高考英语长难句60天打卡计划-第1-5天-定语从句基础 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考定语从句核心考点，按关系代词、关系副词、非限制性定语从句、“介词+关系代词”及综合应用的逻辑层次递进，通过核心词汇梳理、句子结构解剖、语法规则精讲、2020-2022年高考真题例句训练等环节，帮助学生构建完整知识体系，突破长难句分析难点。 资料采用“真题溯源+分层拆解”教学策略，如对比as与which引导非限制性定语从句的用法差异，总结way作先行词的三种引导方式，培养学生思维品质与语言能力。设置难度系数分级练习，配合即时语法规律总结，确保高效复习，为教师精准把控复习节奏、提升学生应考能力提供有力支持。

高考英语长难句60天打卡计划 第一阶段：定语从句基础（第1-5天） —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 1：限制性定语从句（关系代词） 定语从句（Attributive Clause） 是高考英语语法中的核心考点，每年必考。Day 1 重点学习关系代词 which、that、who、whom、whose 引导的限制性定语从句，掌握关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语的基本用法。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第1句 No.1 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年全国甲卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The research, which was conducted by a team of international scientists, suggests that the amount of plastic waste in the ocean could triple over the next decade if no action is taken to reduce pollution. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ n. 研究，调查。conduct/carry out research 开展研究。例：The research shows that exercise improves memory. conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. 进行，实施。conduct an experiment/a survey 进行实验/调查。例：Scientists conducted a series of experiments. suggest /səˈdʒest/ v. 表明，暗示；建议。suggest doing sth. 建议做某事；suggest that... 表明……。例：The evidence suggests he is guilty. amount /əˈmaʊnt/ n. 数量，数额。a large amount of + 不可数名词 大量的；the amount of ……的数量。例：A large amount of money was wasted. plastic /ˈplæstɪk/ n./adj. 塑料。plastic waste/bags/bottles 塑料垃圾/袋/瓶。例：We should reduce plastic waste. triple /ˈtrɪp(ə)l/ v. 变为三倍，翻三番。triple in size/size triples 体积变为三倍。例：The population has tripled since 1950. decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年。over the past decade 在过去的十年中。例：Great changes have taken place in the past decade. pollution /pəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ n. 污染。reduce pollution 减少污染；air/water/noise pollution 空气/水/噪音污染。例：The government is trying to reduce air pollution. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The research suggests that ... ├── 主语：The research │ └── [非限制性定语从句] , which was conducted by a team of international scientists, │ ├── 关系代词：which（指代先行词 The research，在从句中作主语） │ ├── 从句谓语：was conducted（一般过去时被动语态） │ └── 从句状语：by a team of international scientists ├── 谓语：suggests（一般现在时） └── [宾语从句] that the amount of plastic waste in the ocean could triple over the next decade ... ├── 引导词：that（无词义，可省略） ├── 从句主语：the amount of plastic waste in the ocean ├── 从句谓语：could triple（情态动词+动词原形） ├── 从句状语：over the next decade └── [条件状语从句] if no action is taken to reduce pollution ├── 连词：if（如果） ├── 从句主语：no action ├── 从句谓语：is taken（被动语态） └── 目的状语：to reduce pollution 【语法精讲】 一、which引导的非限制性定语从句 which在此指代先行词The research（研究），在从句中作主语。非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开，对先行词进行补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍然完整。 非限制性定语从句 vs 限制性定语从句： 对比项 非限制性定语从句（本句） 限制性定语从句 逗号 ✅ 与主句之间有逗号隔开 ❌ 无逗号 功能 补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整 限定修饰，去掉后主句意思不完整或不明确 关系代词 不能用 that 可用 that 或 which 翻译方法 常拆译为并列分句 常译为"……的" 示例 The research, which was conducted by..., suggests... The research that/which was conducted by... suggests... 二、which在从句中作主语时的主谓一致 当which在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持一致。 先行词 从句谓语 示例 单数名词（本句） 单数谓语 The research, which was conducted by... 复数名词 复数谓语 The measures, which are effective... 整句话（特殊） 单数谓语 He passed the exam, which makes us happy. 三、多层从句嵌套的分析方法 本句包含：主句 → 定语从句 → 宾语从句 → 条件状语从句，共四层嵌套。分析时从主句主干入手（The research suggests that...），逐层向外解析。 【翻译技巧】 非限制性定语从句在翻译时通常拆分为两个独立的句子，将关系代词 which 还原为"这项研究"。宾语从句 that... 直接跟在"表明"之后。条件状语从句 if... 译为"如果没有……"。全句采用"拆分法"处理多层嵌套。 【参考译文】 这项由一组国际科学家开展的研究表明，如果在未来十年内不采取行动减少污染，海洋中的塑料垃圾数量可能会增至三倍。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 非限制性定语从句中，指物时只能用 which，不能用 that。本句还展示了高考长难句的典型特征——多层从句嵌套。阅读时先抓主干 The research suggests that...，再逐层分析各个修饰成分。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第2句 No.2 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2021年全国甲卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 Teenagers whose parents encourage them to think independently from an early age are more likely to develop strong problem-solving skills and demonstrate greater confidence when facing various challenges in life. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 teenager /ˈtiːneɪdʒə(r)/ n. 青少年。teenagers 复数；teenage adj. 青少年的。例：Many teenagers spend hours on social media. encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ v. 鼓励，激励。encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事。例：Parents should encourage children to read. independently /ˌɪndɪˈpendəntli/ adv. 独立地。think independently 独立思考；live independently 独立生活。例：He learned to solve problems independently. likely /ˈlaɪkli/ adj./adv. 可能的/地。be likely to do sth. 可能做某事；more likely 更可能。例：It is likely to rain tomorrow. develop /dɪˈveləp/ v. 发展，培养。develop a habit/skill 培养习惯/技能。例：Reading helps develop critical thinking. demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ v. 展示，证明。demonstrate an ability 展示能力；demonstrate how to do 演示如何做。例：The experiment demonstrates the principle. challenge /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ n./v. 挑战。face a challenge 面对挑战；challenging adj. 有挑战性的。例：The task is a real challenge for us. various /ˈveəriəs/ adj. 各种不同的。for various reasons 因为各种原因；a variety of 各种各样的。例：There are various ways to solve this problem. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Teenagers ... are more likely to develop strong problem-solving skills and demonstrate greater confidence ├── 主语：Teenagers │ └── [限制性定语从句] whose parents encourage them to think independently from an early age │ ├── 关系代词：whose（指代 Teenagers'，在从句中作定语修饰 parents） │ ├── 从句主语：whose parents │ ├── 从句谓语：encourage │ ├── 宾语：them（指代 teenagers） │ └── 宾补：to think independently（不定式短语） │ └── 时间状语：from an early age ├── 谓语：are（系动词） ├── 表语：more likely to develop...and demonstrate... │ ├── 不定式1：to develop strong problem-solving skills │ └── 不定式2：[省略to] demonstrate greater confidence └── 时间状语：when facing various challenges in life └── 省略式时间状语从句：when (they are) facing... 【语法精讲】 一、whose引导的限制性定语从句 whose是关系代词，意为"……的"，表示所属关系，既可指人（本句指teenagers）也可指物。 功能 例句 说明 指人（本句） Teenagers whose parents encourage them... whose = the teenagers' 指物 a house whose windows face south whose = of which 含介词 a friend whose help I depend on whose + n. 作介词宾语 二、并列不定式结构 本句中两个不定式 to develop... and (to) demonstrate... 并列作表语形容词 likely 的状语。第二个不定式通常省略 to，形成"并列不定式省略to"的规则。 结构 示例 说明 并列不定式（本句） likely to develop...and (to) demonstrate... 第二个to可省略 单个不定式 likely to succeed 必须带to 三、省略式时间状语从句 when facing various challenges = when they are facing various challenges。当从句主语与主句主语一致且从句含be动词时，可省略主语和be动词。 完整形式 省略形式 when they are facing... when facing... while I was walking home while walking home when it is heated when heated 四、and连接的并列谓语 本句中 develop...and demonstrate...是两个并列的动词短语，共享主语和情态动词结构。 【翻译技巧】 whose的翻译需要将所属关系表达清楚。本句"Teenagers whose parents encourage them..."译为"父母鼓励他们……的青少年"，将定语从句前置。并列结构"develop...and demonstrate..."译为"培养……并展示……"。时间状语从句when facing...译为"在面对……时"。 【参考译文】 父母从小鼓励他们独立思考的青少年更有可能培养出强大的解决问题的能力，并在面对生活中的各种挑战时展现出更大的自信。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ whose的双重身份：既指人又指物，且后必须接名词。本句的另一个考点是省略式状语从句——当从句主语与主句主语一致时，可省略为"连词+现在分词/过去分词"形式。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 2：限制性定语从句（关系副词） 关系副词 when、where、why 在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。Day 2 重点掌握这三个关系副词的用法，以及区分关系副词与关系代词的判断方法。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第3句 No.3 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 With the rapid development of digital technology, we have now entered an era when people can communicate with each other across the globe instantly through the Internet, which has fundamentally transformed the way we live and work. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 rapid /ˈræpɪd/ adj. 迅速的，快速的。rapid development/growth/change 快速发展/增长/变化。例：The city has experienced rapid growth. development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ n. 发展，开发。with the development of 随着……的发展。例：The development of AI is accelerating. digital /ˈdɪdʒɪt(ə)l/ adj. 数字的，数码的。digital technology 数字技术；digital age 数字时代。例：Digital technology has changed our lives. era /ˈɪərə/ n. 时代，纪元。enter an era 进入一个时代；a new era 新时代。例：We are living in a digital era. communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ v. 交流，沟通。communicate with sb. 与某人交流。例：We communicate with each other by email. instantly /ˈɪnstəntli/ adv. 立即，瞬间地。= immediately，强调极短时间。例：The message was sent instantly. globe /ɡləʊb/ n. 地球，世界；球体。across the globe 全球；global adj. 全球的。例：People across the globe use the Internet. fundamentally /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/ adv. 根本地，本质上。fundamentally change 根本改变。例：The Internet has fundamentally altered communication. transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ v. 改变，转变。transform...into... 把……转变为。例：Education can transform people's lives. 【句子解剖】 [主句] we have now entered an era ├── 主语：we ├── 谓语：have entered（现在完成时） └── 宾语：an era └── [限制性定语从句] when people can communicate ... through the Internet ├── 关系副词：when（= in which，在从句中作时间状语） ├── 从句主语：people ├── 从句谓语：can communicate ├── 从句状语1：with each other ├── 从句状语2：across the globe ├── 从句状语3：instantly └── 从句状语4：through the Internet └── [非限制性定语从句] , which has fundamentally transformed the way we live and work ├── 关系代词：which（指代前面整件事，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：has transformed（现在完成时） └── 从句宾语：the way (we live and work) 【语法精讲】 一、关系副词when的用法 when引导限制性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词（era），在从句中作时间状语。 常见的时间先行词： 先行词 含义 定语从句示例 era（本句） 时代 an era when people communicate globally time 时间/时代 the time when I was young day 日子/时代 the day when we first met age 时代 an age when everything is digital period 时期 a period when the economy was growing 二、关系副词 vs 关系代词的判断方法 将先行词代入从句，判断从句缺少什么成分： 缺什么成分 用什么词 代入测试 结论 缺少时间状语（本句） 关系副词 when "In this era, people can communicate..." → 作状语 ✅ 用 when 缺少主语/宾语 关系代词 which/that "People can communicate..." → 句子完整 ❌ 不是代词 判断口诀： 缺主缺宾用代词（which/that），不缺主宾用副词（when/where/why） 三、which指代整句话的非限制性定语从句 本句末尾的which指代前面整个主句"人们能够通过互联网即时全球交流"这件事，在从句中作主语。这是高考定语从句最高频考点之一。 四、the way作先行词的定语从句 the way we live and work = the way (in which/that) we live and work，way作先行词时引导词有三种选择。 【翻译技巧】 关系副词when翻译时融入先行词"era"，处理为"在一个……的时代"。非限制性定语从句which has fundamentally transformed...拆译为独立分句"这从根本上改变了……"。介词短语with the development of...译为"随着……的发展"，作句首状语。 【参考译文】 随着数字技术的快速发展，我们现在已经进入了一个人们可以通过互联网在全球范围内即时交流的时代，这从根本上改变了我们的生活和工作方式。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 判断关系代词还是关系副词，关键看从句缺不缺成分：从句缺主语/宾语→用 which/that；从句不缺主宾→用 when/where/why。本句末尾的 which 指代整句话，是高考超高频考点！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第4句 No.4 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 There are several important reasons why many people now prefer online learning platforms to traditional classroom education, especially when these platforms offer more flexible schedules and personalized learning experiences. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 several /ˈsevrəl/ adj. 几个，若干。several times 几次；several of them 他们中的几个。例：I have read the book several times. reason /ˈriːz(ə)n/ n. 原因，理由。the reason why... ……的原因；for this reason 因为这个原因。例：There are many reasons for his success. prefer /prɪˈfɜː(r)/ v. 更喜欢，偏好。prefer A to B 比起B更喜欢A；prefer to do 更喜欢做。例：I prefer coffee to tea. platform /ˈplætfɔːm/ n. 平台。online learning platform 在线学习平台。例：The platform provides various courses. traditional /trəˈdɪʃən(ə)l/ adj. 传统的。traditional education 传统教育；traditional culture 传统文化。例：Traditional teaching methods have limitations. flexible /ˈfleksəb(ə)l/ adj. 灵活的。flexible schedule 灵活的时间安排；flexibility n. 灵活性。例：Online courses offer flexible timetables. personalized /ˈpɜːsənəlaɪzd/ adj. 个性化的。personalized learning 个性化学习；personalized service 个性化服务。例：The program provides personalized feedback. 【句子解剖】 [主句] There are several important reasons ├── 结构：There be 句型（存在句） └── 主语：several important reasons └── [限制性定语从句] why many people now prefer online learning platforms to traditional classroom education ├── 关系副词：why（= for which，在从句中作原因状语） ├── 从句主语：many people ├── 从句谓语：prefer ├── 从句宾语：online learning platforms └── 比较状语：to traditional classroom education └── (prefer A to B 结构) [时间状语从句] especially when these platforms offer more flexible schedules and personalized learning experiences ├── 连词：when（当……时） ├── 从句主语：these platforms ├── 从句谓语：offer └── 从句宾语：more flexible schedules and personalized learning experiences 【语法精讲】 一、why引导的定语从句 why是关系副词，修饰先行词reason，在从句中作原因状语，相当于 for which。 表示"原因"的定语从句 含义 语体 the reason why...（本句） ……的原因 通用 the reason for which... ……的原因 正式文体 the reason that... ……的原因 口语化 the reason /... ……的原因 省略引导词 二、prefer A to B 结构（高考常考） 结构 含义 例句 prefer A to B（本句） 比起B更喜欢A I prefer reading to watching TV. prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A而不做B He prefers to walk rather than take a bus. prefer doing A to doing B 比起做B更喜欢做A She prefers living in the country to living in the city. 三、"There be + 名词 + 定语从句"结构 本句使用"There be + reasons + why从句"结构，这是英语中常见的"存在句+定语从句"模式。 【翻译技巧】 why引导的定语从句翻译时译为"……的原因"，there be句型译为"有几个重要原因"而不是直译"存在"。本句的翻译难点在于prefer A to B结构要转换语序：prefer online learning platforms to traditional classroom education 译为"更喜欢在线学习平台而不是传统课堂教学"。 【参考译文】 有几个重要原因可以解释为什么现在许多人更喜欢在线学习平台而不是传统课堂教育，尤其是当这些平台提供更灵活的时间安排和个性化的学习体验时。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ reason的搭配： reason后接定语从句用why（作状语），接表语从句用that（不能用because）。prefer A to B 结构中的to是介词，不是不定式符号，后接名词或动名词。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 3：非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与先行词之间用逗号隔开，对先行词进行补充说明。Day 3 重点学习 which 指代整句话的用法和 as 引导的非限制性定语从句——这两个考点在高考语法填空中频繁出现。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第5句 No.5 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2020年全国卷I 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 Many educational experts believe that the key to solving the problem of youth unemployment lies in providing better vocational training, which can help young people acquire the practical skills that are in high demand in the modern job market. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 educational /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/ adj. 教育的。educational system 教育系统；educational reform 教育改革。例：The government is reforming the educational system. expert /ˈekspɜːt/ n. 专家。an expert in/on……方面的专家。例：He is an expert in environmental science. solve /sɒlv/ v. 解决。solve a problem/a mystery 解决问题/破解谜团。例：We need to find a way to solve this issue. unemployment /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ n. 失业。youth unemployment 青年失业；unemployment rate 失业率。例：Unemployment is a serious social problem. vocational /vəʊˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/ adj. 职业的。vocational training 职业培训；vocational school 职业学校。例：Vocational training helps students find jobs. training /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ n. 培训，训练。receive training 接受培训；job training 岗位培训。例：The company provides on-the-job training. acquire /əˈkwaɪə(r)/ v. 获得，学到。acquire knowledge/skills 获得知识/技能。例：It takes time to acquire a new language. demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/ n./v. 需求，要求。in demand 需求量大；demand for ……的需求。例：There is a growing demand for skilled workers. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Many educational experts believe that ... ├── 主语：Many educational experts ├── 谓语：believe └── [宾语从句] that the key to solving the problem of youth unemployment lies in providing better vocational training ├── 引导词：that（无词义，在从句中不作成分，可省略） ├── 从句主语：the key to solving the problem of youth unemployment ├── 从句谓语：lies in（在于，短语动词） └── 从句宾语：providing better vocational training（动名词短语） └── [非限制性定语从句] , which can help young people acquire the practical skills ├── 关系代词：which（指代 vocational training，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：can help ├── 从句宾语：young people └── 宾补（不定式）：acquire the practical skills └── [限制性定语从句] that are in high demand in the modern job market ├── 关系代词：that（指代 skills，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：are in high demand └── 从句状语：in the modern job market 【语法精讲】 一、多重定语从句嵌套 本句包含三个从句的嵌套：宾语从句 → 非限制性定语从句 → 限制性定语从句。 层次 从句类型 引导词 先行词 第一层 宾语从句 that 无（作believe的宾语） 第二层 非限制性定语从句 which vocational training 第三层 限制性定语从句 that the practical skills 二、which指代单个名词的非限制性定语从句 本句中which指代前面的vocational training（职业培训），在从句中作主语。这是非限制性定语从句最常见的用法——指代单个名词。 三、lie in 短语动词的用法 lie in = consist in / be found in，意为"在于"。 短语 含义 例句 lie in（本句） 在于 The problem lies in lack of experience. lie to 位于（某方向） Japan lies to the east of China. lie down 躺下 He lay down on the sofa. 【翻译技巧】 本句的翻译难点在于多层从句嵌套。从主句主干开始"Many educational experts believe that..."译为"许多教育专家认为……"。lie in译为"在于"，the key to...译为"……的关键"。which引导的非限制性定语从句拆译为独立分句"这……"，that引导的限制性定语从句前置译为"在……的"。 【参考译文】 许多教育专家认为，解决青年失业问题的关键在于提供更好的职业培训，这可以帮助年轻人获得那些在现代就业市场上需求量很大的实用技能。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 本句展示了高考长难句的典型结构：多从句嵌套。阅读策略是"先主后从"——先提取主句主干，再逐层分析各个从句。非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句同时出现时，注意区分各自的功能。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第6句 No.6 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2022年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 As is often the case with groundbreaking scientific discoveries, the recent breakthrough in artificial intelligence came about when researchers from different fields collaborated on a project that combined computer science with neuroscience. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 groundbreaking /ˈɡraʊndbreɪkɪŋ/ adj. 开创性的，突破性的。groundbreaking research/discovery 开创性研究/发现。例：The scientist made a groundbreaking discovery. discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ n. 发现。make a discovery 发现；scientific discovery 科学发现。例：The discovery of DNA was a milestone. breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ n. 突破，重大进展。make a breakthrough 取得突破；a major breakthrough 重大突破。例：Scientists have made a major breakthrough in cancer research. artificial intelligence /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ n. 人工智能。AI（缩写）；AI technology 人工智能技术。例：Artificial intelligence is changing the world. collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ v. 合作，协作。collaborate with sb. 与某人合作；collaboration n. 合作。例：Scientists from different countries collaborated on the project. combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ v. 结合，联合。combine A with B 把A和B结合起来。例：The course combines theory with practice. neuroscience /ˈnjʊərəsaɪəns/ n. 神经科学。neuroscientist n. 神经科学家。例：Neuroscience helps us understand the brain. 【句子解剖】 [非限制性定语从句（句首）] As is often the case with groundbreaking scientific discoveries ├── 关系代词：As（指代后面整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：is └── 从句表语：often the case [主句] the recent breakthrough in artificial intelligence came about ├── 主语：the recent breakthrough in artificial intelligence └── 谓语：came about（发生，产生，短语动词） [时间状语从句] when researchers from different fields collaborated on a project ├── 连词：when（当……时） ├── 从句主语：researchers from different fields ├── 从句谓语：collaborated └── 从句状语：on a project └── [限制性定语从句] that combined computer science with neuroscience ├── 关系代词：that（指代 project，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：combined └── 从句宾语：computer science └── 状语：with neuroscience 【语法精讲】 一、as引导的非限制性定语从句 as在此指代后面整个主句的内容，意为"正如……"，在从句中作主语。这是高考中极高频率的考查点。 固定句式 含义 例句 as is often the case（本句） 情况通常如此 He was late, as is often the case. as is known to all 众所周知 As is known to all, the earth is round. as is expected 正如所料 As is expected, the project was a success. as has been mentioned above 如上所述 As has been mentioned above, this is crucial. 二、as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的核心区别 对比维度 as（本句） which 位置 句首/句中/句末均可 只能位于句末 含义 "正如……"（带有比较含义） "这件事……"（中性指代） 主被动 从句谓语常为被动（as is known） 主动被动均可 固定搭配 有大量固定句式 无固定搭配 三、come about 与 happen/occur/take place 的区别 短语 含义 特点 come about（本句） 发生 强调如何发生，常跟how连用 happen 发生 最常用，可指偶然发生 occur 发生 较正式，occur to sb. 想起 take place 发生 强调按计划发生 【翻译技巧】 as is often the case with...是固定句首套语，译为"……的情况经常如此"或"正如经常发生的情况一样"。注意as从句放在句首时不能译为"正如……的案例"，而是将as的"正如"含义融入固定套语中。 【参考译文】 正如开创性科学发现中经常出现的情况那样，人工智能领域的最新突破是在来自不同领域的研究人员合作开展一个结合了计算机科学与神经科学的项目时实现的。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 考场速判： as放在句首→ 只能用 as，不能用 which！as可以"到处跑"（句首、句中、句尾），which只能"站末尾"。本句还展示了多个从句的嵌套（as从句 + 主句 + when从句 + that从句），是阅读理解C/D篇的典型长难句结构。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 4："介词+关系代词"结构 "介词+关系代词"是高考定语从句中的高频难点。介词的选择取决于先行词的搭配或从句中的动词短语。Day 4 重点学习介词+which 和介词+whom 的结构，掌握介词选择的"动词搭配原则"。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第7句 No.7 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年全国乙卷 阅读理解C篇 【原句】 The speed at which renewable energy technologies have developed in recent years has surprised many experts, who previously believed that it would take decades for solar and wind power to become economically competitive. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 speed /spiːd/ n. 速度。at a speed of 以……的速度；at full/high speed 全速/高速。例：The car was traveling at high speed. renewable /rɪˈnjuːəb(ə)l/ adj. 可再生的。renewable energy 可再生能源；renewable resources 可再生资源。例：Solar energy is a renewable resource. energy /ˈenədʒi/ n. 能源，能量。energy sources 能源；save energy 节约能源。例：We need to develop clean energy sources. technology /tekˈnɒlədʒi/ n. 技术。technology development 技术发展；high technology 高科技。例：Technology is advancing at an astonishing rate. previously /ˈpriːviəsli/ adv. 以前，先前。= before；previous adj. 先前的。例：He had previously worked as a teacher. economically /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli/ adv. 经济上。economically competitive 有经济竞争力；economically feasible 经济上可行。例：The plan is not economically viable. competitive /kəmˈpetətɪv/ adj. 有竞争力的。competitive price 有竞争力的价格；remain competitive 保持竞争力。例：The company needs to remain competitive. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The speed ... has surprised many experts ├── 主语：The speed │ └── [限制性定语从句] at which renewable energy technologies have developed in recent years │ ├── 关系代词：which（指代先行词 the speed） │ ├── 介词：at（来自 at the speed） │ ├── 从句主语：renewable energy technologies │ ├── 从句谓语：have developed（现在完成时） │ └── 从句状语：in recent years ├── 谓语：has surprised（现在完成时） └── 宾语：many experts └── [非限制性定语从句] , who previously believed that ... ├── 关系代词：who（指代 experts，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：believed └── [宾语从句] that it would take decades for solar and wind power to become economically competitive ├── 引导词：that（可省略） ├── 形式主语：it ├── 从句谓语：would take（过去将来时） ├── 真正主语：for solar and wind power to become...（不定式复合结构） └── 时间状语：decades 【语法精讲】 一、"介词+which"引导定语从句的介词选择方法 介词的选择依据——看先行词的惯用介词： 先行词 介词+which 含义 speed（本句） at which 以……速度 way in which 以……方式 reason for which 因为…… price at which 以……价格 degree to which 到……程度 二、介词+which 与关系副词的等价转换 "介词+which"结构 等价关系副词 适用范围 at which（本句） = at which speed (无副词等价) 具体速度 in which = where 地点 on/at which = when 时间 for which = why 原因 三、who引导的非限制性定语从句指人 先行词experts指人，用who引导非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句中，指人只能用who/whom，不能用that。 【翻译技巧】 "介词+关系代词"结构翻译时，将介词还原到动词搭配中。本句 at which... 还原为"以……速度"。非限制性定语从句 who previously believed that... 拆译为独立分句"这些专家此前认为……"。it takes time for...to do 结构译为"……需要……时间才能……"。 【参考译文】 可再生能源技术近年来发展的速度令许多专家感到惊讶，这些专家此前认为，太阳能和风能需要几十年才能在经济上具有竞争力。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 介词选择依据： "看先行词的惯用介词"——speed用at，way用in，reason用for。考场技巧： 将先行词代入从句，看动词或名词需要什么介词搭配。at the speed → at which；in the way → in which。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第8句 No.8 | 难度系数：★★★☆☆ | 来源：2020年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 The researcher with whom I had a detailed discussion about climate change emphasized that the international community must work together to achieve the ambitious goals set in the Paris Agreement. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究人员。a researcher in/on ……领域的研究人员。例：The researcher published her findings. detailed /ˈdiːteɪld/ adj. 详细的。a detailed discussion/analysis 详细讨论/分析。例：He gave us a detailed account of the event. discussion /dɪˈskʌʃ(ə)n/ n. 讨论。have a discussion about sth. 讨论某事；under discussion 在讨论中。例：We had a heated discussion about the plan. climate /ˈklaɪmət/ n. 气候。climate change 气候变化；climate crisis 气候危机。例：Climate change is affecting agriculture. emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/ v. 强调，着重。emphasize that... 强调……；emphasis n. 强调。例：The teacher emphasized the importance of practice. international community — n.短语 国际社会。the international community 国际社会。例：The international community should cooperate. achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ v. 实现，达到。achieve a goal 实现目标；achievement n. 成就。例：Hard work helps you achieve your goals. ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ adj. 雄心勃勃的，有抱负的。ambitious goal/target 雄心勃勃的目标。例：The government set ambitious targets. agreement /əˈɡriːmənt/ n. 协议，协定。reach an agreement 达成协议；sign an agreement 签署协议。例：The two countries signed a trade agreement. 【句子解剖】 [主句] The researcher ... emphasized that ... ├── 主语：The researcher │ └── [限制性定语从句] with whom I had a detailed discussion about climate change │ ├── 关系代词：whom（指代先行词 The researcher，作介词 with 的宾语） │ ├── 介词：with（来自 have a discussion with sb.） │ ├── 从句主语：I │ ├── 从句谓语：had │ └── 从句宾语：a detailed discussion about climate change └── 谓语：emphasized（一般过去时） └── [宾语从句] that the international community must work together to achieve the ambitious goals (which were) set in the Paris Agreement ├── 引导词：that（无词义，不作成分，可省略） ├── 从句主语：the international community ├── 从句谓语：must work together └── 目的状语：to achieve the ambitious goals └── 后置定语：set in the Paris Agreement（过去分词短语，= which were set） 【语法精讲】 一、"介词+whom"引导的定语从句（先行词指人） 当先行词指人，且在从句中作介词宾语时，使用"介词+whom"结构。 先行词 定语从句结构 例句 指人（本句） 介词 + whom the researcher with whom I had a discussion 指物 介词 + which the topic about which we talked 铁律： 介词后面只能用 whom（指人），不能用 who 或 that！ 二、介词位置的两种写法 写法 例句 语体 介词提前（本句） The researcher with whom I had a discussion... 正式文体（推荐） 介词后置 The researcher (who/whom) I had a discussion with... 非正式/口语 三、过去分词短语作后置定语 set in the Paris Agreement 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 the ambitious goals，相当于限制性定语从句 which were set in the Paris Agreement。 结构 功能 例句 过去分词短语（本句） 后置定语（表被动） goals set in the agreement 现在分词短语 后置定语（表主动） researchers working on the project 定语从句 可替换分词短语 goals which were set in the agreement 【翻译技巧】 "介词+whom"结构翻译时将介词还原到动词旁。本句"with whom I had a detailed discussion"译为"我与他进行了详细讨论的那位"。注意过去分词短语"set in the Paris Agreement"翻译时需前置为"在《巴黎协定》中设定的"。 【参考译文】 曾与我详细讨论气候变化问题的那位研究人员强调，国际社会必须共同努力，以实现《巴黎协定》中设定的雄心勃勃的目标。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 考场速记： 介词后面不能用 who 和 that！ - ❌ with who I had a discussion（错误！） - ✅ with whom I had a discussion（正确！） - ✅ with whom（指人）/ with which（指物） —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 📅 Day 5：定语从句综合 Day 5 对定语从句进行综合巩固，重点掌握 way 作先行词的特殊用法以及 that 与 which 的复杂区分规则。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第9句 No.9 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2022年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 Researchers are exploring new ways in which artificial intelligence can be used to diagnose various diseases at an early stage, which could significantly improve patients' chances of recovery and reduce the overall cost of healthcare. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ v. 探索，探究。explore possibilities 探索可能性；exploration n. 探索。例：Scientists are exploring new treatments. artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ adj. 人工的，人造的。artificial intelligence 人工智能；artificial flowers 假花。例：Artificial intelligence is widely used today. diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/ v. 诊断。diagnose a disease 诊断疾病；be diagnosed with 被诊断出患有。例：The doctor diagnosed him with diabetes. disease /dɪˈziːz/ n. 疾病。heart/lung disease 心脏/肺部疾病；disease prevention 疾病预防。例：Many diseases can now be cured. significantly /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/ adv. 显著地，大大地。improve significantly 显著改善；significant adj. 重要的。例：The new method improved efficiency significantly. recovery /rɪˈkʌvəri/ n. 恢复，康复。make a recovery 康复；chances of recovery 康复几率。例：He made a full recovery after the operation. overall /ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/ adj./adv. 整体的/上。overall cost 总成本；overall situation 总体情况。例：The overall cost of the project was high. healthcare /ˈhelθkeə(r)/ n. 医疗保健。healthcare system 医疗系统；healthcare cost 医疗费用。例：The government is reforming healthcare. 【句子解剖】 [主句] Researchers are exploring new ways ├── 主语：Researchers ├── 谓语：are exploring（现在进行时） └── 宾语：new ways └── [限制性定语从句] in which artificial intelligence can be used to diagnose various diseases at an early stage ├── 关系代词：which（指代 ways） ├── 介词：in（来自 in the way，意为"以……方式"） ├── 从句主语：artificial intelligence ├── 从句谓语：can be used（情态动词被动语态） └── 目的状语：to diagnose various diseases at an early stage └── [非限制性定语从句] , which could significantly improve ... and reduce ... ├── 关系代词：which（指代前面整件事，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：could improve ... and reduce（并列谓语） ├── 宾语1：patients' chances of recovery └── 宾语2：the overall cost of healthcare 【语法精讲】 一、way 作先行词的三种引导方式（高考高频考点） 引导方式 例句 语体/考频 in which（本句） new ways in which AI can be used 最正式 that new ways that AI can be used 较常用 省略 / ∅ new ways ∅ AI can be used 口语化，近年高频 二、which指代整句话（嵌套中的指代） 本句末尾的which指代前面"利用人工智能在早期阶段诊断各种疾病"这件事，即"人工智能诊断疾病"这一行为能够改善康复几率并降低费用。 三、被动语态 can be used + 不定式 can be used to diagnose 是含情态动词的被动语态结构，表示"可以被用来诊断"。 结构 例句 情态动词+be+过去分词+不定式（本句） AI can be used to diagnose diseases. 情态动词+be+过去分词 The problem can be solved. 【翻译技巧】 way作先行词时，in which引导定语从句翻译为"……的方式"。非限制性定语从句which could...拆译为独立分句"这能够……"。注意本句中which指代的是"人工智能诊断疾病"这件事，而非单个名词。 【参考译文】 研究人员正在探索利用人工智能在早期阶段诊断各种疾病的新方法，这能够显著提高患者的康复几率并降低总体医疗成本。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 最高频考点： way作先行词时，定语从句的引导词有三种选择（in which / that / 省略），三者可互换。嵌套中的which指代： 本句末尾的which指代的是前面整套"动宾结构"（use AI to diagnose diseases），而非单个名词——注意区分指代对象！ —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第10句 No.10 | 难度系数：★★★★☆ | 来源：2021年新高考I卷 阅读理解D篇 【原句】 This is one of the most remarkable discoveries that have been made in the field of genetics in recent decades, and it provides scientists with valuable insights into the complex mechanisms that underlie various inherited diseases. 【核心词汇】 词汇 音标 词性 释义与搭配 remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəb(ə)l/ adj. 非凡的，显著的。remarkable achievement 非凡成就；remarkable progress 显著进步。例：She made remarkable progress in English. discovery /dɪˈskʌvəri/ n. 发现。make a discovery 作出发现；scientific discovery 科学发现。例：The discovery changed our understanding. field /fiːld/ n. 领域，田野。in the field of 在……领域；field research 实地研究。例：He is an expert in the field of genetics. genetics /dʒəˈnetɪks/ n. 遗传学。genetic adj. 基因的，遗传的；genetic engineering 基因工程。例：Genetics is a rapidly advancing field. insight /ˈɪnsaɪt/ n. 洞察，深刻理解。insight into sth. 对……的深刻理解；gain insight 获得深刻认识。例：The research provides new insights into the disease. mechanism /ˈmekənɪz(ə)m/ n. 机制，机理。complex mechanism 复杂机制；defense mechanism 防御机制。例：The mechanism of the disease is still unclear. underlie /ˌʌndəˈlaɪ/ v. 构成……的基础，是……的原因。underlying adj. 根本的，潜在的。例：Economic factors underlie the social changes. inherited /ɪnˈherɪtɪd/ adj. 遗传的，继承的。inherited disease 遗传病；inherit v. 继承。例：Some inherited diseases can now be treated. 【句子解剖】 [主句] This is one of the most remarkable discoveries ├── 主语：This ├── 系动词：is └── 表语：one of the most remarkable discoveries └── [限制性定语从句] that have been made in the field of genetics in recent decades ├── 关系代词：that（指代 discoveries，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句谓语：have been made（现在完成时被动语态） └── 从句状语：in the field of genetics in recent decades [并列连词] and [并列分句] it provides scientists with valuable insights into the complex mechanisms ├── 主语：it（指代 this discovery） ├── 谓语：provides（一般现在时） ├── 间接宾语：scientists ├── 直接宾语：valuable insights └── 定语：into the complex mechanisms └── [限制性定语从句] that underlie various inherited diseases ├── 关系代词：that（指代 mechanisms，在从句中作主语） ├── 从句主语：that (= the complex mechanisms) └── 从句谓语：underlie └── 从句宾语：various inherited diseases 【语法精讲】 一、只能用 that 不能用 which 的情况（高考必背） 先行词 discoveries 被最高级 the most remarkable 修饰，必须用 that： 序号 情况 示例 记忆法 ① 先行词被 最高级 修饰（本句） the most remarkable discoveries that 最 ② 先行词被 序数词 修饰 the first discovery that I made 序 ③ 先行词是 不定代词 everything that he discovered 不 ④ 先行词 既有人又有物 the people and things that I saw 既 记忆口诀： "最序不既"——最高级、序数词、不定代词、既有人又有物 二、"one of + 最高级 + 复数名词 + that从句"的主谓一致 结构 从句谓语 例句 one of + 复数名词 + that（本句） 复数（have been made） one of the discoveries that have been made the (only) one of + 复数名词 + that 单数（has been made） the only one of the discoveries that has been made 高考陷阱： 当one前面有the only修饰时，从句谓语用单数！ 三、provide sb. with sth. 结构 provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb.，意为"为某人提供某物"。 结构 例句 provide sb. with sth.（本句） The research provides scientists with valuable insights. provide sth. for sb. The research provides valuable insights for scientists. 【翻译技巧】 本句为and连接的并列复合句。第一个分句中的定语从句that have been made...译为"在……领域被发现的"。第二个分句中的定语从句that underlie...译为"构成……基础的"。注意并列连词and前后两个分句的翻译要保持平衡。 【参考译文】 这是近几十年来遗传学领域最非凡的发现之一，它为科学家提供了对构成各种遗传病基础的复杂机制的宝贵洞察。 【名师点睛】 ⭐ 考场铁律： 先行词被最高级（most / -est）或序数词（first/second）修饰时，关系代词必须用 that，不能用 which。高频陷阱： one of + 复数名词 + that从句 → 从句谓语用复数（先行词是复数名词）；the (only) one of + 复数名词 + that从句 → 从句谓语用单数（先行词是the one）。 —————————————————————————————————————————————————— 第一阶段小结（第1-5天） 经过五天的学习，你已经掌握了定语从句的核心知识： 天数 核心内容 关键点 Day 1 关系代词 which/that/who/whom/whose 的用法；whose 后必须接名词 Day 2 关系副词 when/where/why 在从句中作状语；判断方法"缺什么成分选什么词" Day 3 非限制性定语从句 which 指代整句话（不能用 that）；as 表示"正如"，位置灵活 Day 4 介词+关系代词 介词选择看先行词搭配或动词搭配；介词后只能用 which/whom Day 5 综合提高 way 三种引导方式（in which / that / 省略）；that/which 区分"最序不既"；one of...的主谓一致 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $