精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2024-2025学年第一学期高三年级英语学科11月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷

复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科11月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Europe’s greatest designs Ever played with Lego? Visited Ikea? Read the Moomin stories? ____1____ the answer to any of these is yes, then you have enjoyed Nordic design. The Nordic region, located in the far north of Europe, ____2____ (make) up of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Lego is a Danish company; Ikea shops first opened in Sweden; and the Moomins started life in Finland. Now, a new exhibition ____3____ the V&A Museum of Childhood, in London, is celebrating this region. Century of the Child: Nordic Design for Children 1900 to Today will take visitors through the 100 years ____4____ proved to be a productive period for children and playtime. One of the things you can see — and play with — is a mini puckelbal pitch. This unpredictable ball game from Sweden uses a bumpy surface, crooked lines and different-sized goals ____5____ (ensure) that people of all ages and abilities can play at the same level. Other unusual objects include a toy made from fish bones and a dolls’ house made from forest waste, ____6____ of which demonstrate creative ways of using eco-friendly materials. The exhibition will also have a section ____7____ (explore) how a “junk playground” in 1940s Denmark inspired adventure playgrounds in the UK. The exhibition’s title comes from a book ____8____ (write) in 1900 by a Swedish author called Ellen Key. She believed that during the 20th century, adults ____9____ (focus) more attention on their children than they had in the previous century. Key wanted adults to make more of an effort to improve children’s creativity and education. She died in 1926, but would no doubt have been proud to see _____10_____ her ideas helped shape this exhibition. 【答案】1. If 2. is made 3. at 4. that##which 5. to ensure 6. both 7. exploring 8. written 9. would focus 10. how 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍伦敦V&A儿童博物馆举办的一场北欧儿童设计主题展览，讲解北欧设计的代表作品、展览展品、灵感来源以及背后的儿童教育理念。 【1题详解】 考查状语从句。句意：如果这些问题中任意一个的答案是肯定的，那么你就已经领略过北欧设计的魅力。the answer to any of these is yes表示条件，此处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，用连词If，句首首字母大写。 【2题详解】 考查动词时态和语态。句意：北欧地区位于欧洲的远北地带，由丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威和瑞典组成。be made up of为固定搭配，意为“由……组成”；主语The Nordic region是单数，陈述客观事实，为一般现在时，be动词用is，make的过去分词为made。 【3题详解】 考查介词。句意：如今，伦敦V&A儿童博物馆的一场新展览正在赞颂这一地区。这里表示“在V&A儿童博物馆”，相对于伦敦，博物馆为小地点，用介词at。 【4题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：“儿童的世纪：1900年至今的北欧儿童设计”将带领参观者走过这一百年，事实证明这一百年对于儿童与玩乐时光来说是一个成果丰硕的时期。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the 100 years，指事物，定语从句缺少主语，可用关系代词that/which引导。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这款来自瑞典的变幻莫测的球类游戏使用凹凸不平的场地、弯曲的界线和大小不一的球门，来确保不同年龄、不同能力的人都可以在同等水平下游玩。此处用不定式to ensure作目的状语，表示游戏设施设计所要达成的目的。 【6题详解】 考查不定代词。句意：其他特别的展品包括一个鱼骨制成的玩具和一个森林废料搭建的玩偶屋，这两样展品都展示了使用环保材料的创新方式。空格后有of which，此处指代前面提到的两样物品（一个鱼骨制成的玩具和一个森林废料搭建的玩偶屋），both of which表示“两者都”，引导非限制性定语从句。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：该展览还设有一个展区，探究20世纪40年代丹麦的一处“废品游乐场”如何启发了英国的冒险游乐场。名词section和动词explore之间是主动关系，用现在分词exploring作后置定语修饰section。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这个展览的名称源自瑞典作家爱伦·凯在1900年写的一本书。book和write之间是被动关系，表示“被写的书”，用过去分词written作后置定语。 【9题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：她相信在20世纪，成年人会比上个世纪更加关注他们的孩子。主句为一般过去时，宾语从句描述从过去视角看将来会发生的动作，使用过去将来时，即would focus。 【10题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：她于1926年去世，但倘若看到自己的理念是如何帮助促成这场展览的，她无疑会感到骄傲。此处引导宾语从句，表达“如何”，用连接副词how引导从句，在从句中作方式状语。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. approaching B. crucially C. dynamically D. imagination E. memorable F. multi-dimensional G. play H. processing I. slow-motion J. spot K. thought How to Remember the Future One of the trickiest recall tasks is called prospective memory: remembering what you want or need to do, in time to do it. The reason it so often fails is that we have an idea in mind, but don’t make it into a memory. A ____11____ occurs, we resolve to act on it “soon” and then, when the time comes, the idea’s gone. Diaries and alarms help, but your ____12____ plays a vital role in holding onto thoughts and keeping you in control of your future plans. For example, don’t just have an idea about going to the bank. Paint a mental picture of yourself there — and actively make it ____13____. Perhaps you are leaving the bank with shiny golden bars. Or maybe, your local branch is Gringotts HQ! But that’s only the beginning — this process allows you to do much more than just reminding yourself to do things. You can use it to do them better. Try it now. Pick an important event that is ____14____; add details, put people or difficult conversation then on the safety of your armchair, and, ____15____, how you’d like to feel. Creating “memories” like this gives you time to think about practical arrangements and ____16____ any problems before they arise. A part of your brain will still be ____17____the details even when you’re thinking about other things. Here are some tips: Experiment to see if you prefer viewing this “mental movie” through your own eyes, or by watching yourself from someone else’s point of view. Control the time frame. Fast-forward any parts you find easy, and go in ____18____ for the bits that need extra work. Use your full range of senses. Engaging them all will create a rich, ____19____ memory. Engage with all the emotions at _____20_____. Maximise the feelings that will help you most in your scenario. With every repetition, turn your confidence up a level. 【答案】11. K 12. D 13. E 14. A 15. B 16. J 17. H 18. I 19. F 20. G 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍前瞻记忆，告诉读者可借助想象力构建生动心理画面，调动感官，预判难题，以此记住未来要做的事。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：当一个想法出现时，我们决心‘很快’就采取行动，可到了那个时刻，这个念头却消失了。根据后文“the idea’s gone”以及句意“想法”可知应填名词thought，作主语，不定冠词提示用单数。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：日记和闹钟会有所帮助，但你的想象力在留存想法、掌控未来计划方面发挥着至关重要的作用。根据第二段中的“Paint a mental picture of yourself there ”以及句意“想象力”可知应填名词imagination，作主语。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在脑海中描绘你身处那里的画面，并主动让这个画面令人难忘。根据后文“Perhaps you are leaving the bank with shiny golden bars. Or maybe, your local branch is Gringotts HQ!”以及句意“令人难忘”可知应填形容词memorable，作宾补。 【14题详解】 考查动词。句意：挑选一件即将到来的重要事件；增添细节，安坐在扶手椅上设想相关人物或是艰难对话，而最关键的是，设想你想要拥有怎样的感受。根据上文“Try it now. Pick an important event that is”以及句意“到来”可知应填动词approach，结合上文is可知为现在进行时表将来。 【15题详解】 考查副词。句意同上。根据后文“how you’d like to feel”以及句意“最关键的是”可知应填副词crucially，修饰后文句子。 【16题详解】 考查动词。句意：像这样构建“记忆”，能让你有时间考虑实际安排，并在问题出现之前发现隐患。根据后文“any problems before they arise”以及句意“发现”可知应填动词spot，和上文to think是并列的不定式，空处填动词原形。 【17题详解】 考查动词。句意：即使你在思考别的事情，大脑的一部分依旧会持续处理这些细节。根据后文“the details even when you’re thinking about other things”以及句意“处理”可知应填process，结合上文will still be可知为将来进行时，process用现在分词processing。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：轻松的部分可以快进，需要仔细琢磨的片段就切换成慢动作。根据上文“Fast-forward any parts you find easy”以及句意“慢动作”可知应填名词slow-motion，作宾语。 【19题详解】 考查形容词。句意：调动全部感官，就能构建丰富、多维度的记忆。根据上文“Engaging them all will create a rich”以及句意“多维度的”可知应填形容词multi-dimensional，修饰名词memory。 【20题详解】 考查名词。句意：充分调动所有正在发挥作用的情绪。根据下文“Maximise the feelings that will help you most in your scenario.”可知，此处指调动所有正在发挥作用的情绪，at play“在起作用”符合题意。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The spread of mindfulness has been little short of remarkable. Originating in Buddhist practices that date back over 2,000 years, it was relatively ____21____ in the West until just a few years ago and practised only by a handful of enthusiasts. Recently, however, it has emerged as a multi-billion dollar industry and has been accepted by everyone from celebrities and business leaders to doctors and parents. So what exactly is mindfulness and how is it supposed to work? Well, ____22____ it's a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now. Evidence is slowly mounting of its ____23____to solve a range of health problems. For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety. People suffering from depression often find their negative moods are accompanied by negative thoughts. While these thoughts usually disappear once the episode has passed or once medication has been prescribed (开方), a (n) ____24____ between the various symptoms has nevertheless been established in the brain. As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather can cause the symptoms, ____25____a re-occurrence of depression. The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur, making the problem more ____26____ to drug treatment. Mindfulness-based therapies encourage sufferers to break this downward tendency by ____27____ these patterns of thought and then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future. This can also bring about ____28____ benefits too: the heart beats slower, muscles loosen and even brain structure may possibly be altered. Mindfulness is believed to stimulate new neural connections and studies have shown that the areas of the brain associated with the regulation of ____29____ are bigger in those who regularly practise meditation. The spread of mindfulness shows the ____30____ many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices. Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries and many infectious diseases disappeared. However, while death may have been____31____, many are now living longer not in health but in sickness. Western medical practice is often less____32____ at dealing with long-term illness and general well-being. Unless you are in terrible pain or have something life threatening, Western doctors often have little to offer. ____33____, many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as ‘the worried well’. Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health. TCM is underpinned by a____34____ that stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment. It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’, and is apparently more ____35____in relieving more minor conditions such as eczema, back pain and migraines. 21. A. straightforward B. expensive C. unknown D. unlimited 22. A. as a result B. after all C. in essence D. in other words 23. A. failure B. opposition C. willingness D. potential 24. A. association B. distinction C. similarity D. interval 25. A. resulting from B. relying on C. leading to D. consisting in 26. A. available B. resistant C. sensitive D. dangerous 27. A. noticing B. setting C. matching D. choosing 28. A. social B. physical C. mutual D. neutral 29. A. emotions B. activities C. securities D. appetites 30. A. charge B. interest C. risk D. pride 31. A. hated B. explored C. delayed D. sensed 32. A. mysterious B. defensive C. standard D. effective 33. A. Nevertheless B. Unusually C. Additionally D. Indeed 34. A. philosophy B. process C. situation D. coincidence 35. A. present B. successful C. different D. rare 【答案】21. C 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. D 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍正念冥想的起源、功效，对比东西方医学各自的优势与局限。 【21题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它起源于两千多年前的佛教修行，直到几年前，在西方还鲜为人知，只有少数爱好者修习。A. straightforward简单的；B. expensive昂贵的；C. unknown不为人知的；D. unlimited无限制的。根据下文“practised only by a handful of enthusiasts”可知，只有很少爱好者练习，说明之前不为人熟知。 【22题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：本质上，它是一种冥想疗法，旨在训练人们全然专注于当下内心发生的活动。A. as a result因此；B. after all毕竟；C. in essence本质上；D. in other words换句话说。根据下文“it’s a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now.”可知，本句是对正念下定义，说明它的本质。 【23题详解】 考查名词。句意：证明它有潜力解决一系列健康问题的证据正在慢慢增多。A. failure失败；B. opposition反对；C. willingness意愿；D. potential潜力。根据下文“For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety.”可知，下文举例它有助于缓解抑郁焦虑，说明它具备解决健康问题的潜力。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意：尽管这些想法通常在情绪发作结束或者服药后消失，但大脑中已经在各类症状之间建立起一种关联。A. association联系，关联；B. distinction区别；C. similarity相似；D. interval间隔。根据下文“As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather”可知，小事引发抑郁复发，说明症状之间建立了关联。 【25题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：因此，坏天气这类无关紧要的事情带来的情绪变化会触发这些症状，导致抑郁症复发。A. resulting from由……引起；B. relying on依靠；C. leading to导致；D. consisting in在于。根据下文“a re-occurrence of depression.”可知，小事触发症状，进而造成抑郁复发。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这种情况发生得越多，复发可能性就越大，使得该问题对药物治疗产生更强的耐药性。A. available可获得的；B. resistant抵抗的；C. sensitive敏感的；D. dangerous危险的。根据上文“The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur”可知，抑郁反复，药物效果变差，产生更强的耐药性。 【27题详解】 考查动词。句意：基于正念的疗法鼓励患者察觉这类思维模式，然后将注意力放在当下，而不是过去或未来，以此打破这种下行的趋势。A. noticing注意到，察觉；B. setting设置；C. matching匹配；D. choosing选择。根据下文“then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future”可知，先要觉察自己负面的思维模式，才能够调整注意力。 【28题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这也能带来身体层面的益处：心跳变慢、肌肉放松，甚至大脑结构都有可能发生改变。A. social社交的；B. physical身体的；C. mutual相互的；D. neutral中立的。根据下文“the heart beats slower, muscles loosen”可知，心跳、肌肉都属于身体方面。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：正念被认为可以刺激新的神经连接，研究表明，经常冥想的人大脑中负责情绪调节的区域更大。A. emotions情绪；B. activities活动；C. securities安全；D. appetites胃口。根据下文“in those who regularly practise meditation.”可知，正念、抑郁焦虑都和情绪调控相关。 【30题详解】 考查名词。句意：正念的流行体现出许多西方健康专业人士对东方疗法产生的兴趣。A. charge掌管；B. interest兴趣；C. risk风险；D. pride自豪。根据下文“many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices.”可知，多西方健康专业人士对东方疗法感兴趣。 【31题详解】 考查动词。句意：然而，死亡或许被推迟了，很多人活得更长，但并非健康，而是带病生存。A. hated憎恨；B. explored探索；C. delayed推迟；D. sensed感知。根据上文“Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries”可知，西方医学延长寿命，推迟死亡到来。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：西医在处理慢性病和整体健康状态方面往往效果欠佳。A. mysterious神秘的；B. defensive防御的；C. standard标准的；D. effective有效的。根据下文“Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health.”可知，引出东方医学擅长调养，对比说明西医在这方面不够有效。 【33题详解】 考查副词。句意：事实上，很多西医把轻症不适的患者归为“并无实质疾病、只是过度焦虑的健康人”而不予重视。A. Nevertheless然而；B. Unusually不同寻常地；C. Additionally此外；D. Indeed事实上。根据下文“many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as 'the worried well'”可知，承接上一句西医的局限，进一步举例佐证。 【34题详解】 考查名词。句意：中医以一种强调身心与环境和谐的理念作为支撑。A. philosophy理念，哲学思想；B. process过程；C. situation情形；D. coincidence巧合。根据下文“stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment.”可知，身心和谐是中医的核心理念。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：它旨在帮患者重新平衡身体、疏通叫作“气”的自然能量，而且在缓解湿疹、背痛、偏头痛这类轻症方面显然更有成效。A. present在场的；B. successful有成效的；C. different不同的；D. rare稀少的。根据上文“It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’,”可知，前文对比西医短板，说明中医在这类小病症上更成功有效。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010. As a scientist who works with the Yupik people, Alaska’s inhabitants, to develop exhibits and books about their culture, she had recently undergone surgery on her eyes, and “the vision in my right eye was still pretty poor,” she says. But when she held the Yupik goggles up to her eyes? “I could see!” What was going on? It turns out the slit cut into the goggles focuses the light, much as a camera does. As a result, far-off objects appear sharper “and your vision was much, much better,” Fienup-Riordan says. The gear shows exceptional engineering talent. The Yupik language does not have a word for “science”, but the Yupik people have had a grasp of the physics, biology and chemistry that govern the natural world. They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape. Since warm air rises, it cannot escape through the underground exit. To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in. “Our ancestors were so creative in making hunting tools,” a Yupik elder named Willie Kamkoff once told Fienup-Riordan. Paul John, a Yupik elder who lives in Toksook Bay, says, “One can see their intelligence through their things.” Some Yupik elders worry that reliance on modern Western goods and urban life is dimming reliance on creative traditions. But Fienup-Riordan believes that enough people are still hunting and fishing to preserve essential techniques. A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one. 36. What did Ann Fienup-Riordan find about the Yupik goggles? A. They can improve vision. B. They can protect eyes from injury. C. They are made from the whale baleen. D. They are used by the Yupik people as a camera. 37. Paragraph 2 and 3 is mainly intended to . A. show that the Yupik people are good at making tools out of wood B. explain why the Yupik language does not have a word for “science” C. highlight the Yupik people’s talent in turning waste into useful tools D. give examples of the Yupik people’s innovative solutions for survival 38. According to Ann Fienup-Riordan, what new challenge is the Yupik people faced with now? A. Living conditions in a subzero world. B. The changing environmental patterns. C. The disappearance of creative traditions. D. Reliance on modern western goods and urban life. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The museum that shows the Yupik’s people’s talent. B. The history of the Yupik people’s survival and evolution. C. The researcher who is dedicated to studying the Yupik culture. D. The Yupik people’s creativity in adapting to their environment. 【答案】36. A 37. D 38. B 39. D 【解析】 【导语】文章从尤皮克人的鲸须雪镜入手，介绍尤皮克人巧用各类材料创造工具，依靠智慧适应严寒，如今气候变暖成为他们新的生存挑战。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010.(这种护目镜可以保护眼睛免受伤害，甚至还能改善视力，博物馆研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹在2010年的一天发现了这一点)”可知，研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹发现尤皮克护目镜能够改善视力。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape.(他们利用能获得的任何材料制作工具和衣物，以帮助自己在恶劣环境中生存。为了在室内保暖，他们设计了木屋入口呈U形向下延伸的隧道结构)”以及第三段“To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in.(为了保持干燥，他们用鱼皮制作了防水内衬。在狩猎和捕鱼时，育空人总是随身携带一根名为“涅格奇克”的木制拐杖，其末端装有骨钩。这种拐杖用途多样：可用来从船上取出物品，保护自己免受熊的攻击，或在不幸落水时帮助自己从冰冷的水中爬出)”可知，本段列举多个例子展示尤皮克人为生存想出的创新办法。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one.(不过，一个新问题正在浮现，它打乱了延续数代人的季节规律。“海水不再像过去那样结冰了，”她说。“秋季结冰时间推迟，春季融冰时间大幅提前。这实在非同寻常。”数千年来，尤皮克人凭借创造力在零下的环境中生存，如今他们迎来一项新的生存难题：适应变暖的世界)”可知，尤皮克人现在面临的新挑战是环境规律发生改变。 【39题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010.(在美国史密森尼美国印第安人国家博物馆里，存放着一副用鲸须制成的雪镜。博物馆研究员安·菲恩普-里奥丹在2010年的某天发现，这种护目镜不仅可以保护眼睛免受伤害，甚至还能改善视力)”以及全文先由护目镜引出尤皮克人，列举他们各类生存创造，讲述他们依靠智慧适应严寒环境，如今又要应对气候变暖，核心讲述尤皮克人适应环境的创造力。 （B） Michael Blastland’s new book, The Hidden Half, looks at how our urge to constantly find order affects science, politics, business and economics, with sometimes terrible results. What’s The Hidden Half all about? It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives. That’s an uncomfortable thought... There are clearly some instances in which uncertainty is actually a good thing. The question is, can we talk about uncertainty in ways that people find acceptable for the tricky questions about what’s going on in the world? Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority. There’s research being done by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication. They tell you in different ways how many tigers there are in the world. Then they ask you if you trust the information, and whether you trust the person telling you two separate questions. They say, “There are X thousand tigers. What do you say to that, and do you trust me?” Then they say, “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re not quite sure. Now how well do you trust the information and how well do you trust me?” And the third one: “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re pretty confident that the answer is within a thousand more or a thousand fewer.” The last of those achieves the highest level of trust. People lose confidence in the number a bit, which they should, because we’re not that sure about the number. But they gain confidence in the person giving them the information. So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility. What practical tips should we take from the book? You can still make any decision you like. You just have to acknowledge the uncertainties, because that might change the kind of decision that you make. You can recognise that your policy that has been demonstrated in a few schools in the West Midlands may not translate to many other schools if the sample isn’t big enough. Don’t expect things to generalise with perfection if you’re a decision maker. There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations. 40. According to Michael Blastland, what is his book, The Hidden Half, intended to do? A. To warn readers against any generalization. B. To encourage readers to challenge authority. C. To get readers to realize their own limitations. D. To remind readers that uncertainty is a fact of life. 41. What does the research by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication show? A. People prefer to have a definite answer to a question. B. You may not lose authority even if you admit you are unsure. C. We can say for certain how many tigers there are in the world. D. It's important to reveal uncertainty in an unnoticeable way. 42. What suggestion does Michael Blastland give? A. Decision-makers should read his book. B. We should be careful with any translated works. C. We should be honest with what we don’t know for sure. D. Decision-makers should demonstrate their policy-making processes. 【答案】40. D 41. B 42. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍Michael Blastland的新书，探讨生活中不确定性的客观存在以及坦诚不确定性的意义。 【40题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives.(这是一本讲述谜团与谬误的书，它反映一个事实：我们的知识远比自己想象的薄弱、不可靠。我试着用一些故事告诉读者，对于生活里的一些因果过程，我们现在没有、或许永远也无法拥有确定的认知。)”可知，这本书旨在让读者意识到不确定性是生活的客观事实。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority.(因为人们害怕，如果承认不确定性，就会失去自己的权威。)” 和第五段中的 “So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility.(所以我们可以用坦诚真实、无法规避的不确定性的方式来呈现信息，同时还能获得信任。)” 可知，这项研究证明：就算承认自己没有十足把握，也不一定会失去权威。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations.(世上存在我们不知道的事，但如果我们坦诚自己的局限，我们会把事情做得好很多。)”可知，他的建议是对于自己无法确定的事情保持诚实。 （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. 【答案】43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新研究发现食用超加工食品可能增加死亡风险，但报道中的数字容易引发误解。研究指出，与食用最少超加工食品的人相比，食用最多的人死亡风险增加62%。 然而，这并不意味着寿命会缩短62%，因为普通人每年的死亡风险本身就很低。因此，尽管这一数字听起来吓人，但实际上影响可能并不那么显著。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are.(问题是，驱动新闻标题的数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。)”可知，新闻报道中的死亡风险增加需要客观权衡，因为数字很难解释，而且看起来比实际情况更可怕。因此，作者暗示了对新闻中提到的死亡风险增加的解读需要客观权衡。故选B。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day.(西班牙研究人员对大约20000名学生进行了长达14年的跟踪调查，使用问卷来估算他们每天吃多少份超加工食品。)”可知，他们在研究中跟踪研究对象超过十年。故选C。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(关键的是，普通人每年死亡的风险相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%可能并不像听起来那么令人担忧。)”可知，作者认为62%的年度死亡风险增加可能并不那么令人担忧的原因是普通人每年死亡的机会相对较小。故选A。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds.(Wanda的寿命将比维诺娜短62%是很有诱惑力的，但事实并非如此。关键在于，对于普通人来说，任何一年的死亡风险都相当低，因此，死亡风险每年增加62%听起来可能很吓人，但实际上可能并不那么令人担忧。)”可知，尽管新闻报道声称超加工食品会增加死亡风险，但实际上这种风险增加可能并不如报道中所说的那么严重。因此，可以得出结论，超加工食品的危害并不像报道中所说的那么严重。故选C。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What You Should Know about the Arctic You might have a picture in your mind of the Arctic — with its vast icy landscapes and plentiful wildlife. But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?___47___ Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice. The Arctic Circle sets both the southern boundary of the Arctic and the latitude (66.5°North) at which the sun remains above, or below, the horizon for 24 hours, at least one day per year. The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed. ____48____ Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim. Summers are full of light and people full of energy. However, the intense sunlight reflecting off snow or ice in spring can be very harmful and cause blindness, so Arctic Peoples have made glasses to protect their eyes. Today, Arctic Peoples use hats and sunglasses, but some historic models elegantly protected the eyes, focused the vision, and helped communicate identity through their different styles. Today, four million people live in the Arctic. They are spread across the eight countries with territory in the Arctic: Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups. ____49____ When much of Europe was covered in glaciers, the plains of northeastern Siberia were glacier free and it was possible to settle. Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago. The ancient people of Yana (in north eastern Siberia) spent a lot of time making jewellery, decorating themselves with animal-teeth pendants and beads made from mammoth ivory, hare bones or rare minerals. They also made bracelets carved with detailed marks indicating personal or community identity. The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways. ____50____ For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music. A. The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old. B. In general, Arctic winters are dark. C. This romantic idea of the Arctic is appealing, but of course false. D. Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art. E. But these lean seasons alternate with periods of extraordinary abundance in the summer. F. The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface. 【答案】47. F 48. B 49. A 50. D 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍北极的地理位置、光照特征以及北极原住民悠久的历史文化。 【47题详解】 由上文“But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?(但北极究竟在哪里，那里生活着什么样的文化族群？)” 以及下文“Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice.(它的中心，北极点位于北冰洋之上，直到不久前，北冰洋还覆盖着相对稳定的终年海冰。)” 可知，空格处需要回答北极的位置，引出下文对北极的介绍。F项“The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface.(北极是地球上最北端的区域，占地表面积的4%。)” 符合语境，承接上文问句，起到启下作用。 【48题详解】 由上文“The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed.(越往北走，光照的增减变化越快。)” 以及下文“Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim.(月光经冰雪反射带来光亮，但生物要适应昏暗的环境。)” 可知，空格处要引出北极昏暗无光的冬季。B项“In general, Arctic winters are dark.(总的来说，北极的冬天是黑暗的。)” 符合语境，和后文dim呼应，承上启下。 【49题详解】 由上文“Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups.(这些北极居民中只有10%是当地原住民，分属40个不同文化族群。)” 以及下文“Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago.(近期考古发现表明，三万年前就有猎人定居在西伯利亚东北部的亚纳河河口。)” 可知，空格处为本段主旨句，总起北极人类定居历史悠久。A项“The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old.(北极很早就有人类居住，这些文化历史十分久远。)” 符合语境，总领下文考古证据。 【50题详解】 由上文“The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways.(最早的北极居民生活丰富，用新颖的方式利用身边资源。)” 以及下文 “For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music.(例如，他们发明工具抵御严寒，捕猎动物并用兽皮制衣，还创造出属于自己的艺术和音乐。)” 可知，空格处继续介绍原住民利用自然资源进行生产、创作艺术。D项“Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art.(居民捕猎猛犸象等现已灭绝的大型动物，并创造出最早的北极艺术。)” 符合语境，承接上文，引出后文举例。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Keeping Everyday Life from Becoming Boring Last spring, I started a new exercise class. As someone who dislikes doing jumping jacks, burpees, and push-ups, I found the workouts surprisingly enjoyable, at least for a while. But after several months, my hobby began to feel like watching the same episode of a sitcom on repeat. I was overly familiar with the class routine, and my excitement had been replaced with boredom. A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. Even though we all feel apathetic from time to time, according to Mary Mann, author of Yawn: Adventures in Boredom, it’s often seen as being self-inflicted. “Only boring people get bored” is a popular belief. But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. This explains why activities that were initially gratifying can sometimes lose their appeal. Humans are remarkably good at getting used to changes in our lives, both positive and negative, according to Sonja Lyubomirsky, a professor of psychology at the University of California. This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. Think about the last time you got a raise, bought a car, or moved. At first, these experiences can bring immense joy. But over time, they become part of the routine. We are ready for the next new thing to excite us. While boredom can be a downer when it drains the pleasure from our lives, it can provide a sort of service. “If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 An APA study shows boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety. Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get used to things. While it helps us adjust to adversities, getting used to positive events does harm. Meanwhile, boredom allows us to recognize new and potentially rewarding or threatening situations. 【解析】 【导语】本文介绍享乐适应会使人对原本愉悦的事物感到乏味，这种乏味利弊并存，它虽带走快乐，但也有助于我们识别新变化。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. ②But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. ③This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. ④“If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行综述，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 An APA study indicates boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety. Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get accustomed to things. While it assists us adapt to changes, neglecting positive experiences can be harmful. Meanwhile, boredom enables us to recognize new and potentially rewarding or threatening situations. 【点睛】[高分句型1] An APA study shows boredom is common and can lead to depression and anxiety.(运用了that引导宾语从句) [高分句型2] Instead of a personal weakness, boredom is a result of hedonic adaptation, where we gradually get used to things.(运用了where引导非限制性定语从句) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 采访开始后，他的话带我们回到了20世纪60年代。(take) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________ 【答案】After the interview began, his words took us back to the 1960s. 【解析】 【详解】“采访开始后”作时间状语，处理为连词After引导的时间状语从句，从句主语“采访”译为名词词组the interview，谓语“开始”译为动词begin，从句描述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时态began；“他的话带我们回到了20世纪60年代”是主句，主语“他的话”译为名词词组his words，结合提示词，谓语“带……回到”用动词短语take...back to，句子描述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时took，宾语“我们”译为代词us，介词后宾语“20世纪60年代”译为名词词组the 1960s。 53. 夏日的夜晚，这刺眼的灯光让人叫苦不迭。(enough) （汉译英） ___________________________________________________________ 【答案】On summer nights, this blinding light is enough to make anyone complain. 【解析】 【详解】表示“在夏日的夜晚”表达为on summer nights；表示“刺眼的灯光”表达为this blinding light；表示“叫人叫苦不迭”表达为be enough to make anyone complain。本句描述日常普遍存在的现象，用一般现在时。 54. 小桥流水是水乡古镇共有的面孔；但细看眉眼，总是各不相同。(upon) （汉译英） ___________________________________________________________ 【答案】Small bridges and flowing water are the common features shared by ancient water towns, but upon closer observation, each one is unique with distinct characteristics. 【解析】 【详解】本句描述客观存在的普遍事实，故用一般现在时。主语“小桥流水”表达为small bridges and flowing water；系表部分“是水乡古镇共有的面孔”表达为are the common features shared by ancient water towns；表示转折用but；表示“细看眉眼”表达为upon closer observation；表示“各不相同”译为each one is unique with distinct characteristics。 55. 这条街上除了几家咖啡馆开门营业外，大部分屋子门窗紧闭，窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃。（apart from）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Apart from a few cafes being open, most of the houses on this street have their doors and windows shut , and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows. 【解析】 【详解】考查时态和固定短语。根据汉语语境可知，句子陈述了一般事实和已经发生的状况，应用一般现在时和现在完成时。“这条街上”可译为“on this street”；“除了……外”可使用固定短语“apart from”；“几家咖啡馆”可译为“a few cafes”；营业译为“open”，“大部分屋子门窗紧闭”可译为“most of the houses have their doors and windows shut”,“窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃”可译为“thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows”。句子可使用“Apart from a few cafes being open”作状语，后接“most of the houses have their doors and windows shut”作主句，“and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows”作并列句，进一步描述窗户的状态。故整句话可译为：Apart from a few cafes being open, most of the houses on this street have their doors and windows shut , and thick layers of dust have accumulated on the windows. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校英语报正在进行主题为“Person of the Year”的征文，推选一名在过去一年里为学校做出重要贡献的教职工或学生。你有意参加，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 简单介绍你准备推选的人选； 2) 具体描述她 / 他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】范文 I am honored to nominate our devoted physics teacher Ms. Zhang for the “Person of the Year” award. Her devotion and contributions make her well qualified for this honor. Ms. Zhang has taught in our school for over ten years. In the past year, her influence stood out. With creative teaching and care, she aroused students’ interest in physics and turned this difficult subject easy and fun. She launched many activities. She set up the “Physics Wizards Club”, offering weekly workshops, experiments and debates to develop students’ curiosity and critical thinking. Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects. Her guidance helped us build confidence and improve academically. Ms. Zhang sets a good example for us. Her continuous efforts deserve the award, which represents excellence, inspiration and selfless service. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生写一篇文章，简单介绍你准备推选的人选以及具体描述她/他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 【详解】1.词汇积累 激发：arouse → stimulate 建立：set up → establish 发起：launch → start off 卓越：excellence → distinction 2.句式拓展 句型转换 原句：Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects. 拓展句：Not only did she lead our first Science Fair, but she also encouraged students of all grades to display their projects. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Besides, she led our first Science Fair, encouraging students of all grades to display their projects.（运用了现在分词作状语） 【高分句型2】Her continuous efforts deserve the award, which represents excellence, inspiration and selfless service.（运用了which引导非限制性定语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2024学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科11月第一次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Europe’s greatest designs Ever played with Lego? Visited Ikea? Read the Moomin stories? ____1____ the answer to any of these is yes, then you have enjoyed Nordic design. The Nordic region, located in the far north of Europe, ____2____ (make) up of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Lego is a Danish company; Ikea shops first opened in Sweden; and the Moomins started life in Finland. Now, a new exhibition ____3____ the V&A Museum of Childhood, in London, is celebrating this region. Century of the Child: Nordic Design for Children 1900 to Today will take visitors through the 100 years ____4____ proved to be a productive period for children and playtime. One of the things you can see — and play with — is a mini puckelbal pitch. This unpredictable ball game from Sweden uses a bumpy surface, crooked lines and different-sized goals ____5____ (ensure) that people of all ages and abilities can play at the same level. Other unusual objects include a toy made from fish bones and a dolls’ house made from forest waste, ____6____ of which demonstrate creative ways of using eco-friendly materials. The exhibition will also have a section ____7____ (explore) how a “junk playground” in 1940s Denmark inspired adventure playgrounds in the UK. The exhibition’s title comes from a book ____8____ (write) in 1900 by a Swedish author called Ellen Key. She believed that during the 20th century, adults ____9____ (focus) more attention on their children than they had in the previous century. Key wanted adults to make more of an effort to improve children’s creativity and education. She died in 1926, but would no doubt have been proud to see _____10_____ her ideas helped shape this exhibition. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. approaching B. crucially C. dynamically D. imagination E. memorable F. multi-dimensional G. play H. processing I. slow-motion J. spot K. thought How to Remember the Future One of the trickiest recall tasks is called prospective memory: remembering what you want or need to do, in time to do it. The reason it so often fails is that we have an idea in mind, but don’t make it into a memory. A ____11____ occurs, we resolve to act on it “soon” and then, when the time comes, the idea’s gone. Diaries and alarms help, but your ____12____ plays a vital role in holding onto thoughts and keeping you in control of your future plans. For example, don’t just have an idea about going to the bank. Paint a mental picture of yourself there — and actively make it ____13____. Perhaps you are leaving the bank with shiny golden bars. Or maybe, your local branch is Gringotts HQ! But that’s only the beginning — this process allows you to do much more than just reminding yourself to do things. You can use it to do them better. Try it now. Pick an important event that is ____14____; add details, put people or difficult conversation then on the safety of your armchair, and, ____15____, how you’d like to feel. Creating “memories” like this gives you time to think about practical arrangements and ____16____ any problems before they arise. A part of your brain will still be ____17____the details even when you’re thinking about other things. Here are some tips: Experiment to see if you prefer viewing this “mental movie” through your own eyes, or by watching yourself from someone else’s point of view. Control the time frame. Fast-forward any parts you find easy, and go in ____18____ for the bits that need extra work. Use your full range of senses. Engaging them all will create a rich, ____19____ memory. Engage with all the emotions at _____20_____. Maximise the feelings that will help you most in your scenario. With every repetition, turn your confidence up a level. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The spread of mindfulness has been little short of remarkable. Originating in Buddhist practices that date back over 2,000 years, it was relatively ____21____ in the West until just a few years ago and practised only by a handful of enthusiasts. Recently, however, it has emerged as a multi-billion dollar industry and has been accepted by everyone from celebrities and business leaders to doctors and parents. So what exactly is mindfulness and how is it supposed to work? Well, ____22____ it's a meditation therapy (冥想疗法) designed to train people to focus fully on inner processes occurring in the here and now. Evidence is slowly mounting of its ____23____to solve a range of health problems. For instance, it’s been claimed that it can break the cycle of depression and anxiety. People suffering from depression often find their negative moods are accompanied by negative thoughts. While these thoughts usually disappear once the episode has passed or once medication has been prescribed (开方), a (n) ____24____ between the various symptoms has nevertheless been established in the brain. As a result, a mood change caused by something unimportant such as bad weather can cause the symptoms, ____25____a re-occurrence of depression. The more this happens, the more likely it is to re-occur, making the problem more ____26____ to drug treatment. Mindfulness-based therapies encourage sufferers to break this downward tendency by ____27____ these patterns of thought and then focusing their minds on the present instead of the past or future. This can also bring about ____28____ benefits too: the heart beats slower, muscles loosen and even brain structure may possibly be altered. Mindfulness is believed to stimulate new neural connections and studies have shown that the areas of the brain associated with the regulation of ____29____ are bigger in those who regularly practise meditation. The spread of mindfulness shows the ____30____ many Western health professionals take in Eastern practices. Thanks to western medicine, during the 20th century, life expectancy doubled in developed countries and many infectious diseases disappeared. However, while death may have been____31____, many are now living longer not in health but in sickness. Western medical practice is often less____32____ at dealing with long-term illness and general well-being. Unless you are in terrible pain or have something life threatening, Western doctors often have little to offer. ____33____, many dismiss patients with low-level complaints as ‘the worried well’. Eastern medicine such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, is more focused on maintaining good health. TCM is underpinned by a____34____ that stresses harmony between mind, body and the environment. It aims to ‘rebalance’ patients and unblock natural energy flows called ‘chi’, and is apparently more ____35____in relieving more minor conditions such as eczema, back pain and migraines. 21. A. straightforward B. expensive C. unknown D. unlimited 22. A. as a result B. after all C. in essence D. in other words 23. A. failure B. opposition C. willingness D. potential 24. A. association B. distinction C. similarity D. interval 25. A. resulting from B. relying on C. leading to D. consisting in 26. A. available B. resistant C. sensitive D. dangerous 27. A. noticing B. setting C. matching D. choosing 28. A. social B. physical C. mutual D. neutral 29. A. emotions B. activities C. securities D. appetites 30. A. charge B. interest C. risk D. pride 31. A. hated B. explored C. delayed D. sensed 32. A. mysterious B. defensive C. standard D. effective 33. A. Nevertheless B. Unusually C. Additionally D. Indeed 34. A. philosophy B. process C. situation D. coincidence 35. A. present B. successful C. different D. rare Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） At the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, there was a pair of snow goggles made from the whale baleen. This style of eyewear, which protects eyes from injury, can even improve vision, as Ann Fienup-Riordan, a researcher at the museum, discovered one day in 2010. As a scientist who works with the Yupik people, Alaska’s inhabitants, to develop exhibits and books about their culture, she had recently undergone surgery on her eyes, and “the vision in my right eye was still pretty poor,” she says. But when she held the Yupik goggles up to her eyes? “I could see!” What was going on? It turns out the slit cut into the goggles focuses the light, much as a camera does. As a result, far-off objects appear sharper “and your vision was much, much better,” Fienup-Riordan says. The gear shows exceptional engineering talent. The Yupik language does not have a word for “science”, but the Yupik people have had a grasp of the physics, biology and chemistry that govern the natural world. They use every material they can get their hands on to craft tools and clothing that help them survive a challenging environment. To keep warm indoors, they designed an entrance to their wooden houses that tunnels downward in a U shape. Since warm air rises, it cannot escape through the underground exit. To keep dry they created a waterproof lining out of fish skins. Out hunting and fishing, the Yupik people always carry a negcik, a wooden walking stick with a bone hook attached to the end. It has various uses: taking items out of boats, protecting yourself from bears, or pulling yourself out of freezing water if you’re unlucky enough to fall in. “Our ancestors were so creative in making hunting tools,” a Yupik elder named Willie Kamkoff once told Fienup-Riordan. Paul John, a Yupik elder who lives in Toksook Bay, says, “One can see their intelligence through their things.” Some Yupik elders worry that reliance on modern Western goods and urban life is dimming reliance on creative traditions. But Fienup-Riordan believes that enough people are still hunting and fishing to preserve essential techniques. A new issue is emerging, though, one that is disrupting generations-old seasonal patterns. “The ocean isn’t freezing up the way it did in the past,” she says. “Freeze-up is later in the fall. And break-up is much earlier in the spring. It’s really extraordinary.” After thousands of years of inventively surviving a subzero world, the Yupik people have a new engineering challenge: adapting to a warmer one. 36. What did Ann Fienup-Riordan find about the Yupik goggles? A. They can improve vision. B. They can protect eyes from injury. C. They are made from the whale baleen. D. They are used by the Yupik people as a camera. 37. Paragraph 2 and 3 is mainly intended to . A. show that the Yupik people are good at making tools out of wood B. explain why the Yupik language does not have a word for “science” C. highlight the Yupik people’s talent in turning waste into useful tools D. give examples of the Yupik people’s innovative solutions for survival 38. According to Ann Fienup-Riordan, what new challenge is the Yupik people faced with now? A. Living conditions in a subzero world. B. The changing environmental patterns. C. The disappearance of creative traditions. D. Reliance on modern western goods and urban life. 39. What is the passage mainly about? A. The museum that shows the Yupik’s people’s talent. B. The history of the Yupik people’s survival and evolution. C. The researcher who is dedicated to studying the Yupik culture. D. The Yupik people’s creativity in adapting to their environment. （B） Michael Blastland’s new book, The Hidden Half, looks at how our urge to constantly find order affects science, politics, business and economics, with sometimes terrible results. What’s The Hidden Half all about? It’s a book of mysteries and errors that reflect the fact that our knowledge is much weaker and less reliable than we think it is. I’ve tried to tell some of the stories which actually show us that we don’t and possibly never will have secure knowledge of some of the causal processes in our lives. That’s an uncomfortable thought... There are clearly some instances in which uncertainty is actually a good thing. The question is, can we talk about uncertainty in ways that people find acceptable for the tricky questions about what’s going on in the world? Because people fear that if they admit uncertainty they’ll lose their authority. There’s research being done by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication. They tell you in different ways how many tigers there are in the world. Then they ask you if you trust the information, and whether you trust the person telling you two separate questions. They say, “There are X thousand tigers. What do you say to that, and do you trust me?” Then they say, “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re not quite sure. Now how well do you trust the information and how well do you trust me?” And the third one: “We think there are X thousand tigers, but we’re pretty confident that the answer is within a thousand more or a thousand fewer.” The last of those achieves the highest level of trust. People lose confidence in the number a bit, which they should, because we’re not that sure about the number. But they gain confidence in the person giving them the information. So we can present information in ways that admit real, unavoidable uncertainty and gain credibility. What practical tips should we take from the book? You can still make any decision you like. You just have to acknowledge the uncertainties, because that might change the kind of decision that you make. You can recognise that your policy that has been demonstrated in a few schools in the West Midlands may not translate to many other schools if the sample isn’t big enough. Don’t expect things to generalise with perfection if you’re a decision maker. There are things we don’t know, but we’d do things a lot better if we were frank about our limitations. 40. According to Michael Blastland, what is his book, The Hidden Half, intended to do? A. To warn readers against any generalization. B. To encourage readers to challenge authority. C. To get readers to realize their own limitations. D. To remind readers that uncertainty is a fact of life. 41. What does the research by the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication show? A. People prefer to have a definite answer to a question. B. You may not lose authority even if you admit you are unsure. C. We can say for certain how many tigers there are in the world. D. It's important to reveal uncertainty in an unnoticeable way. 42. What suggestion does Michael Blastland give? A. Decision-makers should read his book. B. We should be careful with any translated works. C. We should be honest with what we don’t know for sure. D. Decision-makers should demonstrate their policy-making processes. （C） A new study, which found that eating ultra- processed (超加工的) food (like fish fingers, fizzy drinks and ready meals) could increase the risk of death, made for alarming headlines. The Sun told us that “just for portions of processed food a day could kill you”, while The Telegraph said that ultra-processed foods “could increase the risk of early death by 60 percent”. As is often the case, the research is well-designed and alarming. What’s more, the news coverage is not exactly false. The problem is that the numbers driving the headlines are hard to interpret, and seem more frightening than they are. Let’s unpack what the evidence means in this case. Spanish researchers followed roughly 20,000 students over 14 years, using questionnaires to estimate how many portions of ultra-processed food they were eating every day. They found that those who ate the most ultra-processed foods had a 62 percent increased risk of death from any cause, compared with those who ate the least. If we assume the conclusions are accurate, then a 62 percent increased risk of death sounds pretty shocking. But what does it mean? Let’s imagine two friends — Wanda and Winona. They’re both around 50, the same weight, do the same amount of exercise, have same family histories of disease, but not the same habits or lifestyle. Wanda is keen on instant noodles, fish fingers and fizzy drinks, while Winona prefers steamed vegetables and whole meal bread. Each one faces an annual risk of death, whose technical name is their “hazard”. The key statistic reported in the Spanish study was a hazard ratio (率) of 1.62. This means that, for two people like Wanda and Winona who are similar apart from their different diets, the one with the risk factor — Wanda — has a 62 percent increased annual risk of death over the follow- up period (around 14 years in the Spanish study). It’s tempting to interpret this as meaning that Wanda’s life is going to be 62 percent shorter than Winona’s, but that’s not what’s going on. Crucially, the risk of dying in any one year for the average person is pretty low, so a 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be alarming as it sounds. In the UK, for example, the average annual risk of death for 50-year-old women is around 0.2 percent, which means you might expect 2 in every 1,000 women like Winona to die each year. A 62 percent increase on that number gives around a 0.3 percent annual risk of death, which would be 3 in every 1,000 women like Wanda. The difference in 1,000, sounds a lot less alarming than the 62 percent which made the headlines. 43. What does the writer imply about the increased risk of death covered in the news? A. It reflects people’s ignorance of what makes a healthy diet. B. The interpretation of it needs to be weighed objectively. C. It is a conclusion drawn from a poorly designed study. D. The understanding of it varies from country to country. 44. What did the Spanish researchers do in their study? A. They divided the students into two groups. B. They collected the data by means of interviews. C. They followed the subjects for more than a decade. D. They made up two friends named Wanda and Winona. 45. According to the writer, why is it that the 62 percent annual increase in risk of death may not be that alarming? A. The chance of dying in a year for the average person is relatively minimal. B. It is based on the data that the Spanish researchers collected 14 years ago. C. The relevant study has failed to take other factors into consideration. D. People in the UK are becoming more and more health-conscious. 46. What can be concluded from the passage? A. The news coverage ought to be as objective as possible. B. There needs to be more evidence for the increase in risk of death. C. The harm done by ultra-processed food is not as serious as reported. D. There should be regulations on the production of ultra-processed food. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. What You Should Know about the Arctic You might have a picture in your mind of the Arctic — with its vast icy landscapes and plentiful wildlife. But where actually is the Arctic and what cultures live there?___47___ Its centre, the North Pole, rests over the Arctic Ocean, which until recently has been covered by relatively stable, year-round sea ice. The Arctic Circle sets both the southern boundary of the Arctic and the latitude (66.5°North) at which the sun remains above, or below, the horizon for 24 hours, at least one day per year. The further north you go, sunlight is gained or lost at greater speed. ____48____ Moonlight reflecting off snow and ice generates light but life adjusts to the dim. Summers are full of light and people full of energy. However, the intense sunlight reflecting off snow or ice in spring can be very harmful and cause blindness, so Arctic Peoples have made glasses to protect their eyes. Today, Arctic Peoples use hats and sunglasses, but some historic models elegantly protected the eyes, focused the vision, and helped communicate identity through their different styles. Today, four million people live in the Arctic. They are spread across the eight countries with territory in the Arctic: Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Only 10% of those Arctic inhabitants are indigenous to the region, belonging to one or more of the 40 different cultural groups. ____49____ When much of Europe was covered in glaciers, the plains of northeastern Siberia were glacier free and it was possible to settle. Recent archaeological findings show that hunters occupied the mouth of the Yana River of northeastern Siberia 30,000 years ago. The ancient people of Yana (in north eastern Siberia) spent a lot of time making jewellery, decorating themselves with animal-teeth pendants and beads made from mammoth ivory, hare bones or rare minerals. They also made bracelets carved with detailed marks indicating personal or community identity. The earliest Arctic inhabitants led rich lives, and used resources available to them in innovative ways. ____50____ For example, they invented tools to help them survive the cold. They hunted animals and used their skins for clothes. They also developed their own art and music. A. The Arctic has been occupied for a very long time and the cultures are remarkably old. B. In general, Arctic winters are dark. C. This romantic idea of the Arctic is appealing, but of course false. D. Inhabitants hunted mammoth and other large animals that are now extinct and they developed the first Arctic art. E. But these lean seasons alternate with periods of extraordinary abundance in the summer. F. The Arctic is the most northern place on earth and covers 4% of its surface. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Keeping Everyday Life from Becoming Boring Last spring, I started a new exercise class. As someone who dislikes doing jumping jacks, burpees, and push-ups, I found the workouts surprisingly enjoyable, at least for a while. But after several months, my hobby began to feel like watching the same episode of a sitcom on repeat. I was overly familiar with the class routine, and my excitement had been replaced with boredom. A 2016 study for the American Psychological Association (APA) estimated that 63 percent of us suffer from boredom regularly. And research shows that chronically bored people are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety. Even though we all feel apathetic from time to time, according to Mary Mann, author of Yawn: Adventures in Boredom, it’s often seen as being self-inflicted. “Only boring people get bored” is a popular belief. But boredom isn’t a character problem. It’s a state brought on by something called hedonic adaptation, or the tendency to get used to things over time. This explains why activities that were initially gratifying can sometimes lose their appeal. Humans are remarkably good at getting used to changes in our lives, both positive and negative, according to Sonja Lyubomirsky, a professor of psychology at the University of California. This is a good thing when we are faced with adjusting to adversities such as losing a loved one or a job. But becoming immune to positive events can prove harmful. Think about the last time you got a raise, bought a car, or moved. At first, these experiences can bring immense joy. But over time, they become part of the routine. We are ready for the next new thing to excite us. While boredom can be a downer when it drains the pleasure from our lives, it can provide a sort of service. “If our emotional reactions didn’t weaken with time, we couldn’t recognize novel changes that may signal rewards or threats,” Lyubomirsky says. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 采访开始后，他的话带我们回到了20世纪60年代。(take) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________ 53. 夏日的夜晚，这刺眼的灯光让人叫苦不迭。(enough) （汉译英） ___________________________________________________________ 54. 小桥流水是水乡古镇共有的面孔；但细看眉眼，总是各不相同。(upon) （汉译英） ___________________________________________________________ 55. 这条街上除了几家咖啡馆开门营业外，大部分屋子门窗紧闭，窗上积起厚厚一片尘埃。（apart from）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校英语报正在进行主题为“Person of the Year”的征文，推选一名在过去一年里为学校做出重要贡献的教职工或学生。你有意参加，写一篇文章，内容须包括： 1) 简单介绍你准备推选的人选； 2) 具体描述她 / 他在过去一年里为学校做出的贡献。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $