精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Sleep Scientifically Dr Penny Lewis engineers sleep to improve memory and brain function. But to really help your brain, she says you need to start with the basics. Why is sleep important? Sleep regulates the immune system, it’s involved in regulating our body temperature, and it has huge impacts on the brain. Recent research has shown that sleep is really important for getting toxins out of the brain. One of those toxins is beta amyloid, ___1___ (store) in the brain. It ___2___ build up and is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep has been shown ___3___ (get) it out by up to 80 per cent compared to a waking state. You research sleep engineering. What is that? It’s a(n) ___4___ (emerge) science based around controlling the sleep that people get in order to enhance its impact on health and memory. We are trying to enhance slow wave sleep, one of the deep phases of sleep, which ___5___ (characterize) by these high amplitude, slow oscillation brain waves, caused by loads of neurons firing in synchrony. When people are in slow wave sleep, we play a little click sound when they’re approaching the peak of an oscillation, so soft ___6___ it won’t wake them up. It enhances the synchronisation of the neurons, which improves memory. Slow wave sleep is one of the things that breaks down ___7___ age, so we’re trying to enhance the amplitude of those waves to help people get more and deeper slow wave sleep; both healthy young people and older people. What other parts of sleep can you engineer? We’re also interested in ___8___ sleep can help with processing emotions. There’s a theory from Matt Walker at Berkeley ___9___ suggests that if you replay memories in REM sleep, you may strengthen the memory but remove the emotional content from ____10____. We have been trying to test this. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. achingly B. coverage C. detect D. disturbing E. fascinating F. immediate G. interact H. mend I. subsequently J. surrounding K. thinking Science Large and Small Every year on the website Edge, scientists and other thinkers reply to one question. This year it’s “What do you consider the most interesting recent news” in science? The answers are ____11____. We’re used to thinking of news as the events that happen in a city or country within a few weeks or months. But scientists expand our 12 ____12____ to the unimaginably large and small. Here is just a bit of the scientific news. Our old familiar solar system has turned out to be full of surprises. Unmanned spacecraft have discovered that the planets ____13____ us are more puzzling, peculiar and dynamic than we would ever have thought. On our own planet, the big ____14____ news is that the effects of carbon on climate change are ever more evident and ____15____. The ice sheets are melting, sea levels are rising, and last year was almost certainly the warmest on record. Our human response is ____16____ slow in contrast. The news about our particular human bodies and their ills is especially interesting. The idea that tiny invisible organisms make us sick was one of the great achievements of the scientific expansion of scale. But new machines that ____17____ the genetic signature of bacteria have shown that those invisible germs — the “microbiome” — aren’t really the enemy. In fact, they’re essential to keeping us well, and the great lifesaving advance of antibiotics (抗生素) comes with a cost. If new technology is helping us to understand and ____18____ the human body, it is also expanding the scope of the human mind. We’ve seen lots of media ____19____ about artificial intelligence over the past year, but the basic algorithms (算法) are not really new. The news is the amount of data and computational power that is available. Still, even if those advances are just about increases in data and computing power, they could deeply change how we _____20_____ with the world. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We’ve all experienced that terrible feeling of being distracted from the task at hand. But don’t be too hard on your butterfly mind: our brains have evolved, ____21____, to be distractible. We prize an ability to concentrate, but we need our attention to be ____22____. If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking (嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard that signifies an invader, or the smoke that announces fire. Attention has proven to be much more complicated, and weirder, than it seems. If you look closely at something — a photo of a landscape, say — you probably feel that you are noticing everything when, in fact, you’re ____23____ just a few bits at a time. This is because the more you concentrate, the ____24____ your view becomes. Inattentional blindness, as this is known, has been shown in dozens of demonstrations. The most famous is a video of a group of people passing a basketball to each other. As the ____25____ continue, a person in a monkey suit walks into the middle of the group and beats his chest before slowly walking off. If you show the video to people who’ve never seen it before and instruct them to watch the ball closely, nearly all of them ____26____ to see the gorilla because it falls outside the range of their attention. ____27____, attention is marked by neural (神经的) activity in the brain areas concerned with the object of attention. If you’re listening to music, ____28____, neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you're studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head). Areas in the parietal brain lobes (upper rear of the brain) direct attention in three-dimensional space. The more you’re ____29____ something, the more intense and persistent the activity. The back of the parietal lobe is particularly important for attention because it ____30____ your focus, like a hand guiding a torch. Damage to this area can make a person effectively ____31____ to whole chunks of the world — everything in the left half of their visual field, for example. Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn't attract their attention. They only ____32____ it when someone else forces them to attend to it. But attention-related blindness is something that we all ____33____ to a lesser degree, and it can reach into every area of our lives. People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks. Such ____34____ may be good, but it can lead to disaster. Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn, but sometimes it can be just as important to ____35____ our field of attention. 21. A. for good reason B. on a regular basis C. on a large scale D. for no purpose 22. A. personal B. flexible C. critical D. persistent 23. A. taking in B. seeing off C. looking up D. putting on 24. A. clearer B. more complex C. narrower D. more difficult 25. A. passes B. videos C. fights D. bits 26. A. expect B. hate C. begin D. fail 27. A. Culturally B. Spiritually C. Physically D. Historically 28. A. in addition B. as a result C. on the contrary D. for instance 29. A. believing in B. taking to C. hinting at D. focusing on 30. A. demands B. provides C. directs D. reflects 31. A. accessible B. opposed C. helpful D. blind 32. A. see B. recall C. hear D. forget 33. A. introduce B. experience C. evaluate D. integrate 34. A. intelligence B. ignorance C. interaction D. impression 35. A. survey B. maintain C. broaden D. restrict Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） In the animal kingdom, not getting eaten is a top priority. To this end, some species have developed weapons, such as a painful sting or a deadly bite, and warn other creatures of this fact with bright colors and patterns. Others, lacking weapons themselves, employ a foxier strategy. They simply copy the warning signs of a truly deadly creature, and as a result of this fakery, are left well alone. This phenomenon has been named Batesian mimicry after the scientist Henry Bates, who first observed it in the mid-1800s. While collecting butterflies in Brazil, Bates observed that a number of common, slow-flying butterflies were being ignored by predators even though they were easy catches. He guessed that these butterflies must taste disgusting and that predators had learned to avoid them as a result. He later observed that certain rare butterflies of different species shared color patterns with these bad-tasting butterflies. He concluded that the rare butterflies must gain some level of protection from the resemblance. Predators had come to connect certain color patterns with a nasty eating experience, and the rare butterflies had evolved to take advantage of this fact. Instances of Batesian mimicry can be found all over the animal kingdom. The harmless king snake, for example, unlike the inflexible rat snake, has developed a color pattern that is almost identical to that of the deadly coral snake. One look at the distinctive red, yellow, and black bands on a king snake is enough to make predators think twice about eating it, just in case it packs a venomous bite like its near twin. Similarly, many species of flies have the same black-and-yellow stripes as bees and wasps. Eager to avoid getting stung, most predators will stay well clear, though in fact these flies have no stingers to speak of. These examples show that animals don’t have to pack deadly weapons to survive in nature. Sometimes, just pretending to be dangerous is good enough to make predators keep their distance. For these accomplished Batesian mimics, there’s really no shame in faking it! 36. Which of the following is an example of a Batesian mimic? A. A harmless animal with colored patterns that help it hide easily. B. A harmless animal with the distinctive pattern of a deadly one. C. Dangerous animals with fatal weapons. D. Dangerous animals with bright colors. 37. What did Henry Bates find while observing butterflies in Brazil? A. Rare butterflies usually don't taste good. B. Butterflies in Brazil share similar color patterns. C. The slower the butterfly flies, the worse it tastes. D. Predators ignore some slow-flying butterflies. 38. Why is the king snake mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To explain what Batesian mimicry is. B. To prove how clever the king snake is. C. To illustrate how rare Batesian mimicry is. D. To warn what distinctive colors represent. 39. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To educate people how to recognize dangerous animals. B. To introduce the ways to survive in the animal kingdom. C. To illustrate the Batesian mimicry phenomenon in animals. D. To emphasize what should be the priority in the animal kingdom. （B） （C） ‌“Moby-Dick” was, for me, one of those books classified as ‌“things you should have read a long time ago”. Plus, I am a mathematician. And despite my interest in literature, my intellectual priorities did not include a 400-page novel about whales. That all changed one day when I overheard a mathematician friend mention that ‌“Moby-Dick” contains a reference to cycloids. Cycloids are among the most beautiful mathematical curves (曲线) in existence — the French mathematician Blaise Pascal found them so distractingly fascinating that he claimed merely thinking about them could relieve the pain of a bad toothache — but applications to whaling are not usually listed on their resume. Curious, I finally read ‌“Moby-Dick”, and was delighted to find that it is full of mathematical metaphors. I realized further it’s not just Herman Melville; Leo Tolstoy writes about calculus (微积分), James Joyce about geometry (几何). Regretfully, the connections between mathematics and literature have not received the attention they deserve. In fact, they are often considered to be against each other. I recall that at the end of my very last English class at school, in 1991, the teacher gave me a lovely handwritten note with a long list of books she thought I might like, saying, ‌“Sorry to lose you to the lab.” The idea that one would have to choose between mathematics and literature is, I think, something of a tragedy — not only because the two fields are fundamentally linked, but also because understanding these links can enhance your enjoyment of both. The perceived boundary between math and literature is actually a very recent idea. For most of recorded history, mathematics was part of every educated person’s cultural awareness. The 11th-century Persian scholar Omar Khayyam, to whom the poetry collection known as the Rubaiyat is credited, was also a mathematician, and created beautiful geometric solutions to mathematical problems. In the 14th century, Chaucer wrote both ‌“The Canterbury Tales” and a paper on the astrolabe (星盘，用于测量天体的距离). There are innumerable such examples, not least that of Lewis Carroll, who, of course, was a mathematician first and an author second. There is a deeper reason we find mathematics at the heart of literature. The universe is full of underlying structure, pattern and regularity, and mathematics is the best tool we have for understanding it — that’s why mathematics is often called the language of the universe, and why it is so vital to science. Since we humans are part of the universe, it is only natural that our forms of creative expression, literature among them, will also reveal a tendency for pattern and structure. 40. What inspired the writer to read ‌“Moby-Dick”? A. The topic of the book. B. His friend’s recommendation. C. His long-time interest in literature. D. There being some maths in the book. 41. The writer’s English teacher’s words are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to . A. form a sharp contrast with the attainment he later made B. show that maths and literature are regarded as distinctive subjects C. protest against the unfair treatment he once received while young D. imply that mathematics and literature haven’t received proper attention 42. What do Omar Khayyam, Chaucer and Lewis Carroll have in common? A. All of them were famous novelists. B. All of them were in favour of reading widely. C. All of them were masters in both maths and literature. D. All of them were aware of the boundary between maths and literature. 43. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Both maths and literature are part of the pursuit to understand the universe. B. There is enough research on the connections between maths and literature. C. Taking on maths and giving up literature was not a wise choice for him. D. Mathematicians may find it hard to understand ideas embedded in literature. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Messy Facts about Diet and Inflammation Hop on the Internet or visit a bookstore, and you will see numerous “anti-inflammatory” diets, dishing out recipes and hope. ____44____ Sure, plenty of foods have been found to reduce inflammation-many of them in laboratory experiments as opposed to in people: turmeric, blueberries, tea, various vegetables, fish. University of South Carolina professors James and Nitin Shivappa surveyed 1,943 such studies and published in 2014 a Dietary Inflammatory Index, with 45 food elements. They created it as a research tool for evaluating diets; it’s built from studies that varied widely in methodology. When I asked Ridker his views on anti-inflammatory diets, he grew uneasy. “This has caught on like wildfire,” he says, “but I have seen extremely little data that say this piece of food is ‘anti-inflammatory’ and this piece is not.” He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods. ____45____ Would it be even more effective if it incorporated more blueberries and turmeric? No one knows for sure. Diet research is tricky. Some food, like turmeric, may work anti-inflammatory wonders for mice, but “that’s in the context of them eating with a whole different set of nutrients,” explains Martha Clare Morris, a nutritional epidemiologist at Chicago’s Rush University. The typical Mediterranean diet calls for loads of seafood a week, and yet studies of people taking fish oils as a supplement have not found much benefit. The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat. ____46____ A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH. It will look at inflammation, but results won’t be out soon. Until then, there is no harm in adding more so-called anti-inflammatory ingredients to your diet. Hebert suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper). ____47____! So don’t drink it with cookies and chips. A. Inflammation, though, is an essential part of healing. B. And context matters. C. That’s why researchers such as Morris prefer to study overall dietary patterns rather than particular ingredients. D. The underlying science, however, is somewhat shaky. E. When inflammation becomes long-term or systemic, there’s a price to pay. F. That diet has been shown in well-designed studies to reduce key markers of inflammation and the risk of heart disease. III. Summary Writing 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Food Security Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty (source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2003). As of late 2007, export restrictions and panic buying, US Dollar Depreciation, increased farming for use in biofuels, world oil prices at more than $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, and loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development are claimed to have pushed up the price of grain. The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). The latest FAO figures indicate that there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment rate is over 35%. In its ‌“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003,” FAO states that: ‌“In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised by more rapid growth in their agricultural sectors.” So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 49. 具备自动驾驶技术的汽车在道路上已经屡见不鲜。（familiar） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ 50. 村子里弃用已久的一处旧仓库被改造成了饭店。 (turn) ________________________________________________________________________________ 51. 这是一个经营了 20 年的品牌，它见证了中国数字娱乐行业的崛起。（witness） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ 52. 这位曾经的排球运动员惊喜地辨认着照片上的一个个队友，感慨万分。（as） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 53. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 56. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一份英语杂志上读到一篇关于“经典”的文章，你对此话题很感兴趣，给该杂志“读者来信”专栏写一封信，内容须包括： 1) 你认为“经典作品（如音乐、文学、电影等）”有哪些特点； 2) 用一个具体例子说明你的观点。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Sleep Scientifically Dr Penny Lewis engineers sleep to improve memory and brain function. But to really help your brain, she says you need to start with the basics. Why is sleep important? Sleep regulates the immune system, it’s involved in regulating our body temperature, and it has huge impacts on the brain. Recent research has shown that sleep is really important for getting toxins out of the brain. One of those toxins is beta amyloid, ___1___ (store) in the brain. It ___2___ build up and is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Sleep has been shown ___3___ (get) it out by up to 80 per cent compared to a waking state. You research sleep engineering. What is that? It’s a(n) ___4___ (emerge) science based around controlling the sleep that people get in order to enhance its impact on health and memory. We are trying to enhance slow wave sleep, one of the deep phases of sleep, which ___5___ (characterize) by these high amplitude, slow oscillation brain waves, caused by loads of neurons firing in synchrony. When people are in slow wave sleep, we play a little click sound when they’re approaching the peak of an oscillation, so soft ___6___ it won’t wake them up. It enhances the synchronisation of the neurons, which improves memory. Slow wave sleep is one of the things that breaks down ___7___ age, so we’re trying to enhance the amplitude of those waves to help people get more and deeper slow wave sleep; both healthy young people and older people. What other parts of sleep can you engineer? We’re also interested in ___8___ sleep can help with processing emotions. There’s a theory from Matt Walker at Berkeley ___9___ suggests that if you replay memories in REM sleep, you may strengthen the memory but remove the emotional content from ____10____. We have been trying to test this. 【答案】1. stored 2. can 3. to get 4. emerging 5. is characterized 6. that 7. with 8. how 9. that##which 10. it 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍了Penny Lewis博士研究科学睡眠工程，探究睡眠清除大脑毒素、慢波睡眠巩固记忆，以及快速眼动睡眠处理情绪的相关研究。 【1题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：其中一种毒素是β-淀粉样蛋白，储存在大脑中。句子已有谓语is，此空是非谓语；beta amyloid与store是被动关系，此空填过去分词stored，作后置定语。 【2题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：它会不断积聚，并且和阿尔茨海默病有关。表示该物质具备的特性，此空填can，表示“会，能够”。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：已有研究表明，和清醒状态相比，睡眠清除该毒素的量最多可达80%。be shown to do sth.是固定结构，表示“被证明……”，此空填不定式to get。 【4题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它是一门新兴科学，核心是调控人们的睡眠，增强睡眠对健康和记忆的作用。修饰名词science，此空填形容词emerging，作定语，表示“新兴的”。 【5题详解】 考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：我们努力增强慢波睡眠 —— 深度睡眠阶段之一，它以高振幅、缓慢振荡的脑电波为特征，由大量神经元同步放电产生。be characterized by是固定短语，表示“以……为特征”，此处陈述事实，用一般现在时，which指代slow wave sleep，为单数，此空填is characterized。 【6题详解】 考查连词。句意：当人们处于慢波睡眠时，我们在脑电波接近峰值时播放轻微的咔哒声，声音轻到不会吵醒他们。根据“so soft ____ it won’t wake them up”可知，此处是so... that...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”，此空填that。 【7题详解】 考查介词。句意：慢波睡眠会随着年龄增长衰退，所以我们尝试提升脑电波振幅，帮助人们获得更多、更深的慢波睡眠，健康年轻人和老年人都适用。根据空后名词“age”以及句意可知，此处是with age，表示“随着年龄增长”，此空填介词with。 【8题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：我们也对睡眠如何帮助处理情绪感兴趣。介词in后接宾语从句，从句不缺主干成分，根据下文可知，科学家们感兴趣的是大脑在睡眠中具体怎么操作、通过什么途径去处理情绪，此空填how，表示“如何”。 【9题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：伯克利大学的Matt Walker提出一个理论，该理论认为，如果你在快速眼动睡眠阶段回放记忆，你或许能巩固这段记忆，但会剥离其中附带的情绪成分。此空引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是theory，指物，此空填关系代词that/which。 【10题详解】 考查代词。句意：同上。指代上文提到的the memory，此空填it，作介词from的宾语。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. achingly B. coverage C. detect D. disturbing E. fascinating F. immediate G. interact H. mend I. subsequently J. surrounding K. thinking Science Large and Small Every year on the website Edge, scientists and other thinkers reply to one question. This year it’s “What do you consider the most interesting recent news” in science? The answers are ____11____. We’re used to thinking of news as the events that happen in a city or country within a few weeks or months. But scientists expand our 12 ____12____ to the unimaginably large and small. Here is just a bit of the scientific news. Our old familiar solar system has turned out to be full of surprises. Unmanned spacecraft have discovered that the planets ____13____ us are more puzzling, peculiar and dynamic than we would ever have thought. On our own planet, the big ____14____ news is that the effects of carbon on climate change are ever more evident and ____15____. The ice sheets are melting, sea levels are rising, and last year was almost certainly the warmest on record. Our human response is ____16____ slow in contrast. The news about our particular human bodies and their ills is especially interesting. The idea that tiny invisible organisms make us sick was one of the great achievements of the scientific expansion of scale. But new machines that ____17____ the genetic signature of bacteria have shown that those invisible germs — the “microbiome” — aren’t really the enemy. In fact, they’re essential to keeping us well, and the great lifesaving advance of antibiotics (抗生素) comes with a cost. If new technology is helping us to understand and ____18____ the human body, it is also expanding the scope of the human mind. We’ve seen lots of media ____19____ about artificial intelligence over the past year, but the basic algorithms (算法) are not really new. The news is the amount of data and computational power that is available. Still, even if those advances are just about increases in data and computing power, they could deeply change how we _____20_____ with the world. 【答案】11. E 12. K 13. J 14. D 15. F 16. A 17. C 18. H 19. B 20. G 【解析】 【导语】本文依托Edge网站年度提问，介绍多领域前沿科学资讯，涵盖太阳系、气候变化、微生物组与人工智能。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这些答案十分吸引人。根据上文“"What do you consider the most interesting recent news" in science?”可知，科学家们回答科学相关趣味问题，fascinating意为“极具吸引力的，有趣的”，在句中作表语。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：但科学家把我们的思考拓展到难以想象的宏观与微观世界。根据“We’re used to thinking of news as the events that happen in a city or country within a few weeks or months.”可知，科学家把我们的思考拓展到难以想象的宏观与微观世界。expand our thinking 表示拓展我们的思维，thinking是名词，意为“思考，思维”，作expand的宾语。 【13题详解】 考查现在分词作定语。句意：无人航天器发现，我们周围的行星远比我们想象的更加令人费解、奇特且充满活力。根据“Unmanned spacecraft have discovered”可知，我们周围的行星远比我们想象的更加令人费解、奇特且充满活力。surrounding现在分词，意为“围绕……的；周围的”，修饰名词the planets。故选J。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在我们的地球上，一则令人不安的重大消息是碳对气候变化带来的影响愈发明显且迫在眉睫。根据后文“The ice sheets are melting, sea levels are rising, and last year was almost certainly the warmest on record.”可知，冰川融化、海平面上升等气候坏消息是令人不安的，disturbing意为“令人不安的”，修饰名词news，作定语。 【15题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在我们的地球上，一则令人不安的重大消息是碳对气候变化带来的影响愈发明显且迫在眉睫。immediate意为“即刻的，迫在眉睫的”，和evident并列，描述气候危机已经很近。作表语。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：相比之下，人类的反应却慢得令人难受。根据“slow in contrast”可知，人类的反应却慢得令人难受。achingly副词，意为“极其；令人痛苦地”，修饰形容词slow，强化缓慢带来的无奈感。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：但是可以检测细菌基因特征的新仪器表明，这些看不见的微生物——微生物组——其实并不是敌人。根据“But new machines”可知，新仪器用来检测。detect动词，意为“检测，察觉”，that引导定语从句，先行词machines，从句谓语用原形detect。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果新技术帮助我们理解并修复人体，它同样拓宽了人类思维的边界。根据“If new technology”可知，新技术帮助我们理解并修复人体。mend动词，意为“修复，调理”，和understand并列。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：过去一年，我们看到大量关于人工智能的媒体报道。根据“about artificial intelligence”可知，看到的是关于人工智能的媒体报道。media coverage是固定搭配，意为“媒体报道”，coverage为名词作宾语。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：即便这些进步只是数据与算力的增长，它们也会深刻改变我们和世界互动的方式。根据“Still, even if those advances are just about increases in data and computing power”可知，进步只是数据与算力的增长动词也会改变我们和世界互动的方式，interact with为固定搭配，意为“与……互动、交流”，陈述客观事实，为一般现在时，且主语为第一人称，所以此处使用动词原形interact。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. We’ve all experienced that terrible feeling of being distracted from the task at hand. But don’t be too hard on your butterfly mind: our brains have evolved, ____21____, to be distractible. We prize an ability to concentrate, but we need our attention to be ____22____. If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking (嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard that signifies an invader, or the smoke that announces fire. Attention has proven to be much more complicated, and weirder, than it seems. If you look closely at something — a photo of a landscape, say — you probably feel that you are noticing everything when, in fact, you’re ____23____ just a few bits at a time. This is because the more you concentrate, the ____24____ your view becomes. Inattentional blindness, as this is known, has been shown in dozens of demonstrations. The most famous is a video of a group of people passing a basketball to each other. As the ____25____ continue, a person in a monkey suit walks into the middle of the group and beats his chest before slowly walking off. If you show the video to people who’ve never seen it before and instruct them to watch the ball closely, nearly all of them ____26____ to see the gorilla because it falls outside the range of their attention. ____27____, attention is marked by neural (神经的) activity in the brain areas concerned with the object of attention. If you’re listening to music, ____28____, neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you're studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head). Areas in the parietal brain lobes (upper rear of the brain) direct attention in three-dimensional space. The more you’re ____29____ something, the more intense and persistent the activity. The back of the parietal lobe is particularly important for attention because it ____30____ your focus, like a hand guiding a torch. Damage to this area can make a person effectively ____31____ to whole chunks of the world — everything in the left half of their visual field, for example. Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn't attract their attention. They only ____32____ it when someone else forces them to attend to it. But attention-related blindness is something that we all ____33____ to a lesser degree, and it can reach into every area of our lives. People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks. Such ____34____ may be good, but it can lead to disaster. Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn, but sometimes it can be just as important to ____35____ our field of attention. 21. A. for good reason B. on a regular basis C. on a large scale D. for no purpose 22. A. personal B. flexible C. critical D. persistent 23. A. taking in B. seeing off C. looking up D. putting on 24. A. clearer B. more complex C. narrower D. more difficult 25. A. passes B. videos C. fights D. bits 26. A. expect B. hate C. begin D. fail 27. A. Culturally B. Spiritually C. Physically D. Historically 28. A. in addition B. as a result C. on the contrary D. for instance 29. A. believing in B. taking to C. hinting at D. focusing on 30. A. demands B. provides C. directs D. reflects 31. A. accessible B. opposed C. helpful D. blind 32. A. see B. recall C. hear D. forget 33. A. introduce B. experience C. evaluate D. integrate 34. A. intelligence B. ignorance C. interaction D. impression 35. A. survey B. maintain C. broaden D. restrict 【答案】21. A 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要说明了注意力是如何运作的，指出我们的大脑天生就容易分心，注意力比看起来更复杂、更奇怪，并说明了注意力相关的盲区及其影响。 【21题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：但不要太苛责你那颗像蝴蝶一样飘忽不定的心：我们的大脑进化得分心是有充分理由的。A. for good reason有充分理由；B. on a regular basis定期地；C. on a large scale大规模地；D. for no purpose没有目的。根据后文“we need our attention to be ____”可知，分心是有好处的，即有充分理由。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：我们珍视专注的能力，但我们需要我们的注意力是灵活的。A. personal个人的；B. flexible灵活的；C. critical关键的；D. persistent持久的。根据后文“If we focused too tightly we’d miss the creaking ( 嘎吱嘎吱的) floorboard”可知，如果过于专注就会错过周围的信息，所以注意力需要灵活。 【23题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：如果你仔细观察某样东西——比如一张风景照片——你可能会觉得自己注意到了一切，而事实上，你一次只吸收几个片段。A. taking in吸收，理解；B. seeing off送行；C. looking up查阅；D. putting on穿上。根据前文“you probably feel that you are noticing everything”和“in fact”的转折可知，实际上一次只吸收少量信息。 【24题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：这是因为你越专注，你的视野就越狭窄。A. clearer更清晰的；B. more complex更复杂的；C. narrower更狭窄的；D. more difficult更困难的。根据后文“Inattentional blindness”可知，越专注视野越窄，会忽略其他事物。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：随着传球继续，一个穿着猴子服装的人走到人群中间，捶打胸口，然后慢慢走开。A. passes传球；B. videos视频；C. fights打斗；D. bits片段。根据前文“a group of people passing a basketball to each other”可知，这里指传球继续进行。 【26题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果你把视频给从未看过的人看，并指示他们密切注视球，几乎所有人都会看不到大猩猩，因为它超出了他们注意力的范围。A. expect期待；B. hate讨厌；C. begin开始；D. fail失败，未能。根据后文“because it falls outside the range of their attention”可知，他们未能看到大猩猩。fail to do sth.“未能做某事”。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：在生理上，注意力以大脑中与注意对象相关的区域的神经活动为标志。A. Culturally文化上；B. Spiritually精神上；C. Physically生理上；D. Historically历史上。根据后文“attention is marked by neural activity in the brain areas”可知，这里描述的是生理层面的表现。 【28题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：例如，如果你在听音乐，你听觉皮层（靠近耳朵）的神经元会被激活。A. in addition此外；B. as a result结果；C. on the contrary相反；D. for instance例如。根据后文“neurons will be activated in your auditory cortex (near the ears). If you’re studying a picture, there will be activity in your visual brain (at the back of the head).”可知是举例说明前文的观点，用for instance。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：你越专注于某件事，活动就越强烈、越持久。A. believing in相信；B. taking to喜欢；C. hinting at暗示；D. focusing on专注于。根据后文“the more intense and persistent the activity”可知，这里指专注于某事。 【30题详解】 考查动词。句意：顶叶后部对注意力尤其重要，因为它引导你的焦点，就像手引导手电筒一样。A. demands要求；B. provides提供；C. directs引导；D. reflects反映。根据后文“like a hand guiding a torch”可知，顶叶后部引导注意力焦点。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这一区域的损伤会使人实际上对世界的大部分区域视而不见——例如，他们视野左半部分的一切。A. accessible可接近的；B. opposed反对的；C. helpful有帮助的；D. blind盲的。根据后文“everything in the left half of their visual field”以及“Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn’t attract their attention.”可知，损伤会使人对某些区域“视而不见”。 【32题详解】 考查动词。句意：只有当别人强迫他们注意它时，他们才会看到它。A. see看到；B. recall回忆；C. hear听到；D. forget忘记。根据前文“Although they can see what’s there, they don’t because it doesn’t attract their attention.”可知，只有被强迫注意时他们才会真正“看到”。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：但与注意力相关的盲区是我们所有人都在较小程度上经历的，它可以触及我们生活的每一个领域。A. introduce介绍；B. experience经历；C. evaluate评估；D. integrate整合。根据后文“it can reach into every area of our lives”可知，这种盲区是我们都会经历的。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种无知可能是好事，但也可能导致灾难。A. intelligence智力；B. ignorance无知；C. interaction互动；D. impression印象。根据前文“People may be unaware that they live in a dirty house, that someone loves or hates them, or that they always wear odd socks.”可知，这种对周围事物的不注意是一种“无知”。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：专注于手头的任务是一项需要学习的重要技能，但有时拓宽我们的注意力范围也同样重要。A. survey调查；B. maintain维持；C. broaden拓宽；D. restrict限制。根据前文“Focusing on the task at hand is an important skill to learn”和but可知，前文说聚焦手头任务是重要技能，but表示转折，说明有时拓宽注意力范围也很重要。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） In the animal kingdom, not getting eaten is a top priority. To this end, some species have developed weapons, such as a painful sting or a deadly bite, and warn other creatures of this fact with bright colors and patterns. Others, lacking weapons themselves, employ a foxier strategy. They simply copy the warning signs of a truly deadly creature, and as a result of this fakery, are left well alone. This phenomenon has been named Batesian mimicry after the scientist Henry Bates, who first observed it in the mid-1800s. While collecting butterflies in Brazil, Bates observed that a number of common, slow-flying butterflies were being ignored by predators even though they were easy catches. He guessed that these butterflies must taste disgusting and that predators had learned to avoid them as a result. He later observed that certain rare butterflies of different species shared color patterns with these bad-tasting butterflies. He concluded that the rare butterflies must gain some level of protection from the resemblance. Predators had come to connect certain color patterns with a nasty eating experience, and the rare butterflies had evolved to take advantage of this fact. Instances of Batesian mimicry can be found all over the animal kingdom. The harmless king snake, for example, unlike the inflexible rat snake, has developed a color pattern that is almost identical to that of the deadly coral snake. One look at the distinctive red, yellow, and black bands on a king snake is enough to make predators think twice about eating it, just in case it packs a venomous bite like its near twin. Similarly, many species of flies have the same black-and-yellow stripes as bees and wasps. Eager to avoid getting stung, most predators will stay well clear, though in fact these flies have no stingers to speak of. These examples show that animals don’t have to pack deadly weapons to survive in nature. Sometimes, just pretending to be dangerous is good enough to make predators keep their distance. For these accomplished Batesian mimics, there’s really no shame in faking it! 36. Which of the following is an example of a Batesian mimic? A. A harmless animal with colored patterns that help it hide easily. B. A harmless animal with the distinctive pattern of a deadly one. C. Dangerous animals with fatal weapons. D. Dangerous animals with bright colors. 37. What did Henry Bates find while observing butterflies in Brazil? A. Rare butterflies usually don't taste good. B. Butterflies in Brazil share similar color patterns. C. The slower the butterfly flies, the worse it tastes. D. Predators ignore some slow-flying butterflies. 38. Why is the king snake mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To explain what Batesian mimicry is. B. To prove how clever the king snake is. C. To illustrate how rare Batesian mimicry is. D. To warn what distinctive colors represent. 39. What is the main purpose of this passage? A. To educate people how to recognize dangerous animals. B. To introduce the ways to survive in the animal kingdom. C. To illustrate the Batesian mimicry phenomenon in animals. D. To emphasize what should be the priority in the animal kingdom. 【答案】36. B 37. D 38. A 39. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍贝氏拟态现象，举例说明无害生物模仿危险生物的警示特征自保。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Others, lacking weapons themselves, employ a foxier strategy. They simply copy the warning signs of a truly deadly creature, and as a result of this fakery, are left well alone. This phenomenon has been named Batesian mimicry after the scientist Henry Bates, who first observed it in the mid-1800s.(另一些自身没有防御武器的物种，则采用更狡猾的策略。它们只是模仿真正致命生物的警示标记，依靠这种伪装，就能不被打扰。这种现象以科学家亨利·贝茨的名字命名为贝氏拟态，他在19世纪中期最先发现该现象。)” 可知，贝氏拟态者指无害生物拥有致命生物的独特斑纹。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“While collecting butterflies in Brazil, Bates observed that a number of common, slow-flying butterflies were being ignored by predators even though they were easy catches.(贝茨在巴西采集蝴蝶标本时观察到：一些普通、飞行缓慢的蝴蝶，即便很容易捕捉，捕食者也不会去碰它们。)” 可知，贝茨发现捕食者会无视一些飞得慢的蝴蝶。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Instances of Batesian mimicry can be found all over the animal kingdom. The harmless king snake, for example, unlike the inflexible rat snake, has developed a color pattern that is almost identical to that of the deadly coral snake.(贝氏拟态的例子在整个动物界随处可见。例如，无毒的王蛇，和呆板的锦蛇不同，演化出了和致命的珊瑚蛇几乎一模一样的斑纹。)” 可知，文中举王蛇例子是用来解释贝氏拟态是什么。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。文章第一段引出了“贝茨拟态”这一概念，第二段介绍了科学家发现该现象的过程及原理，后续部分则列举了王蛇模仿珊瑚蛇、苍蝇模仿蜜蜂等具体实例来进一步印证。通篇都在围绕“贝茨拟态”展开，因此这篇文章的主要目的是阐明动物界中的贝茨拟态现象。 （B） （C） ‌“Moby-Dick” was, for me, one of those books classified as ‌“things you should have read a long time ago”. Plus, I am a mathematician. And despite my interest in literature, my intellectual priorities did not include a 400-page novel about whales. That all changed one day when I overheard a mathematician friend mention that ‌“Moby-Dick” contains a reference to cycloids. Cycloids are among the most beautiful mathematical curves (曲线) in existence — the French mathematician Blaise Pascal found them so distractingly fascinating that he claimed merely thinking about them could relieve the pain of a bad toothache — but applications to whaling are not usually listed on their resume. Curious, I finally read ‌“Moby-Dick”, and was delighted to find that it is full of mathematical metaphors. I realized further it’s not just Herman Melville; Leo Tolstoy writes about calculus (微积分), James Joyce about geometry (几何). Regretfully, the connections between mathematics and literature have not received the attention they deserve. In fact, they are often considered to be against each other. I recall that at the end of my very last English class at school, in 1991, the teacher gave me a lovely handwritten note with a long list of books she thought I might like, saying, ‌“Sorry to lose you to the lab.” The idea that one would have to choose between mathematics and literature is, I think, something of a tragedy — not only because the two fields are fundamentally linked, but also because understanding these links can enhance your enjoyment of both. The perceived boundary between math and literature is actually a very recent idea. For most of recorded history, mathematics was part of every educated person’s cultural awareness. The 11th-century Persian scholar Omar Khayyam, to whom the poetry collection known as the Rubaiyat is credited, was also a mathematician, and created beautiful geometric solutions to mathematical problems. In the 14th century, Chaucer wrote both ‌“The Canterbury Tales” and a paper on the astrolabe (星盘，用于测量天体的距离). There are innumerable such examples, not least that of Lewis Carroll, who, of course, was a mathematician first and an author second. There is a deeper reason we find mathematics at the heart of literature. The universe is full of underlying structure, pattern and regularity, and mathematics is the best tool we have for understanding it — that’s why mathematics is often called the language of the universe, and why it is so vital to science. Since we humans are part of the universe, it is only natural that our forms of creative expression, literature among them, will also reveal a tendency for pattern and structure. 40. What inspired the writer to read ‌“Moby-Dick”? A. The topic of the book. B. His friend’s recommendation. C. His long-time interest in literature. D. There being some maths in the book. 41. The writer’s English teacher’s words are mentioned in paragraph 2 in order to . A. form a sharp contrast with the attainment he later made B. show that maths and literature are regarded as distinctive subjects C. protest against the unfair treatment he once received while young D. imply that mathematics and literature haven’t received proper attention 42. What do Omar Khayyam, Chaucer and Lewis Carroll have in common? A. All of them were famous novelists. B. All of them were in favour of reading widely. C. All of them were masters in both maths and literature. D. All of them were aware of the boundary between maths and literature. 43. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Both maths and literature are part of the pursuit to understand the universe. B. There is enough research on the connections between maths and literature. C. Taking on maths and giving up literature was not a wise choice for him. D. Mathematicians may find it hard to understand ideas embedded in literature. 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C 43. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了作者因发现《白鲸》含数学内容而阅读该书，并探讨了数学与文学之间的紧密联系。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“That all changed one day when I overheard a mathematician friend mention that ‌“Moby-Dick” contains a reference to cycloids.(这一切在某一天改变了，我无意中听到一位数学家朋友提到《白鲸》中提到了摆线。)”以及第二段中“Curious, I finally read ‌“Moby-Dick”, and was delighted to find that it is full of mathematical metaphors.(出于好奇，我终于读了《白鲸》，并高兴地发现其中充满了数学隐喻。)”可知，是书中包含数学内容激发了作者阅读《白鲸》的兴趣。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“I recall that at the end of my very last English class at school, in 1991, the teacher gave me a lovely handwritten note with a long list of books she thought I might like, saying, ‌“Sorry to lose you to the lab.” The idea that one would have to choose between mathematics and literature is, I think, something of a tragedy — not only because the two fields are fundamentally linked, but also because understanding these links can enhance your enjoyment of both.(我记得1991年我最后一堂英语课结束时，老师给了我一张可爱的手写便条，上面列了一长串她认为我可能喜欢的书，并说：“很遗憾你被实验室夺走了。”我认为，人们必须在数学和文学之间做出选择的想法是一种悲剧——不仅因为这两个领域从根本上相互联系，而且因为理解这些联系可以增强你对两者的享受。)”可知，作者提到英语老师的话是为了说明数学和文学被视为截然不同的学科。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The 11th-century Persian scholar Omar Khayyam, to whom the poetry collection known as the Rubaiyat is credited, was also a mathematician, and created beautiful geometric solutions to mathematical problems. In the 14th century, Chaucer wrote both ‌“The Canterbury Tales” and a paper on the astrolabe (星盘，用于测量天体的距离). (11世纪波斯学者奥马尔·海亚姆是诗集《鲁拜集》的作者，同时也是一位数学家，并创造了优美的几何方法解决数学问题。14世纪，乔叟既写了《坎特伯雷故事集》，也写了一篇关于星盘的论文。)”以及第四段中“There are innumerable such examples, not least that of Lewis Carroll, who, of course, was a mathematician first and an author second.(这样的例子数不胜数，尤其是刘易斯·卡罗尔，他当然是先成为数学家，后成为作家。)”可知，奥马尔·海亚姆、乔叟和刘易斯·卡罗尔的共同点是他们都是数学和文学方面的大师。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“There is a deeper reason we find mathematics at the heart of literature. The universe is full of underlying structure, pattern and regularity, and mathematics is the best tool we have for understanding it — that’s why mathematics is often called the language of the universe, and why it is so vital to science. Since we humans are part of the universe, it is only natural that our forms of creative expression, literature among them, will also reveal a tendency for pattern and structure.(我们在文学的核心发现数学，有一个更深层的原因。宇宙充满了潜在的结构、模式和规律，而数学是我们理解它的最佳工具——这就是为什么数学常被称为宇宙的语言，也是为什么它对科学如此重要。既然我们人类是宇宙的一部分，那么我们的创造性表达形式，包括文学，自然也会展现出对模式和结构的倾向。)”可知，作者认为数学是理解宇宙结构的最佳工具，而人类作为宇宙的一部分，其文学等创造性表达也自然体现模式和结构，所以作者最可能同意“数学和文学都是人类理解宇宙这一共同追求的一部分”这一观点。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Messy Facts about Diet and Inflammation Hop on the Internet or visit a bookstore, and you will see numerous “anti-inflammatory” diets, dishing out recipes and hope. ____44____ Sure, plenty of foods have been found to reduce inflammation-many of them in laboratory experiments as opposed to in people: turmeric, blueberries, tea, various vegetables, fish. University of South Carolina professors James and Nitin Shivappa surveyed 1,943 such studies and published in 2014 a Dietary Inflammatory Index, with 45 food elements. They created it as a research tool for evaluating diets; it’s built from studies that varied widely in methodology. When I asked Ridker his views on anti-inflammatory diets, he grew uneasy. “This has caught on like wildfire,” he says, “but I have seen extremely little data that say this piece of food is ‘anti-inflammatory’ and this piece is not.” He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods. ____45____ Would it be even more effective if it incorporated more blueberries and turmeric? No one knows for sure. Diet research is tricky. Some food, like turmeric, may work anti-inflammatory wonders for mice, but “that’s in the context of them eating with a whole different set of nutrients,” explains Martha Clare Morris, a nutritional epidemiologist at Chicago’s Rush University. The typical Mediterranean diet calls for loads of seafood a week, and yet studies of people taking fish oils as a supplement have not found much benefit. The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat. ____46____ A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH. It will look at inflammation, but results won’t be out soon. Until then, there is no harm in adding more so-called anti-inflammatory ingredients to your diet. Hebert suggests a spicy tea (loaded with ginger, turmeric and pepper). ____47____! So don’t drink it with cookies and chips. A. Inflammation, though, is an essential part of healing. B. And context matters. C. That’s why researchers such as Morris prefer to study overall dietary patterns rather than particular ingredients. D. The underlying science, however, is somewhat shaky. E. When inflammation becomes long-term or systemic, there’s a price to pay. F. That diet has been shown in well-designed studies to reduce key markers of inflammation and the risk of heart disease. 【答案】44. D 45. F 46. C 47. B 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍热门抗炎饮食，指出其科学依据有限，说明饮食效果受背景影响，应关注整体饮食模式。 【44题详解】 由上文“Hop on the Internet or visit a bookstore, and you will see numerous “anti-inflammatory” diets, dishing out recipes and hope.(上网或者去书店，你会看到大量 “抗炎饮食”，提供食谱并带来希望)” 和下文“Sure, plenty of foods have been found to reduce inflammation — many of them in laboratory experiments as opposed to in people: turmeric, blueberries, tea, various vegetables, fish.(诚然，许多食物已被证实具有减轻炎症的作用——其中不少是在实验室中而非人体实验中得出的：姜黄、蓝莓、茶、多种蔬菜、鱼类等)”和“They created it as a research tool for evaluating diets; it’s built from studies that varied widely in methodology.(他们将其设计为评估饮食的一种研究工具，它基于方法学差异极大的研究)”可知，前文讲抗炎饮食广受欢迎，后文指出多数所谓抗炎食物的结论来自实验而非人体、相关研究方法差异大，说明背后的科学依据并不稳固，D项“然而其背后的科学依据并不太稳固”符合此处语境，有承上启下作用。 【45题详解】 由上文“He advises his own patients to eat a Mediterranean-type diet, heavy on vegetables, whole grains and fish and light on red meat and processed foods.(他建议自己的病人采用地中海式饮食，多吃蔬菜、全谷物和鱼类，少吃红肉和加工食品)”可知，前文提到医生推荐地中海饮食，空格处介绍该饮食已被研究证实的好处，而F项“精心设计的研究表明，这种饮食可以降低炎症关键指标和心脏病风险”符合此处语境，其中 That diet指代上文a Mediterranean-type diet，有承上作用。 【46题详解】 由上文“The virtues of fish may lie elsewhere or have more to do with displacing meat.(鱼的益处可能另有原因，或是更多和替代肉类有关)”以及后文“A current project examines whether cognitive decline can be slowed with a diet called the MIND, which combines elements of the Mediterranean diet with another well-studied diet called DASH.(一项当前的研究探讨了是否可以通过一种名为MIND的饮食来延缓认知衰退，这种饮食结合了地中海饮食和另一种研究充分的DASH饮食)”可知，前文指出单一鱼油补充剂未显现益处，鱼类的益处可能来自其他因素或替代红肉的作用，说明单一食材的研究参考性低，C选项“这就是为什么像Morris这样的研究者更倾向于研究整体饮食模式而非特定食材”总结前文，引出后文对MIND这类复合饮食模式的研究，逻辑通顺。 【47题详解】 由下文“So don’t drink it with cookies and chips.(所以不要搭配饼干和薯片一起喝)” 可知，后文提醒不要把加了抗炎成分的香辛茶和饼干薯片这类不健康食物一起食用，说明搭配场景很重要，B选项“而且情境很重要”引出后文的注意事项，契合语境。 III. Summary Writing 48. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Food Security Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty (source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2003). As of late 2007, export restrictions and panic buying, US Dollar Depreciation, increased farming for use in biofuels, world oil prices at more than $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, and loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development are claimed to have pushed up the price of grain. The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). The latest FAO figures indicate that there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which the undernourishment rate is over 35%. In its ‌“The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2003,” FAO states that: ‌“In general the countries that succeeded in reducing hunger were characterised by more rapid growth in their agricultural sectors.” So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Food security is the constant availability and access to food. Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. Asia and Africa rank first and second in the number of undernourished people, while Africa has the most hungry people. Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matter for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍粮食安全的含义，指出全球粮食产量虽增但饥饿人口仍多，并强调发展农业和控制人口对实现粮食安全至关重要。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Food security refers to the availability of food and one’s access to it. ②A household is considered food-secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. ③According to the World Resources Institute, global per capita food production has been increasing substantially for the past several decades. ④Worldwide, around 852 million people are suffering from long-term starvation due to extreme poverty, while up to 2 billion people lack food security occasionally due to varying degrees of poverty. ⑤The number of people without enough food to eat on a regular basis remains high, at over 800 million, and is not falling significantly. ⑥Over 60% of the world’s undernourished people live in Asia, and a quarter in Africa. ⑦The proportion of people who are hungry, however, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). ⑧So, according to FAO, addressing agriculture and population growth is vital to achieving food security. ⑨Other organisations, and experts such as the philosopher Peter Singer, have also come to this conclusion and advocate improvements in agriculture and population control. 2. 缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点整合，界定粮食安全；将第3、4、5三个要点整合，说明全球粮食产量增加但饥饿人口仍多；将第6、7两个要点整合，说明亚洲和非洲饥饿人口的分布；将第8、9两个要点整合，说明实现粮食安全的关键在于发展农业和控制人口。 3. 遣词造句 Food security is the constant availability and access to food. Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. Asia and Africa rank first and second in the number of undernourished people, while Africa has the most hungry people. Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matters for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Despite increased global food production, many people remain undernourished or face occasional food insecurity. (运用了介词短语作让步状语) [高分句型2] Improving agriculture and controlling population growth matter for achieving food security, according to FAO and experts. (运用了动名词短语Improving...作主语) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 49. 具备自动驾驶技术的汽车在道路上已经屡见不鲜。（familiar） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Cars equipped with self-driving technology have become all too familiar on the roads. 【解析】 【详解】 “具备自动驾驶技术的”表达为equipped with self-driving technology，过去分词作后置定语；“汽车”为cars；“已经屡见不鲜”用have become all too familiar；“在道路上”为on the roads，作状语；陈述过去动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时。 50. 村子里弃用已久的一处旧仓库被改造成了饭店。 (turn) ________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】An old warehouse that had been out of use for a long time in the village was converted into a restaurant. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态和固定短语和从句。先翻译句子主干，句子主语“一处旧仓库”An old warehouse，an位于句首首字母大写，“被改造成”be converted into，句子描述过去发生的动作应用一般过去时，单数名词作主语be用was，“饭店”a restaurant，然后用that引导限制性定语从句表示“村子里弃用已久的”，that指代先行词An old warehouse，在从句中作主语，“不用”be out of use，该动作发生在“被改造”之前，表示过去的过去，应用过去完成时，“很久”for a long time，“村子里”in the village。故翻译为An old warehouse that had been out of use for a long time in the village was converted into a restaurant. 51. 这是一个经营了 20 年的品牌，它见证了中国数字娱乐行业的崛起。（witness） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】This brand, which has been operating for 20 years, has witnessed the rise of China’s digital entertainment industry. 【解析】 【详解】“这是一个经营了20年的品牌”拆分为主句This brand，用which引导非限制性定语从句which has been operating for 20 years；“见证”为witness，主语是品牌，强调到目前为止的影响，用现在完成时has witnessed；“中国数字娱乐行业的崛起”表达为the rise of China’s digital entertainment industry。 52. 这位曾经的排球运动员惊喜地辨认着照片上的一个个队友，感慨万分。（as） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The former volleyball player was pleasantly surprised as he recognized one teammate after another in the photos, filled with deep emotions. 【解析】 【详解】 “这位曾经的排球运动员” 表达为The former volleyball player，“惊喜地”对应副词pleasantly，此处处理为系表结构be pleasantly surprised表达主语的惊喜状态；“当……的时候”为as；“辨认着照片上的一个个队友”表达为recognized one teammate after another in the photos；“感慨万分”表达为filled with deep emotions，过去分词作状语。句子描述过去发生的连贯动作，主从句均使用一般过去时。 V. Guided Writing 53. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 56. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在一份英语杂志上读到一篇关于“经典”的文章，你对此话题很感兴趣，给该杂志“读者来信”专栏写一封信，内容须包括： 1) 你认为“经典作品（如音乐、文学、电影等）”有哪些特点； 2) 用一个具体例子说明你的观点。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Editor, I am writing to share my reflections on your recent article concerning “classics”. As an avid reader of your magazine, I found the topic profoundly intriguing. From my perspective, what distinguishes a true classic from fleeting entertainment is its remarkable ability to withstand the test of time and resonate deeply with audiences across generations. Moreover, classics frequently encapsulate universal values and timeless truths about human nature. A compelling case in point is Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's masterpiece, The Little Prince. Although superficially presented as a children's fairy tale, it actually offers profound philosophical insights into love, responsibility, and solitude. Whenever I revisit it at different stages of my life, I invariably uncover new layers of meaning, which perfectly exemplifies its enduring charm. In conclusion, classics are not merely relics of the past, but timeless treasures that continually enrich our souls. I sincerely hope your magazine will continue to introduce more such remarkable works to us. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以高三学生李明的身份，给英语杂志“读者来信”专栏写信，围绕“经典”话题阐述经典作品的特点并举例说明。 【详解】1.词汇积累 短暂的：fleeting → temporary 有说服力的：compelling → convincing 永恒的：enduring → everlasting 真诚地：sincerely → heartily 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Classics are not merely relics of the past, but timeless treasures. 拓展句：Classics are not merely relics that belong to the past, but timeless treasures that continually enrich our souls. 【点睛】【高分句型1】From my perspective, what distinguishes a true classic from fleeting entertainment is its remarkable ability to withstand the test of time and resonate deeply with audiences across generations. （运用了what引导的主语从句） 【高分句型2】Whenever I revisit it at different stages of my life, I invariably uncover new layers of meaning, which perfectly exemplifies its enduring charm.（运用了whenever引导的时间状语从句和which引导的非限制性定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $