阅读理解 01 思辨类阅读理解经典语篇-2027届高考英语备考优质模拟试题精选专训

2027届高考备考模拟精选 01 阅读理解—思辨类阅读训练 模拟·话题分类 话题1 城市树木降温效果与当地气候的辩证关系（反常识—树木越多越能降温） 话题2 提出“不写日记”的理念（颠覆了写日记只有好处没坏处的认知） 话题3 对城市植树持谨慎态度（反常识—植树越多越好） 话题4 哲学与人工智能（常识——人们普遍认为哲学只是超越现实的思想，不能解决实际问题，可它却能解决AI不能解决的问题） 话题5山雀也像人类一样会追随“时尚潮流”（反常识—打破了只有人类才有时尚意识的固有观念） 话题6 “先天vs环境因素”的辩证关系。 话题7 经济增长与环境保护的辩证关系 话题8 决定成功的主要因素并不是IQ,而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。 话题9 强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的 话题10 适应气候变化是可行的和必要的 话题11 理性对待科技，没有手机的聚会 模拟·考点分类（能力目标） 话题1 考查思辨能力——反常识 话题2 考查写日记的辩证看法（普通认知：写日记只有好处）——对标思辨能力 话题3 考查思辨能力——反常识 话题4 哲学与AI的辩证思维 话题5 打破固有观念，重新审视山雀的“时尚潮流” 话题6 辩证看待“先天vs环境因素”——需通过逻辑链推理找到答案，而不是文章的局部内容 话题7 考查思辨能力——正确处理经济发展和环境保护的关系 话题8 考查思辨能力——IQ与后天努力的辩证关系 话题9 考查思辨能力——反常识，颠覆了：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”的观点。 话题10 适应气候变化还是阻止气候变化的关系 话题11 辩证看待手机的作用 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 （2027·安徽皖南八校10月教学质量检测）For decades, city governments across the globe have been racing to expand urban tree cover, long convinced that greenery represents the single most effective weapon against the urban heat island effect. Trees cast shade, pump cooling moisture (水分) into the air, and can drive down street-level temperatures by several degrees on a summer afternoon. The common wisdom has been refreshingly simple: the more trees, the cooler the city. Yet a new study led by Professor Yuyu Zhou at the University of Hong Kong suggests this widely accepted picture is far from complete. Analyzing high-resolution satellite data from more than 700 cities across five continents, the researchers uncovered a striking geographical divide. In humid cities blessed with abundant rainfall, trees do deliver the expected cooling. But in dry urban centers, they can unexpectedly make the heat worse. The mechanism behind this warming paradox lies in how trees regulate their temperature. In wet climates, trees engage in evapotranspiration — releasing water vapor (水汽) through microscopic leaf pores (孔) — which draws heat away from the surrounding air much as sweating cools the human body. But in water-scarce regions, trees shut down this process to conserve moisture, effectively switching off their built-in cooling system. Their dark, thick tops, meanwhile, continue to absorb solar radiation rather than reflect it, trapping warmth at street level. In the driest neighborhoods, the team found, tree-lined avenues can run as much as 2℃ hotter than nearby light-colored open spaces. “This is by no means an argument against planting trees,” Professor Zhou emphasized. “They deliver a whole range of benefits — carbon storage, wildlife habitat, psychological well-being — that no amount of concrete can replace. But our findings do call for more careful, climate-sensitive planning.” The team recommends that dry-climate cities prioritize drought-adapted species capable of sustaining evapotranspiration with minimal water, or pair trees with pale, reflective paving. In wetter regions, by contrast, the conventional approach holds firm: trees remain unmatched in their cooling power. The broader lesson, Zhou argues, is that urban greening demands place-specific thinking rather than blanket, one-size-fits-all targets. 1．Which is the new finding of the study about urban trees? A．They fail to cool streets in most cities. B．Their cooling ability depends on tree species. C．Their cooling effect varies with local climate. D．They absorb less heat than previously thought. 2．Why is human sweating mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To explain the way trees cool the air. B．To explain the structure of leaf pores. C．To explain the features of wet climates. D．To explain the benefits of human sweating. 3．What does the underlined word “paradox” in paragraph 3 mean? A．A popular idea. B．A recent discovery. C．An established rule. D．A contradictory situation. 4．What would Professor Zhou probably support? A．Dry cities should plant fewer trees. B．High-tech materials can replace trees. C．Tree-planting should suit local conditions. D．Wet cities should use reflective paving. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文主要介绍一项新研究，城市树木降温效果随当地气候而不同，城市绿化要因地制宜规划。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In humid cities blessed with abundant rainfall, trees do deliver the expected cooling. But in dry urban centers, they can unexpectedly make the heat worse.(在降水充足的湿润城市，树木确实能起到预期的降温效果。但在干旱的城市中心，树木却会意外加剧高温)”可知，树木的降温效果随当地气候发生变化。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In wet climates, trees engage in evapotranspiration — releasing water vapor (水汽) through microscopic leaf pores (孔) — which draws heat away from the surrounding air much as sweating cools the human body.(在湿润气候环境中，树木会进行蒸散作用——通过叶片微小气孔释放水蒸气——以此带走周围空气中的热量，原理和人体出汗降温十分相似)”可知，作者借用人类出汗的例子，解释树木给空气降温的原理。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“The mechanism behind this warming paradox lies in how trees regulate their temperature.(这种变暖paradox背后的机制在于树木如何调节自身的温度)”和“But in water-scarce regions, trees shut down this process to conserve moisture, effectively switching off their built-in cooling system. Their dark, thick tops, meanwhile, continue to absorb solar radiation rather than reflect it, trapping warmth at street level.(但在缺水地区，树木会停止这一过程以保存水分，相当于关闭了自身内置的降温系统。与此同时，它们颜色深、茂密的树冠持续吸收太阳辐射而非将其反射，在近地面留存热量)”可知，树木本应降温，干旱地区树木反而增温，这是矛盾的现象，因此，画线单词paradox意为“矛盾的情况”。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The broader lesson, Zhou argues, is that urban greening demands place-specific thinking rather than blanket, one-size-fits-all targets.(周教授认为，更重要的启示是城市绿化需要因地制宜思考，而不是一刀切的统一目标)”可知，周教授支持植树要贴合当地实际条件。 第1小题，不能根据常识解题，树木越多，越能降低城市温度；文章的内容是：In humid cities blessed with abundant rainfall, trees do deliver the expected cooling. But in dry urban centers, they can unexpectedly make the heat worse.(在降水充足的湿润城市，树木确实能起到预期的降温效果。但在干旱的城市中心，树木却会意外加剧高温) 第4小题，The broader lesson, Zhou argues, is that urban greening demands place-specific thinking rather than blanket, one-size-fits-all targets.(周教授认为，更重要的启示是城市绿化需要因地制宜思考，而不是一刀切的统一目标)。 Passage 2 （2027·江西九师联盟联考模拟预测）As I emptied cupboards and shelves, I encountered a pile of journals I’d built up during my years in this house. There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person. As I put them together, one word came to mind: Unjournaling. I wondered whether we’ve become so focused on documenting our lives that we sometimes forget to live them. Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal. For some people, journaling creates clarity. For others, it can become a form of overthinking. As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came. Not being the opposite of journaling, unjournaling is the recognition that not every experience needs to be recorded, analyzed or turned into a lesson. It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it. We’re drawn to journals because we hope that if we can document an experience clearly enough, we might eventually find clarity in it. But not every transformation can be captured in sentences. Some changes reveal themselves slowly through the lives we build afterwards: the people we meet, the risks we take, and the moments that quietly reshape us. We don’t always think our way into a new identity. Sometimes we live our way into one. I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live. Sometimes growth happens on the page, and sometimes it happens when we close the notebook, step outside and allow life to write the next chapter for us. 1．What did the author expect to do through the journals? A．Improve herself. B．Live life to the fullest. C．Recall past events. D．Communicate with others. 2．Why does the author mention her own experience? A．To show her love for journaling. B．To prove the benefits of repeated writing. C．To make her points more convincing. D．To give examples of showing gratitude. 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 3? A．A lesson. B．Journaling. C．Unjournaling. D．An experience. 4．What is the author’s realization? A．Journals tend to be worthless. B．Life itself brings real change. C．Capturing moments is necessary. D．Writing is a waste of time. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【解析】文章主要介绍作者提出“不写日记”的理念，指出记录生活并非万能，写日记有利有弊，成长不一定靠文字记录，真实亲身经历的生活本身才能带来真正的改变。 1．细节理解题。根据原文第一段“There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person.(有感恩日记、旅行日记以及装帧精美的笔记本，因为我坚信这些终将帮助我成为一个更善于反思、更有条理的人。)”可知，作者期望通过写日记提升自我。 2．推理判断题。根据原文第二段“As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came.(对我而言，有些时候写作帮我读懂内心感受，也有些时候我反复写下同一件事，期盼再多写一页就能得到那个始终没有出现的答案。)”以及“Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal.(研究表明，表达性写作可以改善健康状态，帮助人们梳理经历。然而，这种好处并非适用于所有人。)”可知，作者先提出观点：写日记的益处不是普适的，因人而异。然后列举自己正反两方面的亲身经历，用来佐证该观点，让观点更有说服力。 3．词句猜测题。根据原文第三段“It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it.(它可以是拍照而非书写。它可以是一场交谈、去往新地方旅行、园艺、做志愿，或者单纯让一段经历存在，而不去试图记录它。)”可知，此处it指代一次次的不同的经历。 4．细节理解题。根据原文最后一段“I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live.(我依旧保留日记本，但在收拾多年的笔记本时，我意识到一件重要的事：真正改变我的时刻，很少是我写下来的那些；而是我亲身经历的那些。)”可知，作者意识到生活本身能带来真正的改变。 第4小题， 要辩证的看待写日记这件事，作者指出：The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live.(真正改变我的时刻，很少是我写下来的那些；而是我亲身经历的那些。 )从而得知：生活本身能带来真正的改变。C选项易错：C．Capturing moments is necessary.捕捉瞬间是必要的，学生易根据自己的经验判断，写日记捕捉瞬间是必要的。 Passage 3 （2027·湖南长沙市长郡中学阶段检测）I recently moved back to my hometown, York, a small city in England. It has a long history and a lively culture, but not many trees for shade. In recognition of urban trees’ benefits, the city plans to plant around 4,000 trees over the next few years, a process that has begun with the creation of two “micro woods” near the city center. However, planting thousands of trees doesn’t guarantee success. It’s important to choose carefully what to plant and where — and to care for what’s already there. The urban trees keep cities cool through shade and transpiration (蒸腾作用). This cooling effect will only become more important as the climate warms. In the meantime, however, climate change is threatening urban trees. Between 2016 and 2022, ecologist Stephan Pauleit and his team monitored 1.34 million trees in five German cities. Each year, between one and two percent of them died. The loss of mature trees is a major problem. There are other threats, including invasive species. Two species of longhorn beetles, Asian and citrus, for example, recently arrived in North America and Europe. Both lay their eggs under tree bark, and their larvae (幼虫) can eat a tree to death. A recent study by Henrik Sjöman at Gothenburg Botanical Gardens in Sweden found that a serious outbreak of either of these pests could kill a quarter of the trees in ten Nordic (北欧国家的) cities. If the trees were infested by both species at the same time, their death rate could exceed 90%. Both of these problems are worsened by the limited diversity of urban trees. In the London borough (区) of Camden, for example, just five species account for three quarters of trees. Such trees are tried and tested urban choices, but as the climate warms, they may no longer be fit for purpose. Thus, cities need to plant with the future in mind. I got on my bike and went to one of the micro woods in York. There are about 50 seedlings that will take decades to mature. I am rooting for them, but I fear the world where they are growing up won’t be kind to them. 1．How does the author begin the passage? A．By describing his personal experience. B．By presenting York’s tree-planting plan. C．By acknowledging the benefits of planting trees. D．By arguing for micro woods as the best solution for cities. 2．The second paragraph mainly discusses ________. A．how trees help lower urban temperature B．the threat climate change poses to urban trees C．the increasing death rate of urban trees in Europe D．the result of the research by Pauleit and his team 3．What does the underlined word “infested” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Attacked. B．Nested. C．Protected. D．Surrounded. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards urban tree planting? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Unclear. D．Cautious. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文主要讨论的是城市树木种植的重要性及其面临的挑战，包括气候变化、入侵物种和树种多样性不足等问题，作者对城市植树持谨慎态度。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“I recently moved back to my hometown, York, a small city in England. It has a long history and a lively culture, but not many trees for shade. (我最近搬回了我的家乡约克，英格兰的一个小城市。它有着悠久的历史和活跃的文化，但遮荫的树木不多。)”可知，作者通过描述自己的个人经历开始文章。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The urban trees keep cities cool through shade and transpiration (蒸腾作用). This cooling effect will only become more important as the climate warms. In the meantime, however, climate change is threatening urban trees. (城市树木通过遮荫和蒸腾作用为城市降温。随着气候变暖，这种降温效果只会变得更加重要。然而，与此同时，气候变化正在威胁城市树木。)”以及后面提到的树木死亡率数据可知，第二段主要讨论的是气候变化对城市树木构成的威胁。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Both lay their eggs under tree bark, and their larvae (幼虫) can eat a tree to death. A recent study by Henrik Sjöman at Gothenburg Botanical Gardens in Sweden found that a serious outbreak of either of these pests could kill a quarter of the trees in ten Nordic (北欧国家的) cities. If the trees were infested by both species at the same time, their death rate could exceed 90%. (两者都在树皮下面产卵，它们的幼虫可以把树吃到死。瑞典哥德堡植物园的亨里克·肖曼最近的一项研究发现，这两种害虫中任何一种的严重爆发都可能杀死北欧十个城市中四分之一的树木。如果树木同时被这两种物种infested，它们的死亡率可能超过90%。)”可知，“infested”意为“侵害、侵袭”，与“Attacked”意思最接近。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, planting thousands of trees doesn’t guarantee success. It’s important to choose carefully what to plant and where — and to care for what’s already there. (然而，种植数千棵树并不能保证成功。仔细选择种植什么和在哪里种植很重要——而且要照顾好已经存在的树木。)”以及最后一段“I am rooting for them, but I fear the world where they are growing up won’t be kind to them. (我支持它们，但我担心它们成长的世界不会对它们友善。)”可知，作者对城市植树持谨慎态度。 第4小题，打破惯性思维，根据文章作者的观点重新定位植树的好处，进而推理作者对植树的态度——需谨慎。 Passage 4 （2027·江苏省南京市中华中学综合练习）Some of the biggest challenges in artificial intelligence are being worked on not by computer scientists but by philosophers. The philosophers are tasked with making the next generation of models more capable and reliable, but they also shed light on the mystery of consciousness. Jonathan Birch at the London School of Economics and Political Science says AI companies are the big employers of philosophy PhDs right now. “Topics that have been researched in philosophy departments for decades — how to make rational decisions, what counts as reasoning, what counts as evidence of consciousness — are suddenly of massive value to AI companies,” says Birch. One of the key tasks for this crop of philosophers is alignment, the AI industry term for efforts to stop harmful content — such as revealing instructions on how to make bombs. Efforts to stop AI models giving dangerous outputs were initially focused around putting in simple black-and-white guardrails (护栏), such as forbidding a model from talking about bombs entirely. But these proved clumsy and easy to circumvent. Now, companies are pursuing more advanced methods which lean heavily on philosophical understanding of right and wrong. However, it’s rarely straightforward. Researchers have found that if you tell a model to break a rule in one specific situation, it will start breaking lots of other rules, says Shane Glackin at the University of Exeter in the UK. And understanding why is exactly the sort of problem that philosophy’s logical analysis can crack. Mahrad Almotahari at the University of Edinburgh sees value in philosophy expertise for technology firms, but is sceptical that the toughest questions of machine consciousness will be answered by them. Others see a potential problem on the horizon, with industry hiring philosophers eventually leading to biased research that serves the interests of technology companies. “I wish we had made more progress on the big questions of philosophy before the arrival of AI. If we had, we would have been better prepared. AI has now given these questions massive urgency, and yet, the answers still seem far away,” says Birch. 1．What phenomenon is presented in the first two paragraphs? A．Computer scientists are losing their jobs. B．Philosophers outperform computer scientists. C．Philosophy PhDs are favored in the job market. D．AI companies are turning to philosophy for help. 2．What does the underlined word “circumvent” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Take over. B．Get around. C．Pick up. D．Push forward. 3．How do the training methods of large language models shift? A．From theory analysis to practical use. B．From technical fixes to logical analysis. C．From rigid rules to moral reasoning. D．From simple tasks to complex situations. 4．What question does the text center on? A．Will philosophers win in the battle for better AI? B．Can the problems in AI be solved by philosophy? C．How can philosophers transform the AI industry? D．Why do AI companies prefer philosophers to coders? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【解析】文章介绍人工智能领域的部分难题正由哲学家参与解决，介绍哲学家在AI对齐任务中的作用，同时也提及学界对于哲学能否解决AI相关难题的不同看法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Some of the biggest challenges in artificial intelligence are being worked on not by computer scientists but by philosophers.(人工智能领域一些最大的挑战不是由计算机科学家解决，而是由哲学家来攻克)”以及第二段“Jonathan Birch at the London School of Economics and Political Science says AI companies are the big employers of philosophy PhDs right now.(伦敦政治经济学院的乔纳森·伯奇表示，人工智能公司现在是哲学博士的主要雇主)”可知，文章前两段呈现的现象是人工智能公司正寻求哲学领域的帮助。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Efforts to stop AI models giving dangerous outputs were initially focused around putting in simple black-and-white guardrails (护栏), such as forbidding a model from talking about bombs entirely. But these proved clumsy and easy to circumvent.(阻止AI模型输出危险内容的做法最初侧重于设置简单非黑即白的护栏，例如完全禁止模型谈论炸弹。但事实证明这些方法笨拙，很容易circumvent)”，可知划线词上文提到了阻止AI模型输出危险内容的做法最初侧重于设置简单非黑即白的护栏，还提到了事实证明这些方法笨拙，可推理出这些方法很容易被绕过，所以划线词的含义为“绕过，避开”。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Now, companies are pursuing more advanced methods which lean heavily on philosophical understanding of right and wrong.(如今，企业正寻求更先进的方法，而这些方法在很大程度上依赖于对是非的哲学理解)”可知，企业正寻求更先进的方法，而这些方法在很大程度上依赖于对是非的哲学理解，可推理出大语言模型的训练方式从死板硬性规则转向依托道德是非推理。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some of the biggest challenges in artificial intelligence are being worked on not by computer scientists but by philosophers.(人工智能领域一些最大的挑战不是由计算机科学家解决，而是由哲学家来攻克)”、第五段“Mahrad Almotahari at the University of Edinburgh sees value in philosophy expertise for technology firms, but is sceptical that the toughest questions of machine consciousness will be answered by them.(爱丁堡大学的马赫拉德·阿尔莫塔哈里认为，哲学专长对科技公司有着重要的价值，但他也怀疑这部分专家能否解答关于机器意识的最棘手的难题)”以及最后一段““I wish we had made more progress on the big questions of philosophy before the arrival of AI. If we had, we would have been better prepared. AI has now given these questions massive urgency, and yet, the answers still seem far away,” says Birch.(伯奇说：“我真希望在人工智能问世之前，我们在哲学重大问题上就已经取得更多进展。倘若那时做到了，我们本可以准备得更充分。如今人工智能让这些问题变得万分紧迫，可答案似乎依旧遥遥无期。”)”可知，人工智能领域一些最大的挑战是由哲学家来攻克的，专家希望在人工智能问世之前，在哲学重大问题上就已经取得更多进展，目前人工智能让哲学上的重大问题的解决问题变得万分紧迫，可答案似乎依旧遥遥无期，可知全文围绕哲学能不能解决人工智能中的各类问题展开。 第1小题，文章内容颠覆了AI万能，哲学无用的认知； 人工智能公司向哲学家求助。 第3小题，语言模型的训练方式从死板硬性规则转向依托道德是非推理，改变了直接冰冷的线性思维。 Passage 5 （2027·广东深圳市第二实验学校月考）Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas. Tit (山雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently. A latest study shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season’s must-have colour. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. Williams’s work was, however, forgotten until they came across it while following up on a different study, published by a team at the University of Toulouse, suggesting fashion-following, too. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers. The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allowed the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood. Instead of food, these containers were loaded with wool of different colors. Interestingly, researchers soon found that most nests of blue titles included only the color of the wool first chosen by a nest-builder. Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend”, when it comes to nest-building materials. But why that should happen remains obscure. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds, and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a title. Williams’s original work, though, suggests such initial choices are at random a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions. 1．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．Yarn was an ideal material for birds’ nests. B．Early bird’s preference was copied by others. C．Birds’ favorite colour was completely random. D．Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin contributed to William’s work. 2．How did Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin improve William’s experiment? A．They studied the habits of blue titles. B．They observed the nests of blue titles. C．They adopted the data-collecting method. D．They fitted tracking devices to food containers. 3．What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Unclear. B．Evident. C．Complicated. D．Shallow. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Birds favor certain colors in decoration. B．Young birds follow their elders in fashion. C．Young birds are just as intelligent as people. D．Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【解析】本文主要介绍了一项最新研究发现山雀也像人类一样会追随“时尚潮流”，用当季流行色装饰自己的巢穴，打破了人们认为只有人类才有时尚意识的固有观念。 1．细节理解题。 根据第二段中的“He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.(他注意到，当他在花园里放上各种颜色的毛线球时，几乎总是只有一种颜色在那个季节变得流行，被当地的鸟放进巢里。但哪种特定的颜色受青睐每个季节都不同。这表明，一只早期鸟类选择的颜色被其他鸟发现并模仿了。)”可知，早期鸟类对颜色的偏好被其他鸟模仿了。 2．推理判断题。 根据第三段中的“Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers.(因此，Wild博士和Aplin博士着手重新进行Williams的实验，但这次要收集一些实际的数据。)”以及第四段中对追踪设备和喂食器的描述可知，他们通过采用数据收集的方法（给鸟装追踪设备、在喂食器中放彩色羊毛并记录数据）来改进了威廉姆斯的实验。 3．词句猜测题。 根据最后一段中的“Tits, then, do seem to be ‘on trend’, when it comes to nest-building materials. But why that should happen remains obscure.(那么，说到筑巢材料，山雀似乎确实‘跟上了潮流’。但为什么会这样仍然obscure。)”可知，前文肯定了山雀有追随潮流的现象，但转折词“But”暗示了对原因的解释尚不明确。“obscure”意为“模糊不清的、费解的”，与“Unclear”意思相近。 4．主旨大意题。 根据第一段中的“Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas. Tits (山雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently.(人类并不是动物王国里唯一的时尚达人。显然，山雀也可以是时尚的追随者。)”以及全文围绕山雀像人类一样追随色彩潮流展开的内容可知，文章主旨是鸟类和人类一样有时尚意识。 第4小题，鸟类和人类一样有时尚意识，颠覆了人类只有才有时尚意识。 Passage 6 （2027·河南郑州外国语学校第三次调研）Since Francis Galton coined the phrase “nature vs nurture (环境因素)” 150 years ago, the debate about what makes us who we are has dominated the human sciences. Today, however, a new scientific field is set to reshape the debate — not by declaring victory for one side or the other, nor even by calling a tie, but rather by revealing they were never in opposition in the first place. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are not even entirely distinguishable, because genes and environment don’t operate in isolation; they influence each other and to a very real degree even create each other. The new field is called sociogenomics, an integration of behavioral science and genetics. Despite being a relatively new area of study, it has the potential to rewrite a great deal of what we think we know about who we are and how we got that way. Genes don’t affect who we become just on their own, inside our bodies — they work, in part, by shaping the environments we look for or produce. At other times, the nature-nurture feedback circle may be more pernicious. It’s no surprise that terrible setbacks — the loss of a job, the end of a marriage — can cause people to fall into depression. I was astonished to learn, however, that people with a high genetic tendency for depression are more likely to encounter these setbacks, which in turn contribute to their depression. That’s not to say that any of it is their fault, just that the way we’re supported and the world we pilot are closely linked. Here is the part of this research that really blows me away. The research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. It also shows when a small number of students with a genetic tendency to smoke are present in a high school, smoking rates can rise rapidly across an entire grade — even among those students who didn’t personally know those classmates. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the greater the influence that genetic variation has in sorting us into different categories. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re endlessly circling back on each other. 1．Prior to the emergence of sociogenomics, it was widely believed that ________. A．genes and environment functioned separately B．there was no clear line between nature and nurture C．environment shaped our perception of who we are D．nature mattered more than nurture for personal growth 2．The underlined word “pernicious” (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to “________”. A．disastrous B．generative C．pointless D．questionable 3．It can be inferred that the research shocked the writer by suggesting that ________. A．our genes may change because of the people we live with B．nature determines our behaviour just as much as nurture does C．people with the same genes are more likely to interact with each other D．the genes of people around us can affect the environment we experience 4．Which of the following pictures correctly illustrates how nature and nurture make us who we are? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了社会基因组学这一新兴科学领域对传统“先天vs环境因素”辩论的重新定义，揭示了基因与环境之间相互影响、相互塑造的复杂关系。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Since Francis Galton coined the phrase “nature vs nurture (环境因素)” 150 years ago, the debate about what makes us who we are has dominated the human sciences.(自150年前弗朗西斯·高尔顿提出“先天与环境因素”这一说法以来，关于什么塑造了我们的争论便一直主导着人文科学领域)”、第二段中“Today, however, a new scientific field is set to reshape the debate — not by declaring victory for one side or the other, nor even by calling a tie, but rather by revealing they were never in opposition in the first place.(然而，如今一个新的科学领域即将重塑这场争论——它不是通过宣布某一方获胜，甚至也不是宣告平局，而是揭示出它们从一开始就并非对立)”和第三段中“The new field is called sociogenomics, an integration of behavioral science and genetics.(这个新领域被称为社会基因组学，是行为科学与遗传学的交叉融合)”可知，在社会基因组学出现之前，人们普遍认为先天和环境因素是对立的，即基因和环境是分开作用的。故选A项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“At other times, the nature-nurture feedback circle may be more pernicious. It’s no surprise that terrible setbacks — the loss of a job, the end of a marriage — can cause people to fall into depression. I was astonished to learn, however, that people with a high genetic tendency for depression are more likely to encounter these setbacks, which in turn contribute to their depression.(在其他时候，先天与环境因素的反馈循环可能更pernicious。失业、婚姻破裂等可怕的挫折会导致人们陷入抑郁，这并不奇怪。然而，我惊讶地发现，那些在基因上更容易患抑郁症的人，更有可能遭遇这些挫折，而这些挫折反过来又会加重他们的抑郁)”可推知，这种先天与环境因素的反馈循环更有害的，更具有破坏性。故划线词pernicious意为“有害的；破坏性的”，与A项“disastrous”意义相近。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Here is the part of this research that really blows me away. The research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. It also shows when a small number of students with a genetic tendency to smoke are present in a high school, smoking rates can rise rapidly across an entire grade (这项研究中真正让我震惊的是这一部分。研究表明，伴侣的基因对你患抑郁症可能性的影响几乎达到你自己基因影响的三分之一。研究还表明，当高中有少数具有吸烟遗传倾向的学生时，整个年级的吸烟率会迅速上升)”可推知，这项研究让作者感到震惊的是，我们周围人的基因可以影响我们所处的环境。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are not even entirely distinguishable, because genes and environment don’t operate in isolation; they influence each other and to a very real degree even create each other.(从这个新的角度来看，先天和环境因素甚至不能完全区分，因为基因和环境并不是孤立地起作用的；它们相互影响，甚至在很大程度上相互创造)”、第六段中“Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. (先天与环境因素相互塑造，先天影响我们体验环境的方式，环境因素影响我们天性表达的方式)”和最后一段“Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re endlessly circling back on each other. (先天与环境因素并非两种分离的力量——它们无休止地相互循环)”可知，二者并非两种分离的力量，是相互影响，相互创造的关系。故选C项。 第1小题，阐述先天和环境因素的辩证关系，正确答案需要从第1、2、3段中综合归纳判断，才能得出答案。这是高考的新动向，需要从逻辑链中推理找到答案，而不是从文章的某一局部内容锁定答案。 第4小题，图文转换能力，先从文章中的逻辑链中找到辩证关系，然后再转换图像识别。 Passage 7 （2027·天津市天津中学质量检测） The Price of Growth For decades, economic growth has been the primary goal of governments around the world. Rising GDP, more jobs, and higher incomes are seen as signs of success. However, a growing number of economists and environmentalists argue that endless growth on a finite planet is impossible. They point to the serious costs of industrialization: pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. The challenge, then, is to find a balance between development and sustainability. One concept that has gained attention is the circular economy. Unlike the traditional linear model of “take, make, dispose”, a circular economy keeps resources in use for as long as possible. Products are designed to be repaired, reused, or recycled. This approach reduces waste and lowers the demand for raw materials. For example, instead of throwing away a smartphone when it breaks, a circular economy encourages repairing it or recycling its components. Some companies have already adopted this model, saving money while reducing their environmental footprint. Another important idea is green growth. Supporters of green growth believe that it is possible to expand the economy while reducing environmental harm. They point to innovations in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture. These technologies create new industries and jobs. For instance, the solar energy sector now employs more people than coal mining in many countries. Critics, however, argue that green growth is not enough. They say that rich nations must consume less, not just consume differently. International trade also plays a role. When a country imports goods instead of producing them locally, it may appear to reduce its own pollution. But the pollution is simply shifted to the exporting country. This is known as carbon leakage. To address this, some economists propose carbon tariffs — taxes on imported goods based on the pollution caused in their production. Such policies are controversial, but they highlight the global nature of environmental problems. Ultimately, the relationship between the economy and the environment is complex. There are no easy answers. What is clear is that continuing business as usual is not an option. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play. By rethinking what we mean by growth, we can work toward a future that is both prosperous and sustainable. 1．What is the main argument against endless economic growth? A．It leads to higher taxes. B．It is impossible on a finite planet due to pollution and resource depletion. C．It only benefits rich countries. D．It reduces employment. 2．What is a circular economy? A．An economy that only uses renewable energy. B．An economy that keeps resources in use by repairing, reusing, or recycling. C．An economy that grows without any limits. D．An economy that relies on imported goods. 3．What is an example of green growth mentioned in the passage? A．Increasing coal mining. B．Using more plastic packaging. C．The solar energy sector creating jobs. D．Cutting down forests for farmland. 4．What is carbon leakage? A．When a country leaks carbon into the air. B．When pollution is shifted from importing countries to exporting countries. C．When carbon taxes are too high. D．When factories close due to regulations. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Economic growth is always beneficial. B．We must balance economic development with environmental protection. C．Only governments can solve environmental problems. D．International trade has no environmental impact. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．B 【解析】文章主要探讨经济增长与环境保护的矛盾，倡导可持续与绿色发展模式。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, a growing number of economists and environmentalists argue that endless growth on a finite planet is impossible. They point to the serious costs of industrialization: pollution, resource depletion, and climate change.(然而，越来越多的经济学家和环保主义者认为，在一个有限的星球上进行无休止的增长是不可能的。他们指出了工业化付出的沉重代价：污染、资源枯竭和气候变化)”可知，反对无止境经济增长的主要论点是地球资源有限，且会导致污染和资源枯竭。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unlike the traditional linear model of “take, make, dispose”, a circular economy keeps resources in use for as long as possible. Products are designed to be repaired, reused, or recycled.(与传统的“获取、制造、丢弃”线性模式不同，循环经济尽可能延长资源的使用时间。产品设计旨在便于维修、再利用或回收)”可知，循环经济是指通过修理、再利用或回收来保持资源使用的经济模式。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“They point to innovations in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture. These technologies create new industries and jobs. For instance, the solar energy sector now employs more people than coal mining in many countries.(他们指出了可再生能源、电动汽车和可持续农业方面的创新。这些技术创造了新的产业和就业。例如，在许多国家，太阳能行业雇佣的人数已经超过煤炭开采业)”可知，文中提到的绿色增长例子是太阳能产业创造就业。 4．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“When a country imports goods instead of producing them locally, it may appear to reduce its own pollution. But the pollution is simply shifted to the exporting country. This is known as carbon leakage.(当一个国家进口商品而非本地生产时，看似减少了本国的污染。但实际上污染只是被转移到了出口国。这被称为carbon leakage)”可知，carbon leakage指的是污染从进口国转移到出口国的现象。 5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Ultimately, the relationship between the economy and the environment is complex. There are no easy answers. What is clear is that continuing business as usual is not an option. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play. By rethinking what we mean by growth, we can work toward a future that is both prosperous and sustainable.(归根结底，经济与环境的关系是复杂的。没有简单的答案。清楚的是，照常营业已不再可行。政府、企业和个人都有各自的责任。通过重新思考增长的含义，我们才能朝着一个既繁荣又可持续的未来努力)”并结合全文内容可知，文章主要论述了必须在经济发展与环境保护之间取得平衡。 Passage 8 The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday. This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings. Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems. The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour. 1．The passage mainly deals with . A．the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B．the relationship between genius and success C．the decisive factor in making a genius D．the way of gaining some sense of distinction 2．By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could . A．come to understand the inner structure of writing B．join a fascinating circle of writers someday C．share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D．learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security 3．In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________. A．her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success B．her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance C．she acquires the magic of some great achievement D．she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success B．A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing. C．As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort. D．What really matters is what you do rather than who you are. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】这篇文章主要讲了决定成功的主要因素并不是IQ,而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。如果你要成功，重要的不是你的智商，而在于你的实际行动。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段的The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice.可知文章讲的是在成为天才的时候决定性的因素。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第2段最后一句She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.可知通过阅读小说和作者的故事，女孩逐渐的理解写作的内在结构。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段2,3行Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills.可知在女孩长期的痛苦的训练过程中，她获得了一些伟大的成就的魔力。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。从最后一段的句子：And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities．But the brain is also very plastic．We construct ourselves through behaviour．文章讲述了一个人要成功，重要的是自己的行动，而不是看你是什么样的人，故选D。 Passage 9 We’ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30 am and Richard Branson at 5:45 am- - -and, as we know, “The early bird catches the worm.” Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed. But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life? For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effect can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at10 pm or being regularly late for work. Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke. Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types- and a little bit wealthier. Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don’t set your alarm for 5 am just, yet, as it turns out, overhauling (大修) your sleep times may not have much effect. “If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulf. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain. 1．What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraphs? A．Neither night owls no morning persons perform better than the middle ones. B．To beat night-time people, ask them to do maths calculation in the morning. C．Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth. D．Morning types are more conservative but more optimistic. 2．Which of the following does Katharina Wulff support? A．Don’t fall asleep in front of the TV. B．Better not overhaul your sleep times. C．Stop sting your alarm for 5 am. D．Avoid being-regularly late for work. 3．What does the author do in the first three paragraphs? A．raising the problem→analysing the problem→solving the problem. B．presenting author’s viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusion. C．leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topic. D．introducing a viewpoint -raising the question→presenting author’s viewpoint. 4．Why does the author write this article? A．To argue against the view that the early bird catches the worm. B．To compare the differences between early risers and night owls. C．To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late. D．To explain why some people are more successful. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕早起的好坏展开论述，最后得出的结论是强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的，反驳了“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke.(许多研究发现，早起的人更有自主性，也更容易相处。与夜猫子相比，他们更不容易抑郁、喝酒或吸烟。)”和第五段的“Night-time people are also more open and more creative.(夜猫子也更开放，更有创造力。)”可知，从第四和第五段我们可以知道早起的人更保守，但也更乐观。故选D。 2．推理判断题。 根据文章最后一段“On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain.(另一方面，她说，让人们过分偏离他们的自然偏好可能是有害的。例如，当夜猫子早起时，他们仍在分泌褪黑激素。“然后，你破坏它，把身体推到白天模式。这可能会产生许多负面的生理后果，”Wulff说，比如对胰岛素和葡萄糖的不同敏感性会导致体重增加。)”可知，Katharina Wulff支持的观点是最好不要改变你的睡眠时间。故选B。 3．推理判断题。 根据第一段的“Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed.(事实上，早起的人在别人起床之前就已经开始了一天的工作，这可能是真的。)”可知，第一段，作者用大家所知的俗语“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”来引入话题（leading in the topic）；根据第二段的“But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life?(但是，仅仅因为一些成功人士起得早，就意味着他们中的大多数人都有早起的特点吗？如果在早上8点之前锻炼、计划一天、吃早餐、想象并完成一项任务的想法让你想要翻个身，然后再睡到下周六，你真的注定要过不那么成功的生活吗?)”可知，第二段用两个问句提出质疑（challenging the viewpoint）；根据第三段的“For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls.(对于大约一半的人来说，这不是一个真正的问题。据估计，大约50%的人不是真正的早起或晚起，而是介于两者之间。然而，大约四分之一的人更倾向于成为眼睛明亮的早起者，另外四分之一的人是夜猫子。)”可知，在第三段，作者对这个话题进行更深入的讨论（discussing the topic），因此作者在前三段是导入话题→挑战观点→讨论话题。故选C。 4．推理判断题。 通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed.(事实上，早起的人在别人起床之前就已经开始了一天的工作，这可能是真的。)”和最后一段的“On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain.(另一方面，她说，让人们过分偏离他们的自然偏好可能是有害的。例如，当夜猫子早起时，他们仍在分泌褪黑激素。“然后，你破坏它，把身体推到白天模式。这可能会产生许多负面的生理后果，”Wulff说，比如对胰岛素和葡萄糖的不同敏感性会导致体重增加。)”可知，本文一直在围绕早起的好坏进行论述，最后得出的结论是一味强调早起是不好的，强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的，因此作者写这篇文章的目的是反驳文章开头提到的“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”，故选A。 Passage 10 Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it. David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate. David Frost is right in that our economies are growing so much slower than we had anticipated. Our emissions can drop if we reduce emissions per unit of GDP we create—but they can also drop if the GDP is lower. Lower growth means it is more feasible (可行的) for us to achieve targets such as Net Zero, but it also makes it less environmentally urgent to achieve those targets so soon, because we are and have been emitting a lot less carbon than we had anticipated. The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race. However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile—including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events. These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly feasible for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world? It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to ethnically privilege the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate over those that would flourish under a warmer, more volatile climate. However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive. 1．According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change? A．The government. B．Climate experts. C．David Frost. D．The activists. 2．The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．changeable B．predictable C．bearable D．noticeable 3．The questions in Paragraph 6 are mainly aimed at __________. A．expressing doubts about people’s adaptability B．presenting examples of future climate patterns C．highlighting the consequences of human activities D．helping people decide on their openness to adaptation 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Slowing climate change deserves great efforts. B．Global warming is preventable to some extent. C．Adaptation to climate change is beyond question. D．Protection of the current species should be prioritized. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了目前关于如何应对气候变化有两种不同观点——适应气候变化或者阻止气候变化，但作者认为适应气候变化是可行的和必要的。 1．细节理解题。根据2段的“David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up.(大卫·弗罗斯特(David Frost)认为，考虑到地球现在似乎肯定会变暖的程度，阻止气候变化不再是一种选择。) ”可以判断Frost是支持适应气候变化的，根据第4段“The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race.(英国当局发现，有关适应气候变化的辩论很困难。部分原因是一些活动人士声称适应气候变化是不可行的。他们说，气候变化将终结人类文明，有可能导致整个人类灭绝。)”可知英国当局对关于适应论的争论犯了难，即不知道该支持哪边，对是否去适应气候变化存疑。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据第五段破折号后的“including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events(包括暴风雨、洪水和其他天气事件的频率增加)”可知，风暴、洪水和其他天气事件发生的频率增加，由此可推测出，气候和天气可能变得更加多变。volatile意为“易变的”，与changeable意思最接近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms.(问题不在于适应在技术上是否可行，而在于从道德或实践角度来看是否可取。)”可知，从技术上来说适应气候变化是可行的，但问题是从道德或实践角度来看适应气候变化是否可取。接下来“Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world?(我们是否愿意接受一个实质上更温暖的世界，人类生活在这个世界的不同地方？我们是否愿意接受某些物种可能灭绝，以及那些目前不太成功的物种和尚未进化的新物种更加繁荣？我们是否愿意接受世界各地人类居住模式发生重大转变的后果？)”用提问的方式引发人们思考是否能接受气候变化带来的影响。由此可推测出，这些问题旨在帮助人们确定自己对适应的接受性。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable.(然而，考虑到气候变暖目前不可避免的程度，适应将是可行的，也是必要的。)”可知，作者认为气候变暖是不可避免的，所以适应是可行的和必要的，由此可推测出，作者认为适应气候变化是毋庸置疑的。故选C。 Passage 11 （2027·重庆市南开中学校质量检测（二））At a time when endless scrolling (滚屏) and constant notifications dominate daily life, a group of college students at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) are trying something refreshingly simple: putting their phones away and reconnecting with the real world. Students on campus have started hosting no-phone parties, gatherings where attendees leave their devices behind and focus instead on conversation, creativity, and genuine human connection. The events are organized by Project Reboot, a student-led movement focused on helping young people build healthier relationships with technology. The group is careful to point out that it is not anti-technology. Instead, its mission is to help students take back control of their attention and use technology with intention rather than let it control them. “Technology is neither inherently (固有地) good nor bad,” the organization explains. “While it has the power to addict, distract, and depress, it also has the potential to inform, inspire, and empower.” Rather than encouraging people to abandon screens completely, Project Reboot wants students to think more carefully about how technology affects their lives and habits. According to a survey of UC Berkeley undergraduates, 78% of students said their phone use prevents them from thinking deeply, being creative, or engaging fully with ideas. For many students, the struggle feels deeply personal. “It sucks that on a regular basis, I am having to fight with my phone. I feel like I am losing control over my life,” a student named Dawson Kelly said. That feeling is one reason why the no-phone gatherings have resonated (引起共鸣) with so many students. Without screens competing for attention, conversations become more meaningful and people feel more present with one another. Through small but intentional habit changes, Project Reboot hopes students can strengthen qualities like mindfulness, discipline, resilience, and creativity while spending less time trapped in endless scrolling. 1．Why do the students have the no-phone parties? A．To seek for personal achievements. B．To restore the relation to the real world. C．To relieve heavy academic pressure. D．To improve a new way to hold socials. 2．What can the students obtain through Project Reboot? A．Control over their focus. B．Enough free time. C．Support from schoolmates. D．Better career plans for the future. 3．How does phone use affect most students in the survey? A．It makes them physically ill. B．It causes them to fail exams. C．It weakens their ability to reflect. D．It prevents them from sleeping well. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Berkeley’s War Against Phones B．How to Plan a Student Gathering C．The Dark Side of Modern Devices D．Taking Back Control in a Digital World 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【解析】文章主要讲述加州大学伯克利分校学生发起Project Reboot无手机聚会，引导学生理性对待科技，夺回注意力掌控权，重建与现实世界的联结。 1．细节理解题。原文第一段中“putting their phones away and reconnecting with the real world(放下手机，重新与现实世界连接)”明确提到，这些学生尝试把手机收起来目的是重新和现实世界建立联结。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段内容“Instead, its mission is to help students take back control of their attention and use technology with intention rather than let it control them.(相反，它的使命是帮助学生重新掌控自己的注意力，有意识地使用技术，而不是让技术控制他们)”可知，Project Reboot的核心使命是帮助学生夺回对自身注意力的掌控权，而非让科技反过来控制人。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“According to a survey of UC Berkeley undergraduates, 78% of students said their phone use prevents them from thinking deeply, being creative, or engaging fully with ideas.(根据加州大学伯克利分校本科生的一项调查，78%的学生表示，他们的手机使用会妨碍他们深入思考、发挥创造力或全身心投入于想法)”可知，调查数据显示78%的学生表示手机使用阻碍了他们深度思考、发挥创造力或者全身心投入理解内容，也就是削弱了他们深度思考的能力。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段中“The events are organized by Project Reboot, a student-led movement focused on helping young people build healthier relationships with technology.(这些活动由Project Reboot组织，这是一个由学生发起的运动，旨在帮助年轻人与科技建立更健康的关系)”可知，全文围绕Project Reboot项目展开，核心是倡导学生理性使用科技、夺回对自身注意力和生活的掌控权，D选项“在数字世界夺回掌控权”精准覆盖全文主旨。 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考备考模拟精选 01 阅读理解—思辨类阅读训练 模拟·话题分类 话题1 城市树木降温效果与当地气候的辩证关系（反常识—树木越多越能降温） 话题2 提出“不写日记”的理念（颠覆了写日记只有好处没坏处的认知） 话题3 对城市植树持谨慎态度（反常识—植树越多越好） 话题4 哲学与人工智能（常识——人们普遍认为哲学只是超越现实的思想，不能解决实际问题，可它却能解决AI不能解决的问题） 话题5山雀也像人类一样会追随“时尚潮流”（反常识—打破了只有人类才有时尚意识的固有观念） 话题6 “先天vs环境因素”的辩证关系。 话题7 经济增长与环境保护的辩证关系 话题8 决定成功的主要因素并不是IQ,而是些后天的、有目的的训练和努力。 话题9 强行让人们偏离自己天生喜好的作息时间太多可能是有害的 话题10 适应气候变化是可行的和必要的 话题11 理性对待科技，没有手机的聚会 模拟·考点分类（能力目标） 话题1 考查思辨能力——反常识 话题2 考查写日记的辩证看法（普通认知：写日记只有好处）——对标思辨能力 话题3 考查思辨能力——反常识 话题4 哲学与AI的辩证思维 话题5 打破固有观念，重新审视山雀的“时尚潮流” 话题6 辩证看待“先天vs环境因素”——需通过逻辑链推理找到答案，而不是文章的局部内容 话题7 考查思辨能力——正确处理经济发展和环境保护的关系 话题8 考查思辨能力——IQ与后天努力的辩证关系 话题9 考查思辨能力——反常识，颠覆了：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃”的观点。 话题10 适应气候变化还是阻止气候变化的关系 话题11 辩证看待手机的作用 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Passage 1 （2027·安徽皖南八校10月教学质量检测）For decades, city governments across the globe have been racing to expand urban tree cover, long convinced that greenery represents the single most effective weapon against the urban heat island effect. Trees cast shade, pump cooling moisture (水分) into the air, and can drive down street-level temperatures by several degrees on a summer afternoon. The common wisdom has been refreshingly simple: the more trees, the cooler the city. Yet a new study led by Professor Yuyu Zhou at the University of Hong Kong suggests this widely accepted picture is far from complete. Analyzing high-resolution satellite data from more than 700 cities across five continents, the researchers uncovered a striking geographical divide. In humid cities blessed with abundant rainfall, trees do deliver the expected cooling. But in dry urban centers, they can unexpectedly make the heat worse. The mechanism behind this warming paradox lies in how trees regulate their temperature. In wet climates, trees engage in evapotranspiration — releasing water vapor (水汽) through microscopic leaf pores (孔) — which draws heat away from the surrounding air much as sweating cools the human body. But in water-scarce regions, trees shut down this process to conserve moisture, effectively switching off their built-in cooling system. Their dark, thick tops, meanwhile, continue to absorb solar radiation rather than reflect it, trapping warmth at street level. In the driest neighborhoods, the team found, tree-lined avenues can run as much as 2℃ hotter than nearby light-colored open spaces. “This is by no means an argument against planting trees,” Professor Zhou emphasized. “They deliver a whole range of benefits — carbon storage, wildlife habitat, psychological well-being — that no amount of concrete can replace. But our findings do call for more careful, climate-sensitive planning.” The team recommends that dry-climate cities prioritize drought-adapted species capable of sustaining evapotranspiration with minimal water, or pair trees with pale, reflective paving. In wetter regions, by contrast, the conventional approach holds firm: trees remain unmatched in their cooling power. The broader lesson, Zhou argues, is that urban greening demands place-specific thinking rather than blanket, one-size-fits-all targets. 1．Which is the new finding of the study about urban trees? A．They fail to cool streets in most cities. B．Their cooling ability depends on tree species. C．Their cooling effect varies with local climate. D．They absorb less heat than previously thought. 2．Why is human sweating mentioned in paragraph 3? A．To explain the way trees cool the air. B．To explain the structure of leaf pores. C．To explain the features of wet climates. D．To explain the benefits of human sweating. 3．What does the underlined word “paradox” in paragraph 3 mean? A．A popular idea. B．A recent discovery. C．An established rule. D．A contradictory situation. 4．What would Professor Zhou probably support? A．Dry cities should plant fewer trees. B．High-tech materials can replace trees. C．Tree-planting should suit local conditions. D．Wet cities should use reflective paving. 第1小题，不能根据常识解题，树木越多，越能降低城市温度；文章的内容是：In humid cities blessed with abundant rainfall, trees do deliver the expected cooling. But in dry urban centers, they can unexpectedly make the heat worse.(在降水充足的湿润城市，树木确实能起到预期的降温效果。但在干旱的城市中心，树木却会意外加剧高温) 第4小题，The broader lesson, Zhou argues, is that urban greening demands place-specific thinking rather than blanket, one-size-fits-all targets.(周教授认为，更重要的启示是城市绿化需要因地制宜思考，而不是一刀切的统一目标)。 Passage 2 （2027·江西九师联盟联考模拟预测）As I emptied cupboards and shelves, I encountered a pile of journals I’d built up during my years in this house. There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person. As I put them together, one word came to mind: Unjournaling. I wondered whether we’ve become so focused on documenting our lives that we sometimes forget to live them. Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal. For some people, journaling creates clarity. For others, it can become a form of overthinking. As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came. Not being the opposite of journaling, unjournaling is the recognition that not every experience needs to be recorded, analyzed or turned into a lesson. It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it. We’re drawn to journals because we hope that if we can document an experience clearly enough, we might eventually find clarity in it. But not every transformation can be captured in sentences. Some changes reveal themselves slowly through the lives we build afterwards: the people we meet, the risks we take, and the moments that quietly reshape us. We don’t always think our way into a new identity. Sometimes we live our way into one. I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live. Sometimes growth happens on the page, and sometimes it happens when we close the notebook, step outside and allow life to write the next chapter for us. 1．What did the author expect to do through the journals? A．Improve herself. B．Live life to the fullest. C．Recall past events. D．Communicate with others. 2．Why does the author mention her own experience? A．To show her love for journaling. B．To prove the benefits of repeated writing. C．To make her points more convincing. D．To give examples of showing gratitude. 3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 3? A．A lesson. B．Journaling. C．Unjournaling. D．An experience. 4．What is the author’s realization? A．Journals tend to be worthless. B．Life itself brings real change. C．Capturing moments is necessary. D．Writing is a waste of time. 第4小题， 要辩证的看待写日记这件事，作者指出：The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live.(真正改变我的时刻，很少是我写下来的那些；而是我亲身经历的那些。 )从而得知：生活本身能带来真正的改变。C选项易错：C．Capturing moments is necessary.捕捉瞬间是必要的，学生易根据自己的经验判断，写日记捕捉瞬间是必要的。 Passage 3 （2027·湖南长沙市长郡中学阶段检测）I recently moved back to my hometown, York, a small city in England. It has a long history and a lively culture, but not many trees for shade. In recognition of urban trees’ benefits, the city plans to plant around 4,000 trees over the next few years, a process that has begun with the creation of two “micro woods” near the city center. However, planting thousands of trees doesn’t guarantee success. It’s important to choose carefully what to plant and where — and to care for what’s already there. The urban trees keep cities cool through shade and transpiration (蒸腾作用). This cooling effect will only become more important as the climate warms. In the meantime, however, climate change is threatening urban trees. Between 2016 and 2022, ecologist Stephan Pauleit and his team monitored 1.34 million trees in five German cities. Each year, between one and two percent of them died. The loss of mature trees is a major problem. There are other threats, including invasive species. Two species of longhorn beetles, Asian and citrus, for example, recently arrived in North America and Europe. Both lay their eggs under tree bark, and their larvae (幼虫) can eat a tree to death. A recent study by Henrik Sjöman at Gothenburg Botanical Gardens in Sweden found that a serious outbreak of either of these pests could kill a quarter of the trees in ten Nordic (北欧国家的) cities. If the trees were infested by both species at the same time, their death rate could exceed 90%. Both of these problems are worsened by the limited diversity of urban trees. In the London borough (区) of Camden, for example, just five species account for three quarters of trees. Such trees are tried and tested urban choices, but as the climate warms, they may no longer be fit for purpose. Thus, cities need to plant with the future in mind. I got on my bike and went to one of the micro woods in York. There are about 50 seedlings that will take decades to mature. I am rooting for them, but I fear the world where they are growing up won’t be kind to them. 1．How does the author begin the passage? A．By describing his personal experience. B．By presenting York’s tree-planting plan. C．By acknowledging the benefits of planting trees. D．By arguing for micro woods as the best solution for cities. 2．The second paragraph mainly discusses ________. A．how trees help lower urban temperature B．the threat climate change poses to urban trees C．the increasing death rate of urban trees in Europe D．the result of the research by Pauleit and his team 3．What does the underlined word “infested” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Attacked. B．Nested. C．Protected. D．Surrounded. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards urban tree planting? A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Unclear. D．Cautious. 第4小题，打破惯性思维，根据文章作者的观点重新定位植树的好处，进而推理作者对植树的态度——需谨慎。 Passage 4 （2027·江苏省南京市中华中学综合练习）Some of the biggest challenges in artificial intelligence are being worked on not by computer scientists but by philosophers. The philosophers are tasked with making the next generation of models more capable and reliable, but they also shed light on the mystery of consciousness. Jonathan Birch at the London School of Economics and Political Science says AI companies are the big employers of philosophy PhDs right now. “Topics that have been researched in philosophy departments for decades — how to make rational decisions, what counts as reasoning, what counts as evidence of consciousness — are suddenly of massive value to AI companies,” says Birch. One of the key tasks for this crop of philosophers is alignment, the AI industry term for efforts to stop harmful content — such as revealing instructions on how to make bombs. Efforts to stop AI models giving dangerous outputs were initially focused around putting in simple black-and-white guardrails (护栏), such as forbidding a model from talking about bombs entirely. But these proved clumsy and easy to circumvent. Now, companies are pursuing more advanced methods which lean heavily on philosophical understanding of right and wrong. However, it’s rarely straightforward. Researchers have found that if you tell a model to break a rule in one specific situation, it will start breaking lots of other rules, says Shane Glackin at the University of Exeter in the UK. And understanding why is exactly the sort of problem that philosophy’s logical analysis can crack. Mahrad Almotahari at the University of Edinburgh sees value in philosophy expertise for technology firms, but is sceptical that the toughest questions of machine consciousness will be answered by them. Others see a potential problem on the horizon, with industry hiring philosophers eventually leading to biased research that serves the interests of technology companies. “I wish we had made more progress on the big questions of philosophy before the arrival of AI. If we had, we would have been better prepared. AI has now given these questions massive urgency, and yet, the answers still seem far away,” says Birch. 1．What phenomenon is presented in the first two paragraphs? A．Computer scientists are losing their jobs. B．Philosophers outperform computer scientists. C．Philosophy PhDs are favored in the job market. D．AI companies are turning to philosophy for help. 2．What does the underlined word “circumvent” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Take over. B．Get around. C．Pick up. D．Push forward. 3．How do the training methods of large language models shift? A．From theory analysis to practical use. B．From technical fixes to logical analysis. C．From rigid rules to moral reasoning. D．From simple tasks to complex situations. 4．What question does the text center on? A．Will philosophers win in the battle for better AI? B．Can the problems in AI be solved by philosophy? C．How can philosophers transform the AI industry? D．Why do AI companies prefer philosophers to coders? 第1小题，文章内容颠覆了AI万能，哲学无用的认知； 人工智能公司向哲学家求助。 第3小题，语言模型的训练方式从死板硬性规则转向依托道德是非推理，改变了直接冰冷的线性思维。 Passage 5 （2027·广东深圳市第二实验学校月考）Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas. Tit (山雀) can be fashion followers, too, apparently. A latest study shows that, given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season’s must-have colour. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams, an American naturalist. He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden, almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds’ nests. But which particular color was favoured varied from season to season. This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others. Williams’s work was, however, forgotten until they came across it while following up on a different study, published by a team at the University of Toulouse, suggesting fashion-following, too. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment, but this time to collect some actual numbers. The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute. Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets. That allowed the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood. Instead of food, these containers were loaded with wool of different colors. Interestingly, researchers soon found that most nests of blue titles included only the color of the wool first chosen by a nest-builder. Tits, then, do seem to be “on trend”, when it comes to nest-building materials. But why that should happen remains obscure. Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds, and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a title. Williams’s original work, though, suggests such initial choices are at random a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions. 1．What can we learn from paragraph 2? A．Yarn was an ideal material for birds’ nests. B．Early bird’s preference was copied by others. C．Birds’ favorite colour was completely random. D．Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin contributed to William’s work. 2．How did Dr. Wild and Dr. Aplin improve William’s experiment? A．They studied the habits of blue titles. B．They observed the nests of blue titles. C．They adopted the data-collecting method. D．They fitted tracking devices to food containers. 3．What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Unclear. B．Evident. C．Complicated. D．Shallow. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Birds favor certain colors in decoration. B．Young birds follow their elders in fashion. C．Young birds are just as intelligent as people. D．Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people. 第4小题，鸟类和人类一样有时尚意识，颠覆了人类只有才有时尚意识。 Passage 6 （2027·河南郑州外国语学校第三次调研）Since Francis Galton coined the phrase “nature vs nurture (环境因素)” 150 years ago, the debate about what makes us who we are has dominated the human sciences. Today, however, a new scientific field is set to reshape the debate — not by declaring victory for one side or the other, nor even by calling a tie, but rather by revealing they were never in opposition in the first place. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are not even entirely distinguishable, because genes and environment don’t operate in isolation; they influence each other and to a very real degree even create each other. The new field is called sociogenomics, an integration of behavioral science and genetics. Despite being a relatively new area of study, it has the potential to rewrite a great deal of what we think we know about who we are and how we got that way. Genes don’t affect who we become just on their own, inside our bodies — they work, in part, by shaping the environments we look for or produce. At other times, the nature-nurture feedback circle may be more pernicious. It’s no surprise that terrible setbacks — the loss of a job, the end of a marriage — can cause people to fall into depression. I was astonished to learn, however, that people with a high genetic tendency for depression are more likely to encounter these setbacks, which in turn contribute to their depression. That’s not to say that any of it is their fault, just that the way we’re supported and the world we pilot are closely linked. Here is the part of this research that really blows me away. The research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. It also shows when a small number of students with a genetic tendency to smoke are present in a high school, smoking rates can rise rapidly across an entire grade — even among those students who didn’t personally know those classmates. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the greater the influence that genetic variation has in sorting us into different categories. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re endlessly circling back on each other. 1．Prior to the emergence of sociogenomics, it was widely believed that ________. A．genes and environment functioned separately B．there was no clear line between nature and nurture C．environment shaped our perception of who we are D．nature mattered more than nurture for personal growth 2．The underlined word “pernicious” (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to “________”. A．disastrous B．generative C．pointless D．questionable 3．It can be inferred that the research shocked the writer by suggesting that ________. A．our genes may change because of the people we live with B．nature determines our behaviour just as much as nurture does C．people with the same genes are more likely to interact with each other D．the genes of people around us can affect the environment we experience 4．Which of the following pictures correctly illustrates how nature and nurture make us who we are? A． B． C． D． 第1小题，阐述先天和环境因素的辩证关系，正确答案需要从第1、2、3段中综合归纳判断，才能得出答案。这是高考的新动向，需要从逻辑链中推理找到答案，而不是从文章的某一局部内容锁定答案。 第4小题，图文转换能力，先从文章中的逻辑链中找到辩证关系，然后再转换图像识别。 Passage 7 （2027·天津市天津中学质量检测） The Price of Growth For decades, economic growth has been the primary goal of governments around the world. Rising GDP, more jobs, and higher incomes are seen as signs of success. However, a growing number of economists and environmentalists argue that endless growth on a finite planet is impossible. They point to the serious costs of industrialization: pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. The challenge, then, is to find a balance between development and sustainability. One concept that has gained attention is the circular economy. Unlike the traditional linear model of “take, make, dispose”, a circular economy keeps resources in use for as long as possible. Products are designed to be repaired, reused, or recycled. This approach reduces waste and lowers the demand for raw materials. For example, instead of throwing away a smartphone when it breaks, a circular economy encourages repairing it or recycling its components. Some companies have already adopted this model, saving money while reducing their environmental footprint. Another important idea is green growth. Supporters of green growth believe that it is possible to expand the economy while reducing environmental harm. They point to innovations in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and sustainable agriculture. These technologies create new industries and jobs. For instance, the solar energy sector now employs more people than coal mining in many countries. Critics, however, argue that green growth is not enough. They say that rich nations must consume less, not just consume differently. International trade also plays a role. When a country imports goods instead of producing them locally, it may appear to reduce its own pollution. But the pollution is simply shifted to the exporting country. This is known as carbon leakage. To address this, some economists propose carbon tariffs — taxes on imported goods based on the pollution caused in their production. Such policies are controversial, but they highlight the global nature of environmental problems. Ultimately, the relationship between the economy and the environment is complex. There are no easy answers. What is clear is that continuing business as usual is not an option. Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a role to play. By rethinking what we mean by growth, we can work toward a future that is both prosperous and sustainable. 1．What is the main argument against endless economic growth? A．It leads to higher taxes. B．It is impossible on a finite planet due to pollution and resource depletion. C．It only benefits rich countries. D．It reduces employment. 2．What is a circular economy? A．An economy that only uses renewable energy. B．An economy that keeps resources in use by repairing, reusing, or recycling. C．An economy that grows without any limits. D．An economy that relies on imported goods. 3．What is an example of green growth mentioned in the passage? A．Increasing coal mining. B．Using more plastic packaging. C．The solar energy sector creating jobs. D．Cutting down forests for farmland. 4．What is carbon leakage? A．When a country leaks carbon into the air. B．When pollution is shifted from importing countries to exporting countries. C．When carbon taxes are too high. D．When factories close due to regulations. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Economic growth is always beneficial. B．We must balance economic development with environmental protection. C．Only governments can solve environmental problems. D．International trade has no environmental impact. Passage 8 The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday. This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings. Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems. The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour. 1．The passage mainly deals with . A．the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer B．the relationship between genius and success C．the decisive factor in making a genius D．the way of gaining some sense of distinction 2．By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could . A．come to understand the inner structure of writing B．join a fascinating circle of writers someday C．share with a novelist her likes and dislikes D．learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security 3．In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________. A．her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success B．her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance C．she acquires the magic of some great achievement D．she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write 4．What can be concluded from the passage? A．A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success B．A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing. C．As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort. D．What really matters is what you do rather than who you are. Passage 9 We’ve all heard it before: to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3:45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3:30 am and Richard Branson at 5:45 am- - -and, as we know, “The early bird catches the worm.” Indeed, it may be true that those who get up early have a jump start on the day before others are even out of bed. But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it’s a trait most of them share? And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am. makes you want to roll over and hit snooze until next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life? For about half of us, this isn’t really an issue. It’s estimated that some 50% of the population isn’t really morning- oriented or evening oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend more toward bright-eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effect can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at10 pm or being regularly late for work. Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self-directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they are less likely to be depressed, drink or smoke. Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night-time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls are as healthy and wise as morning types- and a little bit wealthier. Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material? Don’t set your alarm for 5 am just, yet, as it turns out, overhauling (大修) your sleep times may not have much effect. “If people are left to their naturally preferred times, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader,” says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulf. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin (褪黑激素 ). “Then, you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative, physiological consequences,” Wulff says like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose (葡萄糖) which can cause weight gain. 1．What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraphs? A．Neither night owls no morning persons perform better than the middle ones. B．To beat night-time people, ask them to do maths calculation in the morning. C．Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth. D．Morning types are more conservative but more optimistic. 2．Which of the following does Katharina Wulff support? A．Don’t fall asleep in front of the TV. B．Better not overhaul your sleep times. C．Stop sting your alarm for 5 am. D．Avoid being-regularly late for work. 3．What does the author do in the first three paragraphs? A．raising the problem→analysing the problem→solving the problem. B．presenting author’s viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusion. C．leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topic. D．introducing a viewpoint -raising the question→presenting author’s viewpoint. 4．Why does the author write this article? A．To argue against the view that the early bird catches the worm. B．To compare the differences between early risers and night owls. C．To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late. D．To explain why some people are more successful. Passage 10 Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate change or trying to prevent it. David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce large changes in the climate. David Frost is right in that our economies are growing so much slower than we had anticipated. Our emissions can drop if we reduce emissions per unit of GDP we create—but they can also drop if the GDP is lower. Lower growth means it is more feasible (可行的) for us to achieve targets such as Net Zero, but it also makes it less environmentally urgent to achieve those targets so soon, because we are and have been emitting a lot less carbon than we had anticipated. The UK authority finds the debate about adaptation difficult. Partly, it is because some activists claim that adaptation is not feasible. They say that climate change will end human civilization, potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race. However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become more volatile—including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events. These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly feasible for humans to adapt to them. The issue is not whether adapting would be technically feasible, but whether it would be desirable either in ethical or practical terms. Are we willing to accept a materially warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing of those currently less successful and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human habitation across the world? It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to ethnically privilege the plants and animals that flourish under today’s climate over those that would flourish under a warmer, more volatile climate. However, adaptation will be feasible and is a necessity given the extent to which warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive. 1．According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change? A．The government. B．Climate experts. C．David Frost. D．The activists. 2．The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________. A．changeable B．predictable C．bearable D．noticeable 3．The questions in Paragraph 6 are mainly aimed at __________. A．expressing doubts about people’s adaptability B．presenting examples of future climate patterns C．highlighting the consequences of human activities D．helping people decide on their openness to adaptation 4．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Slowing climate change deserves great efforts. B．Global warming is preventable to some extent. C．Adaptation to climate change is beyond question. D．Protection of the current species should be prioritized. Passage 11 （2027·重庆市南开中学校质量检测（二））At a time when endless scrolling (滚屏) and constant notifications dominate daily life, a group of college students at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) are trying something refreshingly simple: putting their phones away and reconnecting with the real world. Students on campus have started hosting no-phone parties, gatherings where attendees leave their devices behind and focus instead on conversation, creativity, and genuine human connection. The events are organized by Project Reboot, a student-led movement focused on helping young people build healthier relationships with technology. The group is careful to point out that it is not anti-technology. Instead, its mission is to help students take back control of their attention and use technology with intention rather than let it control them. “Technology is neither inherently (固有地) good nor bad,” the organization explains. “While it has the power to addict, distract, and depress, it also has the potential to inform, inspire, and empower.” Rather than encouraging people to abandon screens completely, Project Reboot wants students to think more carefully about how technology affects their lives and habits. According to a survey of UC Berkeley undergraduates, 78% of students said their phone use prevents them from thinking deeply, being creative, or engaging fully with ideas. For many students, the struggle feels deeply personal. “It sucks that on a regular basis, I am having to fight with my phone. I feel like I am losing control over my life,” a student named Dawson Kelly said. That feeling is one reason why the no-phone gatherings have resonated (引起共鸣) with so many students. Without screens competing for attention, conversations become more meaningful and people feel more present with one another. Through small but intentional habit changes, Project Reboot hopes students can strengthen qualities like mindfulness, discipline, resilience, and creativity while spending less time trapped in endless scrolling. 1．Why do the students have the no-phone parties? A．To seek for personal achievements. B．To restore the relation to the real world. C．To relieve heavy academic pressure. D．To improve a new way to hold socials. 2．What can the students obtain through Project Reboot? A．Control over their focus. B．Enough free time. C．Support from schoolmates. D．Better career plans for the future. 3．How does phone use affect most students in the survey? A．It makes them physically ill. B．It causes them to fail exams. C．It weakens their ability to reflect. D．It prevents them from sleeping well. 4．Which can be the best title for the text? A．Berkeley’s War Against Phones B．How to Plan a Student Gathering C．The Dark Side of Modern Devices D．Taking Back Control in a Digital World 2 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $