洁：The book (which) I bought is useful. 省略后更自然。 语法填空中空格必须填词：若题目要求填入关系词，即便口语中可省，也要按成分填上 which / that / whom。 判断要不要填：看空格前后——若空格后紧跟主语（从句已有主语），则空格处多半是宾语位置，填 which / that / whom（指人且介词后用 whom）。 考点一：关系代词的选用 例1. (2024年辽宁省普通高中学业水平考试英语试题)…… But today, most people have more than enough. So the very thing 46 once saved us may now be killing us. 【答案】46．that 【详解】46．考查定语从句。句意：因此，恰恰是曾经救我们的东西现在可能正在杀死我们。此处引导定语从句，先行词为the very thing，指物，在定语从句中作主语，且先行词被the very修饰，故应用that引导，故填that。 例2. （2024年甘肃省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题）______ we all know, China has made great achievements in space exploration. A．It B．As C．That D．What 【答案】B 【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：正如我们所知，中国在太空探索领域取得了巨大成就。A. It它(代词)；B. As正如(连词，引导非限制性定语从句)；C. That(引导限制性定语从句)；D. What什么(引导名词性从句)。由语义可知，此处需要填入一个关系词引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句“China has made great achievements in space exploration(中国在太空探索领域取得了巨大成就)”，表示“正如……那样”，符合这一用法的只有“As”。故选B项。 例3. (2025年江苏省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Unlike traditional phones, Paxo phones can be assembled (组装) by people 38 get parts through the internet and follow online teaching videos. 【答案】38．who/that 【详解】38．考查定语从句关系词。句意：与传统手机不同，帕克索手机可以由人们自行组装——人们通过互联网获取零件并观看在线教学视频。限制性定语从句修饰先行词people，关系词在从句中作主语，指人，用who/that。故填who/that。 例4. (2026年北京市第二次普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) The man is working with us is very friendly. 【答案】who/that 【详解】句意：和我们一起工作的这位男士很友好。此空引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是the man(指人)，此空是关系代词who/that。 1． is often the case with children, Amy was completely better by the time the doctor arrived. 【答案】As 【详解】句意：正如孩子们常有的情况那样，等医生赶到时，Amy已经完全好了。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，在定语从句中作主语，引导词表示“正如”需用关系代词as引导，位于句首，首字母需大写。 2．The girl father is a teacher studies hard. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：那个父亲是老师的女孩学习很努力。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The girl，且关系词在定语从句中作定语，修饰father，所以用关系代词whose引导该从句。 3．Anyone is against this opinion may speak out. 【答案】who 【详解】句意：任何反对这一观点的人都可以畅所欲言。先行词为不定代词Anyone，指代人，在从句中作主语，需用关系代词who引导该限制性定语从句。 4．The expert we suspect is doing research on soil pollution has published a new report. 【答案】who/that 【详解】句意：我们怀疑正在研究土壤污染的那位专家已经发表了一份新报告。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The expert，指人，在从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that。 5．The storm destroyed dozens of houses in the village, made the local government launch a rescue program immediately. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：这场风暴摧毁了村里几十座房屋，这使得当地政府立即启动了一项救援计划。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句，关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导从句。 6．The traveller and his pet dog we ran into on the path were really lovely. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：我们在路上偶遇的那位旅行者和他的宠物狗十分可爱。 空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词The traveller and his pet dog，既包含人（the traveller）又包含物（his pet dog），在定语从句中作宾语，这种情况关系代词只能用that。 7．The girl is standing there is my cousin. 【答案】who/that 【详解】句意：那个女孩站在那里，是我表妹。定语从句修饰先行词girl，在从句作主语，指人，故用who或that。 考点二： 关系副词的选用 例1.( 2024年江苏省普通高中学业水平考试英语试题) Bicycle circles have been turned into city clubs, 43 cool city bikers gather to buy bicycle accessories, drink coffee and exchange the latest trend in the cycling world. 【答案】43．where 【详解】43．考查定语从句。句意：自行车圈已经变成了城市俱乐部，酷酷的城市自行车手们聚集在这里购买自行车配件、喝咖啡，并交流自行车界的最新趋势。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词city clubs，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。 例2. (2025年湖南省高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) The cultural festival invited attendees to enter a world 26 the romance of the Renaissance (文艺复兴) met with modernity. 【答案】26．where 【详解】26．考查定语从句。句意：这个文化节邀请参与者进入一个文艺复兴的浪漫与现代气息相遇的世界。先行词是a world，表示地点，且定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语等主要成分，需要一个表示“在……地方”的引导词来作从句的地点状语。 故填where。 1．The reason he cried is unclear. 【答案】why 【详解】句意：他为何哭了的原因还不清楚。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词reason在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why。 2．The year she left was 2010. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：她2010年离开的。空处引导限制性定语从句，代替先行词the year在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。 3．The reason he succeeded is that he never gave up. 【答案】why 【详解】句意：他成功的原因是他从不放弃。 空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，关系副词用why。 4．The photo brought the moment back to me I first met my best friend. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：这张照片让我回想起我第一次遇见我最好朋友的那一刻。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the moment，定语从句中不缺主语和宾语，缺少时间状语，用关系副词when引导。 5．The way he deals with tough challenges deserves our respect. 【答案】that/in which /不填 【详解】句意：他应对艰难挑战的方式值得我们尊敬。 当先行词是the way，且关系词在从句中作方式状语时，关系词可以用that/in which/省略（不填）。 6．The small mountain town we spent our spring vacation is well‑known for its tea gardens. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：我们度过春假的那个小山城以茶园而闻名。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词The small mountain town（小山城）表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。 7．I still recall the day I joined the school volunteer group. 【答案】when/on which 【详解】句意：我仍然记得我加入学校志愿者小组的那一天。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the day，表时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，可用when或on which引导。 一、单项选择 1．The volunteer ________ you met at the hall spends much time helping elderly neighbours. A．which B．who C．whose D．when 【答案】B 【详解】句意：你在大厅遇到的那位志愿者花了很多时间帮助年长的邻居。本句包含一个定语从句，先行词是The volunteer，指人，且关系词在定语从句中作动词met的宾语，可应用关系代词who。 2．The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A．when B．that C．where D．which 【答案】A 【详解】句意：靠体力谋生的日子一去不复返了。此空引导定语从句，修饰先行词the days，从句主系表结构完整，此空应用关系副词when，在从句中作时间状语。 3．The rain got heavier and heavier, ________ made it more difficult for me to get home on time last night. A．where B．which C．when D．that 【答案】B 【详解】句意：雨下得越来越大，这使得我昨晚更难按时到家。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整个主句“The rain got heavier and heavier”，关系词在从句中作主语，只能使用关系代词which。 4．A high-tech park is announced to be built in this area, ________ will be put into practice next year. A．which B．that C．what D．as 【答案】A 【详解】句意：据宣布，该地区将建一个高科技园区，这将在明年付诸实施。此处逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整个句子（即建高科技园区这件事），用关系代词which指代前面整个主句内容，并在从句中作主语。 5．Most students like teachers ________ are humorous and kind. A．whom B．whose C．who D．which 【答案】C 【详解】句意：大多数学生喜欢幽默且和蔼的老师。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词teachers，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导从句。 6．The room ________ windows face the south is our classroom. A．which B．whose C．that D．where 【答案】B 【详解】句意：窗户朝南的那个房间是我们的教室。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词The room，与空后的“windows”为所属关系，作定语，表示“房间的窗户”，因此需用关系代词whose作定语。 7．John told his parents about the cities and the people ________ he had visited. A．that B．who C．whom D．whose 【答案】A 【详解】句意：约翰把他参观过的城市和拜访过的人告诉了他的父母。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词the cities and the people既包含人也包含物，且在定语从句中作visited的宾语，此时关系代词只能用that引导。 8．I don’t know the reason ________ he looks unhappy these days. A．that B．when C．where D．why 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我不知道他这些天看起来不高兴的原因。此处为定语从句修饰先行词reason，且先行词在从句中作原因状语，因此需要使用关系副词why来引导定语从句。 9．Mr. Smith was really a very great teacher devoted to improving students’ practical abilities, ________ lectures we benefited a lot about communication skills when we attended his weekly courses last term. A．from whom B．of whom C．from whose D．of whose 【答案】C 【详解】句意：史密斯先生真是一位致力于提高学生实践能力的非常伟大的老师，上学期我们参加他的每周课程时，从他的讲座中我们学到了很多关于沟通技巧的知识。此处是非限制性定语从句，根据先行词Mr. Smith与lectures的所属关系以及固定搭配“benefit a lot from... (从……中受益匪浅)”可知，此空用from whose。 10．After the promotion, he entered a stage in his career ___________ he faced more challenges and opportunities. A．that B．which C．whose D．where 【答案】D 【详解】句意：晋升之后，他在职业生涯中进入了一个充满更多挑战与机遇的新阶段。设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词stage，在从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。 11．He talked about a hero ________ no one had ever heard. A．of whom B．from whom C．about that D．who 【答案】A 【详解】句意：他谈到了一个没有人听说过的英雄。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a hero，先行词指人，结合“heard”可知，从句中应用短语hear of表示“听说，了解”，先行词作介词of的宾语，可将介词of提前，构成“介词+关系代词”，即of whom引导定语从句。 12．The volunteers visit the nursing home regularly, cleaning the rooms and chatting with the elderly, ________ have lived here for several years. A．all of them B．each of whom C．all of whom D．each of them 【答案】C 【详解】句意：志愿者们定期去养老院，打扫房间并和老人们聊天，他们所有人都已经在这里住了好几年了。此处为“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰指人的先行词the elderly，需用关系代词whom。 13．Watson is pleased with his answer, ________ he thinks will impress Holmes greatly. A．where B．which C．whom D．that 【答案】B 【详解】句意：华生对他的回答很满意，他认为这会给福尔摩斯留下深刻的印象。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词his answer指物，从句中he thinks为插入语，关系词在从句中作主语，应用which，且that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。 14．People honor perseverance, industry, talent, resilience much because they are the means ________ men achieve great ends. A．in which B．on which C．for which D．by which 【答案】D 【详解】句意：人们非常推崇毅力、勤奋、天赋和韧性，因为它们是人们实现伟大目标的手段。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词means（方式，手段）。在定语从句中，先行词作状语，固定搭配by this means表示“通过这种方式”，因此需用“介词by+关系代词which”引导该定语从句。 15．Then they showed all of the films at the party ________ students got awarded based on how much they’d improved rather than how good the films were. A．which B．when C．where D．in which 【答案】C 【详解】句意：然后他们在聚会上展示了所有的电影，在聚会上，学生们根据他们进步了多少而不是电影有多好而获得奖励。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the party。定语从句中主谓结构完整，不缺主语和宾语，关系词代替先行词the party，在从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词where引导，也可用at which。 二、单句语法填空 1． is reported, the match was cancelled. 【答案】As 【详解】句意：正如报道的那样，比赛被取消了。此处需用as​引导非限制性定语从句，as指代后面整个主句内容，意为“正如，如同”，固定表达as is reported“正如所报道的”。 2．This is the place he was born. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：这就是他出生的地方。此处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the place，在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导。 3．The reason he offered for cancelling the trip sounded unbelievable. 【答案】that/which/不填 【详解】句意：他提出取消旅行的理由听起来简直难以置信。分析句子可知，空格处应填入定语从句的引导词，先行词是reason。关系词在定语从句中作offered的宾语，故用关系代词引导，关系代词作宾语时可省略。先行词reason是指物的名词，故填that或which或省略关系代词。 4．The community park we jog every evening is peaceful. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：我们每天傍晚慢跑的社区公园很宁静。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词The community park（社区公园）表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。 5．Simple first‑aid steps can prevent so many deaths from chemical injuries, amazes us. 【答案】which 【详解】句意：简单的急救步骤能够避免如此多由化学伤害导致的死亡，这一点让我们感到震惊。该空需要一个连接词引导非限制性定语从句，并指代前面整个主句描述的事情在从句中充当主语，非限制性定语从句关系代词应填which。 6．He wrote a letter he explained what happened in the accident. 【答案】where 【详解】句意：他写了一封信，在信中他说明了事故中发生的事情。本空引导定语从句，先行词为a letter，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导定语从句。 7．The team treated more than 3,000 people were injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia. 【答案】who/ that 【详解】句意：该团队救治了在2006年印度尼西亚地震中受伤的3000多人。该空需要一个关系词引导定语从句修饰先行词people，并指代先行词在从句中作主语，先行词指人，应使用关系代词who或that。 8．The lady you spoke was a nurse. 【答案】to whom 【详解】句意：和你说话的那位女士是个护士。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The lady，先行词指人，结合“you spoke”可知，从句需用固定短语speak to表示“与……交谈”，先行词作介词to的宾语，因此应用“介词+关系代词”，即to whom来引导从句。 9．The reason many teenagers are anxious is that they face huge study pressure. 【答案】why 【详解】 句意：许多青少年焦虑的原因是他们面临巨大的学习压力。  先行词是the reason，在从句中作原因状语，关系副词为why。   10．Last month, parts of eastern Japan were struck by a serious earthquake, from effects its people are still suffering. 【答案】whose 【详解】句意：上个月，日本东部部分地区遭遇强震，当地民众仍在承受地震带来的影响。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词earthquake，whose在从句中作定语修饰effects，表示“地震的”。 11．All is needed for a pleasant journey is careful preparation and a positive mind. 【答案】that 【详解】句意：一场愉快旅行所需要的一切就是精心的准备和积极的心态。分析句子可知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是 All（不定代词）。先行词为all，everything，nothing，something等不定代词时，关系代词只能用that，不能用which，先行词All在从句中作主语。 12．Is there anything we can do to reduce waste in daily life? 【答案】that 【详解】句意：日常生活中有没有我们可以做的事来减少浪费？ 先行词是不定代词anything，在定语从句中作宾语，当先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything等不定代词时，关系代词只能用that，不能用which。 13．The stay I enjoyed local folk culture impressed me deeply. 【答案】when 【详解】句意：我在那次逗留期间感受当地民俗文化的经历给我留下了深刻印象。此处引导定语从句，先行词the stay表一段时期，从句不缺主语和宾语，缺少时间状语，用关系副词when引导。 14．Those break the rules shall be punished. 【答案】who 【详解】句意：违反规则者将受到惩罚。此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是those，指人时，习惯用who而不用that。 15．The girl we met at the station majors in traditional Chinese medicine. 【答案】whom/who/that 【详解】句意：我们在车站遇到的那个女孩主修中医。定语从句修饰先行词girl，在从句中作宾语，指人，故用whom/who/that。 一、阅读理解 A Each year Canada Chocolate Town celebrates its community’s rich and delicious heritage with its annual Chocolate Fest. This year, this week-long, family-oriented festival is full of different activities, all things chocolate-related. Ca-r-ma Charlotte County Coffee Morning Time: 9: 30 a.m. to 12 noon Location: St. Stephen Town Square Come out and join us for a cup of coffee, tea or juice, delicious home-baked goods and many featuring chocolate. Join the adoption programme — caring for homeless cats — sponsored by Ca-r-ma Charlotte County. Dot’s Delecto Birthday Party Time: 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Location: Boys and Girls Club of Charlotte County Who does St. Stephen love? Dot Larsen! Please join us for chocolate cake and chocolate milk and help celebrate Dot’s birthday. Come and play in our indoor/outdoor playground, have your face painted and enjoy a barbecue to help raise funds for the Barracuda Swim Team. Lucy the Ladybug’s Birthday Party Time: 12 noon to 3 p.m. Location: Kingsbrae Garden, St. Andrews Come to celebrate with Lucy and her friends for a picnic on our front lawn—bring your own picnic or have lunch at our Garden Cáfe. At 2 pm, join Lucy and her friends for an amazing race adventure through the big maze (迷宫) to find treasure in the fantasy garden! Cost: $16/Adult, $12/Students and Seniors, Free/Children 6 and younger. 1．When is it available if you are interested in barbecue? A．9: 30 a.m.. B．2: 30 p.m.. C．11: 30 a.m.. D．3: 00 p.m.. 2．How much should a couple with a girl aged 12 pay to take part in the above activities? A．$22. B．$44. C．$48. D．$32. 3．What’s the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To introduce a popular festival. B．To raise funds for a swimming team. C．To compare the three activities. D．To appeal to people to care for homeless cats. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了加拿大巧克力小镇的巧克力节及其相关活动。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据Dot’s Delecto Birthday Party部分中的“Time: 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.(时间：上午11点至下午2点)”和“Come and play in our indoor/outdoor playground, have your face painted and enjoy a barbecue to help raise funds for the Barracuda Swim Team.(来我们的室内/室外游乐场玩耍，涂上你的脸，享受烧烤，为梭鱼游泳队筹集资金。)”可知，如果你对烧烤感兴趣，你可以在上午11时至下午2时去Dot’s Delecto Birthday Party，结合选项，C项“上午11点30分”在该活动的时间范围内。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Cost: $16/Adult, $12/Students and Seniors, Free/Children 6 and younger.(费用：成人16美元，学生和老人12美元，6岁及以下儿童免费。)”可知，一对夫妇加一个12岁女孩总共要花费：16×2+12=44美元。故选B。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Each year Canada Chocolate Town celebrates its community’s rich and delicious heritage with its annual Chocolate Fest. This year, this week-long, family-oriented festival is full of different activities, all things chocolate-related.(加拿大巧克力镇每年都会举办一年一度的巧克力节，庆祝其社区丰富而美味的传统。今年，这个为期一周，面向家庭的节日充满了不同的活动，所有的东西都与巧克力有关。)”可知，本文主要介绍了加拿大巧克力小镇的巧克力节及其相关活动，因此写本文的目的是介绍一个受欢迎的节日。故选A。 B Some people find their purpose by chance, while others grow into it. For Alyssa Rae Tootle, the owner and creative mind behind A．R. T Photography, her passion for capturing life’s rawest, most unfiltered (未加滤镜的) moments was planted early and bloomed naturally into the career for which she was meant. Born and raised in Statesboro, Alyssa’s love for photography started at home. Her mother was rarely seen without a camera in hand. At just 12 Alyssa was gifted her first camera. Her world shifted. Suddenly, everything became an adventure worth documenting. As she grew older, her natural curiosity and love for people were woven into her art. Photography became the perfect marriage between her adventurous spirit and her gift of making others feel seen, and what once was a passion project gradually turned into something much bigger: a career rooted in storytelling and service. The name A．R. T Photography is more than just her initials (首字母); it’s her philosophy. Every session is a chance to add art techniques into real life, to capture a brief moment and turn it into something timeless. Alyssa describes her style in three words: raw, real moments. She leans into spontaneity (率真) and encourages her customers to do the same, promising to create an atmosphere where they can be their truest selves. Still, no journey is without challenges. For Alyssa, the hardest part of becoming a photographer wasn’t the art itself but combining artistic work with business demands. “There are days when you just have to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a situation and go with the flow,” she said. Looking ahead, Alyssa has an ambition: building A．R. T Photography into a more established and trusted local brand in Statesboro and beyond. But more than anything, she wants her work to continue to inspire others to slow down and notice the small beauty in their own lives, passions and paths — those hidden gems (宝石) that are so often overlooked. 4．What first inspired Alyssa’s interest in photography? A．A family outing. B．A camera as a gift. C．A perfect marriage. D．A chance encounter. 5．Which of the following best reflects Alyssa’s philosophy? A．Art mirrors the soul. B．Form matters more. C．Plan for big moments. D．Find beauty in ordinary life. 6．What was Alyssa’s main challenge? A．Balancing different roles. B．Winning local trust. C．Creating a business model. D．Perfecting her artistic skills. 7．Which of the following best describes Alyssa? A．Curious and patient. B．Honest and practical. C．Creative and ambitious. D．Adventurous and independent. 【答案】4．B 5．D 6．A 7．C 【导语】本文讲述了摄影师Alyssa走上摄影之路的经历、摄影理念、遇到的挑战以及未来的目标。 【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第二段“At just 12 Alyssa was gifted her first camera. Her world shifted. Suddenly, everything became an adventure worth documenting. (12岁时，Alyssa收到了她的第一台相机作为礼物。她的世界发生了改变。突然间，一切都成了值得记录的冒险。)”可知，是这台作为礼物的相机最初激发了她对摄影的兴趣。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段“Every session is a chance to add art techniques into real life, to capture a brief moment and turn it into something timeless. (每一次拍摄都是将艺术技巧融入现实生活的机会，捕捉短暂的瞬间并将其变成永恒的东西。)”以及最后一段“she wants her work to continue to inspire others to slow down and notice the small beauty in their own lives (她希望自己的作品鼓励人们慢下来，发现生活里微小的美好)”可知，她的摄影理念是在平凡的日常生活中发现并记录真实的美。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“For Alyssa, the hardest part of becoming a photographer wasn’t the art itself but combining artistic work with business demands. (对Alyssa而言，成为摄影师最难的不是摄影艺术本身，而是兼顾艺术创作与商业需求。)”可知，她面临的主要挑战是如何在艺术创作者和商业经营者这两种不同的角色之间取得平衡。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段“the owner and creative mind behind A. R. T Photography (A. R. T摄影背后的创意人)”以及她将艺术技巧融入现实生活的做法，可知她富有创造力(Creative)；根据最后一段“Looking ahead, Alyssa has an ambition: building A. R. T Photography into a more established and trusted local brand (展望未来，Alyssa心怀目标，想把摄影工作室打造成成熟可信的本地品牌)”可知，她有雄心壮志(ambitious)。 C The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers — it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored (赞助) medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started waiting to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and extending financial aid programs to inspire doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The yearly arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups (健康检查). “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.” 8．How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A．It runs across countries. B．It reserves seats for the seniors. C．It functions as a hospital. D．It travels along a river. 9．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A．It is heavily populated. B．It offers training for doctors. C．It is a modern city. D．It needs medical aid. 10．How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A．About a year. B．About ten months. C．About two months. D．About two weeks. 11．What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful. C．Negative. D．Cautious. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．D 11．A 【导语】文章介绍了圣卢卡斯号是一列专门为俄罗斯偏远农村地区提供医疗服务的政府资助火车，旨在改善当地医疗资源匮乏的问题。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored (赞助) medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列由政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每个站点平均停留两天，在此期间，车上医生和护士为乡村居民提供基础医疗服务、X光检查以及开具处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它像医院一样运作，为病人提供医疗服务。 9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and extending financial aid programs to inspire doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (政府一直在竭力制定措施来解决这一问题，尤其是针对伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，这些措施包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约、扩大财政援助项目，以鼓励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等该国偏远地区行医。)”可推知，克拉斯诺亚尔斯克是一个需要医疗援助的偏远地区。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). (每年共有10个月的运行期，期间列车每运行两周、停靠约8个站点后，就会返回地区首府加油补给。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号一次补给可以工作大约两周。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned (我对医生和他们的助手们印象深刻，尽管工作和生活空间如此狭小，他们依然专注且非常关心患者)”和“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. (这对许多农村居民来说是获得所需治疗的最佳机会。)”可知，他认为火车上的医疗团队专注且关心患者，为农村居民提供了宝贵的治疗机会，这表明他对其服务持赞赏的态度。 D Learning English can be fun and important. 12 But don’t worry! We’ve got some general methods of learning English effectively (高效地). Set a goal (目标). Having an aim or goal is important when you are learning a language. You should think about why you want to study English and what you want to achieve. When you have decided on your main goal, you can then make smaller steps to reach it. 13 This method helps you to stay motivated (积极). Find a routine (惯例). Learning a language takes a lot of time and practice. So it helps if you have a routine when you are studying. 14 Whether you study for 30 minutes each day or 1-2 hours throughout the week, you will gradually improve your English. Make mistakes. You won’t be perfect at English straightaway. 15 These errors can help you learn and improve your English skills. It’s better to be fluent (流利的) and make errors than be correct in every way without fluency. 16 Understanding English is easier if you can understand the culture of its native speakers. If you’re particularly interested in British English, for example, you could learn about the culture and history of the UK. A．Connect with the culture. B．Listen to native speakers. C．All learners make mistakes in English. D．However, it can also seem difficult sometimes. E．You should think about how long you can study for each day or week. F．By having lots of small goals, you can soon build up to your main goal. G．For many people, being able to speak English fluently is their final goal 【答案】12．D 13．F 14．E 15．C 16．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了高效学习英语的四个方法：设定目标、找到惯例、不怕犯错、了解文化。 【详解】12．由上文“Learning English can be fun and important. (学习英语可以是有趣且重要的。)”以及下文“But don’t worry! We’ve got some general methods of learning English effectively (高效地). (但别担心！我们有一些高效学习英语的通用方法。)”可知，本空要说英语学习有时也有困难，D选项“However, it can also seem difficult sometimes. (然而，它有时也可能看起来很难。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“However”表示转折，承接上文的“fun and important”，且该选项中的“difficult”与下文的“But don’t worry”和“methods of learning English effectively”相呼应，表示虽然有困难但有方法解决。 13．由上文“When you have decided on your main goal, you can then make smaller steps to reach it. (当你确定了主要目标后，你就可以采取更小的步骤来实现它。)”以及下文“This method helps you to stay motivated (积极). (这种方法帮助你保持积极性。)”可知，本空要说通过许多小目标逐步建立到主要目标，F选项“By having lots of small goals, you can soon build up to your main goal. (通过设定许多小目标，你很快就能逐步实现你的主要目标。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“lots of small goals”与上文的“make smaller steps”相呼应，且该选项中的“build up to your main goal”与上文的“reach it”相呼应，表示分解目标的方法。 14．由上文“So it helps if you have a routine when you are studying. (所以如果你在学习时有一个惯例，这会有帮助。)”以及下文“Whether you study for 30 minutes each day or 1-2 hours throughout the week, you will gradually improve your English. (无论你是每天学习30分钟还是每周学习1-2小时，你都会逐渐提高英语水平。)”可知，本空要说你应该考虑每天或每周能学习多长时间，E选项“You should think about how long you can study for each day or week. (你应该考虑你每天或每周能学习多长时间。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“how long you can study for each day or week”与下文的“30 minutes each day or 1-2 hours throughout the week”形成直接呼应，表示根据个人时间安排制定学习惯例。 15．由上文“You won’t be perfect at English straightaway. (你不可能一下子就把英语学得完美无缺。)”以及下文“These errors can help you learn and improve your English skills. (这些错误可以帮助你学习和提高英语技能。)”可知，本空要说所有学习者都会犯错，C选项“All learners make mistakes in English. (所有学习英语的人都会犯错。)”能承上启下，符合题意，该选项中的“make mistakes”与上文的“won’t be perfect”和下文的“These errors”相呼应，且该选项中的“All learners”表示犯错是普遍现象，不必担忧。 16．由下文“Understanding English is easier if you can understand the culture of its native speakers. (如果你能理解英语母语者的文化，理解英语会更容易。)”可知，本段主要讲了解文化，A选项“Connect with the culture. (与文化建立联系。)”能引出下文，符合题意，该选项作为小标题，与上文的“Set a goal”、“Find a routine”、“Make mistakes”保持一致的祈使句结构，且该选项中的“culture”与下文的“the culture of its native speakers”和“the culture and history of the UK”相呼应。 二、完形填空 Several years ago, I held a crazy attitude towards running PBs (personal bests). I treated every run as a continuous 17 against time, with my GPS watch strictly judging my performance. I felt discouraged if I failed to 18 my running goal. Even with progress, I still desired to 19 my running speed in future training. Constant fast running did great 20 to my health. 21 , a serious ankle injury stopped me from running for three months. I could only take slow walks in local parks, and this experience offered a valuable 22 for my personal growth. Gradually, I began to 23 the warm scenery around me. After recovery, I decided to 24 my addiction to speed and data, choosing a gentle pace to keep a positive 25 of body and mind. I joined a running club where members 26 stories and supported each other. Later, trail running became my new 27 , which required full focus on road conditions rather than blind speed. At first, this change made me feel 28 . But slowly, I gained inner peace and built new 29 in running and life. One early morning, I ran casually by a reservoir (水库). I no longer 30 about speed or distance. I finally realized the true 31 of running is to enjoy the moment and connect with nature. 17．A．fight B．method C．schedule D．career 18．A．limit B．miss C．reach D．gain 19．A．balance B．improve C．explore D．pursue 20．A．harm B．risk C．benefit D．burden 21．A．Above all B．In return C．By accident D．Worse still 22．A．mission B．challenge C．lesson D．fortune 23．A．appreciate B．ignore C．compare D．select 24．A．put up B．give up C．take up D．pick up 25．A．fame B．mood C．talent D．state 26．A．collected B．shared C．designed D．recorded 27．A．fashion B．duty C．passion D．tradition 28．A．awkward B．confident C．secure D．positive 29．A．pattern B．feature C．confidence D．source 30．A．complained B．cared C．forgot D．doubted 31．A．prize B．skill C．schedule D．goal 【答案】 17．A 18．C 19．B 20．A 21．D 22．C 23．A 24．B 25．D 26．B 27．C 28．A 29．C 30．B 31．D 【导语】文章讲述了作者几年前痴迷于追求跑步个人最好成绩（PBs），把每次跑步都当作与时间的战斗，结果导致严重的脚踝受伤。受伤期间的慢走让作者学会欣赏周围的风景，康复后决定放弃对速度和数据的执念，加入跑步俱乐部，转向越野跑，最终领悟到跑步的真正意义在于享受当下、与自然连接的故事。 【详解】17．考查名词。句意：我把每一次跑步都看作一场和时间的持续较量，用GPS手表严苛评判自己的表现。A. fight战斗；B. method方法；C. schedule时间表；D. career职业。根据后文“with my GPS watch strictly judging my performance”可知，作者用GPS手表严格评判自己的表现，把跑步看作与时间的对抗，fight against time意为“与时间战斗”。 18．考查动词。句意：如果我没能达到跑步目标，我就会感到沮丧。A. limit限制；B. miss错过；C. reach达到；D. gain获得。根据前文“I treated every run as a continuous ____ against time”可知，作者把跑步当作战斗，追求成绩，所以没达到目标会沮丧。reach one’s goal意为“达到目标”。 19．考查动词。句意：即使有进步，我仍然渴望在未来的训练中提高我的跑步速度。A. balance平衡；B. improve提高；C. explore探索；D. pursue追求。根据前文“Even with progress”可知是转折关系，即使有进步，作者仍想更进一步提高速度。 20．考查名词。句意：持续的快速跑步对我的健康造成了很大的伤害。A. harm伤害；B. risk风险；C. benefit益处；D. burden负担。根据后文“a serious ankle injury stopped me from running for three months”可知，快速跑步导致了严重的脚踝受伤，所以是对健康造成了伤害。do harm to意为“对……造成伤害”。 21．考查介词短语。句意：更糟糕的是，一次严重的脚踝受伤让我三个月无法跑步。A. Above all最重要的是；B. In return作为回报；C. By accident偶然地；D. Worse still更糟糕的是。根据前文“Constant fast running did great ____ to my health”可知，快速跑步已经伤害了健康，而更糟糕的是还导致了严重伤病，存在递进关系。 22．考查名词。句意：我只能在当地的公园里慢慢散步，这段经历为我的个人成长提供了宝贵的一课。A. mission任务；B. challenge挑战；C. lesson课程，教训；D. fortune财富。根据后文“Gradually, I began to ____ the warm scenery around me.”和“choosing a gentle pace”作者开始欣赏风景、改变跑步方式等可知，这次受伤让作者获得了成长的宝贵教训。 23．考查动词。句意：渐渐地，我开始欣赏周围温暖的风景。A. appreciate欣赏；B. ignore忽视；C. compare比较；D. select选择。根据后文作者改变跑步方式、享受过程可知，作者开始学会欣赏周围的风景。 24．考查动词短语。句意：康复后，我决定放弃对速度和数据的执念，选择温和的节奏来保持身心的积极状态。A. put up搭建，张贴；B. give up放弃；C. take up开始从事；D. pick up捡起。根据后文“choosing a gentle pace”可知，作者选择了温和的节奏，说明放弃了对速度的执念。 25．考查名词。句意：同上。A. fame名声；B. mood心情；C. talent天赋；D. state状态。根据后文“of body and mind”可知，作者追求的是身体和心灵的良好状态。a positive state of body and mind意为“身心的积极状态”。 26．考查动词。句意：我加入了一个跑步俱乐部，那里的成员分享故事、互相支持。A. collected收集；B. shared分享；C. designed设计；D. recorded记录。根据后文“supported each other”可知，俱乐部成员之间互相分享故事、彼此支持。 27．考查名词。句意：后来，越野跑成了我新的热爱，这要求完全关注路况，而不是盲目追求速度。A. fashion时尚；B. duty责任；C. passion热爱；D. tradition传统。根据后文“which required full focus on road conditions rather than blind speed”可知，作者对越野跑投入了热情，它成为了作者新的热爱。 28．考查形容词。句意：起初，这种改变让我感到不自在。A. awkward不自在的；B. confident自信的；C. secure安全的；D. positive积极的。根据后文“But slowly, I gained inner peace”可知，起初作者并不适应这种改变，but表示转折，所以起初应该是感到不自在。 29．考查名词。句意：但慢慢地，我获得了内心的平静，在跑步和生活中建立了新的信心。A. pattern模式；B. feature特征；C. confidence信心；D. source来源。根据前文“gained inner peace”及后文在跑步和生活中的积极变化可知，作者建立了新的信心。 30．考查动词。句意：我不再在乎速度或距离。A. complained抱怨；B. cared在乎；C. forgot忘记；D. doubted怀疑。根据后文“I finally realized the true ____ of running is to enjoy the moment and connect with nature”可知，作者领悟到跑步的真正意义在于享受当下，说明不再在乎速度和距离。care about意为“在乎”。 31．考查名词。句意：我终于意识到跑步的真正目标是享受当下、与自然连接。A. prize奖品；B. skill技能；C. schedule时间表；D. goal目标。根据全文可知，作者从追求速度和PBs转变为享受过程，领悟到跑步的真正目标不是成绩而是体验。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Welcome to the Amazon rainforest, the largest rainforest in the world. It plays a significant role in 32 (maintain) the fine balance of the global ecosystem. Covering an area of around 6 million square 33 (kilometre), the Amazon rainforest is more than half 34 size of China. It is named after the Amazon River, which is close to 6,400 km in 35 (long). On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems. 390,000 plant species 36 (be) known to us, and more than 40,000 of them can be found in the Amazon rainforest. The forest’s different levels support an 37 (believable) variety of wildlife. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home 38 different kinds of living things. Various living things survive here, making up the forest’s food chain. The Amazon rainforest fixes carbon and produces over 20% of all the Earth’s oxygen, 39 breathes life into the planet. Yet there is one major danger to these irreplaceable plants and animals: us. Over the past 50 years, about 17% of the rainforest 40 (disappear) due to human activities. We can’t afford 41 (damage) it. 【答案】 32．maintaining 33．kilometres 34．the 35．length 36．are 37．unbelievable 38．to 39．which 40．has disappeared 41．to damage 【导语】文章主要介绍了世界最大的热带雨林——亚马逊雨林的面积、相关生态特征、重要作用以及当前面临的人为破坏危机。 【详解】32．考查非谓语动词。句意：它在维持全球生态系统的良好平衡方面发挥着重要作用。固定搭配play a role in中in是介词，介词后接动词时要使用动名词形式。 33．考查名词的数。句意：亚马逊雨林面积约600万平方公里，面积超过中国国土面积的一半。空前有数词6 million修饰，可数名词kilometre需要变为复数形式kilometres。 34．考查冠词。句意：亚马逊雨林面积约600万平方公里，面积超过中国国土面积的一半。固定表达“the + 名词 + of...”表特指，此处特指中国的国土面积，需填入定冠词the。 35．考查名词。句意：它以亚马逊河命名，这条河长度接近6400公里。固定搭配in length表示“在长度上”，介词in后需接名词length，作宾语。 36．考查主谓一致、一般现在时。句意：我们已知的植物物种有39万种，其中4万多种可以在亚马逊雨林中找到。主语是复数概念，且此处描述客观事实，使用一般现在时，be动词用are。 37．考查形容词。句意：森林的不同层级支撑着数量多到难以置信的野生动物种类。空处修饰名词variety，需用形容词，结合语境此处表达“难以置信的”用形容词unbelievable。 38．考查介词。句意：森林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，是不同种类生物的家园。固定搭配be home to表示“是……的栖息地/家园”。 39．考查定语从句。句意：亚马逊雨林吸收碳，产生地球总氧气量的20%以上，这为地球注入了生机。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话的内容，指代整件事，且关系词在从句中作主语，只能用which引导。 40．考查动词时态、主谓一致。句意：在过去的50年里，约17%的雨林因人类活动已经消失。about 17% of the rainforest作主语，空处为谓语。时间状语Over the past 50 years是现在完成时的标志，主语rainforest是不可数名词，助动词用has。 41．考查非谓语动词。句意：我们承担不起破坏它的后果。固定搭配can’t afford to do sth.表示“承担不起做某事的后果”，afford后接不定式作宾语。 四、书信写作 42．假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Dick对中国的传统文化很感兴趣，他打算近期到中国具有文化底蕴的地方旅游。请你给他写一封电子邮件，推荐几个他可能感兴趣的景点，内容包括： 1.推荐的地方； 2.推荐理由； 3.表达期待。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考答案： Dear Dick,     I’m delighted to learn that you are coming to China. I’m writing to recommend some cities with historic sites that may interest you.     China has a long history and rich cultural heritage. The first city you can’t miss is Beijing, where the Palace Museum is the most famous. There you will learn about the life of ancient emperors. Besides, Xi’an will attract you with the Terracotta Army. Other cities like Shanghai and Chengdu are also good choices.     I sincerely hope you will have a good time in China. Looking forward to seeing you soon. Yours, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以李华的身份给美国笔友Dick写一封邮件，推荐富有中国文化底蕴的旅游景点，内容需要涵盖推荐的地方、推荐理由以及期待。 【详解】1.词汇积累 深厚的：rich → profound 著名的：famous → renowned 吸引：attract → captivate 真诚地：sincerely → genuinely 2.句式拓展 合并句子 原句：I’m delighted to learn that you are coming to China. I’m writing to recommend some cities with historic sites that may interest you. 拓展句：Delighted to hear that you plan to travel in China, I’m writing to recommend some cities with historic sites that may captivate you. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The first city you can’t miss is Beijing, where the Palace Museum is the most famous. (运用了省略that的定语从句和where引导的非限制性定语从句) 【高分句型2】I sincerely hope you will have a good time in China. (运用了省略that的宾语从句) 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $