精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Our brains are tuned to hear music Human brains are uniquely suited to hearing music, a new study suggests. Compared to macaque monkeys, humans respond much more strongly to sounds with a musical pitch (音高), and prefer those ____1____ sounds without a pitch. The team, based at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Maryland, US, studied the differences in how humans and macaques hear the world. “We found that a certain region of our brains has a stronger preference for sounds with pitch than macaque monkey brains,” said senior author Dr Bevil Conway. The area of the brain ____2____ processes sounds is called the auditory cortex. By studying the activity of the auditory cortex in a brain scan, the team could measure ____3____ strongly the brain responded to certain sounds. The sounds ____4____ (divide) into two types: noise without pitch, and pitch without noise. Specifically, ‘noise’ is a sound ____5____ (contain) lots of different frequencies within a particular range, like the sound of an untuned radio. Regular human speech and macaque calls have both a pitch and a noise component. To compare how humans and macaques responded to each type of sound, the team first played the participants a series of pure tones followed by a series of noises ____6____ (make) up of similar frequencies. In humans, the auditory cortex lit up much ____7____ (brightly) when the tones were played, compared to the noises. However, macaques showed barely any difference in how they responded to these two sounds. “These results suggest the macaque monkey may experience music and other sounds differently,” said Conway. “In contrast, the macaque’s experience of the visual world is probably very similar to our own. It makes one ____8____ (wonder) what kind of sounds our evolutionary ancestors experienced. The results raise the possibility that these sounds, which are embedded in speech and music, ____9____ have shaped the basic organisation of the human brain. _____10_____ we rely so heavily on speech to communicate, and music is culturally important, our brains evolved to accommodate these.” Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. abandoned B. approached C. association D. exceptionally E. overthrew F. principles G. qualified H. responsible I. sensible J. single-handedly K. unpleasant Waists of Time Resolutions and Jan. 1 have an attraction for one another. The resolution most often cited, “to go on a diet,” also happens to be one most quickly ____11____. According to a 2013 British study, two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week. The problem isn’t that people are lazy or spoiled. It’s that the purpose of a diet has become isolated from its original intentions. The ancient Greeks were largely ____12____ for the concept. “Diatia” means “way of life”. How a person ____13____ the business of eating was as important as what entered his stomach. Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life. Some early Christians ____14____ the classical concept of the good diet. Their eagerness for purity and fasting turned the body into another battleground in the war between good and evil. By the 18th century the ____15____ of goodness with thinness had become a fact of life. As Jane Austen (1775 — 1817) admitted in the novel Persuasion, it was difficult to take a fat person seriously. Perhaps that is why Lord Byron (1788 — 1824), who took himself ____16____ seriously, became so crazy about being skinny. His gift to culture — apart from his writing — was an extremely ____17____ diet of flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋). He ____18____ made the pale and skinny look so popular among devotees of romanticism. ____19____ writers like William Banting (1797 — 1878) recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food. But it was the charlatans (庸医) and their snake-oil medicine that grew rapidly in the 20th century. Yet it’s never too late to return to the first ____20____ behind diatia. As Hesiod, the 8th-century B.C. poet, said: “Moderation is best in all things.” II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives. They ____21____ making decisions in different areas that range from advertising products to diagnosing medical conditions. It’s already clear that the impact of such systems cannot be understood ____22____ by examining the underlying code or even the data used to build them. We must look to ____23____ for answers as well. Two recent studies do exactly that. The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage. By inviting those with ____24____ experiences to participate, both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence. The Ipsos Mori survey found that 60 per cent of adults ____25____ that products and services using AI will deeply change their daily lives in the next three to five years. Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____26____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes. The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences in both surveys are revealing. ____27____ about half said AI technology has more benefits than drawbacks, while two-thirds felt worried about its impact on their individual freedom and legal rights. But figures for countries show a significant ____28____ within this. Citizens from non-Western countries were much more likely to “have a ____29____ outlook on the impact of AI-powered products and services in their lives”. Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies. ____30____ only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust. The surveys underline the importance of AI designers ____31____ that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world. But they’re less insightful about why difference exists. “This is really necessary to understand because of the ____32____ that often exists between the demographics developing AI and those impacted by it,” says Reema Patel, Ipsos Mori’s incoming head of deliberative engagement. She is pointing to the fact that recent innovation in tech has been very much ____33____, with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China. To identify harms and improve ______34______, Patel argues, developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms. Tabitha Goldstaub, the chair of the UK government’s AI council, says the studies are a “call to arms” for companies and governments building AI systems. “AI designers need to understand what people want, on a ____35____ human level, not just what they think they need,” she says. 21. A. assist in B. depend on C. look at D. wait for 22. A. recently B. seriously C. simply D. possibly 23. A. people B. systems C. data D. designers 24. A. shared B. work C. education D. lived 25. A. doubt B. expect C. remember D. prove 26. A. learning B. public C. security D. social 27. A. Unfortunately B. Globally C. Similarly D. Ultimately 28. A. framework B. decision C. difference D. influence 29. A. renewed B. scientific C. stable D. positive 30. A. In summary B. In turn C. In contrast D. In particular 31. A. objecting B. recognizing C. implying D. hoping 32. A. link B. balance C. period D. gap 33. A. short-term B. well-known C. top-down D. large-scale 34. A. reputations B. benefits C. accesses D. conditions 35. A. fundamental B. professional C. conceptual D. financial Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The student arrived early, sat front and center, and stood out in my classroom in more ways than one. I’d say that he had about 40 years on his classmates in my undergraduate communications class at California State University, Los Angeles. He eagerly jumped into class discussions, with his humor and wisdom of experience. And he was always respectful of the other students’ perspectives, as if each of them were a teacher. Jerry Valencia walked in with a smile and he left with one too. “These students gave me the confidence that I didn’t need to feel bad about my age,” Valencia says. One day, I spotted Valencia on campus. He said he would have to stop taking classes that semester and reapply for next year. By then, he hoped to have earned enough money from construction jobs and have his student-loan papers in order. But he said he was still coming to campus to attend events or see friends. He asked whether he could still sit in on my communications class. Sure, I said. But he wouldn’t get any credit. No problem, he said. Soon there he was again a 63-year-old Cal State LA junior with as much energy and curiosity as any of the youngsters in class. For an assignment on changing neighborhoods, Valencia wrote about a favorite local chain restaurant that was “unceremoniously closed”. He called it a theft of childhood. “It is almost as if someone has stolen that childhood and replaced it with a slippery hill where everything they cherish will slide away,” he wrote. A lot of Valencia’s classmates apparently knew he couldn’t afford that semester’s tuition but was still doing the homework. “Here he is, willingly taking a class for the joy of it and benefit of learning,” says Jessica Espinosa, a 25-year-old junior. “You don’t see that in our generation.” Valencia showed up and took the final exam too. Afterward, students were chatting, and I overheard Valencia say he wanted to stay in school until he earned a master’s degree, but it had taken him 12 years to finish community college, so he had a long way to go. Twelve years? He was in and out of school, he said, subject to his work schedule and whether he had money for classes. He had earned his associate of arts degree over the summer, then transferred to Cal State LA to start on his bachelor’s. I needed to hear more. 36. What can be learned about Jerry Valencia from the first paragraph? A. He thought too highly of himself. B. He was inactive in class discussions. C. He took great delight in taking classes. D. He felt embarrassed about his age in class. 37. Why did Valencia have to quit school this semester? A. He was too old to apply. B. He didn’t have enough time. C. He couldn’t afford the tuition. D. He failed to catch up with his lessons. 38. What does Jessica Espinosa say about Valencia? A. He is eager for a higher degree. B. He is passionate about learning. C. He is worried about his exam results. D. He is as enthusiastic as her generation. 39. What is the writer most likely to write about in the paragraph following the passage? A. Valencia’s past success. B. Valencia’s summer plan. C. Valencia’s financial status. D. Valencia’s academic pursuit. (B) Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. (C) Researchers and policy makers have long studied pilot schemes(方案) such as public health initiatives or innovative schools. They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale. This depressing tendency was called “voltage drop” by the psychiatrist Amy Kilbourne and her coworkers in 2007. The economist John List has been exploring the cause of this voltage drop, first in 2019 paper with Omar Al-Ubaydli and Dana Suskind, then in a recent book, The Voltage Effect. So why does the voltage drop for so many promising ideas? One common problem is that the original effect was not real. Consider a famous experiment, conducted by psychologists Sheena lyengar and Mark Lepper, in which customers in a high-end supermarket were offered free samples of jam from a choice of either 6 or 24 flavours. The wider choice was dramatically de-motivating. Ten times as many people bought jam after being shown the smaller range. It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments. Perhaps the effect is completely non-existent, or perhaps the effect exists but with nothing like the force exhibited in the original experiment. Does anyone seriously believe your local supermarket would sell 10 times as much produce if only it simplified its product line? Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalise beyond unusual circumstances. My favourite example is the Arch Deluxe, a hamburger launched by McDonald’s with a marketing fanfare(宣传). The fast-food giant had every reason to expect success, because focus groups loved the Arch Deluixe’s bakery-style rolls, peppered bacon and stoneground mustard-mayo dressing. The problems, says List, is that the focus group enthusiasts were not a good guide to the attitude of the typical consumer: “A person who signs up to take part in a McDonald’s focus group is probably someone who is crazy about McDonald’s or loves all kinds of burgers, or both. But the average person, it turns out, goes to McDonald’s for the Big Mac, not a fancier version of one.” Even if the idea is real, and generalises to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team. A pilot school may work well, but it is easier to hire 20 good teachers than 20,000. A brilliant chef can work in only one kitchen at a time. 43. Which statement best describes “voltage drop”？ A. A scheme has been piloted before being really carried out. B. A scheme serves its intended purpose well on a large scale. C. A scheme works well when tested but fails when launched. D. A scheme like a health initiative is designed for a group of people. 44. What can be implied about the experiment conducted by Sheena lyengar and Mark Lepper? A. It lasted too long a time. B. Its conclusion may not be reliable. C. Its follow-up experiments showed opposite results. D. It discouraged people from going to the supermarket. 45. Why does the author use the example of the Arch Deluxe? A. To explain the creativity of an idea matters a lot. B. To explain an idea may not generalise to a larger group. C. To explain McDonald’s is not popular with average people. D. To explain the attitude of the typical consumer varies. 46. What is the text mainly about? A. Why some great ideas fail. B. How to avoid voltage drop. C. How to make a workable plan. D. Why experimentation is important. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Full Circle Fashion Autumn’s cooler temperature and beautiful colours never cease to excite me. I love reaching deep into my wardrobe and rediscovering the soft wool items that have served me well for many years. ____47____ Every October, I decide it’s time for it to make its yearly appearance. The loose style allows for lots of layering, so I’m able to wear it now and throughout the colder winter weather. It was a carefully considered purchase, and one I’ve not regretted for a moment. I always find the more time and thought I put into my wardrobe investments, the better they pay off. An item currently under consideration is this one that caught my eye last winter - a recycled cashmere poncho (羊绒斗篷). I’ve tried on this long poncho a few times and a year later, I still love it. ____48____ Also the cashmere itself is superb quality. The flexibility of a long poncho makes it even more irresistible. It would be ideal for a chilly office or aeroplane. It layers perfectly under loose long coat like my orange one. I love how it modernizes a modernizer blouse. It feels like a wise investment for my wardrobe; supporting a business that facilitates sustainable fashion feels like a wise direction of my money. “Circular fashion”, where no longer used items are re- crafted into new clothes (like this poncho) is a new way of consuming that will be with us forever. ____49____ Every aspect of the process ensures tons of clothing do not end up in landfill each year. In general, circular fashion opts for wool, cotton, cashmere, and silk- all of which can be re- used or mixed with new natural fibres. These materials are more expensive, but if they are used in several circular cycles of clothing in the future, they pollute and waste less of our natural resources. ____50____ And innovative circular fashion brands will soon be giving us many more incredible options. A. Making only mindful purchases, and looking for ways to recycle my clothes makes me a better consumer. B. Its modern simplicity really appeals to me. C. Some fibres simply do not recycle and do not de- compose in landfill at the end of their usefulness. D. It switches the make-wear-and- dispose cycle of fashion into a circular one. E. One of my favourites is this burnt orange lightweight, unlined wool coat. F. I only wish I’d learned this lesson about shopping a lot sooner than I did! III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Obesity: Should We Compare It to Smoking? Controversy brings wide reach and media attention. Cancer Research UK (CRUK) has attracted plenty, with its new ads featuring images of old-fashioned cigarette packets with the simple message ‘obesity is a cause of cancer too’. However, this new campaign may be doing more harm than good. Smoking and obesity are fundamentally different: smoking is a behaviour (something people do) while obesity is a physical outcome (a measurement of body mass). At an individual level, the most effective way to reduce smoking-related cancers is to stop smoking. This very approach doesn’t suit obesity. People can’t just stop eating. Besides, body weight and size are influenced by many different factors both at a personal level (genetics, psychology) and a societal level (built environment, government policies). For instance, some people are born to have a higher body mass and be more resistant to weight loss than others. This means societal factors affect some people more than others and weight management isn’t the same for everybody. Regardless, the sight of these cigarette-style posters encourages people to associate smoking with obesity, in particular, that obesity is the result of irresponsibility. The simple fact is that neither smoking nor obesity are merely outcomes of people making bad choices. In this way, this campaign encourages weight discrimination. Smoking is considered to be unfairly damaging the health of others, through passive smoking-the same cannot be said for obesity. However, as the media debate has shown, this comparison creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. So how could the CRUK campaign be improved? The CRUK campaign should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase the risk of cancer, and encourage people to support social change. Rather than increasing unfriendliness towards people of higher weights, CRUK should bring people together in a call for positive action. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他们在这个项目中表现出色，值得赞扬。（worthy） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 53. 输入电子邮件地址，你就可以订阅我们的时事通讯。（subscribe）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 54. 这几天，天气变幻莫测，高温叠加暴雨，常常让外出的市民措手不及。(combine) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 55. 如果需要在强阳光下长时间逗留，要做好防晒措施，如戴遮阳帽、墨镜等。（If）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 150-200 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校即将召开一年一度的科技节，今年科技节的主题是 “科技与生活”，校英语报就此主题向全校师生征集稿件。写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1) 你认为科技是否让我们的生活更幸福；2) 你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Our brains are tuned to hear music Human brains are uniquely suited to hearing music, a new study suggests. Compared to macaque monkeys, humans respond much more strongly to sounds with a musical pitch (音高), and prefer those ____1____ sounds without a pitch. The team, based at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Maryland, US, studied the differences in how humans and macaques hear the world. “We found that a certain region of our brains has a stronger preference for sounds with pitch than macaque monkey brains,” said senior author Dr Bevil Conway. The area of the brain ____2____ processes sounds is called the auditory cortex. By studying the activity of the auditory cortex in a brain scan, the team could measure ____3____ strongly the brain responded to certain sounds. The sounds ____4____ (divide) into two types: noise without pitch, and pitch without noise. Specifically, ‘noise’ is a sound ____5____ (contain) lots of different frequencies within a particular range, like the sound of an untuned radio. Regular human speech and macaque calls have both a pitch and a noise component. To compare how humans and macaques responded to each type of sound, the team first played the participants a series of pure tones followed by a series of noises ____6____ (make) up of similar frequencies. In humans, the auditory cortex lit up much ____7____ (brightly) when the tones were played, compared to the noises. However, macaques showed barely any difference in how they responded to these two sounds. “These results suggest the macaque monkey may experience music and other sounds differently,” said Conway. “In contrast, the macaque’s experience of the visual world is probably very similar to our own. It makes one ____8____ (wonder) what kind of sounds our evolutionary ancestors experienced. The results raise the possibility that these sounds, which are embedded in speech and music, ____9____ have shaped the basic organisation of the human brain. _____10_____ we rely so heavily on speech to communicate, and music is culturally important, our brains evolved to accommodate these.” 【答案】1. to 2. that##which 3. how 4. were divided 5. containing 6. made 7. more brightly 8. wonder 9. may 10. Since##As##Because 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍一项新研究发现人类大脑天生更适合感知音乐，对比猕猴，人类对有音高声音反应更强，该研究探讨这类差异背后的大脑机制与进化意义。 【1题详解】 考查介词。句意：与猕猴相比，人类对带有音乐音高的声音反应强烈得多，并且比起那些没有音高的声音，更偏爱这类声音。prefer A to B为固定搭配，含义为“比起B更喜欢A”。 【2题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：处理声音的大脑区域被称为听觉皮层。空格引导定语从句，先行词the area of the brain表示事物，关系代词在从句内部充当主语，用关系代词that或which。 【3题详解】 考查副词。句意：通过脑部扫描研究听觉皮层的活动，该团队能够测量大脑对特定声音的反应强度。how strongly表示多么强烈，how引导宾语从句，修饰副词strongly。 【4题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：这些声音被分成两类：无音高噪音和无噪音音高。主语The sounds和divide之间属于被动关系，实验是过去做的，用一般过去时的被动语态，主谓一致，谓语动词为were divided。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：具体来说，“噪音” 是一种在特定范围内包含许多不同频率的声音，就像未调台收音机发出的声音。sound和contain是主动关系，现在分词containing作后置定语。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该团队先给受试者播放一系列纯音，随后播放一系列由相近频率构成的噪音。noises和make up of是被动关系，过去分词made作后置定语， 【7题详解】 考查比较级。句意：对人类而言，播放音调时，听觉皮层的活跃程度相比噪音会明显更强烈。后文出现compared to noises表示对比，副词brightly使用比较级more brightly。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这不禁让人好奇，我们的进化祖先听过什么样的声音。make sb. do sth.为固定结构，用省略to的不定式作宾补，空处填wonder。 【9题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：该结果提出一种可能性，这些蕴含在语言与音乐中的声音或许塑造了人类大脑的基本结构。根据前文possibility表示推测，用情态动词may。 【10题详解】 考查连词。句意：因为我们高度依靠语言交流，并且音乐具备文化意义，人类大脑不断进化来适应这些。空格引导原因状语从句，句首可用Since、As或者Because。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. abandoned B. approached C. association D. exceptionally E. overthrew F. principles G. qualified H. responsible I. sensible J. single-handedly K. unpleasant Waists of Time Resolutions and Jan. 1 have an attraction for one another. The resolution most often cited, “to go on a diet,” also happens to be one most quickly ____11____. According to a 2013 British study, two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week. The problem isn’t that people are lazy or spoiled. It’s that the purpose of a diet has become isolated from its original intentions. The ancient Greeks were largely ____12____ for the concept. “Diatia” means “way of life”. How a person ____13____ the business of eating was as important as what entered his stomach. Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life. Some early Christians ____14____ the classical concept of the good diet. Their eagerness for purity and fasting turned the body into another battleground in the war between good and evil. By the 18th century the ____15____ of goodness with thinness had become a fact of life. As Jane Austen (1775 — 1817) admitted in the novel Persuasion, it was difficult to take a fat person seriously. Perhaps that is why Lord Byron (1788 — 1824), who took himself ____16____ seriously, became so crazy about being skinny. His gift to culture — apart from his writing — was an extremely ____17____ diet of flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋). He ____18____ made the pale and skinny look so popular among devotees of romanticism. ____19____ writers like William Banting (1797 — 1878) recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food. But it was the charlatans (庸医) and their snake-oil medicine that grew rapidly in the 20th century. Yet it’s never too late to return to the first ____20____ behind diatia. As Hesiod, the 8th-century B.C. poet, said: “Moderation is best in all things.” 【答案】11. A 12. H 13. B 14. E 15. C 16. D 17. K 18. J 19. I 20. F 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了节食的历史演变，包括古希腊的“生活方式”理念、现代的节食文化等，强调了平衡与适度的重要性，指出当前节食的初衷已偏离其原始目的。 【11题详解】 考查动词。句意：人们最常提到的“节食”决心，往往也是最快被放弃的。空处和most quickly搭配，修饰one，结合下一句中“two out of five dieters don’t make it beyond the first week”可推知，A项abandoned“放弃，抛弃”符合题意，过去分词表被动，表示“最快被放弃的”。 【12题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这个概念在很大程度上要归功于古希腊人。空处作表语，结合“for the concept”可推知，H项responsible“负责的”符合题意，构成固定短语be responsible for“是……的成因”。 【13题详解】 考查动词。句意：一个人如何对待饮食，与其摄入的食物同样重要。空处作谓语，结合下一句“Balance, self-control and proper order were thought to be three key aspects to living the good life.”可推知，B项approached“对待”符合题意，表示“如何对待饮食”。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：一些早期基督徒推翻了古典时期对良好饮食的理解。空处作谓语，结合下一句中的“Their eagerness for purity and fasting”可推知，E项overthrew“推翻”符合题意，表示“推翻了古典时期对良好饮食的理解”。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：到了18世纪，将美德与瘦削联系在一起已成为生活常态。空处作主语，结合“of goodness with thinness”可推知，C项association“联系”符合题意，表示“将美德与瘦削联系在一起”。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：也许正因如此，对自己要求极为严格的拜伦勋爵（1788—1824）才会如此痴迷于保持身材苗条。空处作修饰seriously的状语，结合“became so crazy about being skinny”可推知，D项exceptionally“极其，非常”符合题意，表示“极为严肃自省”。 【17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：除了他的写作之外，他对文化的贡献还在于一种极令人讨厌的饮食方式——用醋储存的扁平土豆。空处作修饰diet的定语，结合“flattened potatoes stored in vinegar (醋)”可推知，K项unpleasant“令人讨厌的”符合题意，表示“一种极令人讨厌的饮食方式”。 【18题详解】 考查副词。句意：他凭一己之力使苍白而瘦弱的形象在浪漫主义爱好者中如此流行。空处作修饰made的状语，结合上一句中的“His gift to culture”可推知，J项single-handedly“独力地，单独地”符合题意，表示“凭一己之力使苍白而瘦弱的形象如此流行”。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：像威廉·班廷（1797—1878）这样的理智作家意识到了高脂肪和高糖食物的危害。空处作修饰writers的定语，结合“recognized the dangers of rich and sugary food”可推知，I项sensible“理智”符合题意，表示“理智作家”。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，回归“diatia（生活方式）”背后的最初原则永远都不算太晚。空处作to的宾语，结合“behind diatia”可推知，F项principles“原则”符合题意，表示“这一理念的最初原则”。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives. They ____21____ making decisions in different areas that range from advertising products to diagnosing medical conditions. It’s already clear that the impact of such systems cannot be understood ____22____ by examining the underlying code or even the data used to build them. We must look to ____23____ for answers as well. Two recent studies do exactly that. The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage. By inviting those with ____24____ experiences to participate, both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence. The Ipsos Mori survey found that 60 per cent of adults ____25____ that products and services using AI will deeply change their daily lives in the next three to five years. Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____26____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes. The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences in both surveys are revealing. ____27____ about half said AI technology has more benefits than drawbacks, while two-thirds felt worried about its impact on their individual freedom and legal rights. But figures for countries show a significant ____28____ within this. Citizens from non-Western countries were much more likely to “have a ____29____ outlook on the impact of AI-powered products and services in their lives”. Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies. ____30____ only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust. The surveys underline the importance of AI designers ____31____ that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world. But they’re less insightful about why difference exists. “This is really necessary to understand because of the ____32____ that often exists between the demographics developing AI and those impacted by it,” says Reema Patel, Ipsos Mori’s incoming head of deliberative engagement. She is pointing to the fact that recent innovation in tech has been very much ____33____, with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China. To identify harms and improve ______34______, Patel argues, developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms. Tabitha Goldstaub, the chair of the UK government’s AI council, says the studies are a “call to arms” for companies and governments building AI systems. “AI designers need to understand what people want, on a ____35____ human level, not just what they think they need,” she says. 21. A. assist in B. depend on C. look at D. wait for 22. A. recently B. seriously C. simply D. possibly 23. A. people B. systems C. data D. designers 24. A. shared B. work C. education D. lived 25. A. doubt B. expect C. remember D. prove 26. A. learning B. public C. security D. social 27. A. Unfortunately B. Globally C. Similarly D. Ultimately 28. A. framework B. decision C. difference D. influence 29. A. renewed B. scientific C. stable D. positive 30. A. In summary B. In turn C. In contrast D. In particular 31. A. objecting B. recognizing C. implying D. hoping 32. A. link B. balance C. period D. gap 33. A. short-term B. well-known C. top-down D. large-scale 34. A. reputations B. benefits C. accesses D. conditions 35. A. fundamental B. professional C. conceptual D. financial 【答案】21. A 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A 【解析】 【导语】文章探讨了AI对日常生活日益增长的影响，并通过两项调查揭示了公众对AI的态度、信任度及其影响的看法，强调了理解这种差异对于负责任地设计和部署AI的重要性。 【21题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：它们协助在各个领域做出决策，从推广产品到诊断医疗状况。A. assist in在……上给予协助；B. depend on依赖；C. look at看；D. wait for等待。根据上文“AI-driven algorithms (算法) are increasingly impacting our everyday lives.”可知，AI驱动的算法影响着我们的日常生活，这里描述其具体影响，指算法在推广产品和诊断医疗等领域协助决策。 【22题详解】 考查副词。句意：很明显，仅仅通过检查底层代码甚至用于构建它们的数据，是无法理解此类系统的影响的。A. recently最近；B. seriously认真地；C. simply仅仅；D. possibly可能地。根据下文“We must look to ____ for answers as well.”可知，我们还需要从其他方面寻找答案，表明仅检查代码或数据是不够的。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：我们也必须向人们寻求答案。A. people人们；B. systems系统；C. data数据；D. designers设计师。根据下文“The first is an Ipsos Mori survey of more than 19,000 people across 28 countries on public attitudes to AI, the second a University of Tokyo study investigating Japanese people’s views on AI usage.”可知，两项研究涉及对公众态度、观点的调查，表明我们必须向人们寻求答案。 【24题详解】 考查名词和形容词。句意：通过邀请那些有亲身经历的人参与，这两项研究都捕捉到了那些研究AI影响的人们的情绪。A. shared共享的；B. work工作；C. education教育；D. lived亲身经历的。根据下文“both capture the mood among those researching the impact of artificial intelligence”可知，两项研究捕捉到研究AI影响的人们的情绪，表明邀请的是有亲身经历的人。 【25题详解】 考查动词。句意：Ipsos Mori调查发现，60%的成年人预期在未来三到五年内，使用AI的产品和服务将深刻改变他们的日常生活。A. doubt怀疑；B. expect预期；C. remember记得；D. prove证明。根据下文“Latin Americans in particular think AI will lead to changes in ____ needs such as education and employment, while Chinese respondents were most likely to believe it would change transportation and their homes.”可知，此处呈现调查中关于未来信念的发现，指60%的成年人预期AI将改变他们的生活。 【26题详解】 考查形容词和名词。句意：特别是拉丁美洲人认为，AI将导致教育、就业等社会需求方面的变化，而中国受访者则最有可能认为它将改变交通和他们的家庭。A. learning学习；B. public公共的；C. security安全；D. social社会的。根据下文“such as education and employment”可知，教育和就业属于社会层面的需求。 【27题详解】 考查副词。句意：在全球范围内，大约一半的人表示，AI技术的好处多于坏处，而三分之二的人担心它会对他们的个人自由和法定权利产生影响。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Globally全球地；C. Similarly相似地；D. Ultimately最终地。根据下文“figures for countries”可知，此处与特定国家的数据形成对比，描述全球范围的调查情况。 【28题详解】 考查名词。句意：但各国的数据表明，在这方面存在显著差异。A. framework框架；B. decision决定；C. difference差异；D. influence影响。根据上文“The geographic and demographic (人口的) differences”可知，各国的数据显示出显著差异。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。句意：来自非西方国家的公民更有可能“对AI驱动的产品和服务在他们生活中的影响持积极看法”。A. renewed更新的；B. scientific科学的；C. stable稳定的；D. positive积极的。根据第四段中“Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies.”可知，中国和印度的大多数民众信任AI公司，表明非西方国家的公民对这种影响持积极看法。 【30题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：相比之下，在英国、法国和美国，只有35%的人表达了类似的信任。A. In summary总之；B. In turn反过来；C. In contrast相比之下；D. In particular尤其。根据上文“Large majorities in China (76 per cent) and India (68 per cent) said they trusted AI companies.”和下文“only 35 per cent in the UK, France and US expressed similar trust”可知，文章先提供了中国和印度的统计数据，接着给出了与之不同的另一组数据，“相比之下”表明这两组数据之间存在对比差异。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：这些调查强调了AI设计者意识到并非所有人都对世界有相同理解的重要性。A. objecting反对；B. recognizing意识到；C. implying暗示；D. hoping希望。根据上文“The surveys underline the importance of AI designers”和下文“that we don’t all have the same understanding of the world”可知，此处揭示调查结果的意义，强调AI设计师需要意识到一个事实。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：“理解这一点确实很有必要，因为AI开发人群和受其影响人群之间常常存在差距，”Ipsos Mori即将上任的参与式讨论负责人Reema Patel表示。A. link链接；B. balance平衡；C. period时期；D. gap差距。根据上文“But they’re less insightful about why difference exists.”可知，AI设计师不怎么了解人群中的差异存在的原因，表明开发AI的人群与受其影响的人群之间存在差距。 【33题详解】 考查形容词。句意：她指出，最近的技术创新在很大程度上是自上而下的，AI系统主要由硅谷和中国男性计算机科学家设计。A. short-term短期的；B. well-known著名的；C. top-down自上而下的；D. large-scale大规模的。根据下文“with AI systems designed largely by male computer scientists in Silicon Valley and China”可知，AI系统主要由男性计算机科学家设计，其他人较少参与其中，表明技术创新是自上而下的。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：Patel认为，为了识别危害和扩大益处，开发者和政策制定者需要更多地思考如何让人们参与到算法的设计和生命周期中。A. reputations名声；B. benefits益处；C. accesses访问；D. conditions条件。根据下文“developers and policymakers need to think more about how to involve people in the design and life cycle of algorithms”可知，让更多人参与设计和生命周期的目的，是扩大益处。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：她说：“AI设计者需要从根本的人类层面去理解人们想要什么，而不仅仅是他们认为人们需要什么。”A. fundamental根本的；B. professional职业的；C. conceptual概念的；D. financial财政的。根据下文“not just what they think they need”可知，AI设计师不能仅从自身出发设想使用者需要什么，他们需要从根本的人类层面去理解使用者想要什么。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) The student arrived early, sat front and center, and stood out in my classroom in more ways than one. I’d say that he had about 40 years on his classmates in my undergraduate communications class at California State University, Los Angeles. He eagerly jumped into class discussions, with his humor and wisdom of experience. And he was always respectful of the other students’ perspectives, as if each of them were a teacher. Jerry Valencia walked in with a smile and he left with one too. “These students gave me the confidence that I didn’t need to feel bad about my age,” Valencia says. One day, I spotted Valencia on campus. He said he would have to stop taking classes that semester and reapply for next year. By then, he hoped to have earned enough money from construction jobs and have his student-loan papers in order. But he said he was still coming to campus to attend events or see friends. He asked whether he could still sit in on my communications class. Sure, I said. But he wouldn’t get any credit. No problem, he said. Soon there he was again a 63-year-old Cal State LA junior with as much energy and curiosity as any of the youngsters in class. For an assignment on changing neighborhoods, Valencia wrote about a favorite local chain restaurant that was “unceremoniously closed”. He called it a theft of childhood. “It is almost as if someone has stolen that childhood and replaced it with a slippery hill where everything they cherish will slide away,” he wrote. A lot of Valencia’s classmates apparently knew he couldn’t afford that semester’s tuition but was still doing the homework. “Here he is, willingly taking a class for the joy of it and benefit of learning,” says Jessica Espinosa, a 25-year-old junior. “You don’t see that in our generation.” Valencia showed up and took the final exam too. Afterward, students were chatting, and I overheard Valencia say he wanted to stay in school until he earned a master’s degree, but it had taken him 12 years to finish community college, so he had a long way to go. Twelve years? He was in and out of school, he said, subject to his work schedule and whether he had money for classes. He had earned his associate of arts degree over the summer, then transferred to Cal State LA to start on his bachelor’s. I needed to hear more. 36. What can be learned about Jerry Valencia from the first paragraph? A. He thought too highly of himself. B. He was inactive in class discussions. C. He took great delight in taking classes. D. He felt embarrassed about his age in class. 37. Why did Valencia have to quit school this semester? A. He was too old to apply. B. He didn’t have enough time. C. He couldn’t afford the tuition. D. He failed to catch up with his lessons. 38. What does Jessica Espinosa say about Valencia? A. He is eager for a higher degree. B. He is passionate about learning. C. He is worried about his exam results. D. He is as enthusiastic as her generation. 39. What is the writer most likely to write about in the paragraph following the passage? A. Valencia’s past success. B. Valencia’s summer plan. C. Valencia’s financial status. D. Valencia’s academic pursuit. 【答案】36. C 37. C 38. B 39. D 【解析】 【导语】短文主要讲述63岁的Jerry Valencia坚持求学，享受学习本身的感人故事。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“He eagerly jumped into class discussions, with his humor and wisdom of experience. And he was always respectful of the other students’ perspectives, as if each of them were a teacher. Jerry Valencia walked in with a smile-and he left with one too.(他踊跃参与课堂讨论，带着阅历带来的幽默与智慧。他总是尊重其他学生的观点，仿佛他们每个人都是老师。Jerry Valencia带着微笑走进教室，离开时也面带笑容)”可知，Jerry上课积极投入，十分享受上课。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“He said he would have to stop taking classes that semester and reapply for next year. By then, he hoped to have earned enough money from construction jobs and have his student-loan papers in order.(他说这学期不得不停课，明年重新申请。到那时，他希望能靠建筑工作赚到足够的钱，并办好学生贷款手续)”以及第三段 “A lot of Valencia’s classmates apparently knew he couldn’t afford that semester’s tuition but was still doing the homework.(Valencia的许多同学都知道，他付不起这学期的学费，但依旧在完成作业)”可知，Valencia退学的原因是负担不起学费。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Here he is, willingly taking a class for the joy of it and benefit of learning,” says Jessica Espinosa, a 25-year-old junior. “You don’t see that in our generation.”(25岁大三学生Jessica Espinosa说：“他就在这里，单纯为学习的乐趣与收获而自愿上课，这在我们这一代人身上很难见到。”)”可知，Jessica认为Valencia对学习充满热忱。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Afterward, students were chatting, and I overheard Valencia say he wanted to stay in school until he earned a master’s degree, but it had taken him 12 years to finish community college, so he had a long way to go.(之后同学们闲聊，我无意中听到Valencia说，他想一直读到拿到硕士学位，但是他花了12年才读完社区大学，前路漫漫)”可知，作者听到他想要攻读硕士学位，还有很长求学路，因此下一段最有可能继续讲述他的学术追求。 (B) Yvonne Morones, who has a pet dog named Scamp the Wonder, is talking with the Pet Journal about Scamp. ________ When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face. What did you know about him when you adopted him? He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s. And his name was Muffin Man, which didn’t seem to fit him at all. What do you do to give him that bed head look? It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable. Scamp works with you as a social therapy dog too. How do people react to his unusual looks? The first time he went to the senior center with me, the seniors just laughed and said, “Yvonne, what have you got there?” Then they fell in love with him. They’ll even write little adventure stories about Scamp. He just inspires people. Has being awarded the world’s ugliest dog changed him? He’s no longer Scamp the Wonder. He’s now Scamp the Champ. Now I have to get him a new dog tag. 40. Which of the following best fits the blank numbered ________ in the passage? A. Why did you go to Petfinder so often? B. What did you often find on Petfinder? C. Who brought you Scamp the Wonder? D. How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder? 41. By “It’s au naturel!”, Yvonne means that ________. A. Scamp turned gray after being adopted by her B. Scamp is fond of being washed with shampoo C. nothing has been done to change Scamp’s appearance D. it is the pet hairdresser who has given Scamp his new look 42. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Scamp used to live a hard life on the street. B. Scamp is popular with children as well as seniors. C. Yvonne changed Scamp’s name after the award. D. Yvonne writes adventure stories about Scamp. 【答案】40. D 41. C 42. A 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了伊冯娜接受采访，讲述她收养宠物狗斯坎普的经过及其独特外貌和带给人们的快乐。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据空格后“When I saw Scamp on Petfinder, all of a sudden I understood what love was like. I suddenly found I loved him because I fell in love with his face.(当我在Petfinder上看到斯坎普时，我突然明白了爱是什么感觉。我突然发现自己爱他，因为我爱上了他的脸。)”可知，这是在回答“如何第一次遇到斯坎普”的问题，D项“How did you first meet Scamp the Wonder?(你是如何第一次遇见神奇的斯坎普的?)”与下文回答衔接最自然。 【41题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“It’s au naturel! He does get a mango shampoo and a coconut conditioner, but these gray dreads just appear on his head, back, and tail. The pet hairdresser says his hair is uncontrollable.(这是纯天然的!他确实用了芒果洗发水和椰子护发素，但这些灰色的乱发就是出现在他的头、背和尾巴上。宠物美容师说他的头发无法控制。)”可知，伊冯娜说“It’s au naturel!”是表示斯坎普的“床头发型”是自然形成的，并没有人为改变它的外貌。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“He’d been living on the street in Compton, California, and people were feeding him McDonald’s.(他一直住在加利福尼亚州康普顿的街上，人们喂他吃麦当劳。)”可知，斯坎普过去在街头过着艰难的生活。 (C) Researchers and policy makers have long studied pilot schemes(方案) such as public health initiatives or innovative schools. They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale. This depressing tendency was called “voltage drop” by the psychiatrist Amy Kilbourne and her coworkers in 2007. The economist John List has been exploring the cause of this voltage drop, first in 2019 paper with Omar Al-Ubaydli and Dana Suskind, then in a recent book, The Voltage Effect. So why does the voltage drop for so many promising ideas? One common problem is that the original effect was not real. Consider a famous experiment, conducted by psychologists Sheena lyengar and Mark Lepper, in which customers in a high-end supermarket were offered free samples of jam from a choice of either 6 or 24 flavours. The wider choice was dramatically de-motivating. Ten times as many people bought jam after being shown the smaller range. It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments. Perhaps the effect is completely non-existent, or perhaps the effect exists but with nothing like the force exhibited in the original experiment. Does anyone seriously believe your local supermarket would sell 10 times as much produce if only it simplified its product line? Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalise beyond unusual circumstances. My favourite example is the Arch Deluxe, a hamburger launched by McDonald’s with a marketing fanfare(宣传). The fast-food giant had every reason to expect success, because focus groups loved the Arch Deluixe’s bakery-style rolls, peppered bacon and stoneground mustard-mayo dressing. The problems, says List, is that the focus group enthusiasts were not a good guide to the attitude of the typical consumer: “A person who signs up to take part in a McDonald’s focus group is probably someone who is crazy about McDonald’s or loves all kinds of burgers, or both. But the average person, it turns out, goes to McDonald’s for the Big Mac, not a fancier version of one.” Even if the idea is real, and generalises to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team. A pilot school may work well, but it is easier to hire 20 good teachers than 20,000. A brilliant chef can work in only one kitchen at a time. 43. Which statement best describes “voltage drop”？ A. A scheme has been piloted before being really carried out. B. A scheme serves its intended purpose well on a large scale. C. A scheme works well when tested but fails when launched. D. A scheme like a health initiative is designed for a group of people. 44. What can be implied about the experiment conducted by Sheena lyengar and Mark Lepper? A. It lasted too long a time. B. Its conclusion may not be reliable. C. Its follow-up experiments showed opposite results. D. It discouraged people from going to the supermarket. 45. Why does the author use the example of the Arch Deluxe? A. To explain the creativity of an idea matters a lot. B. To explain an idea may not generalise to a larger group. C. To explain McDonald’s is not popular with average people. D. To explain the attitude of the typical consumer varies. 46. What is the text mainly about? A. Why some great ideas fail. B. How to avoid voltage drop. C. How to make a workable plan. D. Why experimentation is important. 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. B 46. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“电压下降”现象，说明为什么一些起初很伟大的想法最终却会失败。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段中“They find the phenomenon of the pilot delivering satisfying results, only to fade at a larger scale. This depressing tendency was called ‘voltage drop’ by the psychiatrist Amy Kilbourne and her coworkers in 2007.(他们发现试点带来令人满意的结果这一现象，不料在更大的范围内消失了。2007年，精神病学家Amy Kilbourne和她的同事将这种令人沮丧的趋势称为‘电压下降’。)”可知，一个方案在测试时很有效，但在启动时就失败了最能最能描述“电压下降”。故选C项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“It is one of the most famous results in psychology; it has also proved rather difficult to repeat in follow-up experiments. Perhaps the effect is completely non-existent, or perhaps the effect exists but with nothing like the force exhibited in the original experiment.(这是心理学中最著名的结果之一；事实也证明，在后续实验中很难重复。也许这种效应是完全不存在的，或者也许这种效应是存在的，但没有像最初的实验中所显示的那样的有力。)”可知，Sheena lyengar和Mark Lepper的实验暗示了结论可能不可靠。故选B项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Another source of voltage drop is when the original effect does not generalise beyond unusual circumstances. My favourite example is the Arch Deluxe, a hamburger launched by McDonald’s with a marketing fanfare(宣传). (电压下降的另一个来源是当原来的影响不能推广到异常情况之外时。我最喜欢的例子是Arch Deluxe，这是麦当劳大张旗鼓推出的一款汉堡。)”以及最后一段中“Even if the idea is real, and generalises to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team.(即使这个想法是真实的，并且可以推广到广泛的受众，一旦它超出了原始创意团队的控制范围，就很难重复这种表现。)”可知，作者以Arch Deluxe为例是为了解释一个想法可能不能推广到更大的群体。故选B项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据全文及最后一段“Even if the idea is real, and generalises to a wide audience, it may be difficult to repeat the performance once it ventures beyond the control of the original creative team. A pilot school may work well, but it is easier to hire 20 good teachers than 20,000. A brilliant chef can work in only one kitchen at a time.(即使这个想法是真实的，并且可以推广到广泛的受众，一旦它超出了原始创意团队的控制范围，就很难重复这种表现。一所试点学校可能运作良好，但雇佣20名好教师比雇佣2万名好教师要容易得多。一个优秀的厨师一次只能在一个厨房工作。)”可知，这篇文章的主要内容是为什么一些起初很伟大的想法最终却会失败。故选A项。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Full Circle Fashion Autumn’s cooler temperature and beautiful colours never cease to excite me. I love reaching deep into my wardrobe and rediscovering the soft wool items that have served me well for many years. ____47____ Every October, I decide it’s time for it to make its yearly appearance. The loose style allows for lots of layering, so I’m able to wear it now and throughout the colder winter weather. It was a carefully considered purchase, and one I’ve not regretted for a moment. I always find the more time and thought I put into my wardrobe investments, the better they pay off. An item currently under consideration is this one that caught my eye last winter - a recycled cashmere poncho (羊绒斗篷). I’ve tried on this long poncho a few times and a year later, I still love it. ____48____ Also the cashmere itself is superb quality. The flexibility of a long poncho makes it even more irresistible. It would be ideal for a chilly office or aeroplane. It layers perfectly under loose long coat like my orange one. I love how it modernizes a modernizer blouse. It feels like a wise investment for my wardrobe; supporting a business that facilitates sustainable fashion feels like a wise direction of my money. “Circular fashion”, where no longer used items are re- crafted into new clothes (like this poncho) is a new way of consuming that will be with us forever. ____49____ Every aspect of the process ensures tons of clothing do not end up in landfill each year. In general, circular fashion opts for wool, cotton, cashmere, and silk- all of which can be re- used or mixed with new natural fibres. These materials are more expensive, but if they are used in several circular cycles of clothing in the future, they pollute and waste less of our natural resources. ____50____ And innovative circular fashion brands will soon be giving us many more incredible options. A. Making only mindful purchases, and looking for ways to recycle my clothes makes me a better consumer. B. Its modern simplicity really appeals to me. C. Some fibres simply do not recycle and do not de- compose in landfill at the end of their usefulness. D. It switches the make-wear-and- dispose cycle of fashion into a circular one. E. One of my favourites is this burnt orange lightweight, unlined wool coat. F. I only wish I’d learned this lesson about shopping a lot sooner than I did! 【答案】47. E 48. B 49. D 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文的体裁是议论文。文章大意是讨论了循环时尚的概念，即不再使用的衣物被重新制作成新衣服，并强调了这种消费方式的可持续性。作者以自己对羊毛衣物的喜爱和考虑购买一件回收羊绒斗篷为例，阐述了循环时尚如何减少资源浪费和污染，以及支持可持续时尚的商业选择。 【47题详解】 根据上文“I love reaching deep into my wardrobe and rediscovering the soft wool items that have served me well for many years.（我喜欢在衣柜深处翻找，重新发现那些多年来一直很适合我的柔软羊毛制品。）”以及下文 “The loose style allows for lots of layering, so I’m able to wear it now and throughout the colder winter weather. It was a carefully considered purchase（宽松的款式可以搭配很多层衣服，所以我现在可以穿，整个寒冷的冬天也能穿。这是一次经过深思熟虑的购买。）”可知这里是在介绍一件羊毛衣物，E选项“One of my favourites is this burnt orange lightweight, unlined wool coat.（我最喜欢的一件是这件浅橙色的轻薄无衬里羊毛大衣。）”符合语境，故选E。 【48题详解】 根据上文“I’ve tried on this long poncho a few times and a year later, I still love it.（我已经试穿过这件长披风好几次了，一年后，我仍然喜欢它。）”以及下文 “Also the cashmere itself is superb quality. The flexibility of a long poncho makes it even more irresistible.（而且羊绒本身质量上乘。长披风的灵活性让它更加不可抗拒。）”可知这里是在阐述喜欢这件披风的原因，B选项“Its modern simplicity really appeals to me.（它的现代简约风格真的很吸引我。）”符合语境，故选B。 【49题详解】 根据上文““Circular fashion”, where no longer used items are re - crafted into new clothes (like this poncho) is a new way of consuming that will be with us forever.（“循环时尚”，即将不再使用的物品重新制作成新衣服（就像这件披风一样），是一种将永远伴随着我们的新消费方式。）”可知这里是在解释循环时尚的意义，D选项 “It switches the make - wear - and - dispose cycle of fashion into a circular one.（它将时尚的制作、穿着和处理循环转变为一个循环的过程。）”符合语境，故选D。 【50题详解】 根据上文“These materials are more expensive, but if they are used in several circular cycles of clothing in the future, they pollute and waste less of our natural resources.（这些材料更昂贵，但如果它们在未来的几个服装循环周期中被使用，它们对自然资源的污染和浪费就会更少。）”以及下文“And innovative circular fashion brands will soon be giving us many more incredible options.（创新的循环时尚品牌很快将为我们提供更多令人难以置信的选择。）”可知这里是在讲述在这种情况下如何成为一个更好的消费者，A选项“Making only mindful purchases, and looking for ways to recycle my clothes makes me a better consumer.（只进行谨慎的购买，并寻找回收衣服的方法使我成为一个更好的消费者。）”符合语境，故选A。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Obesity: Should We Compare It to Smoking? Controversy brings wide reach and media attention. Cancer Research UK (CRUK) has attracted plenty, with its new ads featuring images of old-fashioned cigarette packets with the simple message ‘obesity is a cause of cancer too’. However, this new campaign may be doing more harm than good. Smoking and obesity are fundamentally different: smoking is a behaviour (something people do) while obesity is a physical outcome (a measurement of body mass). At an individual level, the most effective way to reduce smoking-related cancers is to stop smoking. This very approach doesn’t suit obesity. People can’t just stop eating. Besides, body weight and size are influenced by many different factors both at a personal level (genetics, psychology) and a societal level (built environment, government policies). For instance, some people are born to have a higher body mass and be more resistant to weight loss than others. This means societal factors affect some people more than others and weight management isn’t the same for everybody. Regardless, the sight of these cigarette-style posters encourages people to associate smoking with obesity, in particular, that obesity is the result of irresponsibility. The simple fact is that neither smoking nor obesity are merely outcomes of people making bad choices. In this way, this campaign encourages weight discrimination. Smoking is considered to be unfairly damaging the health of others, through passive smoking-the same cannot be said for obesity. However, as the media debate has shown, this comparison creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. So how could the CRUK campaign be improved? The CRUK campaign should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase the risk of cancer, and encourage people to support social change. Rather than increasing unfriendliness towards people of higher weights, CRUK should bring people together in a call for positive action. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. The campaign associates obesity with irresponsibility and encourages weight discrimination. CRUK should, instead, focus on educating about societal factors and promoting positive action. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了英国癌症研究中心（CRUK）把肥胖类比吸烟来宣传肥胖致癌的广告活动，指出该类比并不恰当，体重受多种个人与社会因素影响，该宣传会引发体重歧视，并建议宣传应转向科普社会因素、倡导积极的社会变革。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①CRUK launched an ad campaign comparing obesity to smoking to show obesity can cause cancer, yet it may be doing more harm than good. ②Smoking is a behaviour while obesity is a physical outcome. ③Body weight is influenced by many personal factors and societal factors, so weight management isn’t the same for everybody. ④The cigarette-style posters encourage people to associate smoking with obesity and imply that obesity is the result of irresponsibility, which encourages weight discrimination and creates an unfriendly environment for people of higher weights. ⑤CRUK should educate the public about how inequality, unemployment and lack of food industry regulation increase cancer risk, and bring people together in a call for positive action. 2.缜密构思 将要点①单独引出，点明CRUK的广告弊大于利；将要点②和③整合，阐明吸烟和肥胖存在本质差异；将要点④概括广告会造成不良后果；将要点⑤提出改进宣传的建议。 3.遣词造句 CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. The campaign associates obesity with irresponsibility and encourages weight discrimination. 【点睛】[高分句型1] CRUK launched an ad comparing obesity to smoking, which may do more harm than good. (运用which引导的非限制性定语从句) [高分句型2] Smoking is a behaviour, but obesity is a physical outcome shaped by personal and societal factors, so weight management differs for everybody. (运用了过去分词shaped作后置定语) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 他们在这个项目中表现出色，值得赞扬。（worthy） （汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 【答案】Their outstanding performance in the project made them worthy of praise. 【解析】 【详解】句子应该是描述过去发生的事，时态用一般过去时；“他们在这个项目中表现出色”可理解为“他们在这个项目中出色的表现”，用名词短语their outstanding performance in the project表示，“值得赞扬”可理解为“使他们值得赞扬”，用“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构表示“使某人……”，“他们”用代词them，“值得赞扬”可用形容词短语worthy of和名词praise搭配。 53. 输入电子邮件地址，你就可以订阅我们的时事通讯。（subscribe）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 【答案】By entering your email address, you can subscribe to our newsletter. 【解析】 【详解】“输入电子邮件地址”可看作是方式，用“by+动名词”作方式状语，“输入”可用动词enter，“电子邮件地址”可用名词短语your email address，主语“你”用代词you，“可以”表示能力，可用情态动词can，后接动词原形，“订阅”可用动词短语subscribe to，“我们的时事通讯”可用名词短语our newsletter。 54. 这几天，天气变幻莫测，高温叠加暴雨，常常让外出的市民措手不及。(combine) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 【答案】These days, the weather has been unpredictable, with extreme heat combined with heavy rainfall, often catching citizens off guard when they go out. 【解析】 【详解】本句描述近日持续的天气状况，整体用现在完成时与一般现在时。“这几天”译为These days，置于句首作时间状语；主语“天气”译为the weather，谓语“变幻莫测”用has been unpredictable表示，使用现在完成时强调对近日的影响；“高温叠加暴雨”用with复合结构with extreme heat combined with heavy rainfall表达，其中extreme heat与combine为被动关系，故用过去分词combined，后接with heavy rainfall；“常常让外出的市民措手不及”用现在分词短语catching citizens off guard作结果状语，其中catch sb. off guard为固定短语表示“使某人措手不及”，“外出的市民”用when引导的时间状语从句when they go out。 55. 如果需要在强阳光下长时间逗留，要做好防晒措施，如戴遮阳帽、墨镜等。（If）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 【答案】If you need to stay in strong sunlight for a long time, take sun protection measures such as wearing a sun hat, sunglasses, and so on. 【解析】 【详解】“如果”用if引导的条件状语从句。表示“需要做某事”用need to do sth，作从句的谓语；“在强阳光下长时间逗留”表达为stay in strong sunlight for a long time； “做好防晒措施”表达为take sun protection measures；“如戴遮阳帽、墨镜等”表达为such as wearing sun hats, sunglasses and so on，such as为介词性短语，后接动名词wearing符合语法要求。本句为通用建议，使用一般现在时即可，主语用泛指的you契合英文提示类文本的表达习惯，主句用祈使句表达建议。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 150-200 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校即将召开一年一度的科技节，今年科技节的主题是 “科技与生活”，校英语报就此主题向全校师生征集稿件。写一篇文章投稿，内容须包括： 1) 你认为科技是否让我们的生活更幸福；2) 你的理由。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】参考范文 Recent years have seen great advances in technology, which has in turn brought about changes in our life. And in my opinion, technology has indeed made our lives happier in numerous ways. Firstly, technological advancements have greatly improved communication. We can now connect with friends and family around the world through video calls and instant messaging, fostering a sense of togetherness despite physical distance. Secondly, technology has enhanced our convenience and efficiency. Tasks that used to take hours can now be completed within minutes or even seconds. From online shopping and banking to smart home devices, technology has simplified our daily routines and allowed us to spare more time for leisure and personal growth. Moreover, technology has revolutionized the field of healthcare, leading to better medical treatments and improved quality of life. Advanced medical devices, tele-medicine, and AI-driven diagnostics have significantly enhanced patient care and outcomes, increasing the overall well-being of individuals. Technology has undoubtedly brought happiness and convenience to our lives, but we need to remember that we must embrace technology responsibly. And only in this way can we harness its full potential to enhance our lives and create a happier and healthier future. 【解析】 【导语】要求考生围绕“科技与生活”阐述科技是否让生活更幸福并说明理由，投稿到校英语报。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 带来：bring about→contribute to 培养：foster→cultivate 革新：revolutionize→transform 导致：lead to→give rise to 2. 句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Technology has undoubtedly brought happiness and convenience to our lives, but we need to remember that we must embrace technology responsibly. 拓展句：Technology, which has undoubtedly brought happiness and convenience to our lives, needs us to remember that we must embrace it responsibly. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】Recent years have seen great advances in technology, which has in turn brought about changes in our life.（运用which引导非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型 2】And only in this way can we harness its full potential to enhance our lives and create a happier and healthier future.（only+状语置于句首引发部分倒装） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $