专题02 阅读理解-【题型易-必考题型精练】2026-2027学年八年级上册英语期中考前梯度特训（外研版·天津专用）

考前特训 专题02 阅读理解 期中考满分冲刺（天津专用） 姓名：___________班级：___________座号：___________ 内容提要 题型分析 解题指导 集中突破 一、题型定位 阅读理解是天津中考英语分值最重的题型之一，考查学生在语篇中获取信息、猜测词义、归纳主旨、推断作者意图以及把握篇章结构的能力。本次特训共收录 8 篇短文、40 道小题，篇幅在 139—250 词之间，话题紧贴八年级上册（外研版）单元主题，涵盖儿童创造力与发明、青少年发明创造、梦想与坚持、校园相处与宽容、邻里互助故事、友谊观、性格的成因、人物性格描写等。 二、命题特点 （1）细节理解题占比最大：多数题目可在原文中找到同义复现或原词对应，定位准确即可直接作答。 （2）词义猜测与句意理解题稳定出现：如 transformed、temperate、intellect，以及 make it happen 这类短语，需借助上下文推断。 （3）篇章结构题成为新亮点：如 Passage 1 题 4 要求判断文章结构，需辨清“总—分—总”的层次。 （4）主旨与标题题多设在篇末：要求用一句话概括全文，干扰项常“以偏概全”或“过度拔高”。 （5）说理与寓言类语篇比重上升：如宽容、邻里故事、性格成因，重在读懂“寓意句”，而非停留在字面。 三、核心考点分布（基于本次特训 8 篇梳理） 通过对 40 道小题的归类，核心考点可归纳为以下五类： （1）细节定位（约 18 题）：题干关键词回原文扫读，锁定对应句后即得答案。 （2）词义/句意猜测（约 4 题）：借助同位、举例、对比或解释性成分推断。 （3）推理判断（约 5 题）：综合多句信息或作者态度做出合理推断。 （4）主旨归纳与标题（约 7 题）：排除片面项，选能涵盖全文的概括句。 （5）篇章结构、写作手法与判断正误（约 6 题）：辨层次、辨论证方式、逐项核对原文。 一、四步解题法 第一步：先读题干，圈出关键词（人名、数字、专有名词、特殊疑问词），明确“找什么”。 第二步：带着关键词回原文扫读定位，找到对应句或对应段，切忌凭印象答题。 第三步：比对选项，注意“原词复现”往往是正确信号，而“偷换概念、以偏概全”是常见陷阱。 第四步：推理、主旨与结构题要立足全文，用“代入法”检验选项能否被文章支撑。 二、结合本次特训题目的实战点拨 【点拨1】写作手法题——以 Passage 1 题 1 为例：原文开篇写道“Lu Ban came up with the idea of the ruler when he was young”，紧接着又举 Benjamin Franklin 11 岁发明蛙鞋一例。第一段没有议论，而是连续举例，属典型的“举例论证”。判断写作手法时，只需看该段是否出现 by giving examples 这类信号，凡“人名＋年龄＋发明”连排，答案多为举例。 【点拨2】词义猜测题——以 Passage 1 题 2 为例：原文写道“But the simple invention has transformed the way we eat ice cream”，后半句接着说“making it easier and more enjoyable”，说明这个发明让吃冰淇淋的方式“改变”了。猜词时抓住后置的 -ing 结果状语，往往是命题人给出的最好提示：由“更省事、更好吃”反推 transformed 即“改变”。 【点拨3】主旨大意题——以 Passage 2 题 1 为例：原文首句写道“Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas”，随后用“Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions”总起下文四项发明。主旨题务必抓首段的“总起句”，再核对选项能否覆盖香蕉保鲜、蚯蚓机器人、自制洗衣机、可穿戴传感器这四块内容，只提其中一项的即为以偏概全。 【点拨4】句意理解题——以 Passage 3 题 1 为例：原文第一句就是对短语的定义：““Make it happen” means turning your dreams into real things”。此类“词＋means＋解释”的结构等于把答案写在卷面上，只要定位到定义句，直接取“把梦想变成现实”即可，不必通读全文。 【点拨5】词义猜测题——以 Passage 4 题 2 为例：原文写道“Tolerance teaches us to keep temperate and open-minded”，temperate 与 open-minded 由 and 并列，感情色彩应一致；前文又反复强调“respect one another’s differences”。据此可知 temperate 指“有节制的、不走极端的”，与 calm 一类词同向。并列结构是猜词最稳的锚点。 【点拨6】标题归纳题——以 Passage 5 题 5 为例：原文开头交代“Two neighbors, Mr. Smith and Mr. Green, lived there”，两人因花园争吵，一场暴风雨后重建花园、重修旧好。标题题要“既含人物冲突、又含结局”，只写 A Storm in the Garden 或 Two Neighbors 都只覆盖一半，须选能涵盖“共同解决问题”的选项。 【点拨7】还原句子题——以 Passage 7 题 2 为例：原文在 ▲ 之前写道“Don’t get too worried if you don’t have a good personality”，▲ 之后紧接“There are some good ways to start making changes”。前句在安慰、后句在给方法，中间的空必须起“转折＋引出办法”的作用，故选 Just face it and take action 一类。做还原题看前后句的逻辑关系，比逐词翻译有效。 【点拨8】词义猜测题——以 Passage 8 题 2 为例：原文写道“Students are all surprised at his intellect and great problem-solving skills”，his 指前文的 Alex，他“spends most of his free time reading in the school library”，因此 intellect 指“智力、才智”。猜人物评价类词，回到该人物的行为描写，答案自然浮现。 三、易错提醒 • 忌“先入为主”：用自己的常识代替原文信息，忽略文章的实际表述。 • 忌“偷换概念”：选项看似眼熟，实则把 A 的细节安到 B 身上，要逐词比对。 • 忌“以偏概全”：用某一段的细节充当全文主旨，掉进局部陷阱。 • 忌“过度推断”：推理题必须“文章能支撑”，不能凭空加戏。 Passage 1 Lu Ban came up with the idea of the ruler when he was young. Benjamin Franklin invented swim fins (蛙鞋) at the age of 11. The stories of the young inventors remind (提醒) people of children’s great creativity. Scientists agree that children are more creative than adults and that they have the power to create and invent. Every invention starts with curiosity and a heart to explore. Children are naturally curious and have a spirit (精神) of discovery, which drives them to ask questions, explore problems, and try to solve them. Frank Epperson, at the age of 11, created the ice cream stick by accident. But the simple invention has transformed the way we eat ice cream, making it easier and more enjoyable for people of all ages. What’s more, children can learn quickly and like turning new knowledge into practice (实践). They are not afraid to think differently and can challenge long-held ideas. They enjoy getting the sense of confidence and pride when they try out their ideas. It makes them take an active part in scientific experiments and create unexpected ideas. Children’s ability to create is really valuable. Adults should encourage them and provide them with chances to explore the world. By doing so, children can help to make the world around them better. 1．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 1? A．By asking questions. B．By listing numbers. C．By giving examples. D．By comparing ideas. 2．What does the underlined word “transformed” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Prepared. B．Changed. C．Discovered. D．Studied. 3．How do children feel when they try out their ideas? A．Proud. B．Surprised. C．Afraid. D．Relaxed. 4．What is the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 5．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To tell stories about famous inventors. B．To explain children’s ability to invent things. C．To recommend (推荐) some children’s inventions. D．To give advice on how to develop creativity. 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是说明文，围绕儿童的创造能力展开，提出儿童比成年人更具创造力的观点，从好奇心与探索精神、学习能力强且乐于实践两方面解释原因，最后呼吁成年人鼓励儿童探索世界、发挥创造力。 【详解】1．第一段指出“Lu Ban came up with the idea of the ruler when he was young. Benjamin Franklin invented swim fins at the age of 11.”，作者通过列举鲁班、本杰明·富兰克林年少时的发明事例，引出儿童具有强大创造力的观点，采用举例子的方式展开论述。 2．第二段指出“the simple invention has transformed the way we eat ice cream, making it easier and more enjoyable for people of all ages.”，冰棍棒的发明让吃冰淇淋变得更方便愉快，即改变了人们吃冰淇淋的方式，因此transformed意为“改变”，与changed含义一致。 3．第三段指出“They enjoy getting the sense of confidence and pride when they try out their ideas.”，孩子们在实践自己的想法时会获得自信与自豪感，因此会感到自豪。 4．第一段以“Scientists agree that children are more creative than adults and that they have the power to create and invent.”提出核心观点，为总起部分；第二段围绕“Every invention starts with curiosity and a heart to explore.”论述好奇心对创造力的作用，第三段围绕“What’s more, children can learn quickly and like turning new knowledge into practice.”论述学习实践能力对创造力的作用，两段为并列的分述部分；第四段以“Children’s ability to create is really valuable.”总结前文并发出呼吁，为总结部分。全文为“总-分-总”结构，对应选项A的图示。 5．全文围绕儿童的发明创造能力展开，先提出儿童更具创造力的观点，再从两方面解释原因，最后总结其价值，核心是说明儿童的发明创造能力相关内容，因此写作目的是解释儿童的发明创造能力。 Passage 2 Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas. Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions that might change the world. Banana leaves usually go bad in two or three days. Jenny, a teenager from India, used UV to make the leaves stay fresh for a year. She thinks that one day the leaves will be used for making plates, cups and other things. David is an American teenager. He built an earthworm robot. It is able to go into the smallest places, where humans or dogs can’t go. It will be used for finding people in a fire or an earthquake. Jose, a 14-year-old girl from India, found it tiring and boring to handwash clothes in the nearby river. She reused some bicycle parts and created a washing machine that saves time, energy and keeps people fit at the same time. Ken, a 15-year-old boy from New York, noticed that his grandfather who got Alzheimer’s disease would often leave home and get lost. So he invented the wearable sensors (传感器) to help people find their family members like his grandfather. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．Popular ads. B．Useful machines. C．Strange ideas. D．Teenage inventions. 2．Jenny made the leaves stay fresh for ________. A．a year B．two or three days C．a month D．two years 3．The earthworm robot can ________. A．take care of the old people B．help people wash clothes C．go into the smallest places D．make things stay fresh 4．Who invented the wearable sensors? A．David. B．Ken. C．Jose. D．Jenny. 5．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Plates and cups are made of fresh banana leaves. B．Jose’s washing machine can also keep people fit. C．David is a middle school student from India. D．Ken’s wearable sensors will keep old people at home. 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文为说明文，介绍了四位来自不同国家的青少年的创意发明，包括保鲜香蕉叶、蚯蚓机器人、自制洗衣机和可穿戴传感器，展现了青少年富有创造力、敢于创新的特点。 【详解】1．文章第一段明确指出“Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions”，下文分别介绍了四项由青少年发明的成果，因此文章主旨是关于青少年的发明。 2．根据第二段中“Jenny, a teenager from India, used UV to make the leaves stay fresh for a year.”可知，Jenny利用紫外线使香蕉叶保鲜了一年。 3．根据第三段中“It is able to go into the smallest places, where humans or dogs can’t go.”可知，蚯蚓机器人能够进入最小的地方。 4．根据最后一段中“Ken, a 15-year-old boy from New York... So he invented the wearable sensors…”可知，是Ken发明了可穿戴传感器。 5．根据第四段“…created a washing machine that saves time, energy and keeps people fit at the same time.”可知，Jose发明的洗衣机也能让人保持健康，B项表述正确。 Passage 3 “Make it happen” means turning your dreams into real things. Every great invention starts with an idea. But ideas alone are not enough. You need effort, courage and persistence. Many inventors meet lots of difficulties. They often fail many times before they succeed. However, they enjoy trying new ways and never decide to stop easily. They choose to keep working on their projects. Easton’s story is a good example. He wanted to help disabled children. He planned to build cheap robotic arms. He spent plenty of time testing his model. He hoped to share his design for free, so more kids could get help. If you have a goal, start to take action. Learn to overcome small difficulties. When your friends meet trouble, you can lend a hand to them. Remember: no dream can happen without hard work. 1．What does “make it happen” mean in the text? A．Invent new machines B．Make dreams come true C．Hold a science fair D．Help disabled people 2．What do great inventors need besides ideas? A．Lots of money B．Effort and persistence C．Big factories D．Many volunteers 3．What did Easton plan to build? A．A 3D printer B．Cheap robotic arms C．Plastic blocks D．A science fair 4．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Inventors never meet difficulties. B．Easton wanted to make lots of money. C．We should take action to achieve goals. D．Ideas can come true without effort. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to take part in scientific fairs B．How to build a robotic arm C．Stick to your dream and make it happen D．Ways to help disabled children 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要阐述了“Make it happen”的含义，通过发明家Easton的例子，强调了努力、坚持和行动对于实现梦想的重要性。 【详解】1．根据第一段第一句“‘Make it happen’means turning your dreams into real things.”可知，该短语的意思是“将梦想变为现实”，与选项B“Make dreams come true”意思一致。 2．第一段第三句“"But ideas alone are not enough. You need effort, courage and persistence.”表明除了想法，发明家还需要努力、勇气和坚持。 3．第三段第二句“He planned to build cheap robotic arms.”表明Easton计划建造便宜的机械臂。 4．第四段第一句“If you have a goal, start to take action.”表明我们应该采取行动来实现目标。 5．通读全文可知，文章围绕“Make it happen”展开，讲述了实现梦想需要努力、坚持和行动，并引用Easton的例子加以佐证。选项C“Stick to your dream and make it happen”最能概括文章主旨。 Passage 4 You may not realise it, but you are doing much more than just studying when you are at school. School is also the place where you learn to get on well with people. But this is not always easy. What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates? If you find that you have problems getting on with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance (宽容). Tolerance is the ability to realise and respect one another’s differences. We cannot change the way that other people do things, so it is important to learn to live happily with them. Tolerance will make everyone get on well with each other. Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently. Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad. Tolerance teaches us to keep temperate and open-minded. As an old saying goes, “Treat others how you want to be treated.” If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it. No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in. Tolerance just means that you should respect one another’s differences and not try to change them. It is important to practise tolerance because it will make everyone’s life easier. Learn to accept different abilities and interests of others. The world is very different, and practising tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference. 1．From the first paragraph we know that ________ at school. A．it’s easier for someone to hate others B．getting along with others is not helpful C．most students are getting on well with one another D．students are also learning other things besides knowledge 2．What does the underlined word “temperate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Gentle. B．Bad. C．Lazy. D．Lucky. 3．Which of the following behaviours can show tolerance? A．You don’t like your friend’s new shirt and just tell her directly. B．You and your parents have different ideas and have a quarrel (争吵). C．You don’t agree with your deskmate but you respect his or her views. D．You change your mind because others tell you that you are wrong. 4．From the last paragraph we know that ________. A．tolerance can only be learnt at school B．living with people of the same interests is easier C．practising tolerance can help make a better world D．people in different countries have different interests and abilities 5．This passage is trying to tell us ________ . A．what’s important to a student B．what students should do at home C．how to treat people different from us D．how to get others to do things in the right way 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．C 【导语】本文介绍在学校除学习知识外，还要学会与人相处，阐述宽容的含义、作用以及我们应当尊重人与人之间差异的道理。 【详解】1．第一段点明在校学习不止读书：“You may not realise it, but you are doing much more than just studying when you are at school. School is also the place where you learn to get on well with people.”，说明学生在校除了知识也在学习其他事情。 2．第三段解释宽容的作用：“Tolerance teaches us to keep temperate and open-minded.”可知宽容教会我们保持温和与开明，temperate应表示温和的，Gentle“温和的”符合词义。 3．第四段解释宽容的内涵：“Tolerance just means that you should respect one another’s differences and not try to change them.”，说明不同意同桌观点但尊重对方看法的行为体现宽容。 4．最后一段说明践行宽容的意义：“The world is very different, and practising tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.”，说明践行宽容有助于打造更美好的世界。 5．全文围绕宽容展开，介绍要尊重他人差异，告诉我们如何对待和我们不一样的人。 Passage 5 There was a small town. Two neighbors, Mr. Smith and Mr. Green, lived there. They had a small garden between their houses. But they often argued about it. Mr. Smith thought Mr. Green planted too many flowers in the garden and it looked messy. Mr. Green thought Mr. Smith didn’t take good care of the garden. One day, a heavy storm came. It destroyed (毁坏) a lot of things in the garden. Mr. Smith and Mr. Green were both very sad. Then they started to talk with each other. They realized that they had been silly to argue before. They decided to work together to rebuild the garden. They planted new flowers and trees together. They also made a small bench in the garden. Now the garden is more beautiful than before. And Mr. Smith and Mr. Green became good friends. They often sit on the bench and enjoy the beautiful garden. 1．What did Mr. Smith and Mr. Green often argue about? A．The flowers in the garden. B．The size of the garden. C．The care of the garden. D．Both A and C 2．What happened after the storm? A．The garden became more beautiful. B．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green argued more. C．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green started to work together. D．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green moved away. 3．What did they do to rebuild the garden? A．They only planted new flowers. B．They planted new flowers and trees and made a bench. C．They only made a bench. D．They asked others for help. 4．What can we learn from the story? A．We should always argue with our neighbors. B．We should work together and understand each other. C．Gardens are very important to people. D．Storms can make people become friends. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．A Storm in the Garden B．Two Neighbors C．The Beautiful Garden D．Working Together to Solve Problems 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述Smith先生和Green先生这两位邻居，因中间花园里的花经常争吵；一场暴风雨毁坏花园后，二人幡然醒悟，一起重建花园，最终成为好朋友。 【详解】1．根据第一段“Mr. Smith thought Mr. Green planted too many flowers in the garden and it looked messy. Mr. Green thought Mr. Smith didn’t take good care of the garden.”可知两人争吵围绕花园问题，Smith争执点是花，Green 争执点是花园照料。因此A、C两项都是他们争吵涉及的内容，选项D同时包括了两项内容。 2．根据第二段“Then they started to talk with each other.”和第三段“They realized that they had been silly to argue before.”可知暴风雨过后，他们交谈，决定一起合作重建花园。 3．根据第四段“They planted new flowers and trees together. They also made a small bench in the garden.”可知他们种新花草树木，还做了一张长椅。 4．根据全文的故事，可以得出故事的道理：二人从争吵到合作、互相理解，最后收获友谊。 5．根据全文主线：两人因花园产生矛盾，遇到灾难之后，合作解决问题，重修好花园、化解矛盾。选项D“合作解决问题”最能体现这一主题。 Passage 6 Different people have different ideas about friendship. Let’s see what three students say. Anna is a Grade Eight student. She thinks a good friend should be honest. “I can’t be friends with a person who tells lies. Honesty is the most important thing in a friendship,” she says. She also thinks friends should help each other. “When my friend has problems, I always try my best to help her,” she says. Ben is a Grade Eight student too. He thinks friends should have something in common. “My best friend and I both like playing basketball. We often play together and talk about basketball. It makes our friendship stronger,” he says. But he also thinks friends can be different. “We don’t need to be the same. We should respect each other,” he says. Cindy is a Grade Nine student. She thinks communication is the most important thing. “When I have a problem with my friend, I always talk with her. We listen to each other and try to understand each other. This helps us solve problems,” she says. All of them think friendship is important. They believe that if we treat our friends well, our friendship will last long. 1．What does Anna think is the most important thing in a friendship? A．Money. B．Honesty. C．Fun. D．Time. 2．What do Ben and his best friend both like? A．Reading. B．Swimming. C．Playing basketball. D．Singing. 3．What does Cindy think is the most important thing? A．Common hobbies. B．Money. C．Communication. D．Honesty. 4．What do the three students have in common? A．They are all in Grade Eight. B．They all think friendship is important. C．They all like basketball. D．They all have no friends. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．How to Play Basketball B．Different Ideas about Friendship C．How to Study Well D．Different Schools 【答案】 1．B 2．C 3．C 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了三名不同年级的学生对友谊的不同看法。 【详解】1．第二段第四句“Honesty is the most important thing in a friendship”说明，安娜认为诚实是友谊中最重要的事。 2．第三段第三句“My best friend and I both like playing basketball”说明，本和他最好的朋友都喜欢打篮球。 3．第四段第一二句“Cindy is a Grade Nine student. She thinks communication is the most important thing”说明，辛迪认为沟通是最重要的事。 4．最后一段第一句“All of them think friendship is important”说明，这三名学生都认为友谊很重要。 5．文章第一段第一句“Different people have different ideas about friendship. Let’s see what three students say”点明主题，全文围绕三名学生对友谊的不同看法展开，different ideas about friendship“关于友谊的不同看法”最能概括全文主旨。 Passage 7 Do you know why you get angry so easily, but your friend smiles all the time? It’s because you have different personalities. Then what is personality? It’s about how people think, behave and react to everything around them. So what makes people think and behave in certain ways? Part of the reason is that people are born like this. A baby gets his or her genes (基因) and blood type (血型) before birth. These may help decide what the baby will be like. But one’s personality doesn’t stop here. Family life, school learning and life experiences can also make you the person you are. But this doesn’t mean you can’t change your personality. You can always try to make yourself better. Don’t get too worried if you don’t have a good personality. ▲ There are some good ways to start making changes. For example, if you don’t know how to make friends, find out why. Is it because you’re too shy? If so, tell yourself to smile at people. Start talking to people kindly. But don’t give yourself a hard time about it all. After all, it’s not easy to change lifelong habits in one night. Just keep trying, one day you will see that you can turn over a new leaf and be a new you! 1．Personality is about the following except ________. A．what people look like B．how people think C．how people behave D．how people react to something 2．Which of the following can be put in “ ▲ ”? A．Just change everything in one night. B．Just be yourself and stay alone. C．Just face it and take action. D．Just give yourself a hard time. 3．What can help decide a person’s personality? ①The blood type. ②Genes. ③Family life. ④School learning. ⑤Height. ⑥Life experiences. A．①②③④⑤ B．①②③④⑥ C．①②④⑤⑥ D．①②③⑤⑥ 4．From the last paragraph, we can learn that ________. A．it’s hard for a shy person to make friends B．there is no way to change lifelong habits C．people can change themselves in a short time D．people can change themselves by keeping trying 5．Which can be the best title for the passage? A．Facts about genes B．Be a new you C．Personality decides life D．Personality is important 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了性格的定义，分析了影响性格形成的因素(如基因、血型、家庭、学校及经历)，并探讨了如何通过努力改变性格，成为更好的自己。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s about how people think, behave and react to everything around them.”可推知性格关乎人们如何思考、行为以及对周围事物的反应，文中未提及外貌特征，得出性格不包含人们长什么样子的结论。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Don’t get too worried if you don’t have a good personality.”及后文“There are some good ways to start making changes.”可推知此处应填入鼓励面对现状并采取行动的句子，得出只要面对它并采取行动符合语境的结论。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段“A baby gets his or her genes... and blood type... before birth.”及第三段“Family life. school learning and life experiences can also make you the person you are.”可推知基因、血型、家庭生活、学校学习和生活经历能决定性格，文中未提及身高，得出①②③④⑥符合文意的结论。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Just keep trying, one day you will see that you can turn over a new leaf and be a new you!”可推知只要坚持尝试，人们是可以改变自己的，得出人们可以通过不断尝试来改变自己的结论。 5．最佳标题题。根据最后一段“be a new you!”及全文关于性格形成及改变性格成为更好的自己的论述可推知文章核心旨在鼓励人们改变自我，得出“成为全新的自己”最适合做标题的结论。 Passage 8 In the hallway of Lincoln High School, four students are talking and laughing happily. They are good friends with completely different characters (性格). Emily is certainly the most responsible (负责任的) one among her friends. If someone wants to find a person to talk to, Emily is always there to listen to them and talk with them. If someone needs advice, Emily is the first person they go to. However, Alex is a quiet but talented boy. He doesn’t talk much and he usually spends most of his free time reading in the school library, so he does well in exams. When his friends have some difficult problems in study, Alex is often ready to help them out. Students are all surprised at his intellect and great problem-solving skills. Liam is a born leader. He is cheerful and outgoing. He joins all kinds of clubs at school. At the same time, Liam likes to take part in outdoor activities. He often organises school trips, and other interesting games. All the students like to play with him. This makes Liam a popular star at school. Sophia is friendly and kind. She does different volunteer work after school. On Monday and Friday, Sophia goes to the children’s hospital. On Wednesday, she visits dogs and cats in an animal shelter (收容所), bringing them food. At the weekend, she helps to clean up the neighbourhood and look after the old people. 1．What do we know about Emily? A．She is good at music. B．She talks with others very well. C．She hardly gives useful advice. D．She likes hanging out with friends. 2．What does the underlined word “intellect” probably mean in Chinese? A．才智 B．外貌 C．梦想 D．讨论 3．If Jack is interested in outdoor activities, he can turn to __________. A．Emily B．Alex C．Liam D．Sophia 4．How often does Sophia go to the children’s hospital? A．Once a week. B．Twice a month. C．Twice a week. D．Three times a month. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The story of three good friends. B．The importance of being kind. C．The students’ nice life in Lincoln High School. D．The introduction to four students with different characters. 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了林肯高中的四位学生Emily、Alex、Liam和Sophia，他们虽是好朋友但性格完全不同，文章分别描述了每个人的性格特点及日常表现。 【详解】1．根据文章第2段“If someone wants to find a person to talk to, Emily is always there to listen to them and talk with them.”，文中提到Emily总是倾听他人、陪人交谈，是大家寻求建议的首选，可推知Emily善于与他人交谈，与他人沟通很好。 2．根据文章第3段“he usually spends most of his free time reading in the school library, so he does well in exams.”及“great problem-solving skills”，提到Alex爱读书、考试成绩好、常帮朋友解决学习难题，结合后文他出色的解决问题的能力，可推知同学们惊讶的是他的才智，对应选项A的含义。 3．根据文章第4段“At the same time, Liam likes to take part in outdoor activities. He often organises school trips, and other interesting games.”，文中明确说明Liam喜欢参加户外活动，还经常组织学校旅行等相关活动，因此对户外活动感兴趣的Jack可以找Liam。 4．根据文章第5段“On Monday and Friday, Sophia goes to the children’s hospital.”，文中提到她周一和周五去儿童医院，由此可知她一周去两次儿童医院。 5．文章开篇点明介绍四位性格完全不同的好朋友，后续段落分别逐一介绍四人的性格与相关情况，A选项人数错误并非三位，B选项仅涉及Sophia的部分特点不能概括全文，C选项未聚焦四位学生的性格介绍核心，只有D选项准确概括全文内容。 18 / 18乐思英语 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $考前特训 专题02 阅读理解 期中考满分冲刺（天津专用） 姓名：___________班级：___________座号：___________ 内容提要 题型分析 解题指导 集中突破 一、题型定位 阅读理解是天津中考英语分值最重的题型之一，考查学生在语篇中获取信息、猜测词义、归纳主旨、推断作者意图以及把握篇章结构的能力。本次特训共收录 8 篇短文、40 道小题，篇幅在 139—250 词之间，话题紧贴八年级上册（外研版）单元主题，涵盖儿童创造力与发明、青少年发明创造、梦想与坚持、校园相处与宽容、邻里互助故事、友谊观、性格的成因、人物性格描写等。 二、命题特点 （1）细节理解题占比最大：多数题目可在原文中找到同义复现或原词对应，定位准确即可直接作答。 （2）词义猜测与句意理解题稳定出现：如 transformed、temperate、intellect，以及 make it happen 这类短语，需借助上下文推断。 （3）篇章结构题成为新亮点：如 Passage 1 题 4 要求判断文章结构，需辨清“总—分—总”的层次。 （4）主旨与标题题多设在篇末：要求用一句话概括全文，干扰项常“以偏概全”或“过度拔高”。 （5）说理与寓言类语篇比重上升：如宽容、邻里故事、性格成因，重在读懂“寓意句”，而非停留在字面。 三、核心考点分布（基于本次特训 8 篇梳理） 通过对 40 道小题的归类，核心考点可归纳为以下五类： （1）细节定位（约 18 题）：题干关键词回原文扫读，锁定对应句后即得答案。 （2）词义/句意猜测（约 4 题）：借助同位、举例、对比或解释性成分推断。 （3）推理判断（约 5 题）：综合多句信息或作者态度做出合理推断。 （4）主旨归纳与标题（约 7 题）：排除片面项，选能涵盖全文的概括句。 （5）篇章结构、写作手法与判断正误（约 6 题）：辨层次、辨论证方式、逐项核对原文。 一、四步解题法 第一步：先读题干，圈出关键词（人名、数字、专有名词、特殊疑问词），明确“找什么”。 第二步：带着关键词回原文扫读定位，找到对应句或对应段，切忌凭印象答题。 第三步：比对选项，注意“原词复现”往往是正确信号，而“偷换概念、以偏概全”是常见陷阱。 第四步：推理、主旨与结构题要立足全文，用“代入法”检验选项能否被文章支撑。 二、结合本次特训题目的实战点拨 【点拨1】写作手法题——以 Passage 1 题 1 为例：原文开篇写道“Lu Ban came up with the idea of the ruler when he was young”，紧接着又举 Benjamin Franklin 11 岁发明蛙鞋一例。第一段没有议论，而是连续举例，属典型的“举例论证”。判断写作手法时，只需看该段是否出现 by giving examples 这类信号，凡“人名＋年龄＋发明”连排，答案多为举例。 【点拨2】词义猜测题——以 Passage 1 题 2 为例：原文写道“But the simple invention has transformed the way we eat ice cream”，后半句接着说“making it easier and more enjoyable”，说明这个发明让吃冰淇淋的方式“改变”了。猜词时抓住后置的 -ing 结果状语，往往是命题人给出的最好提示：由“更省事、更好吃”反推 transformed 即“改变”。 【点拨3】主旨大意题——以 Passage 2 题 1 为例：原文首句写道“Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas”，随后用“Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions”总起下文四项发明。主旨题务必抓首段的“总起句”，再核对选项能否覆盖香蕉保鲜、蚯蚓机器人、自制洗衣机、可穿戴传感器这四块内容，只提其中一项的即为以偏概全。 【点拨4】句意理解题——以 Passage 3 题 1 为例：原文第一句就是对短语的定义：““Make it happen” means turning your dreams into real things”。此类“词＋means＋解释”的结构等于把答案写在卷面上，只要定位到定义句，直接取“把梦想变成现实”即可，不必通读全文。 【点拨5】词义猜测题——以 Passage 4 题 2 为例：原文写道“Tolerance teaches us to keep temperate and open-minded”，temperate 与 open-minded 由 and 并列，感情色彩应一致；前文又反复强调“respect one another’s differences”。据此可知 temperate 指“有节制的、不走极端的”，与 calm 一类词同向。并列结构是猜词最稳的锚点。 【点拨6】标题归纳题——以 Passage 5 题 5 为例：原文开头交代“Two neighbors, Mr. Smith and Mr. Green, lived there”，两人因花园争吵，一场暴风雨后重建花园、重修旧好。标题题要“既含人物冲突、又含结局”，只写 A Storm in the Garden 或 Two Neighbors 都只覆盖一半，须选能涵盖“共同解决问题”的选项。 【点拨7】还原句子题——以 Passage 7 题 2 为例：原文在 ▲ 之前写道“Don’t get too worried if you don’t have a good personality”，▲ 之后紧接“There are some good ways to start making changes”。前句在安慰、后句在给方法，中间的空必须起“转折＋引出办法”的作用，故选 Just face it and take action 一类。做还原题看前后句的逻辑关系，比逐词翻译有效。 【点拨8】词义猜测题——以 Passage 8 题 2 为例：原文写道“Students are all surprised at his intellect and great problem-solving skills”，his 指前文的 Alex，他“spends most of his free time reading in the school library”，因此 intellect 指“智力、才智”。猜人物评价类词，回到该人物的行为描写，答案自然浮现。 三、易错提醒 • 忌“先入为主”：用自己的常识代替原文信息，忽略文章的实际表述。 • 忌“偷换概念”：选项看似眼熟，实则把 A 的细节安到 B 身上，要逐词比对。 • 忌“以偏概全”：用某一段的细节充当全文主旨，掉进局部陷阱。 • 忌“过度推断”：推理题必须“文章能支撑”，不能凭空加戏。 Passage 1 Lu Ban came up with the idea of the ruler when he was young. Benjamin Franklin invented swim fins (蛙鞋) at the age of 11. The stories of the young inventors remind (提醒) people of children’s great creativity. Scientists agree that children are more creative than adults and that they have the power to create and invent. Every invention starts with curiosity and a heart to explore. Children are naturally curious and have a spirit (精神) of discovery, which drives them to ask questions, explore problems, and try to solve them. Frank Epperson, at the age of 11, created the ice cream stick by accident. But the simple invention has transformed the way we eat ice cream, making it easier and more enjoyable for people of all ages. What’s more, children can learn quickly and like turning new knowledge into practice (实践). They are not afraid to think differently and can challenge long-held ideas. They enjoy getting the sense of confidence and pride when they try out their ideas. It makes them take an active part in scientific experiments and create unexpected ideas. Children’s ability to create is really valuable. Adults should encourage them and provide them with chances to explore the world. By doing so, children can help to make the world around them better. 1．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 1? A．By asking questions. B．By listing numbers. C．By giving examples. D．By comparing ideas. 2．What does the underlined word “transformed” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Prepared. B．Changed. C．Discovered. D．Studied. 3．How do children feel when they try out their ideas? A．Proud. B．Surprised. C．Afraid. D．Relaxed. 4．What is the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 5．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To tell stories about famous inventors. B．To explain children’s ability to invent things. C．To recommend (推荐) some children’s inventions. D．To give advice on how to develop creativity. Passage 2 Teenagers are known for being creative and full of new ideas. Let’s have a look at these teenage inventions that might change the world. Banana leaves usually go bad in two or three days. Jenny, a teenager from India, used UV to make the leaves stay fresh for a year. She thinks that one day the leaves will be used for making plates, cups and other things. David is an American teenager. He built an earthworm robot. It is able to go into the smallest places, where humans or dogs can’t go. It will be used for finding people in a fire or an earthquake. Jose, a 14-year-old girl from India, found it tiring and boring to handwash clothes in the nearby river. She reused some bicycle parts and created a washing machine that saves time, energy and keeps people fit at the same time. Ken, a 15-year-old boy from New York, noticed that his grandfather who got Alzheimer’s disease would often leave home and get lost. So he invented the wearable sensors (传感器) to help people find their family members like his grandfather. 1．What is the passage mainly about? A．Popular ads. B．Useful machines. C．Strange ideas. D．Teenage inventions. 2．Jenny made the leaves stay fresh for ________. A．a year B．two or three days C．a month D．two years 3．The earthworm robot can ________. A．take care of the old people B．help people wash clothes C．go into the smallest places D．make things stay fresh 4．Who invented the wearable sensors? A．David. B．Ken. C．Jose. D．Jenny. 5．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Plates and cups are made of fresh banana leaves. B．Jose’s washing machine can also keep people fit. C．David is a middle school student from India. D．Ken’s wearable sensors will keep old people at home. Passage 3 “Make it happen” means turning your dreams into real things. Every great invention starts with an idea. But ideas alone are not enough. You need effort, courage and persistence. Many inventors meet lots of difficulties. They often fail many times before they succeed. However, they enjoy trying new ways and never decide to stop easily. They choose to keep working on their projects. Easton’s story is a good example. He wanted to help disabled children. He planned to build cheap robotic arms. He spent plenty of time testing his model. He hoped to share his design for free, so more kids could get help. If you have a goal, start to take action. Learn to overcome small difficulties. When your friends meet trouble, you can lend a hand to them. Remember: no dream can happen without hard work. 1．What does “make it happen” mean in the text? A．Invent new machines B．Make dreams come true C．Hold a science fair D．Help disabled people 2．What do great inventors need besides ideas? A．Lots of money B．Effort and persistence C．Big factories D．Many volunteers 3．What did Easton plan to build? A．A 3D printer B．Cheap robotic arms C．Plastic blocks D．A science fair 4．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Inventors never meet difficulties. B．Easton wanted to make lots of money. C．We should take action to achieve goals. D．Ideas can come true without effort. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．How to take part in scientific fairs B．How to build a robotic arm C．Stick to your dream and make it happen D．Ways to help disabled children Passage 4 You may not realise it, but you are doing much more than just studying when you are at school. School is also the place where you learn to get on well with people. But this is not always easy. What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates? If you find that you have problems getting on with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance (宽容). Tolerance is the ability to realise and respect one another’s differences. We cannot change the way that other people do things, so it is important to learn to live happily with them. Tolerance will make everyone get on well with each other. Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently. Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad. Tolerance teaches us to keep temperate and open-minded. As an old saying goes, “Treat others how you want to be treated.” If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it. No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in. Tolerance just means that you should respect one another’s differences and not try to change them. It is important to practise tolerance because it will make everyone’s life easier. Learn to accept different abilities and interests of others. The world is very different, and practising tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference. 1．From the first paragraph we know that ________ at school. A．it’s easier for someone to hate others B．getting along with others is not helpful C．most students are getting on well with one another D．students are also learning other things besides knowledge 2．What does the underlined word “temperate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Gentle. B．Bad. C．Lazy. D．Lucky. 3．Which of the following behaviours can show tolerance? A．You don’t like your friend’s new shirt and just tell her directly. B．You and your parents have different ideas and have a quarrel (争吵). C．You don’t agree with your deskmate but you respect his or her views. D．You change your mind because others tell you that you are wrong. 4．From the last paragraph we know that ________. A．tolerance can only be learnt at school B．living with people of the same interests is easier C．practising tolerance can help make a better world D．people in different countries have different interests and abilities 5．This passage is trying to tell us ________ . A．what’s important to a student B．what students should do at home C．how to treat people different from us D．how to get others to do things in the right way Passage 5 There was a small town. Two neighbors, Mr. Smith and Mr. Green, lived there. They had a small garden between their houses. But they often argued about it. Mr. Smith thought Mr. Green planted too many flowers in the garden and it looked messy. Mr. Green thought Mr. Smith didn’t take good care of the garden. One day, a heavy storm came. It destroyed (毁坏) a lot of things in the garden. Mr. Smith and Mr. Green were both very sad. Then they started to talk with each other. They realized that they had been silly to argue before. They decided to work together to rebuild the garden. They planted new flowers and trees together. They also made a small bench in the garden. Now the garden is more beautiful than before. And Mr. Smith and Mr. Green became good friends. They often sit on the bench and enjoy the beautiful garden. 1．What did Mr. Smith and Mr. Green often argue about? A．The flowers in the garden. B．The size of the garden. C．The care of the garden. D．Both A and C 2．What happened after the storm? A．The garden became more beautiful. B．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green argued more. C．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green started to work together. D．Mr. Smith and Mr. Green moved away. 3．What did they do to rebuild the garden? A．They only planted new flowers. B．They planted new flowers and trees and made a bench. C．They only made a bench. D．They asked others for help. 4．What can we learn from the story? A．We should always argue with our neighbors. B．We should work together and understand each other. C．Gardens are very important to people. D．Storms can make people become friends. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．A Storm in the Garden B．Two Neighbors C．The Beautiful Garden D．Working Together to Solve Problems Passage 6 Different people have different ideas about friendship. Let’s see what three students say. Anna is a Grade Eight student. She thinks a good friend should be honest. “I can’t be friends with a person who tells lies. Honesty is the most important thing in a friendship,” she says. She also thinks friends should help each other. “When my friend has problems, I always try my best to help her,” she says. Ben is a Grade Eight student too. He thinks friends should have something in common. “My best friend and I both like playing basketball. We often play together and talk about basketball. It makes our friendship stronger,” he says. But he also thinks friends can be different. “We don’t need to be the same. We should respect each other,” he says. Cindy is a Grade Nine student. She thinks communication is the most important thing. “When I have a problem with my friend, I always talk with her. We listen to each other and try to understand each other. This helps us solve problems,” she says. All of them think friendship is important. They believe that if we treat our friends well, our friendship will last long. 1．What does Anna think is the most important thing in a friendship? A．Money. B．Honesty. C．Fun. D．Time. 2．What do Ben and his best friend both like? A．Reading. B．Swimming. C．Playing basketball. D．Singing. 3．What does Cindy think is the most important thing? A．Common hobbies. B．Money. C．Communication. D．Honesty. 4．What do the three students have in common? A．They are all in Grade Eight. B．They all think friendship is important. C．They all like basketball. D．They all have no friends. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．How to Play Basketball B．Different Ideas about Friendship C．How to Study Well D．Different Schools Passage 7 Do you know why you get angry so easily, but your friend smiles all the time? It’s because you have different personalities. Then what is personality? It’s about how people think, behave and react to everything around them. So what makes people think and behave in certain ways? Part of the reason is that people are born like this. A baby gets his or her genes (基因) and blood type (血型) before birth. These may help decide what the baby will be like. But one’s personality doesn’t stop here. Family life, school learning and life experiences can also make you the person you are. But this doesn’t mean you can’t change your personality. You can always try to make yourself better. Don’t get too worried if you don’t have a good personality. ▲ There are some good ways to start making changes. For example, if you don’t know how to make friends, find out why. Is it because you’re too shy? If so, tell yourself to smile at people. Start talking to people kindly. But don’t give yourself a hard time about it all. After all, it’s not easy to change lifelong habits in one night. Just keep trying, one day you will see that you can turn over a new leaf and be a new you! 1．Personality is about the following except ________. A．what people look like B．how people think C．how people behave D．how people react to something 2．Which of the following can be put in “ ▲ ”? A．Just change everything in one night. B．Just be yourself and stay alone. C．Just face it and take action. D．Just give yourself a hard time. 3．What can help decide a person’s personality? ①The blood type. ②Genes. ③Family life. ④School learning. ⑤Height. ⑥Life experiences. A．①②③④⑤ B．①②③④⑥ C．①②④⑤⑥ D．①②③⑤⑥ 4．From the last paragraph, we can learn that ________. A．it’s hard for a shy person to make friends B．there is no way to change lifelong habits C．people can change themselves in a short time D．people can change themselves by keeping trying 5．Which can be the best title for the passage? A．Facts about genes B．Be a new you C．Personality decides life D．Personality is important Passage 8 In the hallway of Lincoln High School, four students are talking and laughing happily. They are good friends with completely different characters (性格). Emily is certainly the most responsible (负责任的) one among her friends. If someone wants to find a person to talk to, Emily is always there to listen to them and talk with them. If someone needs advice, Emily is the first person they go to. However, Alex is a quiet but talented boy. He doesn’t talk much and he usually spends most of his free time reading in the school library, so he does well in exams. When his friends have some difficult problems in study, Alex is often ready to help them out. Students are all surprised at his intellect and great problem-solving skills. Liam is a born leader. He is cheerful and outgoing. He joins all kinds of clubs at school. At the same time, Liam likes to take part in outdoor activities. He often organises school trips, and other interesting games. All the students like to play with him. This makes Liam a popular star at school. Sophia is friendly and kind. She does different volunteer work after school. On Monday and Friday, Sophia goes to the children’s hospital. On Wednesday, she visits dogs and cats in an animal shelter (收容所), bringing them food. At the weekend, she helps to clean up the neighbourhood and look after the old people. 1．What do we know about Emily? A．She is good at music. B．She talks with others very well. C．She hardly gives useful advice. D．She likes hanging out with friends. 2．What does the underlined word “intellect” probably mean in Chinese? A．才智 B．外貌 C．梦想 D．讨论 3．If Jack is interested in outdoor activities, he can turn to __________. A．Emily B．Alex C．Liam D．Sophia 4．How often does Sophia go to the children’s hospital? A．Once a week. B．Twice a month. C．Twice a week. D．Three times a month. 5．What is the passage mainly about? A．The story of three good friends. B．The importance of being kind. C．The students’ nice life in Lincoln High School. D．The introduction to four students with different characters. 18 / 18乐思英语 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $