内容正文:
Day 4 · 定语从句(四)
—— 极难句特训:嵌套定语从句
目录
一、 典例分析 1
二、 仿写练习 5
1. 语法填空与仿写练习 5
2. 答案解析与仿写参考 6
3. 写作迁移 7
阶段目标:通过“五步四层剥离法”体会嵌套式与分隔式定语从句的层次关系,掌握跳过同位语、介词短语等插入成分准确定位先行词,并判断关系词在从句中作主、宾、定语的方法。
1、 典例分析
⭐ 例1(2023天津卷·单项填空)难度:★★☆☆☆
Their child is at the stage ______ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
① 全句观:
连词数:1个(横线处)| 动词数:2个(is, can say)
结构类型:where引导的限制性定语从句(抽象地点)
② 第一层(并列切分):
but连接两个并列宾语:individual words / not full sentences
③ 第二层(主从定位):
主句主干:Their child is at the stage.
限制性定语从句:______ she can say individual words but not full sentences → 修饰the stage
先行词stage表示抽象地点(“阶段”),关系词在从句中作地点状语(= at the stage),用where
抽象名词(stage, point, situation, case等)后接定语从句,缺状语时用where
④ 第三层(修饰剥离):
at the stage → 介词短语作表语
individual words / full sentences → 并列宾语
⑤ 第四层(最小单元):
主句:Their child is at the stage.
定语从句:she can say words but not sentences there.
树状结构图:
[Their child] [is] [at the stage]
└── [where she can say individual words but not full sentences]
[限制性定语从句,where作地点状语]
⚠️ 核心考点:
抽象名词(stage, point, situation, case)后接定语从句,缺状语时用where
where不限于具体地点,也可指抽象“阶段/地步”
⭐ 例2(2021天津卷·单项填空)难度:★★★☆☆
William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ______ we can learn without repeating them.
树状结构图:① 全句观:
连词数:2个(that, 横线处)| 动词数:3个(suggested, informs, can learn)
结构类型:“介词 + which”引导的限制性定语从句
② 第一层(并列切分):
无并列连词
③ 第二层(主从定位):
主句主干:William Hastie once suggested that...
宾语从句(that引导):that history informs us of past mistakes
限制性定语从句:______ we can learn without repeating them → 修饰past mistakes
横线处关系词在从句中作learn from的宾语(learn from past mistakes),介词from提前,用from which
完整形式:past mistakes from which we can learn
④ 第三层(修饰剥离):
of past mistakes → 介词短语作状语
without repeating them → 介词短语作状语
⑤ 第四层(最小单元):
主句:William Hastie suggested that...
宾语从句:history informs us of mistakes.
定语从句:from which we can learn.
[William Hastie] [once suggested] [that history informs us of past mistakes]
└── [from which we can learn without repeating them]
[“介词 + which”引导的限制性定语从句,修饰past mistakes]
⚠️ 核心考点:
“介词 + which”结构中,介词的选择取决于从句中动词的搭配(learn from mistakes)
关系词在从句中作介词宾语,不可用that替换
⭐ 例3(2022全国甲卷·语法填空)难度:★★★★☆
On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ______ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
① 全句观:
连词数:1个(横线处)| 动词数:2个(lost, crossed)
结构类型:who引导的非限制性定语从句
② 第一层(并列切分):
无并列连词
③ 第二层(主从定位):
主句主干:the man Cao Shengkang crossed 40 cities and counties.
非限制性定语从句:______ lost his eyesight at the age of eight → 修饰Cao Shengkang
先行词指人,关系词在从句中作主语(lost的主语),用who
④ 第三层(修饰剥离):
On the 1,100-kilometer journey → 介词短语作状语
at the age of eight → 介词短语作时间状语
in a car accident → 介词短语作场景/地点状语
in three provinces → 介词短语作地点状语
⑤ 第四层(最小单元):
主句:Cao Shengkang crossed cities and counties.
定语从句:who lost his eyesight.
树状结构图:
[On the 1,100-kilometer journey,] [the man Cao Shengkang]
└── [, ______ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,]
[非限制性定语从句,修饰Cao Shengkang]
[crossed] [40 cities and counties in three provinces]
⚠️ 核心考点:
who在从句中作主语,不可省略
⭐ 例4(2020全国III卷·语法填空)难度:★★★★☆
In ancient China lived an artist ______ paintings were almost lifelike.
树状结构图:① 全句观:
连词数:1个(横线处)| 动词数:2个(lived, were)
结构类型:whose引导的限制性定语从句(完全倒装主句)
② 第一层(并列切分):
无并列连词
③ 第二层(主从定位):
主句(完全倒装):In ancient China lived an artist.(正常语序:An artist lived in ancient China.)
限制性定语从句:______ paintings were almost lifelike → 修饰an artist
横线处关系词在从句中作paintings的定语(“他的画”),表示所属关系,用whose
whose paintings = the artist’s paintings
④ 第三层(修饰剥离):
In ancient China → 介词短语作地点状语,置于句首引起完全倒装
almost lifelike → 形容词短语作表语
⑤ 第四层(最小单元):
主句:An artist lived in ancient China.
定语从句:whose paintings were lifelike.
[In ancient China] [lived] [an artist] [完全倒装]
└── [______ paintings were almost lifelike]
[限制性定语从句,whose作paintings的定语]
⚠️ 核心考点:
whose在从句中作定语,修饰后面的名词
主句为完全倒装(地点状语 + 谓语 + 主语),增加句子复杂度
⭐ 例5(2023全国乙卷·短文改错改编)难度:★★★★★
The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ______ hair color looked just perfect.① 全句观:
连词数:2个(which, 横线处)| 动词数:4个(chose, came, had, looked)
结构类型:which引导的限制性定语从句嵌套whose引导的限制性定语从句
② 第一层(并列切分):
无并列连词
③ 第二层(主从定位):
主句主干:The color came in a box.
省略关系词的定语从句:(that/which)she chose → 修饰The color
限制性定语从句1(which引导):which had a picture of a woman → 修饰a box
树状结构图:限制性定语从句2(横线处):______ hair color looked just perfect → 修饰a woman,嵌套在which从句内部
横线处关系词在从句中作hair的定语(“她的头发颜色”),表示所属关系,用whose
④ 第三层(修饰剥离):
she chose → 省略关系词的定语从句,修饰The color
of a woman → 介词短语作定语,修饰picture
hair color → 名词短语,受whose修饰
just perfect → 形容词短语作表语
⑤ 第四层(最小单元):
主句:The color came in a box.
定语从句1:which had a picture.
定语从句2:whose hair color looked perfect.
省略定语从句:she chose the color.
[The color] [(that/which) she chose] [came in] [a box]
└── [which had a picture of a woman] [限制性定语从句1,修饰box]
└── [whose hair color looked just perfect] [限制性定语从句2,修饰woman]
[whose作hair的定语]
⚠️ 核心考点:
whose引导定语从句时,在从句中作定语,修饰后面的名词
2、 仿写练习
1. 语法填空与仿写练习
⭐ 练1
原句(2023天津卷·单项填空):
Their child is at the stage _________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
① 请在横线上填入正确的关系词:
② 先行词stage表示什么?关系词在从句中作什么成分? ________
③ 翻译全句: ________________________________________________
⭐ 练2
原句(2021天津卷·单项填空):
William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes _________ we can learn without repeating them.
① 请在横线上填入正确的“介词 + 关系词”:
② 介词from的选择依据是什么? ______________________________
③ 翻译全句: ________________________________________________
⭐ 练3
原句(2020全国III卷·语法填空):
In ancient China lived an artist _________ paintings were almost lifelike.
① 请在横线上填入正确的关系词:
② 该关系词在从句中作什么成分? ______________________________
③ 翻译全句: ________________________________________________
⭐ 练4 ✍️【仿写任务】
任务说明: 请根据以下中文提示,写一段话(不少于50词),描述一个人或一件物品,至少使用1个whose引导的定语从句和1个分隔式定语从句。
提示: 描述一位家人、朋友或你珍视的物品。
你的仿写:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. 答案解析与仿写参考
⭐ 练1 参考答案
① 答案: where
② stage表示抽象地点(“阶段”),关系词在从句中作地点状语(= at the stage)
③ 翻译: 他们的孩子正处于能说出单个单词但还不能说出完整句子的阶段。
⭐ 练2 参考答案
① 答案: from which
② 依据从句中learn的搭配:learn from past mistakes(从过去的错误中学习)
③ 翻译: 威廉·哈斯蒂曾提出,历史告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习而不重蹈覆辙。
⭐ 练3 参考答案
① 答案: whose
② 在从句中作定语(修饰paintings,“他的画”)
③ 翻译: 中国古代有一位画家,他的画几乎栩栩如生。
⭐ 练4 仿写参考
My grandfather is a man whose stories always fascinate me. He lives in a small house in the countryside, which he built with his own hands many years ago. The house, whose garden is full of flowers, is a place where I spent most of my childhood summers. (50 words)
3. 写作迁移
任务: 用定语从句写一段话(不少于50词),描述一个人或一件物品,至少使用1个whose引导的定语从句和1个分隔式定语从句。
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
写作示范:
My grandfather is a man whose stories always fascinate me. He lives in a small house in the countryside, which he built with his own hands many years ago. The house, whose garden is full of flowers, is a place where I spent most of my childhood summers.
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