精品解析：复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第一学期高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2025学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Accidents That Changed History Different though they may be, Stephen King and Dr Seuss have two things in common. They’re both hugely successful authors, and they both made a narrow escape ____1____ a life of obscurity (默默无闻). Theodor Geisel — Dr Seuss’s given name — wrote his first children’s book, A Story No One Can Beat, in the mid-1930s. ____2____ (work) as an advertising illustrator at the time, Geisel sent his manuscript (手稿) to 27 publishers. They all rejected it. After the last cold shoulder, Geisel walked down New York City’s Madison Avenue, determined ____3____ (burn) the manuscript and, perhaps, his writing career. ____4____ he was cooling off, he bumped into his old university roommate, Mike McClintock, who happened to edit children’s books at Vanguard Press. Geisel ____5____ (share) his problem with McClintock, who asked to see the story. McClintock suggested a few changes, and Vanguard published the book in 1937, ____6____ new title was And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. According to Geisel, “If I had just been walking down the other side of Madison Avenue, I’d be in the dry-cleaning business today.” Stephen King’s first ____7____ (publish) book was about a teenage girl who discovers that she has fantastic mental powers. King’s worst critic wasn’t the publishers — it was ____8____. He disliked his story so much that he threw it away after only three pages, according to his memoir (回忆录) On Writing. A few hours later, his wife found the pages covered with cigarette ash in their wastepaper basket. She took the pages out and started reading, and she ____9____ (fascinate). “She wanted me to go on,” King later wrote. “She wanted to know ____10____ the rest of the story would be like.” And so he did go on. Carrie went on to sell over a million paperback copies in its first year alone. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. designed B. discourage C. hold D. impacts E. measure F. necessarily G. process H. relevantly I. reused J. specific K. take-home Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011. Northern Ireland and Scotland followed suit, and finally England joined the effort in 2015. The idea was to ____11____ shoppers from using new bags every time they shopped, and it had an enormous effect: since then, the ____12____ is estimated to have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone. Biodegradable bags, ____13____ to be broken down by bacteria, are generally thought to be a kinder option for the environment. However, they need ____14____ conditions to be broken down: a study by the University of Plymouth found that biodegradable bags left in soil or in a marine environment could still ____15____ a full bag of shopping after three years. Cotton bags aren’t ____16____ better. Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide used in the ____17____, and on top of that, it can’t be recycled. A 2018 Danish study found that a cotton bag has to be ____18____ over 7,000 times to have the same environmental impact as a single-use plastic bag. Take note, however, that littering was not included in the study as one of the environmental ____19____. Whatever you pick, the ____20____ message is to use it as much as possible until it falls apart. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, a psychology professor at Carleton University. “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination ____21____: We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even ____22____ tasks such as planning a vacation. Research has shown that the top tasks people delay are cleaning, advancing their careers, and taking care of their health. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old functional health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That ____23____ to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to ____24____ the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers ____25____. “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under ____26____ of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor at DePaul University. “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they ____27____ they did better.” Whatever the ____28____ (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause ____29____. “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own ____30____ and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to ____31____. “We used to believe ____32____ follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you’ve been putting off a work project, reread your boss’s notes about it. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. ____33____ you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) ____34____,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, ____35____ yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around!) 21. A. comes down to B. runs out of C. puts up with D. breaks away from 22. A. repetitive B. household C. educational D. enjoyable 23. A. opportunity B. inflexibility C. inability D. responsibility 24. A. show B. face C. apply D. question 25. A. observe B. disagree C. cooperate D. confirm 26. A. concepts B. progression C. restrictions D. measurement 27. A. realized B. doubted C. thought D. neglected 28. A. consequence B. motivation C. occasion D. origin 29. A. variation B. reaction C. sympathy D. discomfort 30. A. negative B. overjoyed C. renewed D. vivid 31. A. think small B. push the boundaries C. aim high D. accept calculated risks 32. A. expressions B. purposes C. promises D. behaviors 33. A. In addition B. For instance C. As a result D. On the contrary 34. A. intention B. opinion C. plan D. identity 35. A. challenge B. prepare C. improve D. reward Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it. And almost everyone had one. I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget. A woman I worked with told me she used the name of her first son, who’d died of leukemia, as a workplace password (“a reminder not to get too stressed about work”). A man I know uses the name of his dog that ran away, as a reminder not to go bucolic. The 4-year-old Oscar Aswor is the name of the baby boy she lost (“my way of trying to keep him alive, I guess”). Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”). Some passwords were striking for their creativity, folding big thoughts down into tidy little codes. After being inspired by Sheryl Sandberg’s book Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Courtney Kerver, a running partner of mine, began using Wws$$do13, which stood for “What would Sheryl Sandberg do” plus “13” for the year (2013) of the password’s creation. TnsitTpsif was the password of another friend, a computer scientist who loves wordplay. It stands for “The next sentence is true. The previous sentence is false,” which in philosophy is called a liar’s paradox. For my friend, it was a playful reference to the knots that language can tie. While asking strangers about their passwords is a touchy proposition, it’s not every day that you come across a conversation topic that teaches you new things about people you’ve known for years. The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength. Apparently when the former 270-pound football standout, a scholarship athlete and the pride of his working-class neighborhood in west Tulsa, was a small boy, he had to sing his home address (4622 South 28th West Avenue) in one full breath rather than try to say it normally; otherwise, his stutter (口吃) would trip him up. 36. What does the phrase “a bum rap” (paragraph 1) most probably mean? A. imaginative plotting B. an unreasonable structure C. unfair treatment D. a notable exception 37. Which of the following passwords does the writer use as an example of those with a touch of humour? A. An identification number. B. The word “incorrect”. C. Ww$$do13. D. TnsitTpsif. 38. Why does the writer’s wife use the number “4622” in her passwords? A. It reminded her of her father. B. It helped her to overcome stutter. C. It was the address of her childhood home. D. It was part of the name of her favourite song. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Development of Passwords B. The Secret Lives of Passwords C. Why Everybody Hates Passwords D. Passwords: What We Can’t Live Without （B） Good manners used to mean simple courtesy (礼节) and being kind. Today it seems we may fear doing or saying the wrong thing, and for good reason. Given the power of the Internet, a faux pas can mean losing a friend-or your job. Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better. TO HOLD OR NOT TO HOLD — THE DOOR Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style? -Jo Garcia A: Let me uncomplicate things: If I’m first to the door, I’m going to pull it open and let you go first, whether you’re a man or a woman. A push door can be awkward, but I’ll usually go through first (with my most charming “Allow me!”) and then hold it for you. I give the same advice to my sister (and all women): First one there opens the door and holds it. The one time to break the rule: If the person ahead of you needs assistance or is much older, step up and open the door. And for those of us on the receiving end of a door kindness, I hope we all say “Thank you” as we pass by. NO THANK-YOU NOTES=NO MORE GIFTS? Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options? -Sharon Taft A: I’m the quick-witted uncle to three nieces, which means I rely on humor to make a point. One time, several weeks after the holidays had gone by, I e-mailed one of the girls: “I can’t thank you enough for thank-you note.” That inspired a quick, and guilty, thank-you from her. Then there was the year I boycotted them: no gifts. You bet they noticed, and they did a fine job with their thank-you e-mails once I resumed gift giving. (Yes, e-mail is just fine, especially when compared with the alternative-no response.) But I learned a lesson, too: I try my best to thank those who express kindness to me, whether it’s a flight attendant helping me with a bag or these same nieces-now young adults — who recently made an amazing dinner for our family. There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now. 40. Both Jo Garcia and Sharon Taft are puzzled by A. what makes young people so rude B. what kindness means to young adults C. why kindness is not infectious nowadays D. why some good manners are out of date 41. Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Men should always hold the door for women. B. It is always necessary to express our gratitude. C. Jo should remind her husband of his impoliteness. D. Being humorous matters more than being polite. 42. The word “begets” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “_______” A. takes care of B. makes use of C. gives rise to D. attaches importance to （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Off the rails Along with 3m other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute (通勤) into London daily. It was once an easy journey of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only,” he complains. With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. ____47____ Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. In January 2017, rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. ____48____ Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. Very likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets — which save money for daily commuters — fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continue to rise. The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected. ____49____ Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. ____50____ As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time. A. Until now, passengers have put up with it. B. Londoners may not be willing to wait. C. The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. D. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. E. If the government ends up forking out more for the everyday running of the railways, its investment plans may be suspended. F. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. Studies have suggested a link between listening to heavy metal and increased suicide risk or desensitisation (麻木不仁) to violence, but these have often failed to take account of outside factors, such as poor family relationships and feelings of isolation. Even though a 2018 study at Macquarie University in New South Wales found that music with violent themes does not make fans more violent, it might take some time for heavy metal’s image to change. The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. Fans’ sensitivity to violence was tested using a standard technique known as “binocular rivalry”. Test subjects are shown two different images at the same time, one to each eye. The brain, which is used to combining two similar images to produce one three-dimensional image, chooses one to perceive while the other is suppressed (压制). One of the images presented is violent in nature, while the other is neutral. Ordinarily, the brain prioritises the violent image, which helps it to identify and assess threats. The researchers asked both fans and non-fans to indicate when they perceived each image, and found that both groups showed the same tendency to process the violent image first. In fact, for fans of heavy metal, the music could be helpful, providing emotional release. In 2015, a study at the University of Queensland asked for participants who were fans of extreme music. They made them angry, then allowed them to listen to the music of their own choice and assessed how their emotional state had changed. The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家餐厅的服务和美食使它成为城里无与伦比的用餐体验。(second) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 53. 针对需求的突然增加，公司迅速调整了策略。（response）(汉译英) ____________________________________________ 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 55. 培养技能人才并非朝夕之功，还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力。(require) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为 “How the campus can be improved”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容包括： (1) 你认为校园哪些场所最需要改进 (一到两个)； (2) 你的改进建议和理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2025学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科12月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Accidents That Changed History Different though they may be, Stephen King and Dr Seuss have two things in common. They’re both hugely successful authors, and they both made a narrow escape ____1____ a life of obscurity (默默无闻). Theodor Geisel — Dr Seuss’s given name — wrote his first children’s book, A Story No One Can Beat, in the mid-1930s. ____2____ (work) as an advertising illustrator at the time, Geisel sent his manuscript (手稿) to 27 publishers. They all rejected it. After the last cold shoulder, Geisel walked down New York City’s Madison Avenue, determined ____3____ (burn) the manuscript and, perhaps, his writing career. ____4____ he was cooling off, he bumped into his old university roommate, Mike McClintock, who happened to edit children’s books at Vanguard Press. Geisel ____5____ (share) his problem with McClintock, who asked to see the story. McClintock suggested a few changes, and Vanguard published the book in 1937, ____6____ new title was And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. According to Geisel, “If I had just been walking down the other side of Madison Avenue, I’d be in the dry-cleaning business today.” Stephen King’s first ____7____ (publish) book was about a teenage girl who discovers that she has fantastic mental powers. King’s worst critic wasn’t the publishers — it was ____8____. He disliked his story so much that he threw it away after only three pages, according to his memoir (回忆录) On Writing. A few hours later, his wife found the pages covered with cigarette ash in their wastepaper basket. She took the pages out and started reading, and she ____9____ (fascinate). “She wanted me to go on,” King later wrote. “She wanted to know ____10____ the rest of the story would be like.” And so he did go on. Carrie went on to sell over a million paperback copies in its first year alone. 【答案】1. from 2. Working 3. to burn 4. when##while 5. shared 6. whose 7. published 8. himself 9. was fascinated 10. what 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了两个改变历史的偶然事件：知名作家苏斯博士和斯蒂芬·金都曾险些与写作生涯无缘，靠着意外的机遇才得以走上成功的创作道路。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：他们都是非常成功的作家，而且都侥幸逃脱了默默无闻的人生。固定搭配make a narrow escape from sth.表示“侥幸逃脱某事”。 【2题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：当时盖塞尔是一名广告插画师，他把手稿寄给了27家出版商。本句主句是Geisel sent his manuscript to 27 publishers，设空处为非谓语作伴随状语，逻辑主语Geisel和work是主动关系，用现在分词形式，首字母应大写。 【3题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在最后一次被冷落后，盖塞尔沿着纽约麦迪逊大道走，决心把手稿烧掉，甚至可能结束他的写作生涯。固定搭配(be) determined to do sth.表示“决心做某事”，后接不定式。 【4题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：当他正在平复心情的时候，他偶遇了大学时的老室友迈克·麦克林托克，后者恰好是先锋出版社的儿童书籍编辑。设空处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”，从句动作和主句动作同时发生，使用连词when/while。 【5题详解】 考查一般过去时。句意：盖塞尔把自己的难题告诉了麦克林托克，对方要求看一下这个故事。设空处作主句的谓语，全文叙述过去发生的事，用一般过去时。 【6题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：麦克林托克建议做几处修改，1937年先锋出版社出版了这本书，新书名为《想想我在桑树街看到的一切》。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the book，关系词在从句中作定语修饰new title，表示“书的新标题”，使用关系代词whose。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：斯蒂芬·金出版的第一本书是关于一个拥有超强精神力量的十几岁女孩的故事。设空处修饰名词book，publish和book是被动关系，用过去分词作定语表示“已出版的”。 【8题详解】 考查反身代词。句意：金最糟糕的批评家不是出版商，而是他自己。设空处作表语，指代主语King本人，表示“他自己”，使用反身代词himself。 【9题详解】 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：她把稿子拿出来开始读，然后就被深深吸引了。设空处作并列分句的谓语，主语she和fascinate是被动关系，叙述过去的事用一般过去时，主语表示单数意义，be动词使用was。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：她想知道故事的其余部分会是什么样子。设空处引导宾语从句作know的宾语，引导词在从句中作be like的宾语，表示“什么”，使用连接代词what。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. designed B. discourage C. hold D. impacts E. measure F. necessarily G. process H. relevantly I. reused J. specific K. take-home Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011. Northern Ireland and Scotland followed suit, and finally England joined the effort in 2015. The idea was to ____11____ shoppers from using new bags every time they shopped, and it had an enormous effect: since then, the ____12____ is estimated to have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone. Biodegradable bags, ____13____ to be broken down by bacteria, are generally thought to be a kinder option for the environment. However, they need ____14____ conditions to be broken down: a study by the University of Plymouth found that biodegradable bags left in soil or in a marine environment could still ____15____ a full bag of shopping after three years. Cotton bags aren’t ____16____ better. Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide used in the ____17____, and on top of that, it can’t be recycled. A 2018 Danish study found that a cotton bag has to be ____18____ over 7,000 times to have the same environmental impact as a single-use plastic bag. Take note, however, that littering was not included in the study as one of the environmental ____19____. Whatever you pick, the ____20____ message is to use it as much as possible until it falls apart. 【答案】11. B 12. E 13. A 14. J 15. C 16. F 17. G 18. I 19. D 20. K 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍英国推行一次性塑料袋5便士收费政策，该举措旨在劝阻消费者频繁使用新塑料袋并取得显著成效。 【11题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：此举意在劝阻消费者每次购物都使用新塑料袋，并且效果显著：据估算，自政策实施以来，仅英格兰地区，这项措施就减少了130亿个一次性塑料袋的使用。根据下文“have reduced the number of single-use bags by 13 billion in England alone”可知，表示“劝阻某人不要做某事”应用discourage sb. from doing sth.，位于动词不定式符号to后面，需填动词原形。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：此举意在劝阻消费者每次购物都使用新塑料袋，并且效果显著：据估算，自政策实施以来，仅英格兰地区，这项措施就减少了130亿个一次性塑料袋的使用。根据上文“Choose Your Bag Carefully In the UK, the 5p charge for single-use plastic bags first came into effect in Wales in 2011.”可知，表示“措施”应用名词measure，作主语，此处特指上文提到的措施，使用单数形式。 【13题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：设计成可被细菌分解的可生物降解袋，通常被认为是对环境更友好的选择。根据下文“to be broken down by bacteria”可知，表示“设计”应用动词design，作后置定语，且design和Biodegradable bags为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：然而，它们需要特定条件才能降解：普利茅斯大学的一项研究发现，置于土壤或海洋环境中的可生物降解袋，三年之后依旧能装下满满一袋采购的物品。根据下文“to be broken down”可知，表示“特定的”应用形容词specific，作定语，修饰名词conditions。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，它们需要特定条件才能降解：普利茅斯大学的一项研究发现，置于土壤或海洋环境中的可生物降解袋，三年之后依旧能装下满满一袋采购的物品。根据下文“a full bag of shopping”可知，表示“装，容纳”应用动词hold，位于情态动词could后面，使用动词原形。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：棉布袋也未必更好。根据上文“aren’t”和下文“better”可知，此处与aren’t连用构成固定搭配aren’t necessarily，意为“未必、不一定”，应用副词necessarily，作状语，修饰形容词better。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：棉花生产过程对环境消耗巨大，在加工过程中要消耗能源、水、化肥和杀虫剂，除此之外，棉布袋还无法回收。根据上文“Cotton is environmentally intensive to produce, between the energy, water, fertiliser and pesticide”可知，表示“过程”应用名词process，作介词宾语。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：2018 年丹麦一项研究表明，一个棉布袋需要被重复使用7000次以上，其环境影响才能等同于一个一次性塑料袋。根据下文“ over 7,000 times”可知，表示“重复使用”应用动词reuse，结合上文has to be可知，空处需填过去分词reused。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：但要注意：该研究并未把乱扔垃圾列为环境影响因素之一。根据上文“littering was not included in the study”可知，表示“影响”应用名词impact，one of修饰可数名词复数形式。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：无论你选择哪一种袋子，核心要义就是尽量反复使用，直到袋子破损。根据下文“to use it as much as possible until it falls apart”可知，表示“核心要点”应用take-home message。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Everyone procrastinates (拖延). “It’s part of the human condition,” says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl, a psychology professor at Carleton University. “We love avoidance, and that’s what procrastination ____21____: We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” You can procrastinate on nearly anything, even ____22____ tasks such as planning a vacation. Research has shown that the top tasks people delay are cleaning, advancing their careers, and taking care of their health. Around 20 percent of us are long-term procrastinators at home and at work. One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old functional health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That ____23____ to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It’s totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don’t take the risk, decide, or commit, I don’t have to ____24____ the judgment. Yet it’s simply me judging myself.” Some people don’t mind procrastinating, believing that they perform better under pressure. But researchers ____25____. “I did an experiment several years ago, putting procrastinators under ____26____ of time,” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor at DePaul University. “They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they ____27____ they did better.” Whatever the ____28____ (or lack of it), procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Delaying a diet or exercise program may increase your risk of heart disease. Not having seen the doctor when your illness was easier to treat may shorten your life. Just thinking about what you haven’t done may cause ____29____. “Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress, both from leaving things to the last minute and from their own ____30____ and self-critical feelings about their procrastination,” says Fuschia Sirois, a psychology lecturer at the University of Sheffield. For those of us in need of motivation, the best advice might be to ____31____. “We used to believe ____32____ follow attitude, but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you,” Pychyl says. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you’ve been putting off a work project, reread your boss’s notes about it. Next, try sending yourself signals to action. ____33____ you might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime. Joel Anderson, a philosophy researcher-lecturer at Utrecht University, crafted an experiment around this concept, and it worked on most of his subjects. “They formed a(n) ____34____,” Anderson says. “When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed.” Finally, ____35____ yourself for each step you take toward your goal. After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show. (But don’t try to convince yourself it will work the other way around!) 21. A. comes down to B. runs out of C. puts up with D. breaks away from 22. A. repetitive B. household C. educational D. enjoyable 23. A. opportunity B. inflexibility C. inability D. responsibility 24. A. show B. face C. apply D. question 25. A. observe B. disagree C. cooperate D. confirm 26. A. concepts B. progression C. restrictions D. measurement 27. A. realized B. doubted C. thought D. neglected 28. A. consequence B. motivation C. occasion D. origin 29. A. variation B. reaction C. sympathy D. discomfort 30. A. negative B. overjoyed C. renewed D. vivid 31. A. think small B. push the boundaries C. aim high D. accept calculated risks 32. A. expressions B. purposes C. promises D. behaviors 33. A. In addition B. For instance C. As a result D. On the contrary 34. A. intention B. opinion C. plan D. identity 35. A. challenge B. prepare C. improve D. reward 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. D 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了拖延是人类普遍存在的现象，分析拖延产生的原因、拖延带来的危害，同时给出克服拖延的实用方法。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：我们喜欢逃避，而这归根结底就是拖延的本质：我们想要当下感觉舒服。A. comes down to归根结底；B. runs out of耗尽；C. puts up with忍受；D. breaks away from脱离。根据上文“We love avoidance”以及下文“We want to feel good now”可知，这句话点明拖延本质。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。句意：你几乎可以在任何事情上拖延，甚至是规划假期这类令人愉快的任务。A. repetitive重复的；B. household家庭的；C. educational教育的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据下文“such as planning a vacation”可知，规划假期是让人愉悦的事。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：这种无法采取行动的状态，恰恰印证了她的想法：自己永远无法做得更好。A. opportunity机会；B. inflexibility固执；C. inability无能力，无法；D. responsibility责任。根据上文“procrastinated about looking for a new job for years”可知，她没有办法付诸行动。 【24题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果我不冒险、不做决定、不投入，我就不必面对评判。A. show展示；B. face面对；C. apply申请；D. question质疑。根据上文“It’s totally fear of judgment”可知，她害怕面对他人的评判。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：但研究人员并不认同。A. observe观察；B. disagree不同意；C. cooperate合作；D. confirm证实。根据下文第三段“They did worse than non-procrastinators”可知，研究者不认同“压力下表现更好”这个观点。 【26题详解】 考查名词。句意：一位德保罗大学的心理学教授Joseph Ferrari说：“几年前我做过一项实验，把拖延者置于时间限制之下。”A. concepts概念；B. progression进展；C. restrictions限制；D. measurement测量。根据下文“They did worse than non-procrastinators”可知，实验设置了时间约束，将受试者放在时间限制中。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：“他们做得比非拖延者差，但他们认为自己表现更好。”A. realized意识到；B. doubted怀疑；C. thought认为；D. neglected忽视。根据上文第二段“believing that they perform better under pressure”可知，拖延者主观上认为自己发挥更好。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：无论动机是什么（或缺乏动机），拖延通常对你没有好处。A. consequence后果；B. motivation动力；C. occasion场合；D. origin起源。根据下文“procrastination is usually not going to be good for you”可知，此处指不管有没有做事的动力，拖延都有害。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：仅仅想到那些你还没有完成的事情，就可能引发不适。A. variation变化；B. reaction反应；C. sympathy同情；D. discomfort不适。根据下文第四段“Procrastinators experience higher levels of stress”可知，未完成的事情会带来不适感。 【30题详解】 考查形容词。句意：“拖延者承受着更高程度的压力，这种压力一方面源于把事情拖到最后一刻，另一方面来自他们自身对于拖延行为所产生的消极、自我批评的情绪。”谢菲尔德大学心理学讲师Fuschia Sirois说道。A. negative消极的；B. overjoyed狂喜的；C. renewed更新的；D. vivid生动的。根据下文“self-critical feelings about their procrastination”可知，是负面情绪。 【31题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：对于需要动力的我们来说，最好的建议或许是从小处着手。A. think small从小处着手；B. push the boundaries挑战极限；C. aim high志存高远；D. accept calculated risks接受可控风险。根据下文“if you can make progress, even a little”可知，建议从小事开始行动。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：Pychyl说：“我们过去认为行为跟随态度，但如果你能取得进展，哪怕只是一点点，这就会激励你。”A. expressions表达；B. purposes目的；C. promises承诺；D. behaviors行为。根据下文“but if you can make progress, even a little, that motivates you”可知，过去的观点是态度决定行为。 【33题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：例如，你可以把灯接到定时调光开关上，帮你保持固定的就寝时间。A. In addition此外；B. For instance例如；C. As a result因此；D. On the contrary相反。根据下文“ou might put your lights on a timed dimmer switch to encourage a consistent bedtime.”可知，空后通过举例子来解释该方法。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：Anderson说：“他们形成了一种意向。”A. intention意向，意图；B. opinion观点；C. plan计划；D. identity身份。根据下文“When the lights start to dim, I’ll start going to bed”可知，这是预先建立的行动意向。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：最后，为朝着目标迈出的每一步奖励自己。A. challenge挑战；B. prepare准备；C. improve改善；D. reward奖励。根据下文“After you’ve gone to the gym, take a relaxing bath. After you’ve paid the bills, watch your favorite TV show”可知，这些都是对自己的奖励。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it. And almost everyone had one. I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget. A woman I worked with told me she used the name of her first son, who’d died of leukemia, as a workplace password (“a reminder not to get too stressed about work”). A man I know uses the name of his dog that ran away, as a reminder not to go bucolic. The 4-year-old Oscar Aswor is the name of the baby boy she lost (“my way of trying to keep him alive, I guess”). Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”). Some passwords were striking for their creativity, folding big thoughts down into tidy little codes. After being inspired by Sheryl Sandberg’s book Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, Courtney Kerver, a running partner of mine, began using Wws$$do13, which stood for “What would Sheryl Sandberg do” plus “13” for the year (2013) of the password’s creation. TnsitTpsif was the password of another friend, a computer scientist who loves wordplay. It stands for “The next sentence is true. The previous sentence is false,” which in philosophy is called a liar’s paradox. For my friend, it was a playful reference to the knots that language can tie. While asking strangers about their passwords is a touchy proposition, it’s not every day that you come across a conversation topic that teaches you new things about people you’ve known for years. The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength. Apparently when the former 270-pound football standout, a scholarship athlete and the pride of his working-class neighborhood in west Tulsa, was a small boy, he had to sing his home address (4622 South 28th West Avenue) in one full breath rather than try to say it normally; otherwise, his stutter (口吃) would trip him up. 36. What does the phrase “a bum rap” (paragraph 1) most probably mean? A. imaginative plotting B. an unreasonable structure C. unfair treatment D. a notable exception 37. Which of the following passwords does the writer use as an example of those with a touch of humour? A. An identification number. B. The word “incorrect”. C. Ww$$do13. D. TnsitTpsif. 38. Why does the writer’s wife use the number “4622” in her passwords? A. It reminded her of her father. B. It helped her to overcome stutter. C. It was the address of her childhood home. D. It was part of the name of her favourite song. 39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The Development of Passwords B. The Secret Lives of Passwords C. Why Everybody Hates Passwords D. Passwords: What We Can’t Live Without 【答案】36. C 37. B 38. A 39. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述作者调研密码背后的故事，揭示密码承载人们的回忆、情感与巧思。 【36题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中“I had come to believe that these tiny personalized codes get a bum rap. Passwords are universally hated. They’re also a much-maligned window into the soul. People use them to hold onto the people and moments they don’t want to forget.(我渐渐认为，这些小小的个性化密码蒙受了a bum rap。所有人都讨厌密码，但它们也是一扇饱受非议、得以窥见内心的窗口。人们用密码留住那些不愿忘却的人和瞬间。)”可知，所有人都讨厌密码，但它们也是一扇饱受非议、得以窥见内心的窗口。人们用密码留住那些不愿忘却的人和瞬间。这些小小的个性化密码蒙受了不实的非议。a bum rap意思是“受到不公正的对待”，与“unfair treatment”意思相同。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sometimes the passwords were playful. Several people said they used “incorrect” for theirs so that when they forgot it, the software automatically gave them the right one (“your password is incorrect”).(些时候，这些密码颇具趣味性。有几个人说他们用incorrect作密码，这样忘记密码时，软件就会自动提示正确信息：你的密码不正确。)”可知，单词incorrect是带有幽默感的密码例子。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The 4622 that my wife uses in her passwords was not just the address of her own father’s childhood home but also a reminder of his weakness and strength.(我妻子密码里的4622不仅是她父亲儿时家的地址，还能让她想起父亲的脆弱与坚强。)”可知，这个数字让她想起父亲。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Several years ago I began asking people for their passwords as a kind of informal experiment. Most people froze a little, then offered a sheepish grin and said something like “I can’t possibly tell you that!” or “That’s top secret!” But there was never any real problem, because I never asked for the password itself. I asked for the story behind it.(几年前，我开始向人们询问他们的密码，算是一项非正式的小实验。大多数人都会微微一愣，接着腼腆地笑一笑，说类似这样的话：“我可不能告诉你！” 或者 “这可是最高机密！” 但从来没有真正的麻烦，因为我并不索要密码本身。我想知道的是密码背后的故事，而几乎每个人都有一段故事。)”文章介绍各类密码背后承载的个人故事与情感秘密。“The Secret Lives of Passwords(密码不为人知的故事)”最贴合全文主旨。 （B） Good manners used to mean simple courtesy (礼节) and being kind. Today it seems we may fear doing or saying the wrong thing, and for good reason. Given the power of the Internet, a faux pas can mean losing a friend-or your job. Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better. TO HOLD OR NOT TO HOLD — THE DOOR Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style? -Jo Garcia A: Let me uncomplicate things: If I’m first to the door, I’m going to pull it open and let you go first, whether you’re a man or a woman. A push door can be awkward, but I’ll usually go through first (with my most charming “Allow me!”) and then hold it for you. I give the same advice to my sister (and all women): First one there opens the door and holds it. The one time to break the rule: If the person ahead of you needs assistance or is much older, step up and open the door. And for those of us on the receiving end of a door kindness, I hope we all say “Thank you” as we pass by. NO THANK-YOU NOTES=NO MORE GIFTS? Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options? -Sharon Taft A: I’m the quick-witted uncle to three nieces, which means I rely on humor to make a point. One time, several weeks after the holidays had gone by, I e-mailed one of the girls: “I can’t thank you enough for thank-you note.” That inspired a quick, and guilty, thank-you from her. Then there was the year I boycotted them: no gifts. You bet they noticed, and they did a fine job with their thank-you e-mails once I resumed gift giving. (Yes, e-mail is just fine, especially when compared with the alternative-no response.) But I learned a lesson, too: I try my best to thank those who express kindness to me, whether it’s a flight attendant helping me with a bag or these same nieces-now young adults — who recently made an amazing dinner for our family. There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now. 40. Both Jo Garcia and Sharon Taft are puzzled by A. what makes young people so rude B. what kindness means to young adults C. why kindness is not infectious nowadays D. why some good manners are out of date 41. Which statement is the writer most likely to agree with? A. Men should always hold the door for women. B. It is always necessary to express our gratitude. C. Jo should remind her husband of his impoliteness. D. Being humorous matters more than being polite. 42. The word “begets” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “_______” A. takes care of B. makes use of C. gives rise to D. attaches importance to 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要通过解答读者关于让门和感谢信的礼仪困惑，指出善意行为永不过时，并强调表达感激的重要性。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第一个问题部分“Q: My husband always opens doors for women (he’s over 80), but the young women cast him a look of pure shock and rush past him without a thank-you. So sad. Why has such a basic kindness gone out of style?(Q： 我丈夫总是为女人开门（他已经80多岁了），但那些年轻女人向他投去十分震惊的眼神，从他身边冲过去，没有一句感谢。真让人难过。为什么这种基本的善意已经过时了？)”以及第二个问题部分“Q: It especially bothers me when I give a child a gift and there is no acknowledgment from the parent or the child. What are my options?(Q： 当我给孩子送礼物，而父母或孩子都没有表示感谢时，我尤其感到困扰。我有什么选择？)”可知，Jo Garcia对基本的善意（让门）被认为过时感到困惑，Sharon Taft对送礼后得不到感谢（不回复感谢信）感到困扰，两人都对为什么一些良好的礼仪不再被遵循感到不解。 【41题详解】 推理判断题。​根据第一段中“Covering the ins and outs of civil behavior for the past 20-plus years, I have learned that, fortunately, good intentions never go out of style. Even better, science tells us that acts of kindness are infectious: If I treat you right, you’re more likely to treat the next person better.(过去二十多年来，我一直关注文明举止的方方面面，我认识到，幸运的是，善意永远不会过时。更妙的是，科学告诉我们，善举是会传染的：如果我对你好，你就更有可能对下一个人更好)”以及作者讲述自己尽量感谢那些对自己表达善意的人可知，作者最可能同意“表达我们的感激总是必要的”这一观点。 【42题详解】 词句猜测题。​根据最后一段中“There’s a theory that gratitude begets gratitude. I believe that now.(有一种理论认为感恩begets感恩。我现在相信这一点)”结合前文作者通过幽默方式促使侄女写感谢信，以及自己恢复送礼后侄女们写好感谢邮件的例子可知，感恩会带来更多的感恩，即感恩“产生”感恩。C项“gives rise to(引起，产生)”与begets意思最接近。 （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新研究发现食用超加工食品可能增加死亡风险，但报道中的数字容易引发误解。研究指出，与食用最少超加工食品的人相比，食用最多的人死亡风险增加62%。 然而，这并不意味着寿命会缩短62%，因为普通人每年的死亡风险本身就很低。因此，尽管这一数字听起来吓人，但实际上影响可能并不那么显著。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are.(问题是，驱动新闻标题的数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。)”可知，新闻报道中的死亡风险增加需要客观权衡，因为数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。因此，作者暗示了对新闻中提到的死亡风险增加的解读需要客观权衡。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day.(西班牙研究人员对大约20000名学生进行了长达14年的跟踪调查，使用问卷来估算他们每天吃多少份超加工食品。)”可知，他们在研究中跟踪研究对象超过十年。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(关键的是，普通人每年死亡的风险相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%可能并不像听起来那么令人担忧。)”可知，作者认为62%的年度死亡风险增加可能并不那么令人担忧的原因是普通人每年死亡的机会相对较小。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(Wanda的寿命将比维诺娜短62%是很有诱惑力的，但事实并非如此。关键在于，对于普通人来说，任何一年的死亡风险都相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%听起来可能很吓人，但实际上可能并不那么令人担忧。)”可知，尽管新闻报道声称超加工食品会增加死亡风险，但实际上这种风险增加可能并不如报道中所说的那么严重。因此，可以得出结论，超加工食品的危害并不像报道中所说的那么严重。故选C。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Off the rails Along with 3m other workers, Eamonn, a civil servant, used to commute (通勤) into London daily. It was once an easy journey of 30 minutes by train from Coulsdon South to Victoria. But after years of strikes and driver shortages at Southern Rail, the operator on that line, a train running on time felt like a “luxury for special occasions only,” he complains. With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days. ____47____ Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service. In January 2017, rail fares across Britain rose by an average of 3.4%, the largest increase since 2013. Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries. ____48____ Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms. But that seems to be changing. The year to April 2017 saw the first big drop in passenger numbers in the south-east. Very likely it is high fares and unreliable service that are persuading commuters to change how they work, says Stephen Joseph of the Campaign for Better Transport. In the six months to September, journeys made on season tickets — which save money for daily commuters — fell by a tenth, while journeys made using single-use tickets continue to rise. The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected. ____49____ Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this. Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe. ____50____ As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time. A. Until now, passengers have put up with it. B. Londoners may not be willing to wait. C. The government is considering limiting fare increases more strictly in the future. D. Eventually he moved to Liverpool to escape his awful commute. E. If the government ends up forking out more for the everyday running of the railways, its investment plans may be suspended. F. With more part-time jobs and technology that lets people work from home, going to the office every day is falling out of fashion. 【答案】47. D 48. A 49. F 50. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍英国东南铁路票价涨幅远超薪资、服务故障频发，越来越多通勤者不再每日乘火车赴伦敦办公，出行与工作模式发生转变。 【47题详解】 前文“With Southern cancelling up to 350 trains a day, in one three-week period last autumn he managed to get to the office on only two days.(南方铁路每天取消多达350班列车，去年秋天的某段三周时间里，他只有两天能顺利赶到办公室)”讲述Eamonn因铁路服务差几乎没法正常到岗，后文“Many other Londoners are changing the way they work because of the railways’ poor, pricey service.(许多其他伦敦人也正因铁路服务差劲且昂贵而改变着自己的工作方式)”引出很多伦敦人因铁路问题改变工作方式，D项“最终他搬到利物浦来逃离糟糕的通勤”承接Eamonn的个人经历，同时和文末提到的利物浦通勤情况呼应，逻辑连贯。 【48题详解】 前文“Over the past decade fares have risen twice as fast as salaries.(过去十年间，票价上涨速度是工资增长速度的两倍)”提到近十年铁路票价涨幅是薪资的两倍，后文“Since the industry was privatised in the mid-1990s, the number of rail journeys in the south-east has increased by 130%, though fares have risen by 45% in real terms.(自20世纪90年代中期行业私有化以来，东南地区的铁路出行人数增长了130%，但票价实际上涨了45%)”又说90年代中期铁路私有化后东南段出行量仍大幅上涨，A项“直到现在，乘客都一直在忍受这种情况”承上说明乘客此前对高价差服务的容忍，启下解释出行量此前仍增长的原因。 【49题详解】 前文“The trend is strongest in the southeast, where fares are highest and services heavily affected.(这一趋势在东南部最为明显，该地区的票价最高，服务也受到严重影响)”提到通勤季票使用量下降，后文“Employers, facing high rents, are keen to encourage this.(雇主们面临高昂的租金，因此很乐意鼓励这一做法)”提到雇主也鼓励这种变化，F项“随着兼职岗位增多和支持居家办公的技术发展，每天去办公室的模式不再流行”解释了通勤模式转变的原因，衔接上下文。 【50题详解】 前文“Mr Joseph suggests that moving to a simpler fare structure, with season tickets for part-time commuters, could draw more people back onto trains, as such schemes have elsewhere in Europe.(约瑟夫先生建议，通过为兼职通勤者提供季票等更简单的票价结构，可以吸引更多人重新乘坐火车，因为欧洲其他地区已有类似举措)”提到专家建议推出适配兼职通勤者的季票方案，后文“As Eamonn notes, in Liverpool getting to work costs only £15 a week — and even on strike days the trains get him to work on time.(正如埃蒙恩所指出的，在利物浦，每周上班只需15英镑——即使在罢工日，火车也准时送他去上班)”用利物浦的通勤情况做正面参照，C项“政府正考虑未来更严格地限制票价涨幅”衔接前文的票价问题优化建议，符合语境逻辑。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. Studies have suggested a link between listening to heavy metal and increased suicide risk or desensitisation (麻木不仁) to violence, but these have often failed to take account of outside factors, such as poor family relationships and feelings of isolation. Even though a 2018 study at Macquarie University in New South Wales found that music with violent themes does not make fans more violent, it might take some time for heavy metal’s image to change. The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. Fans’ sensitivity to violence was tested using a standard technique known as “binocular rivalry”. Test subjects are shown two different images at the same time, one to each eye. The brain, which is used to combining two similar images to produce one three-dimensional image, chooses one to perceive while the other is suppressed (压制). One of the images presented is violent in nature, while the other is neutral. Ordinarily, the brain prioritises the violent image, which helps it to identify and assess threats. The researchers asked both fans and non-fans to indicate when they perceived each image, and found that both groups showed the same tendency to process the violent image first. In fact, for fans of heavy metal, the music could be helpful, providing emotional release. In 2015, a study at the University of Queensland asked for participants who were fans of extreme music. They made them angry, then allowed them to listen to the music of their own choice and assessed how their emotional state had changed. The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Heavy metal music has been associated with negative effects on listeners’ behavior and mental health. However, recent studies challenge these assumptions. A study from Macquarie University found that heavy metal fans respond to violent imagery in the same way as non-fans. Another study at the University of Queensland revealed that extreme music can provide emotional release and help process anger. 【解析】 【导语】文章讲述了重金属音乐一直被认为会对听众的行为和心理健康产生负面影响。本文纠正大众对重金属音乐的固有负面偏见。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Historically, heavy metal music has a reputation for the effect it has on its listeners’ behaviour and mental health. ②The effect heavy metal music has on its fans isn’t as negative as you might expect. ③According to the researchers at the Macquarie University study, regular listeners responded equally to violent imagery as non-listeners. ④The researchers found that the extreme music improved their emotional state, and could help with processing anger. 2.缜密构思 将1、2点整合为大众观点以及作者的观点，将3、4点整合为理论依据 3.遣词造句 Heavy metal music has been associated with negative effects on listeners’ behavior and mental health. However, recent studies challenge these assumptions. A study from Macquarie University found that heavy metal fans respond to violent imagery in the same way as non-fans. Another study at the University of Queensland revealed that extreme music can provide emotional release and help process anger. 【点睛】[高分句型1] A study from Macquarie University found that heavy metal fans respond to violent imagery in the same way as non-fans.（运用了that引导的宾语从句） [高分句型2] Another study at the University of Queensland revealed that extreme music can provide emotional release and help process anger.（运用了that引导的宾语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 这家餐厅的服务和美食使它成为城里无与伦比的用餐体验。(second) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】The restaurant’s service and cuisine make it a dining experience second to none in the city. 【解析】 【详解】表示“这家餐厅的服务和美食”用The restaurant’s service and cuisine作主语。表示“使”用 make，本句描述一般事实，用一般现在时，主语是复数，谓语动词用原形make，宾语用it指代“这家餐厅”。“无与伦比”表达为second to none，表示“城里无与伦比的用餐体验”用a dining experience second to none in the city。 53. 针对需求的突然增加，公司迅速调整了策略。（response）(汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】In response to the sudden increase in demand, the company quickly adjusted its strategy. 【解析】 【详解】 “针对……”使用提示词response，表达为固定短语in response to；“需求的突然增加”表达为名词短语the sudden increase in demand；表示“公司”用名词the company；“调整”表达为动词adjust，句子表示过去的动作，用一般过去时adjusted；“策略”表达为名词词组its strategy；“迅速”是副词quickly，放在动词前，修饰动词adjust。 54. 我尽力向我的弟弟灌输坚持的重要性，希望能激励他追求自己的梦想。（impress）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态、非谓语动词、固定短语和宾语从句。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述的是过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时。“尽力做某事”可使用固定短语“try one’s best to do sth.”；“向某人灌输某事”可使用固定短语“impress on sb sth.”；“坚持的重要性”可译为“the importance of perseverance”；“激励某人做某事”可使用固定短语“inspire sb. to do sth.”；“追求某人的梦想”可译为“pursue one’s dreams”。故整句话可译为：I tried my best to impress on my brother the importance of persistence, hoping (that) I could inspire him to pursue his dreams. 55. 培养技能人才并非朝夕之功，还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力。(require) (汉译英) ____________________________________________ 【答案】Developing skilled talents is not an overnight accomplishment, as it requires sustained efforts in establishing clear career development pathways, and improving supportive policies. 【解析】 【详解】表示“培养技能人才”用 develop skilled talents，作主语，用动名词短语；本句描述一般事实，时态用一般现在时，be动词用is。表示“并非朝夕之功”用not an overnight accomplishment。表示“还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力”即“因为还需要在畅通发展通道和完善保障政策等方面持续发力”，用as引导原因状语从句。从句中：用it作主语，指代“培养技能人才”；表示“需要”用require，主语it为单数，谓语动词用requires；表示“持续发力”用sustained efforts。介词in后接动名词。表示“畅通发展通道”用establish clear career development pathways，establish变为动名词establishing。表示“完善保障政策”用improve supportive policies，improve变为动名词improving。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近你校英语报发起了主题为 “How the campus can be improved”的征文，你对此话题很感兴趣，写一篇文章投稿，内容包括： (1) 你认为校园哪些场所最需要改进 (一到两个)； (2) 你的改进建议和理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文 Our school has provided us with an enriching environment, but there are areas that require attention to further enhance our campus experience. On one hand, the school cafeteria demands improvement. I propose a cafeteria makeover with vibrant decor, comfortable seating, and the inclusion of nutritious meals. A pleasant dining environment will encourage students to socialize and make mealtimes enjoyable, fostering a sense of community. On the other, the sports facilities need upgrading. Our existing facilities are outdated and limited, hindering students from fully engaging in physical activities. Investing in modern sports equipment and expanding the sports ground will promote physical fitness and overall well-being among students. In conclusion, by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities, we can create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment. These improvements will not only cater to students’ physical and social needs but also contribute to a more friendly learning experience at Mingqi High School. 【解析】 【导语】要求考生以高三学生身份向校英语报投稿，就校园场所改进提出建议并说明原因。 【详解】1.词汇积累 过时的：outdated→obsolete 鼓励：encourage→motivate 扩大：expand→enlarge 有活力的：dynamic→vibrant 2. 句式拓展 同义句 原句：In conclusion, by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities, we can create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment.. 拓展句：In conclusion, only by revamping the cafeteria and enhancing sports facilities can we create a more conducive and dynamic campus environment. 【点睛】【高分句型1】A pleasant dining environment will encourage students to socialize and make mealtimes enjoyable, fostering a sense of community.（运用了现在分词作状语） 【高分句型2】Our existing facilities are outdated and limited, hindering students from fully engaging in physical activities.（运用了现在分词作状语） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $