精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第二学期高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. SeaOrbiter Staring out of your bedroom window, you watch as a great white shark swims by. Soon an octopus comes into view, followed by a jellyfish. You’re on the SeaOrbiter, one of the most high-tech vessels (船) ever ____1____ (create) for ocean exploration. The 60-meter-tall vessel has an unusual design. The top half is above the ocean’s surface, while the bottom is underwater. Unlike a ship, the SeaOrbiter is so energy-efficient that it ____2____ stay in the water for long periods without returning to land to refuel. “Scientists can observe the oceans for months or even years ____3____ end,” SeaOrbiter operations director Bill Todd says. While other vessels make a lot of noise as they move through water, the SeaOrbiter will be quiet. ____4____ the vessel won’t make much noise, it will pick up plenty. Super-sensitive underwater recorders will capture sounds from marine life, such as whales that are too far below the vessel ____5____ (see). Check out some of the SeaOrbiter’s coolest features: The Lab An egg-shaped space with three levels, the above-water marine lab will have several aquariums (水族馆). These will contain small marine animals that scientists can view up close. They can also use the high-tech lab equipment to test pollution levels in seawater. Power Sources The SeaOrbiter will mostly run on solar and wind energy. Its motors will only be turned on ____6____ necessary, such as when entering a port. “The vessel is very eco-friendly,” Todd says. “Our goal is to study the ocean without changing it.” Divers Delight The diving equipment room is located seven meters above the ocean. After putting on scuba gear (潜水装置), scientists will be able to take an outdoor elevator and go 12 meters below the water’s surface. Remotely Operated Vehicles Below the surface are Remotely Operated Vehicles, devices ____7____ let scientists explore underwater mountains, canyons, and even shipwrecks without leaving the vessel. These vehicles can travel deep into the ocean while ____8____ (send) live video back to the SeaOrbiter. When the SeaOrbiter ____9____ (launch), it will sail to remote parts of oceans. It will move with the currents while scientists conduct research. This vessel, says Todd, “will help us uncover ____10____ is hidden in the sea.” Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. adequate B. continentally C. dominated D. enforcement E. historically F. home G. location H. performing I. reuniting J. sought K. status Locally Extinct Rhino Is Back in Chad Pigs don’t fly yet, but rhinos do. Six black rhinoceroses were flown from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad last week, ____11____ the threatened animal with a land it has not walked on in nearly five decades. Chad is one of several African countries that have recently ____12____ to start their own small black rhino populations in an attempt to protect the species from extinction. It is a participant in the African Rhino Conservation Plan, which hopes to significantly grow the number of rhinos in Africa over the next five years. Up until the mid-20th century, black rhinos ____13____ the landscape of Chad, grazing (吃草) and attracting tourists. But they also attracted poachers, who hunted them for their horns, which are displayed as ____14____ symbols. The population of black rhinos is down 97.6 percent since I960. Some estimate that as few as 5,500 are left on the continent according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Cathy Dean, chief executive officer of Save the Rhino, an advocacy group, said six black rhinos were not significant in the context of the 5,000 or so that exist ____15____. But it’s a good sign that Chad has a safe place to house rhinos now. According to the African Wildlife Foundation, 98 percent of the current black rhino population exists in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Namibia. South Africa, which is ____16____ to 40 percent of the rhinos, has already moved some of them to other countries, like Botswana. Zakouma National Park will be responsible for protecting the rhinos from poachers and providing them with a(n) ____17____ environment to live in. Transporting the animals to create a new population is a plan that can prove effective, Ms. Dean said “Some subspecies are ____18____ really well, with an annual growth rate at 9 percent or even higher,” she said in an email. But moving the rhinos to a place where they once were and no longer are isn’t enough. The population must be managed and protected, and law ____19____ must play a role, Ms. Dean said. There should also be biological management, guided by effective monitoring. The rhinos cannot be dropped into a(n) ____20____ and expected to mate. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Despite nutrition experts’ best efforts to educate people about the dangers of a diet filled with processed food, it appears that the world doesn’t want to listen. Medical specialists point out that, although eating too much unhealthy food is likely to be as dangerous in the long term as smoking, regular consumption of high-calorie food has somehow become more socially ____21____ than ever. While local authorities in some towns and cities have taken measures to fight the rise in this trend by ____22____ the number of fast food outlets permitted to be open at the same time, critics argue that people have every right to make their own decisions about what they eat and how they choose to live. However, the way in which we have come to eat a lot of takeaways isn’t only a(n) ____23____ issue of weight gain, or of buying larger clothes. The consequences of mass overconsumption should strike ____24____ into the hearts of everyone. Research suggests that there is an evolutionary reason as to why people ____25____ overeat—it is simply part of our inborn behaviour. When humans evolved, we did not have the adequate supply of food that we enjoy today, and so eating was more about ____26____ than pleasure. We became more likely to choose high-calorie foods, with high fat content, that could ____27____ us through cold winters when the supply of nourishment became inadequate. This explains why a 600-calorie burger seems so ____28____ : it makes us feel well fed and inspires contentment. Processed food ____29____ the reward response in our brains, so we feel obliged to overeat, and not necessarily in a healthy way. Junk food acts as a trigger (触发器) for chemicals such as the ‘feel good’ dopamine to flood through the brain and cause a sensation of happiness. ____30____, high amounts of sugar and sodium (one of the chemicals in salt and other ingredients of fast food) cause a huge rise in blood sugar, pushing it to unnatural levels. This occurs within the first few moments of eating a high-calorie meal. From there, routinely processing such high levels of sodium is ____31____. The body’s organs are pushed beyond their ____32____ ability to do so. The kidneys (肾脏) cannot remove all the extra salt from the blood, and thus extra sodium causes the heart to pump faster while transporting blood through the veins (血管). There are multiple dangers of high blood pressure, especially for the elderly and in the long term. Sodium ____33____ in such quantities can lead to dehydration, a condition whose symptoms are extremely similar to hunger, and this leads to a painful truth: as soon as you have finished your junk food meal, you immediately start to ____34____ another. Thereafter, the body starts to digest the food. Usually, this takes between 4 and 12 hours, but with fast food, where the fat content is so much higher, the same ____35____ lasts at least three days. 21. A. worthwhile B. acceptable C. relevant D. responsible 22. A. declaring B. estimating C. increasing D. limiting 23. A. alternative B. meaningless C. collective D. personal 24. A. boredom B. relief C. fear D. satisfaction 25. A. compulsively B. reluctantly C. defensively D. objectively 26. A. appetite B. evolution C. survival D. fighting 27. A. sustain B. please C. guide D. supply 28. A. tremendous B. surprising C. attractive D. expensive 29. A. stimulates B. guarantees C. produces D. illustrates 30. A. Predictably B. Therefore C. Comparatively D. Meanwhile 31. A. inevitable B. impossible C. significant D. powerful 32. A. natural B. superior C. minimum D. learned 33. A. turned up B. passed down C. looked over D. taken in 34. A. offer B. prepare C. desire D. share 35. A. symptom B. process C. damage D. hunger Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Even though some people believe that money makes the world go around, many people would choose health over wealth. For someone like violinist Robert Gupta, who was on his way to becoming a physician before joining the Los Angeles Philharmonic at age 19, music, health, and wealth are all part of the same package. In addition to music, Gupta is deeply interested in neurobiology Because of his interests, he has had the chance to work with Nathaniel Anthony Ayers, a talented musician whose career was sidelined by schizophrenia. Although Ayers studied music at the Juilliard School York City, his mental illness got in the way of professional success. After dropping out of Julliard and having unsuccessful medical treatment for his schizophrenia, Ayers moved to Los Angeles where he ended up homeless. In 2005, a journalist for the Los Angeles Times named Steve Lopez heard Ayers playing music in the streets. Lopez wrote a book about Ayers and became his friend. Their friendship became the subject of a movie, and because of the book and the movie, Ayers has had a chance to perform his music in some of the most famous concert halls in the world. It seemed like Ayers had found his happy ending. However, he refuses to take medication to treat his schizophrenia. He says it keeps him from “hearing the music”. Because of this, Ayers is still subject to schizophrenia and sometimes leaves his home to go back to the streets. Gupta was introduced to Ayers after Lopez took his friend to a performance of Beethoven’s First and Fourth symphonies, and Ayers asked Gupta for a violin lesson. When they first met, Ayers was on edge. Gupta was afraid that if he taught the lesson in his usual way, Ayers would react violently. Finally, he just began playing. A change came over Ayers. Gupta said, “And m a miracle, he lifted his own violin and he started playing.” The two musicians played many violin pieces together that day. A bond was formed. Music, Gupta realized, is a way to deal with our emotions, even our most unpleasant ones. “This was the very reason why we made music through our creativity, we’re able to shape those emotions into reality,” he says. Now, Gupta says, “I will always make music with Nathaniel, whether we’re at Walt Disney Concert Hall or on Skid Row, because he reminds me why I became a musician.” 36. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that Robert Gupta________. A. became a physician at the age of 19 B. was interested in the treatment of schizophrenia C. was lucky to be wealthy, healthy and talented in music D. had long dreamed to join the Los Angeles Philharmonic 37. Ayers got the chance to perform in some famous concert halls thanks to________. A. Steve Lopez’s book and a movie about their friendship B. his great efforts to fight against his mental illness C. Robert Gupta’s original way of teaching music D. his talent in composing and playing music 38. By “on edge” (in paragraph 5), the author means that Ayers was________. A. excited but uncertain B. eager for a violin lesson C. nervous and bad-tempered D. anxious about his own career 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. A Great Musician B. Teaching Music C. Why Study Music D. Music Is Medicine (B) Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health. THREAT: Stroke INSIGHT: Blood flow in the brain of a hibernating arctic ground squirrel drops to a tenth of normal. Typically such oxygen shortage would cause a stroke. But these squirrels can survive all winter because their metabolism lowers to 2 percent of its summer rate—requiring much less oxygen to maintain. If doctors could similarly lower the metabolism of a human patient immediately after a stroke—perhaps by cooling the body—they might prevent permanent brain damage, says Brian Barnes, a biologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. THREAT: Diabetes INSIGHT: People who gain a lot of weight often stop responding to insulin, which regulates the amount of glucose that cells take up from the blood. Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar. Scientists at biotechnology company Amgen are now testing whether making slight changes to the same protein that controls sensitivity in diabetic humans could have similar results. THREAT: Osteoporosis INSIGHT: If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade. A black bear, however, emerges from its cave after winter just as strong as ever because its bone is recycled at 25 percent of normal levels during hibernation. Researchers at Colorado State University are now trying to identify the hormones that control this extreme limit on bone turnover. They aim to create a drug for people at risk for osteoporosis that similarly protects bone density. THREAT: Heart Disease INSIGHT: During heart surgery, a patient becomes short of oxygen when the heart stops beating. To cope, the body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Unfortunately, the change creates lactic acid, which can kill cells if it builds up. Damage of this kind does not occur in hibernating arctic ground squirrels, likely because they break down more fats than sugars even after the heart has slowed to just one beat per minute. Researchers at Duke University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are now working to identify how this species prioritizes fat as fuel in low-oxygen conditions. Finding a way to get heart surgery patients to do the same may reduce injury to organs during procedures. 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. What humans can learn from animals that sleep for months on end. B. What health threats humans are facing while they are under treatment. C. How humans can survive from the same tough conditions as animals do. D. How health threats can be avoided if humans are with certain animals. 41. How grizzly bears process sugar in the autumn may give insights into how to deal with________. A. stroke B. diabetes C. osteoporosis D. heart disease 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Metabolism usually consumes a small amount of oxygen. B. Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin than other cells. C. Lying still for a long time will affect bone density. D. Doctors are seeking ways to keep patients' hearts beating in surgery. (C) When antibiotics（抗生素）first became available, farmers used them freely. Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health. Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place, figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest. Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that, as she puts it, travels from "farm to table."Handelsman, a microbiologist who is now associate director for science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, looked into dairy cows, which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure（排泄物）that farmers use on their crops. In addition to nutrients, that fertilizer may harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw. To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist, Handelsman and her colleagues at Yale University added manure from a nearby Connecticut farm to raised beds of soil in 2013. In this case, the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics. The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free. Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria, but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use. Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase. The findings should not, however, give the impression that resistance is everywhere, notes Lance Price, a microbiologist at George Washington University（who was not involved in the study）. "We can control this. There's very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap, we bring down drug-resistant bacteria," says Lance. Next on the farm-to-table schedule, Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system（循环系统）. "They have veins（血管）just like us," she says. "We don't have any evidence yet that they're taking up the bacteria, but it's a really interesting possibility." 43. What does Jo Handelsman's research focus on? A. How antibiotics makes its way onto our table. B. What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use. C. How antibiotics-resistant bacteria reach human beings. D. What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans. 44. What did Jo's research find? A. Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. B. Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment. C. Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time. D. Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria. 45. Lance Price is quoted in the passage in order to ________. A. provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous B. suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems C. emphasize the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics D. show that the research findings may not be that worrisome 46. Which of the following statements is Jo most likely to agree with? A. It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable. B. Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes. C. There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted. D. The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Living in the Valley We had been living in our valley for sixteen months when we first realised the dangers that could exist in the surrounding hills and threaten our very survival. Until that time, we had felt safe and sheltered in our valley below the protecting hills. Soon snow began to fall. Within a day it lay some 15 centimetres deep. It almost completely blocked out the lane and made the streamside path slippery and dangerous. But on the neighbouring heights the snow was much deeper and stayed for longer. Up there the wind was fierce. ____47____ And yet we knew that there was reason for us to worry. The snow and wind were certainly inconvenient but they did not really trouble us greatly. ____48____ It reminded us of what could have occurred if circumstances had been different if the flow of water from the hills had not, many years before, been controlled, held back by a series of dams. In a short time the snow started to melt. Day after day, we watched clouds pile up high over the hills to the west Grey clouds extended over the valleys. ____49____ We had seen enough of the sky; now we began to watch the river, which every day was becoming fuller and wilder The snow was gradually washed away as more and more rain streamed from the clouds, but high up in the hills the reservoir (水库) was filling and was fast approaching danger level. And then it happened—for the first time in years the reservoir overflowed. There in the heights it was like the Niagara Falls, as the water flowed over the edge of the dam and poured into the stream below. ____50____ Just a couple of metres from our hut the stream seemed wild beneath the bridge. It was far deeper than we’d ever seen it so near our home, angrily striking its banks. For three days we prayed that it would stay below its walk. Fortunately, our prayers were answered as the dam held and the waters began to withdraw. A. We can thus enjoy, rather than fear, the huge clouds that hang over the valley. B. Deep in our valley we felt only sudden fits of wind; trees swayed but the branches held firm. C. It was the year when the storms came early, before the calendar even hinted at winter. D. They twisted and turned, rising eastwards and upwards, warning of what was to come. E. It was the river, the Ryburn, which normally flowed so gently, that threatened us most. F. The river seemed maddened as the waters poured almost horizontally down to its lower stretches. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Distance of face-to-face learning—What’s the difference? Although many people think it is a modern phenomenon, distance learning has been around for at least 200 years in one form or another. The technological advances of the past 20 or so years however, have meant that this form of education is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. When comparing the two systems, the first and most obvious area to focus on is the way that learning is delivered. Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the internet. On a face-to-face course, students may only require a computer for the purpose of writing an essay. In comparison, when learning remotely, technology is the principal means of communication. The flexibility this provides means that students may be better able to learn at their own pace, following their own timetable, but it may also mean that learners have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. They must therefore be highly motivated in order to do well on the distance-learning courses. In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same. Namely, the teacher is the ‘knower’, and is responsible for helping students understand the key components of the course. However, the nature of the relationship may differ slightly within the two modes of delivery. With face-to-face learning, the teacher and student have the opportunity to develop a personal relationship through lectures and tutorials. This is different from a distance learning course where the teacher may seldom or indeed never actually meet the student. This may make it hard for teachers to understand their learners’ specific learning needs. In conclusion, it is difficult to state whether one form of learning is better than another, as they meet different needs. What is important to understand is the different ways in which they operate and that there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里的沙子远没有我想象中的那么细软。（nearly）（汉译英） 53. 最省钱的方法就是离开大都市，到大自然中去。（head）（汉译英） 54. 只要一夜不睡，不仅你的记忆力受到影响，解决问题的能力也会衰退。（not only）（汉译英） 55. 虽然这件艺术品的精美程度无法与博物馆内的其他物品相提并论，但它的价值在于它所使用的材料。（compare）（汉译英） V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“Decision Making”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括：在无法抉择的情况下，通常是什么因素帮助你做出最后的决定；用一个具体的例子说明你的观点。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第二学期 高三年级英语学科3月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. SeaOrbiter Staring out of your bedroom window, you watch as a great white shark swims by. Soon an octopus comes into view, followed by a jellyfish. You’re on the SeaOrbiter, one of the most high-tech vessels (船) ever ____1____ (create) for ocean exploration. The 60-meter-tall vessel has an unusual design. The top half is above the ocean’s surface, while the bottom is underwater. Unlike a ship, the SeaOrbiter is so energy-efficient that it ____2____ stay in the water for long periods without returning to land to refuel. “Scientists can observe the oceans for months or even years ____3____ end,” SeaOrbiter operations director Bill Todd says. While other vessels make a lot of noise as they move through water, the SeaOrbiter will be quiet. ____4____ the vessel won’t make much noise, it will pick up plenty. Super-sensitive underwater recorders will capture sounds from marine life, such as whales that are too far below the vessel ____5____ (see). Check out some of the SeaOrbiter’s coolest features: The Lab An egg-shaped space with three levels, the above-water marine lab will have several aquariums (水族馆). These will contain small marine animals that scientists can view up close. They can also use the high-tech lab equipment to test pollution levels in seawater. Power Sources The SeaOrbiter will mostly run on solar and wind energy. Its motors will only be turned on ____6____ necessary, such as when entering a port. “The vessel is very eco-friendly,” Todd says. “Our goal is to study the ocean without changing it.” Divers Delight The diving equipment room is located seven meters above the ocean. After putting on scuba gear (潜水装置), scientists will be able to take an outdoor elevator and go 12 meters below the water’s surface. Remotely Operated Vehicles Below the surface are Remotely Operated Vehicles, devices ____7____ let scientists explore underwater mountains, canyons, and even shipwrecks without leaving the vessel. These vehicles can travel deep into the ocean while ____8____ (send) live video back to the SeaOrbiter. When the SeaOrbiter ____9____ (launch), it will sail to remote parts of oceans. It will move with the currents while scientists conduct research. This vessel, says Todd, “will help us uncover ____10____ is hidden in the sea.” 【答案】1. created 2. can 3. on 4. Although##Though##While 5. to be seen 6. when 7. that##which 8. sending 9. is launched 10. what 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了高科技海洋探索船SeaOrbiter独特的构造、环保能源、各类科研设施以及它在未来海洋科研中的作用。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：你正身处SeaOrbiter上，它是有史以来为海洋探索打造的最高科技船只之一。句子已有谓语，空处是非谓语，作vessels的后置定语，create“创造”和vessels逻辑上是被动关系，且结合“ever”可知，动作已完成，因此用过去分词形式created。 【2题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：与普通轮船不同，SeaOrbiter能效极高，能长时间停留在水中，无需返回陆地补充燃料。空处和stay构成谓语，结合“so energy-efficient that”可知，这艘船能效很高，所以“能够”长时间待在水里不用回陆地加油，应用情态动词can表示“能够，可以”。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：SeaOrbiter运营总监Bill Todd说：“科学家可以连续数月甚至数年观测海洋。”结合“for months or even years”可知，固定短语on end“连续地，接连不断地”符合题意，表示“连续数月甚至数年观测海洋”。 【4题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然这艘船不会产生太多噪音，但它会接收大量（声音信号）。句中逗号前后句意完整，“船本身不会产生太多噪音”和“会接收大量声音信号”之间有让步转折，所以用从属连词although, though或while“尽管”引导让步状语从句，且句首单词的首字母需大写。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：高灵敏度的水下记录仪将捕捉海洋生物的声音，例如那些在船体下方太深、无法被观测到的鲸鱼。too…to do...是固定结构，表示“太……而不能……”，且see“观测”和whales逻辑上是被动关系，所以用不定式被动语态to be seen。 【6题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：在必要时，例如进港的时候，才会启动发动机。结合“Its motors will only be turned on”可知，when necessary“在有必要的时候”符合题意，是when引导时间状语从句的省略形式，完整形式为when it is necessary。 【7题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：水面之下配有遥控潜水器，这类设备能让科学家不用离开船体，就可以探索水下山脉、峡谷甚至沉船残骸。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词devices，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。 【8题详解】 考查状语从句中的省略。句意：这些潜水器可以潜入深海，同时向SeaOrbiter传回实时视频。此处用了while引导时间状语从句，从句无主语，为省略形式，对主语和be动词同时进行了省略，send“发送”和被省略的主语these vehicles之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式sending。 【9题详解】 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：当SeaOrbiter启用后，它将驶向海洋的偏远海域。空处作从句的谓语，结合主句中的“will sail”可知，从句应用一般现在时表将来，launch“使（船或舰）下水”和主语the SeaOrbiter之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是单数，be动词应用is。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：Todd说，这艘船“将帮助我们揭开海洋深处隐藏的奥秘”。空处引导名词性从句作uncover的宾语，宾语从句缺少主语，主语指物，应用连接代词what作引导词。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. adequate B. continentally C. dominated D. enforcement E. historically F. home G. location H. performing I. reuniting J. sought K. status Locally Extinct Rhino Is Back in Chad Pigs don’t fly yet, but rhinos do. Six black rhinoceroses were flown from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad last week, ____11____ the threatened animal with a land it has not walked on in nearly five decades. Chad is one of several African countries that have recently ____12____ to start their own small black rhino populations in an attempt to protect the species from extinction. It is a participant in the African Rhino Conservation Plan, which hopes to significantly grow the number of rhinos in Africa over the next five years. Up until the mid-20th century, black rhinos ____13____ the landscape of Chad, grazing (吃草) and attracting tourists. But they also attracted poachers, who hunted them for their horns, which are displayed as ____14____ symbols. The population of black rhinos is down 97.6 percent since I960. Some estimate that as few as 5,500 are left on the continent according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Cathy Dean, chief executive officer of Save the Rhino, an advocacy group, said six black rhinos were not significant in the context of the 5,000 or so that exist ____15____. But it’s a good sign that Chad has a safe place to house rhinos now. According to the African Wildlife Foundation, 98 percent of the current black rhino population exists in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Namibia. South Africa, which is ____16____ to 40 percent of the rhinos, has already moved some of them to other countries, like Botswana. Zakouma National Park will be responsible for protecting the rhinos from poachers and providing them with a(n) ____17____ environment to live in. Transporting the animals to create a new population is a plan that can prove effective, Ms. Dean said “Some subspecies are ____18____ really well, with an annual growth rate at 9 percent or even higher,” she said in an email. But moving the rhinos to a place where they once were and no longer are isn’t enough. The population must be managed and protected, and law ____19____ must play a role, Ms. Dean said. There should also be biological management, guided by effective monitoring. The rhinos cannot be dropped into a(n) ____20____ and expected to mate. 【答案】11. I 12. J 13. C 14. K 15. B 16. F 17. A 18. H 19. D 20. G 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了黑犀牛已经严重濒危，有六只黑犀牛从南非空运到乍得的扎库马国家公园进行保护。 【11题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：上周，六头黑犀牛从南非被空运到乍得的扎库马国家公园，公园使濒临灭绝的动物踏上它们已经将近50年没有进入过的土地。分析句子可知，park与reunite之间是主动关系，空格应处为动词的现在分词作状语，reuniting“使重聚”为现在分词，符合句意。故选I项。 【12题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：为了保护黑犀牛物种免于灭绝，最近有几个非洲国家联合起来开始建立自己的小黑犀牛种群，乍得是其中之一。分析句子和时间状语recently可知，空格处应为动词的过去分词，与have 一起构成现在完成时，sought“寻找”为过去分词，符合句意。故选J项。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：直到20世纪中期，黑犀牛一直在乍得的景观中处于主导地位，它们在那里吃草，并吸引着游客。分析句子可知，空格处为动词，作谓语，时态是一般过去时， dominated“处于主导地位，控制”为动词，符合句意。故选C项。 【14题详解】 考查名词。句意：但它们也吸引了偷猎者，他们猎杀它们是因为它们的角是社会地位的象征。分析句子可知，空格应处为名词，作介词宾语，status“地位，身份”为名词，符合句意。故选K项。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意：维权组织“拯救犀牛”的首席执行官Cathy Dean表示，与大陆上现存的约5000头黑犀牛相比，六头犀牛不算多。分析句子可知，空格处应为副词，修饰动词exist，continentally“大陆上地”为副词，符合句意。故选B项。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：南非，是40%犀牛的家园，它已经将一些犀牛转移到了其他国家，比如博茨瓦纳。分析句子可知，空格在is后应处为名词，home“家园”为名词，符合句意，短语be home to“是…的家园”。故选F项。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：扎库马国家公园将负责保护犀牛免受偷猎者的偷猎，并为它们提供一个适合的生活环境。分析句子可知，空格处为形容词，作定语，修饰名词environment，adequate“适合的”为形容词，符合句意。故选A项。 【18题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：“一些亚种的表现非常好，年增长率达到9%甚至更高。”分析句子可知，空格处应为动词的现在分词，与are一起构成现在进行时，performing“表现”为现在分词，符合句意。故选H项。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：Dean说，这些数量必须得到管理和保护，执法部门也必须发挥作用。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，enforcement“执行”为名词，符合句意，短语“执法部门”。故选D项。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：不能把犀牛扔到某个地方并期望它们交配。分析句子可知，空格处应为名词，作dropped into的宾语，location“地点，位置”为名词，符合句意。故选G项。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Despite nutrition experts’ best efforts to educate people about the dangers of a diet filled with processed food, it appears that the world doesn’t want to listen. Medical specialists point out that, although eating too much unhealthy food is likely to be as dangerous in the long term as smoking, regular consumption of high-calorie food has somehow become more socially ____21____ than ever. While local authorities in some towns and cities have taken measures to fight the rise in this trend by ____22____ the number of fast food outlets permitted to be open at the same time, critics argue that people have every right to make their own decisions about what they eat and how they choose to live. However, the way in which we have come to eat a lot of takeaways isn’t only a(n) ____23____ issue of weight gain, or of buying larger clothes. The consequences of mass overconsumption should strike ____24____ into the hearts of everyone. Research suggests that there is an evolutionary reason as to why people ____25____ overeat—it is simply part of our inborn behaviour. When humans evolved, we did not have the adequate supply of food that we enjoy today, and so eating was more about ____26____ than pleasure. We became more likely to choose high-calorie foods, with high fat content, that could ____27____ us through cold winters when the supply of nourishment became inadequate. This explains why a 600-calorie burger seems so ____28____ : it makes us feel well fed and inspires contentment. Processed food ____29____ the reward response in our brains, so we feel obliged to overeat, and not necessarily in a healthy way. Junk food acts as a trigger (触发器) for chemicals such as the ‘feel good’ dopamine to flood through the brain and cause a sensation of happiness. ____30____, high amounts of sugar and sodium (one of the chemicals in salt and other ingredients of fast food) cause a huge rise in blood sugar, pushing it to unnatural levels. This occurs within the first few moments of eating a high-calorie meal. From there, routinely processing such high levels of sodium is ____31____. The body’s organs are pushed beyond their ____32____ ability to do so. The kidneys (肾脏) cannot remove all the extra salt from the blood, and thus extra sodium causes the heart to pump faster while transporting blood through the veins (血管). There are multiple dangers of high blood pressure, especially for the elderly and in the long term. Sodium ____33____ in such quantities can lead to dehydration, a condition whose symptoms are extremely similar to hunger, and this leads to a painful truth: as soon as you have finished your junk food meal, you immediately start to ____34____ another. Thereafter, the body starts to digest the food. Usually, this takes between 4 and 12 hours, but with fast food, where the fat content is so much higher, the same ____35____ lasts at least three days. 21. A. worthwhile B. acceptable C. relevant D. responsible 22. A. declaring B. estimating C. increasing D. limiting 23. A. alternative B. meaningless C. collective D. personal 24. A. boredom B. relief C. fear D. satisfaction 25. A. compulsively B. reluctantly C. defensively D. objectively 26. A. appetite B. evolution C. survival D. fighting 27. A. sustain B. please C. guide D. supply 28. A. tremendous B. surprising C. attractive D. expensive 29. A. stimulates B. guarantees C. produces D. illustrates 30. A. Predictably B. Therefore C. Comparatively D. Meanwhile 31. A. inevitable B. impossible C. significant D. powerful 32. A. natural B. superior C. minimum D. learned 33. A. turned up B. passed down C. looked over D. taken in 34. A. offer B. prepare C. desire D. share 35. A. symptom B. process C. damage D. hunger 【答案】21. B 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是说明文，介绍了尽管人们知道垃圾食品的危害，但仍大量食用高热量垃圾食品这一现象，分析了原因并阐明了危害。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：医学专家指出，尽管从长远来看，吃太多不健康食品的危害可能和吸烟一样大，但不知为何，社会比以往任何时候都更能接受定期食用高热量食品。A. worthwhile值得做的；B. acceptable可接受的；C. relevant相关的；D. responsible负责的。根据上文“although eating too much unhealthy food is likely to be as dangerous in the long term as smoking”中连词although(虽然)可知，下文语意与上文有转折对比关系，尽管人们知道不健康食品的危害，但仍接受、认可高热量食品。故选B项。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然一些当地城镇和城市政府已经采取措施，通过限制同时开放的快餐店数量来应对这一上升的趋势，但有批评者认为,对他们吃的东西和他们选择的生活方式，人们有权自己做决定。A. declaring宣布；B. estimating评估；C. increasing增加；D. limiting限制。根据“fight the rise in this trend”可知，政府要控制这种上升的趋势，所以通过limit(限制)同时开放的快餐店的数量是种一种办法。故选D项。 【23题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，我们吃很多外卖并不仅仅是像体重增加，或者买更大的衣服之类的个人问题。A. alternative选择性的；B. meaningless无意义的；C. collective 集体的；D. personal个人的。文中所例举的“weight gain, or of buying larger clothes”都是个人的问题。故选D项。 【24题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：群体暴饮暴食的后果应该使每个人都感到恐惧。A. boredom无聊；B. relief解脱；C. fear害怕；D. satisfaction满足。根据下文可知，过度食用高热量食品，暴饮暴食会给我们身体带来巨大的危害，所以群体暴饮暴食的后果应该让人害怕，给人警醒。故选C项。 【25题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，人们不受控制地暴饮暴食是有进化原因的——这只是我们天生行为的一部分。A. compulsively难控制地；B. reluctantly不情愿地；C. defensively防御地；D. objectively客观地。根据上文可知，尽管人们知道不健康食品的危害，但比以往任何时候都更能接受常常食用高热量食品，说明暴饮暴食是非理性，难以控制的行为。故选A项。 【26题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：在人类进化的时候，我们并没有像今天一样足够的食物去享用，所以吃更多的是为了生存而不是快乐。A. appetite胃口；B. evolution进化；C. survival生存；D. fighting战斗。根据常识和“we did not have the adequate supply of food that we enjoy today”可知，在进化过程中，吃更多的东西是为了生存。故选C项。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当营养供应不足时，我们更有可能选择高热量、高脂肪的食物，这些食物可以支撑我们度过寒冷的冬天。A. sustain支撑；B. please使……高兴；C. guide带领；D. supply提供。结合常识可知，高热量、高脂肪的食物更能帮助我们抵御寒冷，支撑我们度过寒冷的冬天。故选A项。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就解释了为什么一个600卡路里的汉堡看起来如此吸引人：它让我们感到饱腹和满足。A. tremendous巨大的；B. surprising令人吃惊的；C. attractive有吸引力的；D. expensive昂贵的。根据下文“it makes us feel well fed and inspires contentment.”可知，高热量汉堡带来饱腹和满足感，所以是充满吸引力的食物。故选C项。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：加工过的食品会激发我们大脑的奖赏反应，所以，即使不一定是健康的方式，我们会觉得有必要多吃。A. stimulates激发；B. guarantees保证；C. produces生产；D. illustrates阐明。上文说，在进化过程中，人们发现吃得多，吃高热量食物意味着生存机会更大，下文“so we feel obliged to overeat, and not necessarily in a healthy way.”可知，面对加工食品时，即使知道是不健康的方式，但我们还是觉得应该吃更多，说明大脑中的奖赏机制被激发，我们不自觉得就想吃更多。且下文的“Junk food acts as a trigger”也是提示。故选A项。 【30题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：同时，高糖和高钠(快餐中盐和其他成分中的一种化学物质)会导致血糖大幅上升，将其推至不正常的水平。A. Predictably可预言地；B. Therefore因此；C. Comparatively相对地；D. Meanwhile同时。上文“Junk food acts as a trigger (触发器) for chemicals such as the ‘feel good’ dopamine to flood through the brain and cause a sensation of happiness. ”提到垃圾食品让人产生幸福感，但同时，垃圾食品中的高糖和高钠也会导致血糖大幅上升。故选D项。 【31题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从那时开始，常规地处理如此高的钠含量是不可能的。A. inevitable不可避免的；B. impossible不可能的；C. significant重要的；D. powerful强大的。根据下文“The kidneys (肾脏) cannot remove all the extra salt from the blood, and thus extra sodium causes the heart to pump faster while transporting blood through the veins (血管).”可知身体器官已经无法处理如此高的钠含量，甚至引起心脏跳动更快。故选B项。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：身体的器官被推得超过了它们的自然能力。A. natural自然的；B. superior高级的；C. minimum最小的；D. learned有学问的。根据下文“The kidneys (肾脏) cannot remove all the extra salt from the blood, and thus extra sodium causes the heart to pump faster while transporting blood through the veins (血管). ”可知，身体器官已经超出了它们的自然承受能力，无法发挥作用。故选A项。 【33题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：摄入如此大量的钠会导致脱水，其症状与饥饿极为相似，这导致了一个痛苦的事实：你刚吃完垃圾食品，就会马上开始渴望再吃一顿。A. turned up出现；B. passed down传下来；C. looked over检查；D. taken in吸入，摄入。根据上文可知，垃圾食品中含有高糖和高钠，所以吃垃圾食品的同时就会吸收，摄入大量的钠。故选D项。 【34题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：摄入如此大量的钠会导致脱水，其症状与饥饿极为相似，这导致了一个痛苦的事实：你刚吃完垃圾食品，就会马上开始渴望再吃一顿。A. offer提供；B. prepare准备；C. desire想要；D. share分享。根据“a condition whose symptoms are extremely similar to hunger”可知，垃圾食品中的钠会让人产生饥饿感，吃了还想吃。故选C项。 【35题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：通常，这需要4到12个小时，但对于脂肪含量高得多的快餐，同样的过程至少要持续3天。A. symptom症状；B. process过程；C. damage损坏；D. hunger饥饿。根据but可知，句中在对比消化普通食物的过程和消化快餐的过程的时间。且上文的“From there, routinely processing such high levels of sodium is 　　　　11　　　　. ”也是提示。故选B项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Even though some people believe that money makes the world go around, many people would choose health over wealth. For someone like violinist Robert Gupta, who was on his way to becoming a physician before joining the Los Angeles Philharmonic at age 19, music, health, and wealth are all part of the same package. In addition to music, Gupta is deeply interested in neurobiology Because of his interests, he has had the chance to work with Nathaniel Anthony Ayers, a talented musician whose career was sidelined by schizophrenia. Although Ayers studied music at the Juilliard School York City, his mental illness got in the way of professional success. After dropping out of Julliard and having unsuccessful medical treatment for his schizophrenia, Ayers moved to Los Angeles where he ended up homeless. In 2005, a journalist for the Los Angeles Times named Steve Lopez heard Ayers playing music in the streets. Lopez wrote a book about Ayers and became his friend. Their friendship became the subject of a movie, and because of the book and the movie, Ayers has had a chance to perform his music in some of the most famous concert halls in the world. It seemed like Ayers had found his happy ending. However, he refuses to take medication to treat his schizophrenia. He says it keeps him from “hearing the music”. Because of this, Ayers is still subject to schizophrenia and sometimes leaves his home to go back to the streets. Gupta was introduced to Ayers after Lopez took his friend to a performance of Beethoven’s First and Fourth symphonies, and Ayers asked Gupta for a violin lesson. When they first met, Ayers was on edge. Gupta was afraid that if he taught the lesson in his usual way, Ayers would react violently. Finally, he just began playing. A change came over Ayers. Gupta said, “And m a miracle, he lifted his own violin and he started playing.” The two musicians played many violin pieces together that day. A bond was formed. Music, Gupta realized, is a way to deal with our emotions, even our most unpleasant ones. “This was the very reason why we made music through our creativity, we’re able to shape those emotions into reality,” he says. Now, Gupta says, “I will always make music with Nathaniel, whether we’re at Walt Disney Concert Hall or on Skid Row, because he reminds me why I became a musician.” 36. From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that Robert Gupta________. A. became a physician at the age of 19 B. was interested in the treatment of schizophrenia C. was lucky to be wealthy, healthy and talented in music D. had long dreamed to join the Los Angeles Philharmonic 37. Ayers got the chance to perform in some famous concert halls thanks to________. A. Steve Lopez’s book and a movie about their friendship B. his great efforts to fight against his mental illness C. Robert Gupta’s original way of teaching music D. his talent in composing and playing music 38. By “on edge” (in paragraph 5), the author means that Ayers was________. A. excited but uncertain B. eager for a violin lesson C. nervous and bad-tempered D. anxious about his own career 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. A Great Musician B. Teaching Music C. Why Study Music D. Music Is Medicine 【答案】36. B 37. A 38. C 39. D 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了小提琴家Robert Gupta因为对神经生物学感兴趣，有机会和Nathaniel Anthony Ayers一起工作，Ayers患有精神分裂症，Gupta为Ayers演奏小提琴，使Ayers的病情有所好转。Gupta意识到，音乐是一种处理情绪的方式，即使是最不愉快的情绪。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“In addition to music, Gupta is deeply interested in neurobiology Because of his interests, he has had the chance to work with Nathaniel Anthony Ayers, a talented musician whose career was sidelined by schizophrenia.(除了音乐，Gupta对神经生物学非常感兴趣，因为他的兴趣，他有机会与Nathaniel Anthony Ayers一起工作，一个有天赋但职业生涯被精神分裂症边缘化的音乐家)”可知，Robert Gupta对精神分裂症的治疗感兴趣。故选B。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Lopez wrote a book about Ayers and became his friend. Their friendship became the subject of a movie, and because of the book and the movie, Ayers has had a chance to perform his music in some of the most famous concert halls in the world.(Lopez写了一本关于Ayers的书，并成为了他的朋友。他们的友谊成了一部电影的主题，因为这本书和这部电影，Ayers有机会在世界上一些最著名的音乐厅演奏他的音乐)”可知，因为Lopez的书和一部关于他们友谊的电影，Ayers有机会在一些著名的音乐厅演出。故选A。 【38题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Gupta was afraid that if he taught the lesson in his usual way, Ayers would react violently.”可知，Gupta担心，如果他以惯常的方式给Ayers上课，他会做出激烈的反应，可见他们第一次见面时，Ayers很紧张。故划线词意思是“紧张易怒的”。故选C。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Music, Gupta realized, is a way to deal with our emotions, even our most unpleasant ones. “This was the very reason why we made music through our creativity, we’re able to shape those emotions into reality,” he says.( Gupta意识到，音乐是一种处理情绪的方式，即使是最不愉快的情绪。“这就是我们通过创造力创作音乐的原因，我们能够将这些情感塑造成现实，”他说)”结合文章主要讲述了小提琴家Robert Gupta因为对神经生物学感兴趣，有机会和Nathaniel Anthony Ayers一起工作，Ayers患有精神分裂症，Gupta为Ayers演奏小提琴，使Ayers的病情有所好转。Gupta意识到，音乐是一种处理情绪的方式，即使是最不愉快的情绪。由此可知，D选项“音乐是良药”最符合文章标题。故选D。 (B) Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health. THREAT: Stroke INSIGHT: Blood flow in the brain of a hibernating arctic ground squirrel drops to a tenth of normal. Typically such oxygen shortage would cause a stroke. But these squirrels can survive all winter because their metabolism lowers to 2 percent of its summer rate—requiring much less oxygen to maintain. If doctors could similarly lower the metabolism of a human patient immediately after a stroke—perhaps by cooling the body—they might prevent permanent brain damage, says Brian Barnes, a biologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. THREAT: Diabetes INSIGHT: People who gain a lot of weight often stop responding to insulin, which regulates the amount of glucose that cells take up from the blood. Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar. Scientists at biotechnology company Amgen are now testing whether making slight changes to the same protein that controls sensitivity in diabetic humans could have similar results. THREAT: Osteoporosis INSIGHT: If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade. A black bear, however, emerges from its cave after winter just as strong as ever because its bone is recycled at 25 percent of normal levels during hibernation. Researchers at Colorado State University are now trying to identify the hormones that control this extreme limit on bone turnover. They aim to create a drug for people at risk for osteoporosis that similarly protects bone density. THREAT: Heart Disease INSIGHT: During heart surgery, a patient becomes short of oxygen when the heart stops beating. To cope, the body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Unfortunately, the change creates lactic acid, which can kill cells if it builds up. Damage of this kind does not occur in hibernating arctic ground squirrels, likely because they break down more fats than sugars even after the heart has slowed to just one beat per minute. Researchers at Duke University and the University of Alaska Fairbanks are now working to identify how this species prioritizes fat as fuel in low-oxygen conditions. Finding a way to get heart surgery patients to do the same may reduce injury to organs during procedures. 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. What humans can learn from animals that sleep for months on end. B. What health threats humans are facing while they are under treatment. C. How humans can survive from the same tough conditions as animals do. D. How health threats can be avoided if humans are with certain animals. 41. How grizzly bears process sugar in the autumn may give insights into how to deal with________. A. stroke B. diabetes C. osteoporosis D. heart disease 42. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A. Metabolism usually consumes a small amount of oxygen. B. Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin than other cells. C. Lying still for a long time will affect bone density. D. Doctors are seeking ways to keep patients' hearts beating in surgery. 【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。 【40题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Hibernation is a complex solution to a simple problem. In winter, food is scarce. To survive this seasonal starvation, animals, such as the arctic ground squirrel and black bear, hibernate so that physiological shifts keep them alive despite the lack of food, water and movement. Researchers and doctors alike are interested in how these hibernation tricks could help humans with their own health.(冬眠是一个简单问题的复杂解决方案。冬天食物匮乏。为了在这种季节性的饥饿中生存下来，动物，如北极地松鼠和黑熊，会冬眠，这样生理上的变化使它们在缺乏食物、水和运动的情况下仍能生存。研究人员和医生都对这些冬眠技巧如何帮助人类保持健康感兴趣)”结合文章主要介绍了4个人类可以从冬眠的动物身上学到的一些帮助人类保持健康的知识。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是人类可以从连续睡几个月的动物身上学到什么。故选A。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据THREAT: Diabetes部分中“Yet grizzly bears gain 100 pounds or more each autumn and somehow avoid diabetes. A recent study found that the grizzlies' fat cells become more sensitive to insulin as they prepare for the winter, allowing the bears to keep processing and storing sugar.(然而，灰熊每年秋天都会增重100磅或更多，而且不知怎么就能避免患糖尿病。最近的一项研究发现，灰熊的脂肪细胞在为冬天做准备时对胰岛素更加敏感，这使得灰熊能够继续处理和储存糖分)”可知，灰熊在秋天处理糖的过程可能会给我们提供一些关于如何处理糖尿病问题的见解。故选B。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“If a human were to lie still for long periods without food, his or her bones would slowly degrade.(如果一个人长时间不吃东西而躺着不动，他或她的骨头就会慢慢退化)”可知，C选项“长期躺着不动会影响骨密度”正确。故选C。 (C) When antibiotics（抗生素）first became available, farmers used them freely. Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous to human health. Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place, figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest. Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that, as she puts it, travels from "farm to table."Handelsman, a microbiologist who is now associate director for science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, looked into dairy cows, which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure（排泄物）that farmers use on their crops. In addition to nutrients, that fertilizer may harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw. To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist, Handelsman and her colleagues at Yale University added manure from a nearby Connecticut farm to raised beds of soil in 2013. In this case, the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics. The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free. Previous research has found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria, but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use. Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase. The findings should not, however, give the impression that resistance is everywhere, notes Lance Price, a microbiologist at George Washington University（who was not involved in the study）. "We can control this. There's very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap, we bring down drug-resistant bacteria," says Lance. Next on the farm-to-table schedule, Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system（循环系统）. "They have veins（血管）just like us," she says. "We don't have any evidence yet that they're taking up the bacteria, but it's a really interesting possibility." 43. What does Jo Handelsman's research focus on? A. How antibiotics makes its way onto our table. B. What restrictions should be put to antibiotics use. C. How antibiotics-resistant bacteria reach human beings. D. What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans. 44. What did Jo's research find? A. Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. B. Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment. C. Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time. D. Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria. 45. Lance Price is quoted in the passage in order to ________. A. provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerous B. suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problems C. emphasize the importance of feeding cows with no antibiotics D. show that the research findings may not be that worrisome 46. Which of the following statements is Jo most likely to agree with? A. It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable. B. Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes. C. There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted. D. The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria. 【答案】43. C 44. A 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家Jo Handelsman关于“耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类的”的研究成果。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place, figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.（在关于应该实施何种限制的争论中，弄清耐抗生素细菌是如何进化并进入人体的仍然是一个引起强烈兴趣的领域。）”中的how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans可知，Jo Handelsman 的研究重点是耐抗生素细菌是如何传播到人类的。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer—even though the cows were drug-free.（研究人员出乎意料地发现，与使用合成氮基化肥生长相比，使用粪肥生长的土壤细菌携带有更多的抗生素耐药基因，尽管这些奶牛没有使用任何药物。）”中的even though the cows were drug-free可知，Jo团队发现无药（drug-free）奶牛产生的粪便中含有耐抗生素细菌。故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“"We can control this. There's very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap, we bring down drug-resistant bacteria," says Lance.（“我们可以控制这种情况。有非常明确的证据表明，当我们关闭抗生素水龙头时，我们就能打败耐药细菌,” Lance说。）”中的We can control this可知，引用Lance的话是为了说明研究结果可能并不那么令人担忧（worrisome）。故选D项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Next on the farm-to-table schedule, Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system（循环系统）. "They have veins（血管）just like us," she says. "We don't have any evidence yet that they're taking up the bacteria, but it's a really interesting possibility."（在从农场到餐桌的下一步计划中，Handelsman将测试在施用牛粪的土壤中生长的小萝卜是否能够通过其维管系统吸收细菌的耐药基因。“他们和我们一样有“血管”,”她说。“我们还没有任何证据表明它们正在吸收这种细菌，但这是一个非常有趣的可能性。”）”中的taking up resistant genes from bacteria可知，Jo认为在施用牛粪的土壤中生长的植物可能含有抗药基因。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Living in the Valley We had been living in our valley for sixteen months when we first realised the dangers that could exist in the surrounding hills and threaten our very survival. Until that time, we had felt safe and sheltered in our valley below the protecting hills. Soon snow began to fall. Within a day it lay some 15 centimetres deep. It almost completely blocked out the lane and made the streamside path slippery and dangerous. But on the neighbouring heights the snow was much deeper and stayed for longer. Up there the wind was fierce. ____47____ And yet we knew that there was reason for us to worry. The snow and wind were certainly inconvenient but they did not really trouble us greatly. ____48____ It reminded us of what could have occurred if circumstances had been different if the flow of water from the hills had not, many years before, been controlled, held back by a series of dams. In a short time the snow started to melt. Day after day, we watched clouds pile up high over the hills to the west Grey clouds extended over the valleys. ____49____ We had seen enough of the sky; now we began to watch the river, which every day was becoming fuller and wilder The snow was gradually washed away as more and more rain streamed from the clouds, but high up in the hills the reservoir (水库) was filling and was fast approaching danger level. And then it happened—for the first time in years the reservoir overflowed. There in the heights it was like the Niagara Falls, as the water flowed over the edge of the dam and poured into the stream below. ____50____ Just a couple of metres from our hut the stream seemed wild beneath the bridge. It was far deeper than we’d ever seen it so near our home, angrily striking its banks. For three days we prayed that it would stay below its walk. Fortunately, our prayers were answered as the dam held and the waters began to withdraw. A. We can thus enjoy, rather than fear, the huge clouds that hang over the valley. B. Deep in our valley we felt only sudden fits of wind; trees swayed but the branches held firm. C. It was the year when the storms came early, before the calendar even hinted at winter. D. They twisted and turned, rising eastwards and upwards, warning of what was to come. E. It was the river, the Ryburn, which normally flowed so gently, that threatened us most. F. The river seemed maddened as the waters poured almost horizontally down to its lower stretches. 【答案】47. B 48. A 49. D 50. F 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。作者描绘了住在山谷里的情形，虽然那里有雨雪狂风和洪水，但是自从有了水坝之后，这个地方变得安全起来。 【47题详解】 根据前一句“Up there the wind was fierce.”可知，作者此处描述了山风，上面的风是猛烈的，而在作者所居住的山谷里，风过处，有惊无险。并与下文“The snow and wind were certainly inconvenient but they did not really trouble us greatly”呼应。选项B. Deep in our valley we felt only sudden fits of wind; trees swayed but the branches held firm(在山谷深处，我们只感到一阵阵风突如其来;树在摇摆，但树枝坚挺)符合语境，故选B。 【48题详解】 根据上一句“The snow and wind were certainly inconvenient but they did not really trouble us greatly.”可知，雪和风确实给我们带来不便，但实际上并没有给我们带来多大的麻烦。因此，作者面对突至的风雪并不担心，甚至可以安心享受，故选A。 【49题详解】 根据下一句“We had seen enough of the sky; now we began to watch the river…”可知，作者描述所看到的天上的情形，再根据上一句“Day after day, we watched clouds pile up high over the hills to the west Grey clouds extended over the valleys.”中，每天作者都在观察云的动向，选项D中“they”与前文中的“clouds”为代指关系，“They twisted and turned, rising eastwards and upwards, warning of what was to come. (它们扭来扭去，向东向上上升，预告着即将发生的事情。)”符合语境，故选D。 【50题详解】 根据空格前一句“There in the heights it was like the Niagara Falls, as the water flowed over the edge of the dam and poured into the stream below.”和后一句“Just a couple of metres from our hut the stream seemed wild beneath the bridge.”可知，作者以空间顺序描写了水库泄洪时，水流狂奔而下的情形，选项F. The river seemed maddened as the waters poured almost horizontally down to its lower stretches. (这条河似乎发狂了，洪水几乎是水平地向下游倾泻而下。)符合语境，故选F。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Distance of face-to-face learning—What’s the difference? Although many people think it is a modern phenomenon, distance learning has been around for at least 200 years in one form or another. The technological advances of the past 20 or so years however, have meant that this form of education is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. When comparing the two systems, the first and most obvious area to focus on is the way that learning is delivered. Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the internet. On a face-to-face course, students may only require a computer for the purpose of writing an essay. In comparison, when learning remotely, technology is the principal means of communication. The flexibility this provides means that students may be better able to learn at their own pace, following their own timetable, but it may also mean that learners have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. They must therefore be highly motivated in order to do well on the distance-learning courses. In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same. Namely, the teacher is the ‘knower’, and is responsible for helping students understand the key components of the course. However, the nature of the relationship may differ slightly within the two modes of delivery. With face-to-face learning, the teacher and student have the opportunity to develop a personal relationship through lectures and tutorials. This is different from a distance learning course where the teacher may seldom or indeed never actually meet the student. This may make it hard for teachers to understand their learners’ specific learning needs. In conclusion, it is difficult to state whether one form of learning is better than another, as they meet different needs. What is important to understand is the different ways in which they operate and that there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Distance learning is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology, which has enough flexibility but this means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. With respect to the relationship between teachers and students, the core principle of the two systems remain the same. In a word，they can meet different needs. 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了远程教学和面对面教学，分析了远程教学的优点，两种教学方式的相同之处，总结两种教学方式可以满足不同的需求，都可以产生良好的结果。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①The technological advances of the past 20 or so years however, have meant that this form of education is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. ②Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the internet. ③In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same. ④What is important to understand is the different ways in which they operate and that there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2、3三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Distance learning is now able to rival face-to-face learning as a credible alternative. Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology Distance learning has enough flexibility and means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined. In terms of the relationship between teachers and students, the core principles remain the same. In a word，they can meet different needs. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Compared to face-to-face learning，the system is heavily dependent on technology, which has enough flexibility but this means learner have to be well-organized and self-disciplined.（运用了固定短语compared to，which引导的非限制性定语从句，省略了that的宾语从句） [高分句型2]：With respect to the relationship between teachers and students, the core principle of the two systems remain the same. （运用了介词短语with respect to） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这里的沙子远没有我想象中的那么细软。（nearly）（汉译英） 【答案】The sand here is not nearly as soft as I imagine. 【解析】 【详解】考查一般现在时和副词短语。表示“沙子”应用名词sand作主语，此处为特指，所以应用定冠词the。根据提示，表示“远没有”应用副词短语not nearly，表示“细软的”应用形容词soft。表示“想象”应用动词imagine。表示“像……一样”应用“as...as... ”。此处描述客观事实，所以应用一般现在时。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为The sand here is not nearly as soft as I imagine. 53. 最省钱的方法就是离开大都市，到大自然中去。（head）（汉译英） 【答案】The cheapest way is to get out of the big city and head into nature. 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】考查动词短语和不定式。分析可知本句为“主系表结构”，表示“最省钱的方法”用the cheapest way，作主语；陈述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，用is作系动词；表示“离开、走出”用get out of，表示“走向、走进”用head into，用and连接，并列位于不定式符号to后作表语，解释说明主语way的内容，结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为：The cheapest way is to get out of the big city and head into nature. 54. 只要一夜不睡，不仅你的记忆力受到影响，解决问题的能力也会衰退。（not only）（汉译英） 【答案】As long as you stay up all night, not only is your memory affected, but (also) your ability to solve problems declines. 【解析】 【详解】考查条件状语从句、固定搭配和动词时态。分析句子可知，句子陈述一般真理，应使用一般现在时。表达“只要”应用as long as，引导条件状语从句；表达“你”应用you；表达“一夜不睡”应使用动词短语stay up all night，从句主语为you，谓语动词使用原形；表达“不仅，而且（也）”应使用固定搭配not only, but (also)句型，其中not only位于句首时，其后用部分倒装（情态动词、助动词等要提前），而but (also)之后不倒装；表达“你的记忆力”应使用your memory；表达“受到影响”应使用动词affect，且affect与所修饰词memory之间是被动关系，且主语是单数名词，应使用被动语态is affected；表达 “你的能力”应使用名词短语your ability；表达“解决问题”应用solve problems，此处使用动词不定式作后置定语，修饰名词ability；表达“衰退”应使用动词decline，句子的主语为第三人称单数形式，not only后面使用部分倒装，将be动词is提前，but后面的句子谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式，句子首字母大写。故翻译为As long as you stay up all night, not only is your memory affected, but (also) your ability to solve problems declines. 55. 虽然这件艺术品的精美程度无法与博物馆内的其他物品相提并论，但它的价值在于它所使用的材料。（compare）（汉译英） 【答案】Although the exquisiteness of this artwork cannot be compared with other objects in the museum, its value lies in the materials it uses. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、时态、短语和名词。表示“尽管”应用连词Although；表示“艺术品的精美”短语为the exquisiteness of this artwork，作从句中的主语；表示“相提并论”短语为be compared with，这里应用被动语态；表示“其他物品”应用other objects；表示“在于”应用短语lie in，结合主语可知这里应用动词三单；表示“在博物馆内”应用in the museum；表示“价值”应用value；表示“材料”应用material，material应用复数形式作宾语；根据所陈述的内容可知，这里应用一般现在时。故翻译为Although the exquisiteness of this artwork cannot be compared with other objects in the museum, its value lies in the materials it uses. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报正在进行主题为“Decision Making”的征文，你对此很感兴趣，决定写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括：在无法抉择的情况下，通常是什么因素帮助你做出最后的决定；用一个具体的例子说明你的观点。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文： The Rational Approach to Decision Making Decision-making, especially when confronted with a genuine dilemma, is an inevitable challenge in our lives. In such bewildering situations, I always rely on rational analysis to guide my final choice. When facing difficult choices, my primary guiding principle is to objectively weigh the pros and cons rather than acting on impulsive emotions. I usually make a detailed list to visualize potential outcomes and evaluate the long-term consequences. A concrete example is my choice between the debate club and the drama club last year. Although I loved acting, I ultimately opted for debate, realizing it would better hone my critical thinking and public speaking skills, which are crucial for my future career. To summarize, evaluating the long-term impacts of each option is the most effective factor in my decision-making process. This logical framework ensures that my choices align with my ultimate life goals. 【解析】 【导语】题目要求学生以李明的身份，写一篇文章参与校英语报举办的征文活动，需就难以抉择时帮助自己做出最后决定的因素表明观点，并用具体例子支撑该观点。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 不可避免的：inevitable→inescapable, ineluctable 依靠：rely on→depend on, count on 评估：evaluate→assess, gauge 与……一致：align with→conform to, agree with, correspond with, be consistent with 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：A concrete example is my choice between the debate club and the drama club last year. 拓展句：A concrete example which I can give is that I had to choose between the debate club and the drama club last year. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Although I loved acting, I ultimately opted for debate, realizing it would better hone my critical thinking and public speaking skills, which are crucial for my future career. (运用了Although引导让步状语从句、现在分词realizing作状语、that引导宾语从句并被省略、which引导非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] This logical framework ensures that my choices align with my ultimate life goals. (运用了that引导宾语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $