精品解析：上海复旦大学附属中学2025-2026学年第一学期高三年级第二次阶段性教学质量评估英语试卷

复旦大学附属中学2025学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why the Brain Needs the Night For most of the twentieth century, sleep was regarded as a period of inactivity — a nightly shutdown during which the body repaired itself and the brain simply rested. That view has collapsed. Over the past two decades, researchers ____1____ (analyse) the sleeping brain in detail, and what they have found is not rest but work: memories are sorted, connections are strengthened or pruned, and waste products are flushed away. Sleep, it turns out, is one of the most ____2____ (persist) forms of mental labour we perform. The most ____3____ (strike) discovery concerns memory. In experiments, volunteers who learned a list of word pairs in the evening recalled around a fifth more of them after a night’s sleep ____4____ those who stayed awake for the same period. Brain imaging offers an explanation. During deep sleep, the hippocampus — a structure that stores new experiences — replays the day’s events at high speed, ____5____ the cortex to file them away as lasting knowledge. Deprive an animal ____6____ that replay and the memory never consolidates. The finding has an uncomfortable implication for students. Advice to “ ____7____ (prioritise) revision over sleep” during examination periods is, on this evidence, self-defeating: material studied at the cost of sleep is material the brain has not yet stored. Nor is the effect limited to memory. After only one night of restricted sleep, emotional responses become disproportionately intense, and the brain regions that normally damp down anxiety become less active. There is a further twist. Until recently, the brain was thought to have no lymphatic vessels, and therefore no way of clearing the chemical waste that accumulates during waking hours. It now appears that a network of channels, ____8____ (discover) in 2012, carries fluid through brain tissue at a rate far higher during sleep ____9____ during waking. The channels clear proteins associated with degenerative disease. In animals that are ____10____ (deprive) of sleep, those same proteins increase markedly. None of this makes late nights harmless, and the research has not yet produced a pill that substitutes for rest. But it has demolished the assumption that sleep is time taken away from living. If anything, the evidence points the other way. 【答案】1. have analysed##have analyzed 2. persistent 3. striking 4. than 5. prompting 6. of 7. prioritise##prioritize 8. discovered 9. than 10. deprived 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了睡眠对大脑并非休息，而是进行记忆整理、废物清除等重要工作的关键过程。 【1题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：在过去二十年间，研究人员已经详细分析了睡眠状态下的大脑，他们的发现表明睡眠并非休息而是一种活动：记忆被整理，神经联结得到强化或删减，代谢废物被清除。空处为句子的谓语动词，根据时间状语“Over the past two decades”可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语researchers为复数，助动词用have，analyse也可以写成analyze，所以该题的答案为have analysed或have analyzed。 【2题详解】 考查形容词。句意：事实证明，睡眠是我们所进行的持续时间最长的脑力劳动形式之一。根据空前的副词most和空后的名词forms可知，空处需用形容词形式作定语，persist的形容词为persistent，意为“持续的”。 【3题详解】 考查形容词。句意：最惊人的发现与记忆有关。根据空前的副词most和空后的名词discovery可知，空处需用形容词形式作定语，strike的形容词为striking，意为“惊人的”。 【4题详解】 考查介词。句意：在实验中，晚上学习了一组词对的志愿者，在睡了一夜后回忆起的单词比在相同时间内保持清醒的志愿者多五分之一左右。根据句中的比较级more可知，此处表示两者之间的比较，需用介词than。 【5题详解】 考查非谓语动词。​句意：在深度睡眠期间，储存新体验的海马体以高速重播当天的事件，促使大脑皮层将它们作为持久的知识储存起来。此处应用非谓语动词作结果状语，表示“促使……”，用动词prompt，意为“促使”，此处表示自然而然的结果，用现在分词。 【6题详解】 考查介词。句意：如果剥夺动物的这种重播，记忆就永远不会巩固。deprive...of...为固定搭配，意为“剥夺……的……”。 【7题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：在考试期间“把复习置于睡眠之上”的建议，根据这一证据，是适得其反的：以睡眠为代价学习的材料是大脑尚未储存的材料。引号内是祈使句，用动词原形；prioritise 意为 “优先处理”。prioritise还可以写成prioritize。 【8题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：现在看来，一个在2012年发现的通道网络，在睡眠期间通过脑组织输送液体的速度远高于清醒时。此处应用非谓语动词作定语；discover与逻辑主语network之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。 【9题详解】 考查连词。句意：现在看来，一个在2012年发现的通道网络，在睡眠期间通过脑组织输送液体的速度远高于清醒时。根据句中的比较级higher可知，此处为“比较级+than”结构，表示“比……更……”。 【10题详解】 考查形容词。句意：在被剥夺睡眠的动物体内，这些相同的蛋白质会显著增加。根据空前的are和空后的介词of可知，此处为固定搭配be deprived of，意为“被剥夺……”。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. argument B. attentive C. dull D. disengaged E. contrast F. mildly G. posted H. resist I. solve J. tedious K. variation The Lecture Is Not Broken For twenty years the university lecture has been declared obsolete. It is passive, critics say; students sit in rows, copying words that could be read at home, and what they retain afterwards is ____11____. The case seems overwhelming, and it has produced a whole industry of replacements — flipped classrooms, podcasts, interactive platforms. Yet the lecture refuses to die, and there is a respectable ____12____ for that. A well-constructed lecture does something no reading list can: it makes visible a mind at work. Watching an expert move through a problem, hesitate at a difficult step and then change direction is not the same as reading the finished result, and it is precisely the part that the published article strips away. The critics are also drawing a false contrast. A lecture is not passive for a student who is ____13____; it is passive for one who is ____14____. The evidence, in fact, points to a different culprit. Studies of attention in lectures find that it declines sharply after about fifteen minutes — but recovers when the speaker poses a question, and this happens whatever the format. The problem, in other words, is not the medium but the absence of ____15____. Nor is the digital alternative as helpful as it looks. When the same material was presented as a recording, students were ____16____ more likely to postpone watching it, and those who watched at doubled speed performed no better than those who had never watched at all. Convenience is not the same as learning. This does not mean that lectures should go unchanged. They should be shorter, and they should stop every quarter of an hour to demand something of the audience. The ____17____ in quality between a good and a poor lecture is wider than in almost any other form of teaching, which is why the format is so often blamed for what is really the speaker’s fault. Students, meanwhile, should be told the truth: that no format will ever ____18____ the hard work of understanding, and that a lecture is an invitation to think, not a substitute for it. The question worth asking is not whether we should ____19____ the lecture, but whether we are willing to prepare for it. A student who arrives having read the material will find the hour ____20____; one who arrives empty-handed will be bored by any format we design. 【答案】11. J 12. A 13. B 14. D 15. K 16. F 17. E 18. I 19. H 20. C 【解析】 【导语】文章为大学讲座正名，论证其不可替代的教学核心价值。 【11题详解】 考查形容词。句意：批评者说，它是被动的；学生们坐成一排，抄写那些可以在家里读到的文字，而他们之后记住的东西是乏味的。根据空前is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；结合前文“copying words that could be read at home”可知，学生记住的内容是枯燥的。tedious“单调乏味的”符合语境。 【12题详解】 考查名词。句意：然而，讲座拒绝消亡，而且对此有一个有说服力的理由。根据空前a respectable可知，空处需用单数可数名词；argument“论点，理由”符合语境，指代前文讲座不消亡的合理理由。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：对于一个专注的学生来说，讲座不是被动的；对于一个走神的学生来说，它是被动的。根据空前who is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；与后半句“it is passive for one who is”形成对比，此处指专注的学生。attentive“专注的”符合语境。 【14题详解】 考查形容词。句意：同上。根据空前who is可知，空处需用形容词作表语；与第3空形成反义对比，此处指不专注的学生。disengaged“脱离的，不专注的”符合语境。 【15题详解】 考查名词。句意：换句话说，问题不在于媒介，而在于缺乏变化。根据空前of可知，空处需用名词；前文提到注意力在约15分钟后急剧下降，但演讲者提问后会恢复，说明需要变化来维持注意力。variation“变化”符合语境，此处指讲座中缺乏节奏或内容的变化。 【16题详解】 考查副词。句意：当同样的材料以录音形式呈现时，学生推迟观看的可能性略微更高，而那些以双倍速度观看的学生表现并不比那些根本没看过的学生好。根据空后more likely可知，空处需用副词修饰比较级；mildly“略微，稍微”符合语境，表示程度不高的增加。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：好讲座与差讲座的质量差距，比几乎任何其他教学形式的好坏质量差距都要大，这就是为什么这种形式经常被归咎于演讲者的过错。根据空前The和空后in quality可知，空处需用名词；contrast“对比，差距”符合语境，指好坏讲座之间的质量差别。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：同时，应该告诉学生真相：没有任何形式能够解决理解的艰苦工作，讲座是思考的邀请，而不是替代品。根据空前will ever可知，空处需用动词原形；solve“解决”符合语境，指代免去理解所需付出的努力。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：值得问的问题不是我们是否应该抵制讲座，而是我们是否愿意为之准备。根据空前whether we should可知，空处需用动词原形；resist“抵制”符合语境，与文章开头“lecture has been declared obsolete”呼应。 【20题详解】 考查形容词。句意：事先读过材料而来的学生会觉得这一小时单调乏味；一个空手而来的学生会对我们设计的任何形式感到无聊。根据空前find the hour可知，空处需用形容词作宾补。此处指不无聊，find the hour dull意为“觉得这一小时乏味”，与后句bored呼应。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Cost of Being Certain Certainty is comfortable. It saves us the trouble of thinking again, and it makes us feel that we know where we stand — a feeling that is ____21____ in itself. That is precisely why it is dangerous. We pay a ____22____ price for that comfort. When a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world, we stop____23____ it, and the machinery that was supposed to keep us honest quietly shuts down. Psychologists describe the problem in terms of identity. A fact is something you can be ____24____; an identity is something you must defend. The moment a claim about the world is welded to a claim about ourselves, evidence that contradicts it stops functioning as evidence and starts functioning as an attack. This is why ____25____ data so often strengthens the belief it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in. The mechanism is not confined to politics. It shows up in medicine, where a ____26____ held diagnosis resists contrary test results; in business, where a leader’s commitment to a failing strategy grows with the money already spent; and in ordinary family life, where the argument that has been running for ten years is no longer about the original question at all. What such disputes share is not stubbornness but a ____27____ of interest. There is also a social ____28____. Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections, so the most confident voice in the room tends to be the one that has been least tested. The result is a body of shared certainty that has never been exposed to the outside. What can be done is less dramatic than it sounds. The most ____29____ remedy is vocabulary: describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter. A second is to ____30____ the practice of stating, in advance, what would change your mind; a prediction that cannot be falsified is not a prediction but a slogan. A third is to notice the emotion. Certainty rarely arrives alone; it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned, and that irritation is the ____31____ that something has been welded to your sense of self. None of this argues for a life of ____32____. Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination, and the person who can never commit to anything is as badly served as the one who commits ____33____. Nor is the middle course easy to hold: the appetite for certainty is ____34____, and it reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened. The aim is simply to keep the door to revision ____35____, and to treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck rather than a humiliation. That is the only way harder than it sounds, and it is, after all, the only way to learn anything at all. 21. A. testing B. keeping C. gaining D. enjoying 22. A. small B. fair C. hidden D. heavy 23. A. testing B. defending C. sharing D. recording 24. A. convinced B. wrong about C. indifferent to D. surprised at 25. A. confirming B. statistical C. contradictory D. private 26. A. reluctantly B. firmly C. hastily D. quietly 27. A. lack B. excess C. conflict D. transfer 28. A. contract B. currency C. sanction D. dimension 29. A. expensive B. ordinary C. technical D. modest 30. A. abandon B. adopt C. ridicule D. conceal 31. A. reward B. cure C. symptom D. excuse 32. A. uncertainty B. discipline C. enquiry D. compromise 33. A. reluctantly B. wisely C. constantly D. prematurely 34. A. temporary B. rational C. powerful D. harmless 35. A. closed B. locked C. ajar D. guarded 【答案】21. A 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了确定性带来的心理与社会代价，指出信念与身份绑定会阻碍纠错，并提出了保持开放心态、持续修正观点的方法。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：它省去了我们再次思考的麻烦，它让我们觉得我们知道自己的立场——这种感觉本身就很经得起检验。A. testing测试；B. keeping保持；C. gaining获得；D. enjoying享受，喜爱。根据前文“and it makes us feel that we know where we stand”可知，确定感让人觉得自己的立场稳固、正确，这种感觉本身就经得起验证。 【22题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：我们为这种舒适付出了沉重的代价。A. small小的；B. fair公平的；C. hidden隐藏的；D. heavy沉重的。根据前文“That is precisely why it is dangerous.”可知，当信念成为身份的一部分，我们停止检验它，纠错机制关闭。这种代价是严重的、影响深远的。 【23题详解】 考查动词。​句意：当一个信念成为自我身份的一部分，而非对世界的试探性猜想时，我们就不再去验证它，原本让我们保持客观的机制也会悄然停止运转。A. testing检验，测试；B. defending辩护；C. sharing分享；D. recording记录。根据前文“a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world”可知，当信念成为身份一部分时，我们不再去检验它。 【24题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：事实是你可能错了的东西；身份是你必须捍卫的东西。A. convinced确信的；B. wrong about对……错误的；C. indifferent to对……漠不关心的；D. surprised at对……惊讶的。根据后文“an identity is something you must defend”的对比可知，事实是可能被证明错误的。 【25题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：这就是为什么矛盾的数据常常强化它本打算纠正的信念：感觉受到攻击的人会更加固执。A. confirming确认的；B. statistical统计的；C. contradictory矛盾的；D. private私人的。根据后文“it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in”可知，人感受到攻击后会更加固守原有立场，这里的数据源自然是和原有信念冲突的矛盾数据。 【26题详解】 考查副词。​句意：它出现在医学中，一个被坚定坚持的诊断抗拒相反的检测结果。A. reluctantly不情愿地；B. firmly坚定地；C. hastily仓促地；D. quietly安静地。根据后文“resists contrary test results”可知，诊断被坚定地持有才会抗拒相反证据。 【27题详解】 考查名词。​句意：这些争论共有的不是固执，而是利益冲突。A. lack缺乏；B. excess过度；C. conflict冲突；D. transfer转移。根据前文例子家庭争论不再关于原问题可知，争论变成了维护自身立场的冲突。 【28题详解】 考查名词。​句意：还有一个社会认可。A. contract合同；B. currency货币；C. sanction认可、支持；D. dimension维度。根据后文“Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections”可知，群体奖励附和、贬抑异议者，这是一种社会性的“认可”。 【29题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：最朴素的补救方法是词汇上的：将一种观点描述为“我目前的最佳猜测”而不是“我所相信的”会留下一个空白，新的证据可以通过这个空白进入。A. expensive昂贵的；B. ordinary普通的；C. technical技术的；D. modest不张扬的。根据后文“describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter”可知，下文给的“药方”只是改变措辞，故是最“不起眼”的补救。 【30题详解】 考查动词。​句意：第二个是采用提前陈述什么会改变你想法的方法；不能证伪的预言不是预言，而是口号。。A. abandon放弃；B. adopt采用；C. ridicule嘲笑；D. conceal隐藏。根据后文“stating, in advance, what would change your mind”可知，这是要采用这种做法。 【31题详解】 考查名词。​句意：确定性很少单独到来；当被质疑时，它会伴随着恼怒而来，而恼怒是某种东西已经焊接到你的自我意识上的征兆。A. reward奖励；B. cure治愈；C. symptom症状，征兆；D. excuse借口。根据前文“it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned”可知，这种被质疑就烦躁的情绪，是“把观点和自我深度绑定”的外在征兆。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：这些都不主张过一种不确定的生活。A. uncertainty不确定；B. discipline纪律；C. enquiry询问；D. compromise妥协。根据后文“Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination”可知，前文一直在批判盲目笃定的危害，但这里明确说明，这不代表要走向另一个极端，永远处在不确定的状态中。 【33题详解】 考查副词。​句意：暂停判断是一种技巧，而不是目的地，永远无法承诺任何事情的人和过早承诺的人一样糟糕。A. reluctantly不情愿地；B. wisely明智地；C. constantly不断地；D. prematurely过早地。根据前文“the person who can never commit to anything”可知，此处与从不承诺相对的是“过早”承诺。 【34题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：中间路线也不容易坚持：对确定性的渴望是强大的，每当我们感到疲倦或害怕时，它就会重新出现。A. temporary暂时的；B. rational理性的；C. powerful强大的；D. harmless无害的。根据后文“reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened”可知，这种渴望会反复冒出来，说明它的内在驱动力十分强劲。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。​句意：其目的只是让修正认知的大门敞开，并将被证明是错误的视为一种好运，而不是一种耻辱。A. closed关闭的；B. locked锁住的；C. ajar虚掩的，微开的；D. guarded guarded守卫着的。根据后文“treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck”可知，此处指永远不要彻底封死自己接受新证据、修正旧认知的通道，让这扇门保持开着的状态。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） The Bee Line project at the National Botanic Garden relies on volunteers to record the first flowering dates of common wild plants, and the data they collect feeds into a long-term study of how climate change is shifting the seasons. The scheme began in 1998 with eleven recorders and a paper notebook. It now has more than 900 active volunteers, and its records go back further than those of any comparable research station in the country. What makes the Bee Line different from a conventional survey is that volunteers choose their own patch. Each is asked to select a walk they already take — a garden, a street, a stretch of towpath — and to record the same plants there, in the same way, week after week. Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them. The scheme is designed to suit people who are not botanists. Recorders are asked to identify only twelve species, all of them common and unmistakable, and each receives a laminated guide with photographs and a short test to confirm they can tell a dandelion from a hawkweed. Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.” If you enjoy… •walking the same route regularly and noticing small changes in it. •recording observations precisely rather than working quickly. If you have… •about twenty minutes a week between March and October. •a smartphone or a computer for entering your records within a day or two. If you can… •attend one half-day induction session and one refresher morning a year. •commit for at least two full seasons. To apply Complete the online form, giving the location you intend to record. Applications are considered in February, and the next induction session will be held on 9 March. Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered. 36. What is the most important quality in a Bee Line recorder? A. Wide knowledge of wild plants. B. Consistent observation of the same site. C. Willingness to travel across the county. D. Ability to identify a large number of species. 37. What does Dr Karim suggest about the training provided? A. It is too short to be useful. B. It aims to turn volunteers into botanists. C. It assumes a skill that most people already possess. D. It is more demanding than a botany course. 38. Why might an application be refused? A. The applicant lives outside the county. B. The applicant cannot attend the March session. C. The applicant has recorded the same route for years. D. The route chosen is one the project already covers. 39. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. Report the findings of a long-term study. B. Explain how flowering dates are recorded. C. Recruit volunteers for a recording scheme. D. Compare two methods of botanical surveying. 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. D 39. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了国家植物园Bee Line项目招募志愿者记录植物开花时间以研究气候变化，说明了项目特点、报名条件及申请方式。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第二段中“Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them.(规律性比覆盖范围更重要。一个每周日都去同一片二十米区域、坚持三年的记录者，产生的数据远比一个心血来潮时在全县游荡的记录者有价值得多)”可知，Bee Line记录者最重要的品质是对同一地点的持续观察。 【37题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第三段中“Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.”(除此之外，培训是故意限制的。该项目的协调员艾莎·卡里姆博士说：“我们没有开设植物学课程。”。“我们要求仔细观察。这是一种不同的技能，大多数人已经具备了。”)”可知，Karim博士认为培训假设了大多数志愿者已具备仔细观察的技能。 【38题详解】 细节理解题。​根据最后一段中“Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered.(名额每年限制为60人，且优先考虑所选路线尚未被覆盖的申请者)”可知，如果申请者选择的路线已被项目覆盖，申请可能会被拒绝。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。文章主要介绍了国家植物园Bee Line项目招募志愿者记录植物开花时间以研究气候变化，说明了项目特点、报名条件及申请方式。可知，文章主要目的是为Bee Line记录项目招募志愿者。 （B） A decade ago, psychology acquired an uncomfortable reputation. A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones. The scandal gave the field a word — replication — and a crisis, and it changed what counts as a respectable result. The most visible response was procedural. Journals began to accept “registered reports”, in which a study is reviewed and accepted before the data are collected, so that the decision to publish no longer depends on what the study finds. Researchers were encouraged to post their materials, their data and their analysis plans in advance. None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real. A subtler change concerns what a single study is for. In its classical form, an experiment is a test: it is designed to decide whether a hypothesis survives. Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined. The difference sounds technical, but it alters what a researcher is entitled to claim. A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed. The change has been resisted, for an obvious reason. Measurement is unglamorous. It offers no headline, no eureka, and it requires a researcher to spend years on a question that will be settled by someone else’s arithmetic. It also, quietly, redistributes credit: the person who runs the twenty-fifth study of the same effect does work of genuine value, and nobody will ever name a prize after them. Whether the reforms have made psychology more truthful is not yet clear, and the honest answer is that they may have made it more modest instead. That is not a defeat. A field that reports its effect sizes with confidence intervals, and says plainly that it does not yet know, is harder to summarise and easier to trust. 40. What was the pattern in the failed replications mentioned in paragraph 1? A. They were carried out carelessly. B. The effects that could not be repeated were the notable ones. C. They involved experiments that had never been published. D. They failed mainly in fields outside psychology. 41. According to paragraph 2, what do registered reports and posted analysis plans achieve? A. They guarantee that a published result is correct. B. They make research cheaper to conduct. C. They remove the commonest routes to spurious findings. D. They increase the number of studies that are published. 42. What is the writer’s point about a “measurement” in paragraph 3? A. It replaces the need for hypotheses altogether. B. It makes a single study less conclusive on its own. C. It is technically harder than the classical experiment. D. It is only useful in the physical sciences. 【答案】40. B 41. C 42. B 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了心理学界在可重复性危机后，通过注册报告、数据共享及将实验视为测量而非单纯检验等改革，使该领域变得更加谦逊和可信。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第一段中“A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones.(一系列重复著名实验的尝试失败了，而且这些失败并非随机的：消失的效应几乎无一例外都是那些有趣的效应)”可知，在失败的重复实验中，无法被重复的效应正是那些引人注目的效应。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real.(这些做法都不能使结果成为真实的。它们所做的是消除那些最明显的、偶然产生看似令人印象深刻实则并不真实的结果的途径)”可知，注册报告和分析计划公开等措施消除了产生虚假结果的最常见途径。 【42题详解】 推理判断题。​根据第三段中“Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined.(在新体制下，实验最好被理解为一种测量：它贡献一个数字，带有已知的误差范围，这个平均值只有在许多这样的数字组合在一起时才有意义)”以及“A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed.(一个单一令人惊讶的结果不再是一项发现；它是一个尚未被定位的数据点)”可知，将实验视为测量使得单个研究本身不再具有结论性。 （C） The weekend is a recent invention, and its history is a reminder that arrangements we treat as natural were once contested and could be contested again. For most of recorded history, work was organised by daylight, by harvest or by religious obligation; the idea that a fixed proportion of the week should be reserved for rest, and that the rest should fall on the same two days for almost everyone, is barely a century old. Its origins lie in industrial conflict rather than benevolence. When factories replaced workshops, the boundary between work and the rest of life dissolved: the machine did not stop at dusk, and the owner who ran two shifts could undercut the one who ran a single shift. Early campaigners therefore asked not for shorter days but for a protected block of time, and they were resisted with an argument that has never quite disappeared — that rest is a cost imposed on production, and that a worker who does not wish to work will be replaced by one who does. What is striking, in retrospect, is how quickly the weekend was naturalised. Within two generations it had stopped looking like a concession won by organised labour and started looking like a fact about human beings — something the body requires, like food. The historian who studies it faces an unusual difficulty: the institution has been so thoroughly absorbed into common sense that its defenders no longer need to defend it, and its beneficiaries rarely ask what it is for. That complacency may now be the weekend’s greatest vulnerability. Remote work has not abolished the working week so much as dissolved its edges; the laptop travels home, and the boundary that a factory gate once enforced has to be maintained by the worker alone. Whether this represents liberation or a quiet extension of the working day is genuinely unclear, and it is unlikely to be settled by argument. Arrangements of this kind are decided by what people are able to refuse. None of which means the weekend will disappear. It means that its survival depends on something more fragile than custom: the continued ability of people to say no to the seventh day. The lesson of its history is not that rest is natural but that it was won, and that anything won can be given back. 43. What does the writer say about the weekend in the first paragraph? A. It has existed in its present form for centuries. B. It was originally religious in origin. C. It is a recent and contingent arrangement. D. It was introduced by factory owners as a reward. 44. Why did early campaigners demand a protected block of time rather than shorter days? A. Shorter days were opposed by religious authorities. B. Continuous production meant the working day had no natural end. C. They believed rest was more valuable than wages. D. Longer hours were already illegal. 45. What difficulty does the writer identify for historians of the weekend? A. There are almost no surviving records of early campaigns. B. Its origins lie outside the countries where it is studied. C. It has become so familiar that its purpose is no longer examined. D. Historians disagree about when it was first introduced. 46. What is the writer’s conclusion? A. Remote work has made the weekend obsolete. B. The weekend is natural and therefore permanent. C. Rest has to be actively defended to be kept. D. The weekend will certainly disappear within a generation. 【答案】43. C 44. B 45. C 46. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要介绍了周末是近代工业冲突的产物，它并非天然存在的事物，如今随着远程办公的普及，周末的边界逐渐模糊，其存续需要人们主动争取、捍卫。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第一段中“The weekend is a recent invention, and its history is a reminder that arrangements we treat as natural were once contested and could be contested again.(周末其实是近代才出现的产物，它的历史提醒我们：那些我们视作理所当然的作息安排，曾经饱受争议，未来也有可能再次引发争论)”可知，作者认为周末是一种近期出现的、并非必然的安排。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When factories replaced workshops, the boundary between work and the rest of life dissolved: the machine did not stop at dusk, and the owner who ran two shifts could undercut the one who ran a single shift.(当工厂取代作坊时，工作与生活的界限消失了：机器不会在黄昏停止，实行两班制的工厂主能够以比仅开单班的工厂主更低的价格竞争)”可知，早期活动人士要求一段受保护的时间而不是更短的工作日，是因为连续生产意味着工作日没有自然的终点。 【45题详解】 细节理解题。​根据第三段中“The historian who studies it faces an unusual difficulty: the institution has been so thoroughly absorbed into common sense that its defenders no longer need to defend it, and its beneficiaries rarely ask what it is for.(研究它的历史学家面临着一个不同寻常的困难：这种制度已经完全融入了常识，以至于它的捍卫者不再需要捍卫它，而它的受益者也很少问它的目的是什么)”可知，作者指出历史学家面临的困难是周末变得如此熟悉，以至于人们不再审视它的目的。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。​根据最后一段中“It means that its survival depends on something more fragile than custom: the continued ability of people to say no to the seventh day. The lesson of its history is not that rest is natural but that it was won, and that anything won can be given back.(这意味着它的生存取决于比习俗更脆弱的东西：人们对第七天说不的持续能力。它的历史教训不是休息是自然的，休息是人们争取来的，任何争取来的东西都可能得而复失)”可知，作者的结论是休息必须被积极捍卫才能得以保留。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Case Against Frictionless Design Ask a designer what makes an interface good and the answer will almost certainly involve the word “frictionless”. The ideal, it is said, is a product that asks nothing of the user: no form to read, no choice to weigh, no step to remember. Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away. ____47____ Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing. ____48____ The argument is easier to see in the physical world, where nobody pretends that the escalator is always an improvement. A staircase demands effort, and the effort is the point: it is exercise, it slows a crowd, and it can be used when the power fails. Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them. ____49____ There is a second, subtler loss. ____50____ Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable. The question worth asking of any product is therefore not how little it asks of us, but what it has decided we should not have to think about — and who benefits from that decision. A. But the friction we are removing is often doing useful work. B. Convenience, in other words, has a cost that is rarely itemised. C. The first is that a decision made without effort is a decision that is not remembered. D. Designers, unsurprisingly, have argued that this is not their responsibility. E. Speed is not, however, the same thing as ease. F. Yet the designers who remove it are rarely asked to justify the removal. 【答案】47. A 48. F 49. B 50. C 【解析】 【导语】文章主要讲述了反对“无摩擦设计”的理念，指出设计中的摩擦往往有实际用途，消除摩擦会带来隐性成本，并可能削弱用户的决策意识。 【47题详解】 上文“Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away.(用户犹豫的每一秒都被视作需要通过设计消除的缺陷)”说明当下设计领域一味追求无摩擦、消除所有用户停顿的普遍倾向。空处和前文为转折关系，说明这种被消除的摩擦其实在做有用的工作。所以A项“但我们正在移除的摩擦往往在发挥有用的作用”符合语境。该项中的“the friction we are removing”与前文“defect to be engineered away”相呼应，引出后文对摩擦价值的具体论述。 【48题详解】 上文“Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing.(想想摩擦的作用。支付前的确认屏幕增加了四秒钟，但防止了一类不可逆转的错误。一个要求你输入地址而不是接受猜测的表单会产生实际可用的记录。一个有七个选项的设置菜单比只有两个的更繁琐，但它也是用户能发现产品在做什么的唯一版本)”列举了摩擦在防止错误、提高数据质量和增加用户控制感方面的实际作用。​ 空处和前文为转折关系，说明设计师很少被要求为消除这些摩擦的行为辩护。所以F项“然而，那些消除摩擦的设计师很少被要求为这种消除行为辩护。”符合语境。F项中的it指代前文的friction，“justify the removal”与上文摩擦的实用价值形成对比。 【49题详解】 上文“Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them.(消除它（楼梯）是一个会带来后果的决定，而这个决定通常是由那些不必承受这些后果的人做出的)”说明在物理世界中消除摩擦（如用自动扶梯取代楼梯）会带来未被充分考虑的后果。​ 空处和前文为顺接关系，进一步说明便利的隐性代价。所以B项“换句话说，便利有一个很少被详细列出的成本。”符合语境。B项中的cost与上文的consequences相呼应，“rarely itemised”与“will not have to live with them”相呼应。 【50题详解】 上文“There is a second, subtler loss.(还有第二种损失，一种更加微妙的损失。)”说明摩擦被消除带来的第二个损失。空处和前文为顺接关系，具体解释这种损失的内容。C项“首先，毫不费力做出的决定是一个不会被记住的决定。”符合语境，该项中的“The first”与后文“Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable.(当一个选择变成了一次点击时，它根本感觉不到是一个选择，这正是它具有商业价值的原因)”形成并列衔接。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Conspiracy Theories Comfort Conspiracy theories are usually explained as a failure of reasoning. The people who hold them, the argument runs, are credulous, or badly educated, or have been misled by something they read online. The explanation is satisfying, and it is almost certainly incomplete: it says nothing about why a belief with no evidential support should be so attractive in the first place. The first thing to notice is that conspiracy theories are not random. They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. When something terrible happens and the official account is either thin or self-serving, the mind is left holding an unanswered question. A conspiracy theory supplies the missing answer, and it does so immediately. What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. Nothing is accidental; everything is connected; the confusion of daily life resolves into a single plan with a single author. For people who feel that events happen to them rather than being shaped by them, this is genuinely consoling. Randomness is harder to live with than malice. There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. The theory also predicts its own rejection: the fact that most people disagree is treated as further evidence that the plot is working. None of this makes the theories true, and it does not mean the beliefs are harmless. But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Conspiracy theories offer more than answers: they make frightening, poorly explained events coherent, and they give believers the comfort of certainty and of belonging to a knowing minority. Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility. Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better. 【解析】 【导语】文章介绍了阴谋论并非单纯是推理失败，它之所以吸引人，是因为它能在可怕且解释不清的事件中提供连贯答案，给予信徒确定感和归属感。嘲讽只会适得其反，更好的应对方式是诚实地解释已知与未知。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. ②.They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. ③A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. ④ There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. ⑤But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. ⑥If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. 2. 缜密构思 将第1要点进行整合，说明阴谋论的吸引力来源；将第2、3、4两个要点进行重组，将5点进行总结，将6.点进行总结 3. 遣词造句 Conspiracy theories offer more than answers: they make frightening, poorly explained events coherent, and they give believers the comfort of certainty and of belonging to a knowing minority. Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility. Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Honest explanation of what is and is not known works better.（运用了what引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】Ridicule fails because it confirms their prediction of hostility.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句） IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 人们普遍认为，与其担心失败，不如把精力放在可以改进的地方。(It is widely believed) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is widely believed that rather than worrying about failure, we should spend our energy on what can be improved. 【解析】 【详解】句子陈述普遍道理，用一般现在时；“人们普遍认为……”用固定句型It is widely believed that…，it作形式主语，that引导主语从句；“与其”可用rather than，“担心失败”表达为worry about failure，worry用动名词形式，“我们”用we作主语，“把……花费在……”用spend...on...，spend的宾语“我们的精力”表达为our energy，on的宾语“可以改进的地方”处理为what引导的宾语从句，what作主语，和improve“提高”之间是被动关系，结合汉语提示“可以”可知，此处用含情态动词的被动语态can be improved。 53. 无论这项技术多么先进，如果没有人愿意使用它，它也无法真正改变生活。(no matter how) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】No matter how advanced the technology is, it cannot really change our lives if nobody is willing to use it. 【解析】 【详解】“无论这项技术多么先进”可翻译成让步状语从句，“无论多么”可翻译为no matter how，后接形容词“先进的”，译为advanced；主语“这项技术”，译为the technology，从句为主系表结构， 陈述一般事实，所以用一般现在时态，系动词用is，即No matter how advanced the technology is；“它也无法真正改变生活”中主语“它”指代技术，翻译为it，“无法”翻译为cannot，“真正”翻译为really，“改变”翻译为change，“生活”翻译为life的复数形式lives，即it cannot really change our lives；“如果没有人愿意使用它”可翻译成条件状语从句，“如果”翻译为if，“没有人”翻译为nobody，“愿意”翻译为be willing to，be用is；“使用”翻译为use，“它”翻译为it，即if nobody is willing to use it。 54. 直到多年以后，他才意识到，当年老师的批评其实是出于关心。(强调句) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】It was not until many years later that he realized his teacher’s criticism at that time had come out of concern. 【解析】 【详解】此处为强调句：It was not until…that…；表示“多年以后”译为many years later；从句主语为he；表示“意识到”译为realize，发生在过去用一般过去时，且后跟省略that的宾语从句；表示“老师的批评”译为his teacher’s criticism；表示“当年”译为at that time；表示“出于关心”译为come out of concern，从句为过去的过去用过去完成时。 55. 只有当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时，社区的公共空间才能真正得到保护。(only when) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 【答案】Only when everyone is willing to shoulder their own share of the responsibility can the public spaces in a community be truly protected. 【解析】 【详解】“只有”用only。表示“当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时”用when引导条件状语从句，only + 状语从句置于句首，主句要用部分倒装。从句主语“每个人”用everyone，be willing to do表示 “愿意做某事”，主语 everyone 为单数，be动词用is。“承担”用shoulder；“自己的那份责任”译为their own share of the responsibility。主句主语“社区的公共空间”用the public spaces in a community，“得到保护”使用被动语态be protected；副词truly作状语修饰谓语。部分倒装需要把情态动词can提到主句主语the public spaces之前。 V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。你注意到午餐时间食堂的餐盘里经常剩下大量饭菜，于是想向学生会提出一项减少浪费的倡议。请给学生会主席写一封信，内容包括： 1. 描述你观察到的浪费现象及可能原因； 2. 提出两项可行的具体措施； 3. 说明你为什么相信这些措施会有效。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Chairman of the Students’ Union, I am Li Ming, a senior three student. I am writing to propose a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. During lunch hours I have repeatedly noticed that plenty of rice and vegetables are left on the trays. In my view, two causes are mainly responsible: portions are fixed and often larger than a student can finish, and many of us take more than we are hungry for simply because it costs nothing extra to do so. I would therefore suggest two measures. First, the canteen could offer two portion sizes at different prices, so that students can choose according to their appetite. Second, a small poster above the tray-return counter could show the weight of food wasted each day; making waste visible usually changes behaviour more effectively than a rule. I believe these measures would work because they rely on the choices students already make rather than on supervision. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】文章要求考生就食堂浪费问题给学生会主席写信，描述现象、提出措施并说明理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 浪费：waste → squander 措施：measure → step 提出：propose → put forward 依赖：rely on → depend on 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I am writing to propose a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. 拓展句：I am writing to put forward a proposal that we launch a campaign against food waste in our school canteen. 【点睛】[高分句型1] In my view, two causes are mainly responsible: portions are fixed and often larger than a student can finish, and many of us take more than we are hungry for simply because it costs nothing extra to do so.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句） [高分句型2] I believe these measures would work because they rely on the choices students already make rather than on supervision.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句以及省略that的宾语从句） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 复旦大学附属中学2025学年第一学期 高三年级英语学科10月第二次阶段性教学质量评估试卷 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Why the Brain Needs the Night For most of the twentieth century, sleep was regarded as a period of inactivity — a nightly shutdown during which the body repaired itself and the brain simply rested. That view has collapsed. Over the past two decades, researchers ____1____ (analyse) the sleeping brain in detail, and what they have found is not rest but work: memories are sorted, connections are strengthened or pruned, and waste products are flushed away. Sleep, it turns out, is one of the most ____2____ (persist) forms of mental labour we perform. The most ____3____ (strike) discovery concerns memory. In experiments, volunteers who learned a list of word pairs in the evening recalled around a fifth more of them after a night’s sleep ____4____ those who stayed awake for the same period. Brain imaging offers an explanation. During deep sleep, the hippocampus — a structure that stores new experiences — replays the day’s events at high speed, ____5____ the cortex to file them away as lasting knowledge. Deprive an animal ____6____ that replay and the memory never consolidates. The finding has an uncomfortable implication for students. Advice to “ ____7____ (prioritise) revision over sleep” during examination periods is, on this evidence, self-defeating: material studied at the cost of sleep is material the brain has not yet stored. Nor is the effect limited to memory. After only one night of restricted sleep, emotional responses become disproportionately intense, and the brain regions that normally damp down anxiety become less active. There is a further twist. Until recently, the brain was thought to have no lymphatic vessels, and therefore no way of clearing the chemical waste that accumulates during waking hours. It now appears that a network of channels, ____8____ (discover) in 2012, carries fluid through brain tissue at a rate far higher during sleep ____9____ during waking. The channels clear proteins associated with degenerative disease. In animals that are ____10____ (deprive) of sleep, those same proteins increase markedly. None of this makes late nights harmless, and the research has not yet produced a pill that substitutes for rest. But it has demolished the assumption that sleep is time taken away from living. If anything, the evidence points the other way. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. argument B. attentive C. dull D. disengaged E. contrast F. mildly G. posted H. resist I. solve J. tedious K. variation The Lecture Is Not Broken For twenty years the university lecture has been declared obsolete. It is passive, critics say; students sit in rows, copying words that could be read at home, and what they retain afterwards is ____11____. The case seems overwhelming, and it has produced a whole industry of replacements — flipped classrooms, podcasts, interactive platforms. Yet the lecture refuses to die, and there is a respectable ____12____ for that. A well-constructed lecture does something no reading list can: it makes visible a mind at work. Watching an expert move through a problem, hesitate at a difficult step and then change direction is not the same as reading the finished result, and it is precisely the part that the published article strips away. The critics are also drawing a false contrast. A lecture is not passive for a student who is ____13____; it is passive for one who is ____14____. The evidence, in fact, points to a different culprit. Studies of attention in lectures find that it declines sharply after about fifteen minutes — but recovers when the speaker poses a question, and this happens whatever the format. The problem, in other words, is not the medium but the absence of ____15____. Nor is the digital alternative as helpful as it looks. When the same material was presented as a recording, students were ____16____ more likely to postpone watching it, and those who watched at doubled speed performed no better than those who had never watched at all. Convenience is not the same as learning. This does not mean that lectures should go unchanged. They should be shorter, and they should stop every quarter of an hour to demand something of the audience. The ____17____ in quality between a good and a poor lecture is wider than in almost any other form of teaching, which is why the format is so often blamed for what is really the speaker’s fault. Students, meanwhile, should be told the truth: that no format will ever ____18____ the hard work of understanding, and that a lecture is an invitation to think, not a substitute for it. The question worth asking is not whether we should ____19____ the lecture, but whether we are willing to prepare for it. A student who arrives having read the material will find the hour ____20____; one who arrives empty-handed will be bored by any format we design. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. The Cost of Being Certain Certainty is comfortable. It saves us the trouble of thinking again, and it makes us feel that we know where we stand — a feeling that is ____21____ in itself. That is precisely why it is dangerous. We pay a ____22____ price for that comfort. When a belief becomes part of who we are rather than a working guess about the world, we stop____23____ it, and the machinery that was supposed to keep us honest quietly shuts down. Psychologists describe the problem in terms of identity. A fact is something you can be ____24____; an identity is something you must defend. The moment a claim about the world is welded to a claim about ourselves, evidence that contradicts it stops functioning as evidence and starts functioning as an attack. This is why ____25____ data so often strengthens the belief it was meant to correct: the person who feels attacked digs in. The mechanism is not confined to politics. It shows up in medicine, where a ____26____ held diagnosis resists contrary test results; in business, where a leader’s commitment to a failing strategy grows with the money already spent; and in ordinary family life, where the argument that has been running for ten years is no longer about the original question at all. What such disputes share is not stubbornness but a ____27____ of interest. There is also a social ____28____. Groups reward agreement and quietly demote the member who keeps raising objections, so the most confident voice in the room tends to be the one that has been least tested. The result is a body of shared certainty that has never been exposed to the outside. What can be done is less dramatic than it sounds. The most ____29____ remedy is vocabulary: describing a view as “my current best guess” rather than “what I believe” leaves a gap through which new evidence can enter. A second is to ____30____ the practice of stating, in advance, what would change your mind; a prediction that cannot be falsified is not a prediction but a slogan. A third is to notice the emotion. Certainty rarely arrives alone; it arrives accompanied by irritation when questioned, and that irritation is the ____31____ that something has been welded to your sense of self. None of this argues for a life of ____32____. Suspending judgement is a technique, not a destination, and the person who can never commit to anything is as badly served as the one who commits ____33____. Nor is the middle course easy to hold: the appetite for certainty is ____34____, and it reasserts itself whenever we are tired or frightened. The aim is simply to keep the door to revision ____35____, and to treat being shown to be wrong as a piece of good luck rather than a humiliation. That is the only way harder than it sounds, and it is, after all, the only way to learn anything at all. 21. A. testing B. keeping C. gaining D. enjoying 22. A. small B. fair C. hidden D. heavy 23. A. testing B. defending C. sharing D. recording 24. A. convinced B. wrong about C. indifferent to D. surprised at 25. A. confirming B. statistical C. contradictory D. private 26. A. reluctantly B. firmly C. hastily D. quietly 27. A. lack B. excess C. conflict D. transfer 28. A. contract B. currency C. sanction D. dimension 29. A. expensive B. ordinary C. technical D. modest 30. A. abandon B. adopt C. ridicule D. conceal 31. A. reward B. cure C. symptom D. excuse 32. A. uncertainty B. discipline C. enquiry D. compromise 33. A. reluctantly B. wisely C. constantly D. prematurely 34. A. temporary B. rational C. powerful D. harmless 35. A. closed B. locked C. ajar D. guarded Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. （A） The Bee Line project at the National Botanic Garden relies on volunteers to record the first flowering dates of common wild plants, and the data they collect feeds into a long-term study of how climate change is shifting the seasons. The scheme began in 1998 with eleven recorders and a paper notebook. It now has more than 900 active volunteers, and its records go back further than those of any comparable research station in the country. What makes the Bee Line different from a conventional survey is that volunteers choose their own patch. Each is asked to select a walk they already take — a garden, a street, a stretch of towpath — and to record the same plants there, in the same way, week after week. Regularity matters more than coverage. A recorder who visits the same twenty metres every Sunday for three years produces data of far greater value than one who wanders across the county whenever the mood takes them. The scheme is designed to suit people who are not botanists. Recorders are asked to identify only twelve species, all of them common and unmistakable, and each receives a laminated guide with photographs and a short test to confirm they can tell a dandelion from a hawkweed. Beyond that, training is deliberately limited. “We are not running a botany course,” the project’s coordinator, Dr Aisha Karim, says. “We are asking for careful observation. That is a different skill, and most people already have it.” If you enjoy… •walking the same route regularly and noticing small changes in it. •recording observations precisely rather than working quickly. If you have… •about twenty minutes a week between March and October. •a smartphone or a computer for entering your records within a day or two. If you can… •attend one half-day induction session and one refresher morning a year. •commit for at least two full seasons. To apply Complete the online form, giving the location you intend to record. Applications are considered in February, and the next induction session will be held on 9 March. Places are limited to sixty a year, and preference is given to applicants whose chosen route is not already covered. 36. What is the most important quality in a Bee Line recorder? A. Wide knowledge of wild plants. B. Consistent observation of the same site. C. Willingness to travel across the county. D. Ability to identify a large number of species. 37. What does Dr Karim suggest about the training provided? A. It is too short to be useful. B. It aims to turn volunteers into botanists. C. It assumes a skill that most people already possess. D. It is more demanding than a botany course. 38. Why might an application be refused? A. The applicant lives outside the county. B. The applicant cannot attend the March session. C. The applicant has recorded the same route for years. D. The route chosen is one the project already covers. 39. What is the passage mainly intended to do? A. Report the findings of a long-term study. B. Explain how flowering dates are recorded. C. Recruit volunteers for a recording scheme. D. Compare two methods of botanical surveying. （B） A decade ago, psychology acquired an uncomfortable reputation. A series of attempts to repeat well-known experiments failed, and the failures were not random: the effects that vanished were, almost without exception, the interesting ones. The scandal gave the field a word — replication — and a crisis, and it changed what counts as a respectable result. The most visible response was procedural. Journals began to accept “registered reports”, in which a study is reviewed and accepted before the data are collected, so that the decision to publish no longer depends on what the study finds. Researchers were encouraged to post their materials, their data and their analysis plans in advance. None of these practices makes a result true. What they do is remove the most obvious ways of accidentally producing an impressive finding that is not real. A subtler change concerns what a single study is for. In its classical form, an experiment is a test: it is designed to decide whether a hypothesis survives. Under the new regime, an experiment is better understood as a measurement: it contributes one number, with a known margin of error, to an average that only becomes informative when many such numbers are combined. The difference sounds technical, but it alters what a researcher is entitled to claim. A single surprising result is no longer a discovery; it is a data point that has not yet been placed. The change has been resisted, for an obvious reason. Measurement is unglamorous. It offers no headline, no eureka, and it requires a researcher to spend years on a question that will be settled by someone else’s arithmetic. It also, quietly, redistributes credit: the person who runs the twenty-fifth study of the same effect does work of genuine value, and nobody will ever name a prize after them. Whether the reforms have made psychology more truthful is not yet clear, and the honest answer is that they may have made it more modest instead. That is not a defeat. A field that reports its effect sizes with confidence intervals, and says plainly that it does not yet know, is harder to summarise and easier to trust. 40. What was the pattern in the failed replications mentioned in paragraph 1? A. They were carried out carelessly. B. The effects that could not be repeated were the notable ones. C. They involved experiments that had never been published. D. They failed mainly in fields outside psychology. 41. According to paragraph 2, what do registered reports and posted analysis plans achieve? A. They guarantee that a published result is correct. B. They make research cheaper to conduct. C. They remove the commonest routes to spurious findings. D. They increase the number of studies that are published. 42. What is the writer’s point about a “measurement” in paragraph 3? A. It replaces the need for hypotheses altogether. B. It makes a single study less conclusive on its own. C. It is technically harder than the classical experiment. D. It is only useful in the physical sciences. （C） The weekend is a recent invention, and its history is a reminder that arrangements we treat as natural were once contested and could be contested again. For most of recorded history, work was organised by daylight, by harvest or by religious obligation; the idea that a fixed proportion of the week should be reserved for rest, and that the rest should fall on the same two days for almost everyone, is barely a century old. Its origins lie in industrial conflict rather than benevolence. When factories replaced workshops, the boundary between work and the rest of life dissolved: the machine did not stop at dusk, and the owner who ran two shifts could undercut the one who ran a single shift. Early campaigners therefore asked not for shorter days but for a protected block of time, and they were resisted with an argument that has never quite disappeared — that rest is a cost imposed on production, and that a worker who does not wish to work will be replaced by one who does. What is striking, in retrospect, is how quickly the weekend was naturalised. Within two generations it had stopped looking like a concession won by organised labour and started looking like a fact about human beings — something the body requires, like food. The historian who studies it faces an unusual difficulty: the institution has been so thoroughly absorbed into common sense that its defenders no longer need to defend it, and its beneficiaries rarely ask what it is for. That complacency may now be the weekend’s greatest vulnerability. Remote work has not abolished the working week so much as dissolved its edges; the laptop travels home, and the boundary that a factory gate once enforced has to be maintained by the worker alone. Whether this represents liberation or a quiet extension of the working day is genuinely unclear, and it is unlikely to be settled by argument. Arrangements of this kind are decided by what people are able to refuse. None of which means the weekend will disappear. It means that its survival depends on something more fragile than custom: the continued ability of people to say no to the seventh day. The lesson of its history is not that rest is natural but that it was won, and that anything won can be given back. 43. What does the writer say about the weekend in the first paragraph? A. It has existed in its present form for centuries. B. It was originally religious in origin. C. It is a recent and contingent arrangement. D. It was introduced by factory owners as a reward. 44. Why did early campaigners demand a protected block of time rather than shorter days? A. Shorter days were opposed by religious authorities. B. Continuous production meant the working day had no natural end. C. They believed rest was more valuable than wages. D. Longer hours were already illegal. 45. What difficulty does the writer identify for historians of the weekend? A. There are almost no surviving records of early campaigns. B. Its origins lie outside the countries where it is studied. C. It has become so familiar that its purpose is no longer examined. D. Historians disagree about when it was first introduced. 46. What is the writer’s conclusion? A. Remote work has made the weekend obsolete. B. The weekend is natural and therefore permanent. C. Rest has to be actively defended to be kept. D. The weekend will certainly disappear within a generation. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Case Against Frictionless Design Ask a designer what makes an interface good and the answer will almost certainly involve the word “frictionless”. The ideal, it is said, is a product that asks nothing of the user: no form to read, no choice to weigh, no step to remember. Every second spent hesitating is treated as a defect to be engineered away. ____47____ Consider what friction does. A confirmation screen before a payment adds four seconds and prevents a category of irreversible mistake. A form that requires you to type an address rather than accept a guess produces records that can actually be used. A settings menu with seven options is more tedious than one with two, and it is also the only version in which a user can discover what the product is doing. ____48____ The argument is easier to see in the physical world, where nobody pretends that the escalator is always an improvement. A staircase demands effort, and the effort is the point: it is exercise, it slows a crowd, and it can be used when the power fails. Removing it is a decision with consequences, and the decision is normally made by someone who will not have to live with them. ____49____ There is a second, subtler loss. ____50____ Where a choice has become a single tap, nothing about it feels like a choice at all, and this is precisely what makes it commercially valuable. The question worth asking of any product is therefore not how little it asks of us, but what it has decided we should not have to think about — and who benefits from that decision. A. But the friction we are removing is often doing useful work. B. Convenience, in other words, has a cost that is rarely itemised. C. The first is that a decision made without effort is a decision that is not remembered. D. Designers, unsurprisingly, have argued that this is not their responsibility. E. Speed is not, however, the same thing as ease. F. Yet the designers who remove it are rarely asked to justify the removal. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Conspiracy Theories Comfort Conspiracy theories are usually explained as a failure of reasoning. The people who hold them, the argument runs, are credulous, or badly educated, or have been misled by something they read online. The explanation is satisfying, and it is almost certainly incomplete: it says nothing about why a belief with no evidential support should be so attractive in the first place. The first thing to notice is that conspiracy theories are not random. They cluster around events that are frightening, large-scale and poorly explained — a pandemic, an assassination, a financial collapse. When something terrible happens and the official account is either thin or self-serving, the mind is left holding an unanswered question. A conspiracy theory supplies the missing answer, and it does so immediately. What it supplies is not only an answer but a particular kind of answer. A conspiracy theory makes the world coherent. Nothing is accidental; everything is connected; the confusion of daily life resolves into a single plan with a single author. For people who feel that events happen to them rather than being shaped by them, this is genuinely consoling. Randomness is harder to live with than malice. There is also a social reward. To accept a conspiracy theory is to join a group that knows something the majority does not, and membership comes with a flattering explanation of why the majority is wrong. The theory also predicts its own rejection: the fact that most people disagree is treated as further evidence that the plot is working. None of this makes the theories true, and it does not mean the beliefs are harmless. But it does suggest that mockery is a poor remedy, since it confirms exactly what the theory predicts — that the sceptical majority is hostile. If the appeal lies in certainty, in coherence and in belonging, then a better response would supply those things honestly: accessible explanations of what is actually known, and a frank admission of what is not. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 人们普遍认为，与其担心失败，不如把精力放在可以改进的地方。(It is widely believed) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 53. 无论这项技术多么先进，如果没有人愿意使用它，它也无法真正改变生活。(no matter how) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 54. 直到多年以后，他才意识到，当年老师的批评其实是出于关心。(强调句) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ 55. 只有当每个人都愿意承担自己的那份责任时，社区的公共空间才能真正得到保护。(only when) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明。你注意到午餐时间食堂的餐盘里经常剩下大量饭菜，于是想向学生会提出一项减少浪费的倡议。请给学生会主席写一封信，内容包括： 1. 描述你观察到的浪费现象及可能原因； 2. 提出两项可行的具体措施； 3. 说明你为什么相信这些措施会有效。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $