学考专题02 非谓语动词：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，全国通用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题02 非谓语动词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 非谓语动词to do 考点二 非谓语动词doing 考点三 非谓语动词done 练|巩固提升训练 本模块依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2025年修订）》对本专题在学考中的要求进行梳理，并结合近年全国各地学业水平考试命题实践作出趋势判断。 1.1 课标依据与学考层级要求 板块 知识点 课标层级 学考具体要求 认知层次 常见题型 非谓语to do形式 动词不定式作定语、结果状语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能判断不定式所修饰或所充当的成分 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语doing形式 动词 -ing 形式作定语、状语、补语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能区分现在分词与动名词的句法功能 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语done形式 动词 -ed 形式作定语、状语、补语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能判断过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语to do形式 动词不定式作主语、表语 选择性必修 能在语篇中正确地理解和使用；能识别 it 作形式主语的结构 正确理解和使用 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语doing形式 动词 -ing 形式作主语、宾语、表语 选择性必修 能在语篇中正确地理解和使用；能区分动名词与现在分词 正确理解和使用 单项选择、语法填空 结构与现象 独立主格结构、with 复合结构；非谓语的完成式与被动式 教材常规 课标未单列，但各版本教材均系统讲授、历年高考均设空考查，作正确理解与识别要求 正确理解和使用 语法填空、单项选择 边界说明 虚拟语气、倒装、强调、同位语从句等 选修（提高类） 本讲义不展开；学考阶段不作硬性要求，仅在必要时作“边界提示” 了解 — 层级解读 ● 必修（不定式作定语与结果状语；-ing 作定语、状语、补语；-ed 作定语、状语、补语）：必须过关，是语法填空的主战场，也是本讲义【汇】板块梳理的重心。 ● 选择性必修（不定式作主语、表语；-ing 作主语、宾语、表语）：必须会用。课标中的“选择性必修”是全体高中学生都必须修读并通过的课程模块，其内容同样属于学业水平考试与高考的评价范围。 ● 教材常规（独立主格结构、with 复合结构、非谓语的完成式与被动式）：课标表 6 未逐条列出，但各版本教材均系统讲授，且历年高考反复设空，属必须正确理解与识别的内容。 ● 选修（提高类）（虚拟语气、倒装、强调、同位语从句）：本讲义不展开。虚拟语气中的部分结构（如 if 条件句）与非谓语有交叉，【汇】板块仅作必要提示。 1.2 学考与高考的考查差异 以浙江省为例，普通高中学业水平考试的外语科目使用教育部考试中心命题的高考英语全国卷，学考成绩与高考首考打通；其他省份虽组织形式不同，但语法项目的考查口径与全国卷高度一致，故以下分析对全国通用。 比较维度 高考英语全国卷 学考（以浙江等省为例） 对复习的启示 语篇材料 选材广泛，兼顾社会生活、传统文化、科技前沿等主题 沿用全国卷材料（或按本省要求命题） 非谓语必须能服务于语篇逻辑，而非孤立单句 语法填空 10 个空，15 分；约 7∶3 为“有提示词／无提示词” 题型、赋分与全国卷一致 有提示词的空考“形式变换”，无提示词的空考“语境推断” 设空位置 常嵌于长句与从句中，一个空可能同时涉及非谓语、时态、语态、主谓一致 同一 不能只背规则，必须练“划分句子结构” 干扰项设计 多为“谓语与非谓语混淆”“主被动误判”“时态呼应”“固定搭配”四类 同一 错因集中，专项突破性价比极高 书写要求 填写所给词的正确形式，注意拼写与词形 同一 -ing / -ed / to do 的拼写错误属非智力性失分，必须专项过关 1.3 2027命题趋势观察与备考策略 1.3.1 近五年全国卷非谓语的命题走向 ● 非谓语是“给动词”设空的头号考点。近年各地考卷给提示词的动词空几乎全部指向非谓语，其中现在分词作状语、现在分词作宾语与宾补、不定式作宾语三类合计约占非谓语设空的四成。 ● 主动／被动的辨析是核心分水岭。命题人多用“修饰人用 doing、修饰物用 done”的表层规律设坑，真正拉开差距的是能否在语境中定位逻辑主语。 ● 固定搭配与时间关系并重。近五年出现的 `look forward to doing`（to 是介词）、`Having visited`、`Having been told`，都是“搭配记忆”与“时间先后”双重设障。 ● 长句综合化、语境优先。考点嵌在从句与非谓语结构之中，先断句、再定谓语与非谓语是提速关键；靠“看到 doing 就填 doing”的机械判断已不可靠。 1.3.2 三条落地策略 策略 具体做法 对应解决的问题 先分类 拿到带提示词的动词空，第一件事不是选形式，而是先判断它是不是非谓语：圈连词、找主句谓语，确认全句是否已有谓语 谓语与非谓语混淆，误填时态 再定位 先定逻辑主语（作定语找被修饰的名词，作状语找句子主语），再判断主被动，最后对照谓语动词定时间先后 主被动误判、时间先后错位 后固化 把高频固定搭配（介词 + doing、感官与使役动词后省略 to 等）单独列表，限时默写并造句，用以替代零散记忆 搭配记忆混乱、形式选择摇摆 2.1 非谓语三大形式与句法功能总表 形式 基本形式 典型功能 高频例句 例句译文 动词不定式 to do ① 目的状语；② 结果状语（出乎意料）；③ 后置定语（修饰抽象名词）；④ 宾语与宾语补足语 To pass the exam, he studies hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 动词不定式 to do ⑤ 形容词后的原因／方面状语；⑥ 固定搭配（want / decide / manage / refuse + to do） It is important for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。 动名词／现在分词 doing ① 介词后作宾语；② 作主语、表语；③ 作定语、状语、补语 Reading aloud helps a lot. 大声朗读很有帮助。 动名词／现在分词 doing ④ 动名词的固定搭配（enjoy / avoid / finish / mind / practise + doing） I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望 soon 收到你的回信。 过去分词 done ① 作后置定语（被动 ＋ 完成）；② 作状语（被动或伴随状态）；③ 作宾语补足语；④ 作表语 The bridge built in 1998 is very long. 1998 年建的那座桥很长。 过去分词 done ⑤ 固定搭配中的过去分词（be made / be known / be covered with） Faced with difficulties, we never give up. 面对困难，我们从不放弃。 ★ 易错提醒｜“过去分词不能作主语和宾语”是本讲义的第一条红线 过去分词（done）不能单独作主语，也不能单独作宾语——它必须依附于一个名词或代词，或依附于 be 动词构成被动语态。 正确：The book written in French is interesting.（那本用法语写的书很有趣） 错误：~~Written in French is interesting.~~ —— 无逻辑主语，过去分词不能独立作主语。 推广：这是【汇】板块判断题的核心。设空处若位于句首且后面没有名词，则多半是动名词作主语（doing）或不定式作主语（to do），而不是过去分词。 记忆口诀：分词不能当主语，宾语位上用动名词。 补充：过去分词作表语是允许的，如 The door remained locked.（门一直锁着）——此时它已形容词化，描述主语所处的状态。 2.2 非谓语十二种形式推导表 非谓语的“时间”与“语态”两个维度交叉。先看时间，再看语态，两步即得答案。 时间关系 主动语态 被动语态 例句与解析 与谓语动词同时发生 doing being done I saw the net being hauled in. 我看见鱼网正在被拉上来。（被动 ＋ 同时） 表示尚未发生、将要发生 to do to be done They set out to explore the site. 他们动身去勘探这个遗址。（主动 ＋ 将来） 发生在谓语动词之前 having done having been done Having finished his homework, he went out to play. 完成作业后，他出去玩了。（主动 ＋ 先于） ● doing 与 being done 的区别：doing 表主动、being done 表被动；两者都表示与谓语动词同时发生。I saw the net being hauled in 与 I saw the net hauled in 的差别正在于“正在进行”还是“已完成”。 ● having done 与 having been done 的区别：前者主动、后者被动，且都表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ● 不定式完成式 to have done 属教材拓展内容，课标未作要求，本讲义不展开；但现在分词的完成式（having done / having been done）在高考中反复设空，必须掌握。 2.3 逻辑主语与主被动判定 这是非谓语的核心难点。判断形式之前，必须先解决“谁做这个动作”这个问题。 逻辑主语的确定 适用句法位置 例句 逻辑主语 被修饰的名词 作定语（前置或后置） The man talking with my father is our new neighbor. the man（主动） 被修饰的名词 作定语（前置或后置） The book written in French is interesting. the book（被动） 句子主语 作状语（分词短语作状语） Walking on the road, he saw a bird. he（主动，与谓语同时） 句子主语 作状语（分词短语作状语） Faced with difficulties, we never give up. we（被动） 句子的宾语 作宾语补足语 He had his bike repaired. his bike（被动） 介词后的名词 for sb. to do 结构 It is important for us to learn English well. us（不定式的逻辑主语） ★ 易错提醒｜逻辑主语不是“离得最近的名词” 设空处往往位于多个名词之间，命题人最爱在这里设障。判断逻辑主语要看句法位置，不看距离远近。 例：The man talking to the girl is my teacher.此处离空格最近的是 girl，但空格修饰的是 the man，逻辑主语是 the man（人主动说话 → doing）。 例：Walking along the street, he met an old friend.空格位于句首且无先行词，逻辑主语只能是句子主语 he。 判断顺序：先看空格作什么成分 → 定语找被修饰词，状语找句子主语，宾补找句子宾语 → 再看该词与逻辑主语是主谓关系（主动）还是动宾关系（被动）。 警示：“最近的名词”往往正是干扰项。误把它当逻辑主语，形式就会选反。 配合图3的第②步使用：逻辑主语 → 主动被动 → 形式，三步缺一不可。 2.4 三大形式功能速查 2.5 同境对比：to do / doing / done 一辨 同一语境下，三种形式往往都能“说得通”，但表达的时间关系与语态不同。下表按“语义关系”横向对照，这是本讲义最需要反复练熟的一张表。 语义关系 主动形式 被动形式 典型例句与说明 与谓语动词同时发生 doing being done I saw the net being hauled in. 我看见鱼网正在被拉上来。（being done 强调“正在进行”） 发生在谓语动词之前 having done having been done Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 被多次告知后，他仍犯同样的错误。 尚未发生、将要发生 to do to be done They set out to explore the site. 他们动身去勘探这个遗址。 表示目的 to do — To pass the exam, he studies hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 表示出乎意料的结果 to do（常与 only 连用） — He arrived home, only to find it empty. 他回到家，发现屋里空无一人。 修饰名词作定语 doing / to do done The bridge built in 1998 is very long. 1998 年建的那座桥很长。 ★ 易错提醒｜“only + 不定式”与“doing 作结果状语”的分工 doing 作结果状语表示自然而然、必然导致的结果，不带惊讶语气：The rain lasted for days, causing serious floods. 持续下雨，造成了严重洪水。 only + 不定式表示出乎意料、与预期相反的结果：He arrived home, only to find it empty. 他回到家，没想到屋里空无一人。 判断方法：把结果放进语境里问一句——“这个结果是必然的还是意外的？”必然的用 doing，意外的用 only to do。 注意：同样表示结果，doing 多用于主语一致的自然结果，only to do 多用于主语一致却出人意料的结果，两者不可混用。 2.6 高频固定搭配清单 固定搭配是“免判断区”：一旦认出搭配，形式直接确定，不再参与主被动与时间判断。下表按“搭配类型”整理。 搭配类型 常见搭配 例句 介词 + doing look forward to doing　be used to doing　pay attention to doing　devote to doing　object to doing　when it comes to doing　get down to doing　lead to doing　spend time (in) doing　have difficulty (in) doing　prevent sb. from doing I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望收到你的回信。 动词 + doing（动名词） enjoy doing　avoid doing　finish doing　mind doing　practise doing　imagine doing　admit doing　deny doing　risk doing　miss doing　keep doing He avoided making mistakes. 他避免犯错。 动词 + to do（不定式） want to do　hope to do　plan to do　decide to do　agree to do　expect to do　offer to do　refuse to do　manage to do　pretend to do She decided to take part in the race. 她决定参加比赛。 感官动词 + 省略 to 的不定式 see sb. do　hear sb. do　watch sb. do　feel sb. do　notice sb. do I saw him run into the room. 我看见他跑进了房间。 使役动词 + 省略 to 的不定式 make sb. do　let sb. do　have sb. do（let 变被动时不还原 to） She made me wait for an hour. 她让我等了一个小时。 形容词 + to do（主动表被动） easy / difficult / hard / important / necessary / possible / dangerous / useful + to do The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 固定句型 It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.（形容词修饰事）　It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.（形容词修饰人） It's kind of you to help me. 你帮我，真好。 ★ 易错提醒｜“to”到底是介词还是不定式符号？ look forward to / be used to / pay attention to / devote to / object to 等短语中的 to 全是介词，后面必须接动名词 doing。 正确：I look forward to hearing from you.　　错误：~~I look forward to hear from you.~~ 对比记忆：be used to doing（习惯于做）｜be used to do（被用来做）｜used to do（过去常常做）——同一个 to，三种身份、三种含义。 介词后接 doing 是铁律，不参与主被动判断：look forward to meeting you（主动）与 look forward to being met（被动）都可能成立。 判断技巧：把 to 换成 it，看句子是否通顺。look forward to it 通顺 → to 是介词；want it to do 不通顺 → to 是不定式符号。 考点一： 非谓语动词to do 例1.( 2026年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) She has been to several hospitals (hospital) and all the doctors say that the pain is unlikely 30 (stop) any time soon. 例2.(2025年江苏省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) So far the Paxo phone project has drawn much attention and people want to help with its development (develop). “About 20 people offered 45 (work) on the next version (版本).” Rochet said. 例3.(2025年福建省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Older apartments have guards at entrances, while newer (new) apartments have facial recognition to open gates. It is really nice 39 (live) in China. 1．The impressive poster is considered (grab) millions of people’s attention shortly after it was released online. 2． (complete) this tough survey in two days will be a big challenge for us. 3．Despite many difficulties, the boy kept making great efforts (keep) up with the other students. 4．The antique piano is used (teach) students about 19th-century music. 5．The exchange student volunteered (design) the pattern of the flag for our organization. 考点二：非谓语动词doing 例1.(2024年甘肃省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Volunteering has changed Pony a lot. He has become more confident and outgoing. He learned that giving is much more 40 (reward) than receiving. 例2.( 2025年安徽省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) During her (she) free time, Hongxia teaches children the basics of papercutting. “It’s important to bring (bring) papercutting into schools,” she said, “then it’s passed down, 45 (keep) folk art alive.” 例3.(2025年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Throughout the event, street performances were given (give), bringing the spirit of the Renaissance to life and 30 (provide) an enriching experience of history and creativity. 1．It is no use (complain) about cultural shock that you meet in cross-cultural communication. 2．I have been looking forward to (work) in this international firm, so I study hard on a daily basis. 3．The story (date) back to ancient times is popular among students. 4．The small local firm, (adapt) continuously to frequent policy shifts over the past five years, survived several severe economic downturns. 5．Students are offered diversities of courses in the new campus, (range) from outdoor survival training to hands-on robotics class. 考点三：非谓语动词done 例1.(2025年陕西省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) When 41 (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, he replied with determination, “Why not?.....” 例2. (2025年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Visitors could wander through many creative (create) stalls (摊位) featuring delicious food, handmade crafts, fresh flowers and unique cultural products, perfect for those wanting to enjoy a treasure hunt 28 (fill）with surprises. 1． (base) on historical facts, the book is reliable. 2． (target) at customers who prefer environmentally friendly products, the commercial advertisement has achieved great success. 13．The activity, (design) to build students’ confidence, turned out to be a great success. 4． (inspire) by my teacher’s words, I decided to join the writing contest. 5．Some (develop) countries pay more attention to cultural heritage protection. 一、单项选择 1．The professor gave us a speech, ________ his rich experience in teaching. A．sharing B．share C．shared D．to share 2．It is no use ________ the same explanation if the audience cannot follow the basic idea. A．repeat B．repeating C．to repeat D．repeated 3．If you meet unfamiliar problems, remember ________ the professional resource team. A．contacted B．to contact C．to be contacted D．contacting 4．________ solely by their test results can make students feel that their other strengths are being ignored. A．Evaluating B．Having evaluated C．Being evaluated D．To evaluating 5．Last night, that touching movie really got me ________ about my happy childhood memories and old friends. A．thought B．to have thought C．thinking D．being thought 6．The heavy rain lasted for a whole week, ________ serious flooding in many low-lying areas. A．cause B．caused C．causing D．to cause 7．Members of London’s City Hall are looking at ways to prevent millions of plastic bottles ________ in the river Thames instead of being recycled. A．dropped B．being dropped C．dropping D．to drop 8．Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple. This got me ________ how English can be a crazy language to learn. A．to think B．thought C．thinking D．had thought 9．As I approach the hospital ________ my white coat, I look just like any other doctor. A．to wear B．wear C．wearing D．is wearing 10．Those gifted writers ________ thoughtful and inspiring essays have gained widespread admiration across the country. A．created B．to create C．to be created D．creating 11．________ strong leadership skills from the very first week, he was the first appointed manager to take charge of the research team. A．To demonstrate B．Having demonstrated C．Demonstrating D．Demonstrated 12．The airport ________ in a couple of years ahead will help promote tourism in this area. A．being completed B．to be completed C．completed D．to complete 13．________ at the conflicting evidence, the researcher kept trying to find the truth ________ the event was caused by human activity rather than natural factors. A．Frustrating; which B．Frustrated; that C．Being frustrated; that D．Having frustrated; which 14．The strict teacher required complete honesty ________ every student, even when telling the truth meant ________ their own mistakes. A．from; to admit B．of; to admit C．of; admitting D．from; admitting 15．He always looked forward to ________ him, so he looked forward to ________ whether he was coming. A．seeing; seeing B．seeing; see C．see; see D．see; seeing 16．The player ________ by the coach is watching the ________ game. A．encouraging; inspired B．encouraged; inspiring C．encouraged; inspired D．encouraging; inspiring 17．Please remember ________ your self-belief when you take part in the match. A．build B．building C．to build D．built 18．When we returned to the small cottage after a day’s hiking, we found the windows ________ by the strong wind during the night. A．Break B．breaking C．broken D．to break 19．With so many houses ________, thousands of people lost their homes. A．destroy B．destroying C．destroyed D．to destroy 20．The new app is thought ________ many students improve their study habits during the last school year. A．help B．to help C．to have helped D．to be helping 二、单句语法填空 1． (ignore) the park rules which have existed for centuries will result in punishment. 2．Those who have studied the social policy consider it no use (oppose) to the reform blindly without figuring out its underlying benefits for the public. 3．The global warming led to the area (strike) by extreme weather like hurricane, flood and drought. 4．My lifelong interest is (observe) how gestures vary in different cultures. 5．This is a new house, nice and beautiful, (equip) with all the things for normal life. 6．Kung Fu originally (intend) for self‑defense has become something more than defense skills. 7． (focus) on using English makes English learning more effective. 8．The traditional local handicraft, (combine) with state-of-the-art digital technology, has won great popularity among young consumers. 9．Weather (permit), we will go for a picnic in the nearby forest park this weekend. 10． (frighten) by the sudden thunder and lightning, the dog sat trembling in a corner. 11．The new environmental policy, months in preparation, was released, only (employ) temporarily before public doubts arose. 12． (set) in a remote mountain village where many traditional crafts have been preserved for generations is regarded by the board as an effective way for the documentary series to display the charm of local culture. 一、阅读理解 A Engage students with science with these exciting and entertaining experiments! Students will love exploring while also gaining invaluable experience by designing and conducting experiments. Sunscreen Experiment Kids often don’t enjoy being told they need sunscreen, so showing its power through demonstration can help them see its value. This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products. Start this experiment by applying some of each sunscreen type on paper and placing both pieces of paper in direct sunlight for several hours. Sundial (日晷) Experiment Using a sundial to tell time is a fascinating science activity that helps students gain knowledge of shadows and the movement of sunlight across the sky. Through this hands-on experiment, students gain an opportunity to see how people in previous times knew time without clocks or watches. Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day. Mineral Experiment Students learn to identify rocks and minerals through this simple experiment. They use a plate to test the hardness of various common minerals. They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others. This lesson helps students understand the characteristics and uses of different minerals. Students can even form “companies” and compete to mine different types of rocks with specific features. 1．What is the main purpose of using beads in the sunscreen experiment? A．To compare the prices of sunscreen. B．To show the effectiveness of sunscreen. C．To analyze the impact of sunscreen on skin. D．To demonstrate chemical reactions in sunscreen. 2．How do students begin the sundial experiment? A．By building a sundial from beginning. B．By comparing different types of sundials. C．By measuring the length of their shadows. D．By identifying a sunny spot and using a flat board. 3．What does the mineral experiment allow students to do? A．Observe crystal formation. B．Learn geological history. C．Sell rocks they mine. D．Form companies. B The first time I realized that I had a love for sports competitions was during the Field Day in elementary school. Small for my age, and more of a bookworm than a sports enthusiast, I had suffered that special humiliation of being picked last for various gym teams. The Field Day, which focused on individual skills, was different. In the Softball Throw event, I got my first taste of sporting victory. Credit goes to the example of my first coach, my father. He lifted weights every morning at home. He bought us all baseball gloves and hats, and in the warm months, we spent hours playing catch. Come fall, our backyard football games began with passing practice. Once I got to sixth grade and switched to private school, our entire student body was assigned to either the Red or the White team. Throughout the year, we competed against each other in various games and exercises for points. I eventually became president of The Committee of Games, accelerating (加速) my competitive fever. However, in girls’ sports games at my school, I was no star. I also played on the field hockey team and the basketball team. School sports did not bleed into the weekends, as they do today, but at home, playing tennis, skating, skiing and biking were simply normal things we did. During break time, magazines were also quite popular for us teens. These regularly featured articles on physical exercise. Somehow, my college roommate and I took up the habit of completing Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) exercises every day, a practice that continued into my marriage, when we had no spare funds to use to join a gym. So, though it shocks some of our friends, that early foundation evolved (演变) in adulthood into a sports and fitness focus, considered essential even on vacation. I still love reading and the arts, too. As far as I’m concerned, life is the richest with my feet in both worlds. 4．How did the author feel about being picked last for gym teams? A．Responsible B．Confident C．Ashamed D．Amazed 5．What did the author owe her victory in the Softball Throw event to? A．Her advanced sports outfits. B．Her confidence in her sports ability. C．The sports talent passed down from her father. D．The example and training offered by her father. 6．What happened after the author stepped into adulthood? A．She generally exercised on weekends. B．She joined Royal Canadian Air Force. C．She preferred reading to exercising. D．She kept her love for sports. 7．What is the author’s purpose in writing the article? A．To describe how her father built her interest in sports. B．To recall her childhood memories about sports. C．To express her passion for sports and fitness. D．To stress the benefits of physical exercise. C Researchers at the University of Oulu in Finland decided to run an experiment with bumblebees (大黄蜂). They built a special round chamber (室) that was just 1.3 inches tall. The chamber was too small for flight and too tall for bumblebees to touch the top. But before the researchers began testing the bumblebees, they had to let them discover a couple of things. First, there was a round blue mark with a sugary treat on it. At the same time, the researchers let the bees get used to having a small foam (泡沫) ball around. Then, the researchers put the foam ball on top of the blue mark. The bees had to move the ball off the mark to get the treat. This helped the bees understand the ball could be moved. Finally, the researchers presented the real challenge. They moved the blue mark to the top of the chamber. They also made small holes in the floor of the chamber, each big enough to hold the foam ball. One of these holes was just below the blue mark. The researchers were testing to see if the bees could work this out: by rolling the ball into the hole below the mark, they could climb onto the ball to get the treat. About 73% of the bees found the solution. They were able to do this even though they were young bumblebees that had never seen anything like this before. The results suggest that even though bumblebees have very small brains, they can come up with creative solutions to problems they have never faced before. “Bees probably don’t think the same way as humans do, but they probably have more brainpower than many people give them credit for,” study co-author Olli Loukola says. “Most people think insects are reflex (反射)-based machines and that they can’t feel pain. Some people don’t even realize that they have brains. I hope that these results change people’s opinions about bees.” 8．How did the researchers prepare the bumblebees for the final test? A．They trained them to fly in the small chamber. B．They showed them how to push a sugar treat. C．They helped them get used to a small space. D．They made them know the ball was movable. 9．What was the final goal of the bumblebees in the test? A．To roll the ball into a hole. B．To fly to the top of the chamber. C．To use the ball to get the sugar. D．To push the sugar treat off the top. 10．What is the major finding of the experiment? A．Bumblebees perform better after training. B．Bumblebees can solve problems creatively. C．Bumblebees can learn by watching what other bees do. D．Bumblebees can only succeed after repeated failures. 11．What can be inferred from Loukola’s words? A．Bees can bear more pain than humans. B．Bees have larger brains than expected. C．Bees are cleverer than people think. D．Bees think in a way similar to humans. D It’s thought that the first ever Chinese restaurant opened in 1908 in the UK. This establishment was located in Piccadilly Circus, London. Although this was a massive breakthrough for the cuisine, it didn’t pick up popularity for years. Back in the 1950’s the idea of Chinese food in the UK and America was simplistic; tinned Chinese curries (咖喱菜肴), processed foods and confused flavours, like Chinese food on pizza. Takeout restaurants were few and far between and other cuisines with less experimental flavours were favoured by Western palates (味蕾). It wasn’t until the 1960’s and 1970’s that Chinese food began getting the recognition it should earn. More people began arriving on Western soil from China and Chinatown started development in the 1970’s, when chefs began talking about foreign flavours. One essential figure during this period was Kenneth Lo. He wrote more than 30 books on Chinese cooking from the 1950’s to the 1990’s, with over one million copies sold in Britain. Lo also opened a cooking school in London during the 1980’s, which was hailed as (被誉为) Europe’s first Chinese cooking school. Alongside this, people began opening up to the idea of varied flavours but dishes had to make the most of the ingredients available in the West. Chinese chefs began to adapt dishes to use readily available ingredients and also appeal more to Western palates. This ended with the creation of dishes that a Western audience perceives as Chinese that you wouldn’t even find in China. For example, Chop Suey used to be one of the most popular dishes found in the West but you wouldn’t be able to find this dish with ease in China. The same goes for the beloved fortune cookies. Nowadays, more travel of British people to China for business or leisure has exposed consumers to more varieties and both authentic (真正的) and modern Chinese flavours. No longer do those living in the West fear complex, unfamiliar and unaccustomed flavours; instead they accept the contrast and try to include them into their diet. 12．What happened to Chinese food after the first Chinese restaurant opened in London? A．It went through great changes. B．It went unnoticed for a long time. C．It was mainly sold as takeout food. D．It started to have a big share of the local market. 13．What did Kenneth Lo do to promote Chinese food? A．He wrote many books on Chinese cooking. B．He worked in a Chinese restaurant in Chinatown. C．He commented on popular books on Chinese food. D．He travelled across China to learn Chinese cooking. 14．Why are Chop Suey and fortune cookies mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To prove many ingredients were needed to make them. B．To show they were the most popular Chinese dishes in London. C．To show Chinese dishes were adapted to satisfy Westerners’ taste. D．To prove the ingredients used in Western cuisine preparation were simple. 15．What is the Westerners’ attitude towards Chinese food nowadays? A．Concerned. B．Regretful. C．Unclear. D．Receptive. 二、完形填空 It was a cold winter day. I was on my way to the supermarket when I saw an elderly man 16 on the sidewalk. He seemed to be 17 and was having trouble getting up. Without hesitation, I 18 my shopping bags and rushed to his side. I asked if he was okay and if he needed any 19 . He said he had slipped on the ice and hurt his leg. I helped him to his 20 and asked if there was someone I could call for him. He 21 a number, and I used my phone to make the call. While we were waiting for his family to arrive, I stayed with him and tried to keep him 22 . We talked about various things to 23 his mind off the pain. I learned that he lived alone and didn’t have many friends or relatives in the city. Finally, his family 24 and thanked me for my help. I felt a warm sense of 25 inside. It was a small act of kindness, but it made a big 26 to the elderly man. As I continued on my way to the supermarket, I couldn’t stop thinking about how good it felt to help someone in 27 . It made me realize that even the 28 gestures can have a profound impact on another person’s life. I 29 that day that we should always be 30 to help those in need, as it can bring joy and meaning to both them and ourselves. 16．A．sitting B．lying C．standing D．walking 17．A．in danger B．in silence C．in pain D．in surprise 18．A．dropped B．raised C．carried D．held 19．A．food B．money C．help D．information 20．A．car B．house C．chair D．feet 21．A．gave out B．looked up C．thought of D．wrote off 22．A．awake B．warm C．asleep D．happy 23．A．make B．take C．turn D．change 24．A．left B．came C．called D．disappeared 25．A．sadness B．anger C．satisfaction D．worry 26．A．decision B．difference C．mistake D．promise 27．A．need B．home C．hospital D．tension 28．A．smallest B．slowest C．strangest D．smartest 29．A．realized B．forgot C．regretted D．remembered 30．A．afraid B．sorry C．ready D．unable 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Traveling is a wonderful activity. It can open our eyes and make our life 31 (color). Last summer vacation, I went to the seaside with my parents. We stayed there for a week. The sea was blue and the beach was beautiful. We swam in the sea and walked along the beach. I took a lot of photos that kept the beautiful moments. I tasted delicious seafood there. The local people were very friendly. They told me many stories about the sea. I learned a lot about the sea animals living in the deep sea. I had 32 great time there. When I got back home, I wrote a travel journal. It 33 (share) with my classmates. They were all interested 34 my stories. Traveling teaches me that the world is much bigger than the place where we live. I plan to travel to more places in the future. I believe traveling 35 (bring) me more surprises. Every new place 36 (have) its own special culture. I want to experience different cultures. The memories 37 I got from traveling will stay in my heart forever. I think everyone should go out to travel when they are free. It is a good chance 38 (relax) ourselves. I hope I will visit more 39 (place) of interest in China. I am sure I will have 40 (forget) experiences during my trips. 四、书信写作 41．假定你是某中学英语俱乐部主席李华，俱乐部计划下周六组织成员参观本市新建的科技主题公园（Science & Technology Theme Park）。请你写一则通知，邀请俱乐部成员参加。 内容要点包括： 1．活动目的； 2．集合时间、地点； 3．活动相关要求。 注意：1．写作词数应为80左右；2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Notice ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ English Club Li Hua 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 非谓语动词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 非谓语动词to do 考点二 非谓语动词doing 考点三 非谓语动词done 练|巩固提升训练 本模块依据《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2025年修订）》对本专题在学考中的要求进行梳理，并结合近年全国各地学业水平考试命题实践作出趋势判断。 1.1 课标依据与学考层级要求 板块 知识点 课标层级 学考具体要求 认知层次 常见题型 非谓语to do形式 动词不定式作定语、结果状语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能判断不定式所修饰或所充当的成分 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语doing形式 动词 -ing 形式作定语、状语、补语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能区分现在分词与动名词的句法功能 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语done形式 动词 -ed 形式作定语、状语、补语 必修 能在语篇中正确理解和使用；能判断过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系 熟练掌握 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语to do形式 动词不定式作主语、表语 选择性必修 能在语篇中正确地理解和使用；能识别 it 作形式主语的结构 正确理解和使用 单项选择、语法填空 非谓语doing形式 动词 -ing 形式作主语、宾语、表语 选择性必修 能在语篇中正确地理解和使用；能区分动名词与现在分词 正确理解和使用 单项选择、语法填空 结构与现象 独立主格结构、with 复合结构；非谓语的完成式与被动式 教材常规 课标未单列，但各版本教材均系统讲授、历年高考均设空考查，作正确理解与识别要求 正确理解和使用 语法填空、单项选择 边界说明 虚拟语气、倒装、强调、同位语从句等 选修（提高类） 本讲义不展开；学考阶段不作硬性要求，仅在必要时作“边界提示” 了解 — 层级解读 ● 必修（不定式作定语与结果状语；-ing 作定语、状语、补语；-ed 作定语、状语、补语）：必须过关，是语法填空的主战场，也是本讲义【汇】板块梳理的重心。 ● 选择性必修（不定式作主语、表语；-ing 作主语、宾语、表语）：必须会用。课标中的“选择性必修”是全体高中学生都必须修读并通过的课程模块，其内容同样属于学业水平考试与高考的评价范围。 ● 教材常规（独立主格结构、with 复合结构、非谓语的完成式与被动式）：课标表 6 未逐条列出，但各版本教材均系统讲授，且历年高考反复设空，属必须正确理解与识别的内容。 ● 选修（提高类）（虚拟语气、倒装、强调、同位语从句）：本讲义不展开。虚拟语气中的部分结构（如 if 条件句）与非谓语有交叉，【汇】板块仅作必要提示。 1.2 学考与高考的考查差异 以浙江省为例，普通高中学业水平考试的外语科目使用教育部考试中心命题的高考英语全国卷，学考成绩与高考首考打通；其他省份虽组织形式不同，但语法项目的考查口径与全国卷高度一致，故以下分析对全国通用。 比较维度 高考英语全国卷 学考（以浙江等省为例） 对复习的启示 语篇材料 选材广泛，兼顾社会生活、传统文化、科技前沿等主题 沿用全国卷材料（或按本省要求命题） 非谓语必须能服务于语篇逻辑，而非孤立单句 语法填空 10 个空，15 分；约 7∶3 为“有提示词／无提示词” 题型、赋分与全国卷一致 有提示词的空考“形式变换”，无提示词的空考“语境推断” 设空位置 常嵌于长句与从句中，一个空可能同时涉及非谓语、时态、语态、主谓一致 同一 不能只背规则，必须练“划分句子结构” 干扰项设计 多为“谓语与非谓语混淆”“主被动误判”“时态呼应”“固定搭配”四类 同一 错因集中，专项突破性价比极高 书写要求 填写所给词的正确形式，注意拼写与词形 同一 -ing / -ed / to do 的拼写错误属非智力性失分，必须专项过关 1.3 2027命题趋势观察与备考策略 1.3.1 近五年全国卷非谓语的命题走向 ● 非谓语是“给动词”设空的头号考点。近年各地考卷给提示词的动词空几乎全部指向非谓语，其中现在分词作状语、现在分词作宾语与宾补、不定式作宾语三类合计约占非谓语设空的四成。 ● 主动／被动的辨析是核心分水岭。命题人多用“修饰人用 doing、修饰物用 done”的表层规律设坑，真正拉开差距的是能否在语境中定位逻辑主语。 ● 固定搭配与时间关系并重。近五年出现的 `look forward to doing`（to 是介词）、`Having visited`、`Having been told`，都是“搭配记忆”与“时间先后”双重设障。 ● 长句综合化、语境优先。考点嵌在从句与非谓语结构之中，先断句、再定谓语与非谓语是提速关键；靠“看到 doing 就填 doing”的机械判断已不可靠。 1.3.2 三条落地策略 策略 具体做法 对应解决的问题 先分类 拿到带提示词的动词空，第一件事不是选形式，而是先判断它是不是非谓语：圈连词、找主句谓语，确认全句是否已有谓语 谓语与非谓语混淆，误填时态 再定位 先定逻辑主语（作定语找被修饰的名词，作状语找句子主语），再判断主被动，最后对照谓语动词定时间先后 主被动误判、时间先后错位 后固化 把高频固定搭配（介词 + doing、感官与使役动词后省略 to 等）单独列表，限时默写并造句，用以替代零散记忆 搭配记忆混乱、形式选择摇摆 2.1 非谓语三大形式与句法功能总表 形式 基本形式 典型功能 高频例句 例句译文 动词不定式 to do ① 目的状语；② 结果状语（出乎意料）；③ 后置定语（修饰抽象名词）；④ 宾语与宾语补足语 To pass the exam, he studies hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 动词不定式 to do ⑤ 形容词后的原因／方面状语；⑥ 固定搭配（want / decide / manage / refuse + to do） It is important for us to learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。 动名词／现在分词 doing ① 介词后作宾语；② 作主语、表语；③ 作定语、状语、补语 Reading aloud helps a lot. 大声朗读很有帮助。 动名词／现在分词 doing ④ 动名词的固定搭配（enjoy / avoid / finish / mind / practise + doing） I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望 soon 收到你的回信。 过去分词 done ① 作后置定语（被动 ＋ 完成）；② 作状语（被动或伴随状态）；③ 作宾语补足语；④ 作表语 The bridge built in 1998 is very long. 1998 年建的那座桥很长。 过去分词 done ⑤ 固定搭配中的过去分词（be made / be known / be covered with） Faced with difficulties, we never give up. 面对困难，我们从不放弃。 ★ 易错提醒｜“过去分词不能作主语和宾语”是本讲义的第一条红线 过去分词（done）不能单独作主语，也不能单独作宾语——它必须依附于一个名词或代词，或依附于 be 动词构成被动语态。 正确：The book written in French is interesting.（那本用法语写的书很有趣） 错误：~~Written in French is interesting.~~ —— 无逻辑主语，过去分词不能独立作主语。 推广：这是【汇】板块判断题的核心。设空处若位于句首且后面没有名词，则多半是动名词作主语（doing）或不定式作主语（to do），而不是过去分词。 记忆口诀：分词不能当主语，宾语位上用动名词。 补充：过去分词作表语是允许的，如 The door remained locked.（门一直锁着）——此时它已形容词化，描述主语所处的状态。 2.2 非谓语十二种形式推导表 非谓语的“时间”与“语态”两个维度交叉。先看时间，再看语态，两步即得答案。 时间关系 主动语态 被动语态 例句与解析 与谓语动词同时发生 doing being done I saw the net being hauled in. 我看见鱼网正在被拉上来。（被动 ＋ 同时） 表示尚未发生、将要发生 to do to be done They set out to explore the site. 他们动身去勘探这个遗址。（主动 ＋ 将来） 发生在谓语动词之前 having done having been done Having finished his homework, he went out to play. 完成作业后，他出去玩了。（主动 ＋ 先于） ● doing 与 being done 的区别：doing 表主动、being done 表被动；两者都表示与谓语动词同时发生。I saw the net being hauled in 与 I saw the net hauled in 的差别正在于“正在进行”还是“已完成”。 ● having done 与 having been done 的区别：前者主动、后者被动，且都表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ● 不定式完成式 to have done 属教材拓展内容，课标未作要求，本讲义不展开；但现在分词的完成式（having done / having been done）在高考中反复设空，必须掌握。 2.3 逻辑主语与主被动判定 这是非谓语的核心难点。判断形式之前，必须先解决“谁做这个动作”这个问题。 逻辑主语的确定 适用句法位置 例句 逻辑主语 被修饰的名词 作定语（前置或后置） The man talking with my father is our new neighbor. the man（主动） 被修饰的名词 作定语（前置或后置） The book written in French is interesting. the book（被动） 句子主语 作状语（分词短语作状语） Walking on the road, he saw a bird. he（主动，与谓语同时） 句子主语 作状语（分词短语作状语） Faced with difficulties, we never give up. we（被动） 句子的宾语 作宾语补足语 He had his bike repaired. his bike（被动） 介词后的名词 for sb. to do 结构 It is important for us to learn English well. us（不定式的逻辑主语） ★ 易错提醒｜逻辑主语不是“离得最近的名词” 设空处往往位于多个名词之间，命题人最爱在这里设障。判断逻辑主语要看句法位置，不看距离远近。 例：The man talking to the girl is my teacher.此处离空格最近的是 girl，但空格修饰的是 the man，逻辑主语是 the man（人主动说话 → doing）。 例：Walking along the street, he met an old friend.空格位于句首且无先行词，逻辑主语只能是句子主语 he。 判断顺序：先看空格作什么成分 → 定语找被修饰词，状语找句子主语，宾补找句子宾语 → 再看该词与逻辑主语是主谓关系（主动）还是动宾关系（被动）。 警示：“最近的名词”往往正是干扰项。误把它当逻辑主语，形式就会选反。 配合图3的第②步使用：逻辑主语 → 主动被动 → 形式，三步缺一不可。 2.4 三大形式功能速查 2.5 同境对比：to do / doing / done 一辨 同一语境下，三种形式往往都能“说得通”，但表达的时间关系与语态不同。下表按“语义关系”横向对照，这是本讲义最需要反复练熟的一张表。 语义关系 主动形式 被动形式 典型例句与说明 与谓语动词同时发生 doing being done I saw the net being hauled in. 我看见鱼网正在被拉上来。（being done 强调“正在进行”） 发生在谓语动词之前 having done having been done Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 被多次告知后，他仍犯同样的错误。 尚未发生、将要发生 to do to be done They set out to explore the site. 他们动身去勘探这个遗址。 表示目的 to do — To pass the exam, he studies hard. 为了通过考试，他努力学习。 表示出乎意料的结果 to do（常与 only 连用） — He arrived home, only to find it empty. 他回到家，发现屋里空无一人。 修饰名词作定语 doing / to do done The bridge built in 1998 is very long. 1998 年建的那座桥很长。 ★ 易错提醒｜“only + 不定式”与“doing 作结果状语”的分工 doing 作结果状语表示自然而然、必然导致的结果，不带惊讶语气：The rain lasted for days, causing serious floods. 持续下雨，造成了严重洪水。 only + 不定式表示出乎意料、与预期相反的结果：He arrived home, only to find it empty. 他回到家，没想到屋里空无一人。 判断方法：把结果放进语境里问一句——“这个结果是必然的还是意外的？”必然的用 doing，意外的用 only to do。 注意：同样表示结果，doing 多用于主语一致的自然结果，only to do 多用于主语一致却出人意料的结果，两者不可混用。 2.6 高频固定搭配清单 固定搭配是“免判断区”：一旦认出搭配，形式直接确定，不再参与主被动与时间判断。下表按“搭配类型”整理。 搭配类型 常见搭配 例句 介词 + doing look forward to doing　be used to doing　pay attention to doing　devote to doing　object to doing　when it comes to doing　get down to doing　lead to doing　spend time (in) doing　have difficulty (in) doing　prevent sb. from doing I look forward to hearing from you soon. 我盼望收到你的回信。 动词 + doing（动名词） enjoy doing　avoid doing　finish doing　mind doing　practise doing　imagine doing　admit doing　deny doing　risk doing　miss doing　keep doing He avoided making mistakes. 他避免犯错。 动词 + to do（不定式） want to do　hope to do　plan to do　decide to do　agree to do　expect to do　offer to do　refuse to do　manage to do　pretend to do She decided to take part in the race. 她决定参加比赛。 感官动词 + 省略 to 的不定式 see sb. do　hear sb. do　watch sb. do　feel sb. do　notice sb. do I saw him run into the room. 我看见他跑进了房间。 使役动词 + 省略 to 的不定式 make sb. do　let sb. do　have sb. do（let 变被动时不还原 to） She made me wait for an hour. 她让我等了一个小时。 形容词 + to do（主动表被动） easy / difficult / hard / important / necessary / possible / dangerous / useful + to do The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 固定句型 It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.（形容词修饰事）　It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.（形容词修饰人） It's kind of you to help me. 你帮我，真好。 ★ 易错提醒｜“to”到底是介词还是不定式符号？ look forward to / be used to / pay attention to / devote to / object to 等短语中的 to 全是介词，后面必须接动名词 doing。 正确：I look forward to hearing from you.　　错误：~~I look forward to hear from you.~~ 对比记忆：be used to doing（习惯于做）｜be used to do（被用来做）｜used to do（过去常常做）——同一个 to，三种身份、三种含义。 介词后接 doing 是铁律，不参与主被动判断：look forward to meeting you（主动）与 look forward to being met（被动）都可能成立。 判断技巧：把 to 换成 it，看句子是否通顺。look forward to it 通顺 → to 是介词；want it to do 不通顺 → to 是不定式符号。 考点一： 非谓语动词to do 例1.( 2026年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) She has been to several hospitals (hospital) and all the doctors say that the pain is unlikely 30 (stop) any time soon. 【答案】30．to stop 【详解】30．考查非谓语动词。句意：所有的医生都说疼痛不太可能很快停止。be unlikely to do sth.为固定句型，意为“不太可能做某事”，故此处应填动词不定式。 例2.(2025年江苏省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) So far the Paxo phone project has drawn much attention and people want to help with its development (develop). “About 20 people offered 45 (work) on the next version (版本).” Rochet said. 【答案】45．to work 【详解】45．考查非谓语动词。句意：罗谢特说：“大约有20人主动提出参与下一个版本的研发工作。” “offer to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“主动提出做某事”，故填to work。 例3.(2025年福建省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Older apartments have guards at entrances, while newer (new) apartments have facial recognition to open gates. It is really nice 39 (live) in China. 【答案】39．to live 【详解】39．考查非谓语动词。句意：在中国生活真的非常惬意。句首It为形式主语，动词live应使用不定式形式作真正的主语。 1．The impressive poster is considered (grab) millions of people’s attention shortly after it was released online. 【答案】to have grabbed 【详解】句意：这张令人印象深刻的海报被认为在网上发布后不久就吸引了数百万人的目光。grab这个动作发生在is considered之前，应用不定式的完成式to have done。 2． (complete) this tough survey in two days will be a big challenge for us. 【答案】To complete 【详解】句意：在两天内完成这项艰巨的调查对我们来说将是一个巨大的挑战。提示词作主语，特指单次任务，用不定式形式to complete；句首单词首字母大写。 3．Despite many difficulties, the boy kept making great efforts (keep) up with the other students. 【答案】to keep 【详解】句意：尽管面临许多困难，这个男孩仍然不断付出巨大努力去跟上其他学生。此处考查固定搭配make efforts to do sth.，意为“努力做某事”，其中不定式作目的状语；固定短语 keep up with，意为“跟上、赶上”，应用不定式形式to keep。 4．The antique piano is used (teach) students about 19th-century music. 【答案】to teach 【详解】句意：这架古钢琴被用来教学生了解19世纪的音乐。 固定搭配：be used to do sth.被用来做某事。 5．The exchange student volunteered (design) the pattern of the flag for our organization. 【答案】to design 【详解】句意：这名交换生自愿为我们的组织设计旗帜图案。volunteer to do sth.是固定搭配，表示“自愿做某事”，此空填不定式to design，表示“设计”。 考点二：非谓语动词doing 例1.(2024年甘肃省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Volunteering has changed Pony a lot. He has become more confident and outgoing. He learned that giving is much more 40 (reward) than receiving. 【答案】40．rewarding 【详解】40．考查形容词。句意：他明白了给予比接受更有意义。此处是“be + 形容词”的结构，reward的形容词形式rewarding表示“有意义的、值得的”，作表语。故填rewarding。 例2.( 2025年安徽省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) During her (she) free time, Hongxia teaches children the basics of papercutting. “It’s important to bring (bring) papercutting into schools,” she said, “then it’s passed down, 45 (keep) folk art alive.” 【答案】45．keeping 【详解】45．考查非谓语动词。句意：“把剪纸带进学校很重要，”她说，“然后它被传承下来，让民间艺术保持活力。”“(keep) folk art alive”作结果状语，keep用非谓语动词形式，与其逻辑主语“then it’s passed down”之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动和自然而然的结果。故填keeping。 例3.(2025年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Throughout the event, street performances were given (give), bringing the spirit of the Renaissance to life and 30 (provide) an enriching experience of history and creativity. 【答案】30．providing 【详解】30．考查非谓语动词。句意：在整个活动期间，街头表演不断上演，让文艺复兴的精神焕发活力，并提供了一场丰富的历史与创意体验。句子的谓语动词是were given，此处provide与were given表示的动作同时发生，且street performances与provide之间是主动关系。用现在分词providing作伴随状语，和bringing并列， 故填providing。 1．It is no use (complain) about cultural shock that you meet in cross-cultural communication. 【答案】complaining 【详解】句意：抱怨你在跨文化交际中遇到的文化冲击是没有用的。It is no use doing sth.是固定句型，意为“做某事没有用”，It为形式主语，用动名词complaining作真正的主语。 2．I have been looking forward to (work) in this international firm, so I study hard on a daily basis. 【答案】working 【详解】句意：我一直期盼在这家国际公司工作，所以我每天都努力学习。have been looking forward to是现在完成进行时态结构，look forward to是固定短语，意为“期待”，要接动名词作宾语，要将动词work变成working。 3．The story (date) back to ancient times is popular among students. 【答案】dating 【详解】句意：这个追溯到远古时期的故事在学生中很受欢迎。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，story和date back to是主动关系，所以此处使用date的现在分词dating。 4．The small local firm, (adapt) continuously to frequent policy shifts over the past five years, survived several severe economic downturns. 【答案】having adapted 【详解】句意：这家当地小公司在过去五年里不断适应频繁的政策变动，挺过了数次严重的经济衰退。句子已有谓语survived，空处作非谓语动词，主语the small local firm和adapt是主动关系，且adapt动作发生在survived之前，用现在分词的完成式having adapted作状语。 5．Students are offered diversities of courses in the new campus, (range) from outdoor survival training to hands-on robotics class. 【答案】ranging 【详解】句意：新校区为学生提供多种多样的课程，范围从户外生存训练到机器人实操课。逻辑主语courses和range是主动关系，用现在分词作后置定语。 考点三：非谓语动词done 例1.(2025年陕西省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) When 41 (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?”, he replied with determination, “Why not?.....” 【答案】41．asked 【详解】41．考查非谓语动词。句意：当被问及“我们中国人有可能制造导弹吗?” 时，他坚定地回答：“为什么不能?我们中国人有能力制造和其他人一样的东西。” 此空考查非谓语，句子主语he与ask之间为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作状语。故填asked。 例2. (2025年湖南省普通高中学业水平合格性考试英语试题) Visitors could wander through many creative (create) stalls (摊位) featuring delicious food, handmade crafts, fresh flowers and unique cultural products, perfect for those wanting to enjoy a treasure hunt 28 (fill）with surprises. 【答案】28．filled 【详解】28．考查非谓语动词。句意：游客们可以漫步于许多创意摊位之间，这些摊位上有美味的食物、手工工艺品、鲜花和独特的文化产品，非常适合那些想要享受一场充满惊喜的寻宝之旅的人。a treasure hunt与fill之间是被动关系，过去分词filled可作后置定语。 故填filled。 1． (base) on historical facts, the book is reliable. 【答案】Based 【详解】句意：这本书以史实为依据，内容可靠。此处为非谓语动词作状语，句子主语the book和base是被动关系，用过去分词based作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。 2． (target) at customers who prefer environmentally friendly products, the commercial advertisement has achieved great success. 【答案】Targeted 【详解】句意：这则商业广告面向偏爱环保产品的顾客，取得了巨大成功。句子主语the commercial advertisement和target为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式targeted，作状语，位于句首，首字母需大写。 13．The activity, (design) to build students’ confidence, turned out to be a great success. 【答案】designed 【详解】句意：这项旨在培养学生自信心的活动，结果大获成功。设空处修饰名词The activity，动词design与activity之间为被动关系，表示“被设计的”，应用过去分词designed作后置定语。 4． (inspire) by my teacher’s words, I decided to join the writing contest. 【答案】Inspired 【详解】句意：受到老师一番话的鼓舞，我决定参加写作比赛。 逻辑主语I和inspire之间是被动关系所以用过去分词Inspired作状语。首字母大写。 5．Some (develop) countries pay more attention to cultural heritage protection. 【答案】developed 【详解】 句意：一些发达国家更加重视文化遗产的保护。根据句意可知，developed“发达的”，形容词化的过去分词作定语。 一、单项选择 1．The professor gave us a speech, ________ his rich experience in teaching. A．sharing B．share C．shared D．to share 【答案】A 【详解】句意：教授给我们做了一场演讲，分享了他丰富的教学经验。句中已有谓语动词gave且无连词，故空处应填入非谓语动词。逻辑主语The professor与动词share之间为主动关系，且表示伴随状态，应用现在分词sharing作伴随状语。 2．It is no use ________ the same explanation if the audience cannot follow the basic idea. A．repeat B．repeating C．to repeat D．repeated 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果观众无法理解基本意思，重复同样的解释是没有用的。“It is no use doing sth.”是固定句型，意为“做某事没有用”，it是形式主语，用动名词短语repeating the same explanation作真正主语。 3．If you meet unfamiliar problems, remember ________ the professional resource team. A．contacted B．to contact C．to be contacted D．contacting 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果你遇到不熟悉的问题，记得去联系专业资源团队。remember to do sth.意为“记得去做某事(事情还未做)”；remember doing sth.意为“记得做过某事(事情已经做过)”。此处表示遇到问题后要记得去联系，动作尚未发生，应用不定式to contact作宾语。 4．________ solely by their test results can make students feel that their other strengths are being ignored. A．Evaluating B．Having evaluated C．Being evaluated D．To evaluating 【答案】C 【详解】句意：仅仅依据考试成绩来评价学生，会让学生觉得自身其他方面的优势被忽视了。本空在句中作主语，且逻辑上students与evaluate为被动关系，用动名词的被动语态Being evaluated。 5．Last night, that touching movie really got me ________ about my happy childhood memories and old friends. A．thought B．to have thought C．thinking D．being thought 【答案】C 【详解】句意：昨晚，那部感人的电影真的让我回想起了我快乐的童年回忆和老朋友。固定结构get sb. doing sth.意为“使某人开始做某事、让某人处于做某事的状态”，此处表示电影让我主动陷入回想的状态，现在分词thinking在句中作宾语补足语。 6．The heavy rain lasted for a whole week, ________ serious flooding in many low-lying areas. A．cause B．caused C．causing D．to cause 【答案】C 【详解】句意：大雨持续了整整一周，在许多低洼地区引发了严重的洪涝灾害。句中有谓语lasted，此处作结果状语，所填词和主语The heavy rain之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，现在分词causing符合题意。 7．Members of London’s City Hall are looking at ways to prevent millions of plastic bottles ________ in the river Thames instead of being recycled. A．dropped B．being dropped C．dropping D．to drop 【答案】B 【详解】句意：伦敦市政厅的成员们正在寻找方法，防止数以百万计的塑料瓶被丢进泰晤士河里，而不是被回收利用。prevent sb./sth. (from) doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“阻止……做某事”，其中from可省略；此处宾语millions of plastic bottles与drop之间为被动关系，即“瓶子被丢进河里”，故应用动名词的被动式being dropped。 8．Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple. This got me ________ how English can be a crazy language to learn. A．to think B．thought C．thinking D．had thought 【答案】C 【详解】句意：菠萝里既没有松树也没有苹果。这让我一直在想英语是一门多么疯狂的语言。固定结构get sb. doing意为“让某人一直做某事”；空处应用现在分词thinking作宾语补足语。 9．As I approach the hospital ________ my white coat, I look just like any other doctor. A．to wear B．wear C．wearing D．is wearing 【答案】C 【详解】句意：当我穿着白大褂走近医院时，我看起来就像其他任何医生一样。此处作伴随状语，wear(穿)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语I之间是主动关系，用现在分词表主动。 10．Those gifted writers ________ thoughtful and inspiring essays have gained widespread admiration across the country. A．created B．to create C．to be created D．creating 【答案】D 【详解】句意：那些创作了思想深刻且鼓舞人心的文章的才华横溢的作家们，在全国范围内赢得了广泛的赞赏。句中已有谓语动词have gained，空处应填非谓语形式；动词create与被修饰词writers之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词形式作后置定语。 11．________ strong leadership skills from the very first week, he was the first appointed manager to take charge of the research team. A．To demonstrate B．Having demonstrated C．Demonstrating D．Demonstrated 【答案】B 【详解】句意：从第一周起就展现出了很强的领导能力，他是第一个被任命负责研究团队的经理。句中主语he与动词demonstrate（展现）之间为逻辑上的主动关系，且demonstrate的动作发生在谓语动词was之前，故应使用现在分词的完成式Having demonstrated作状语。 12．The airport ________ in a couple of years ahead will help promote tourism in this area. A．being completed B．to be completed C．completed D．to complete 【答案】B 【详解】句意：这座将于几年后建成的机场将有助于促进该地区的旅游业发展。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，in a couple of years ahead表示将来，airport与complete是被动关系，所以此处用不定式的被动形式to be completed。 13．________ at the conflicting evidence, the researcher kept trying to find the truth ________ the event was caused by human activity rather than natural factors. A．Frustrating; which B．Frustrated; that C．Being frustrated; that D．Having frustrated; which 【答案】B 【详解】句意：面对相互矛盾的证据感到沮丧，这位研究者不断努力寻找真相——即该事件是由人类活动而非自然因素引起的。第一空：放在句首作状语，frustrate“使沮丧”与其逻辑主语the researcher之间是被动关系，用过去分词Frustrated作状语。第二空：the truth​后是同位语从句，解释truth的具体内容，从句结构完整、不缺成分，用连接词that​引导同位语从句。 14．The strict teacher required complete honesty ________ every student, even when telling the truth meant ________ their own mistakes. A．from; to admit B．of; to admit C．of; admitting D．from; admitting 【答案】C 【详解】句意：这位严格的老师要求每个学生都做到完全诚实，即使说出真相意味着承认他们自己的错误。require sth. of sb.为固定搭配，意为“对某人有……的要求”，所以第一空应用介词of；mean doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“意味着做某事”，符合题意，而mean to do sth.意为“打算做某事”，与题意不符，所以第二空应用动名词admitting，作宾语。 15．He always looked forward to ________ him, so he looked forward to ________ whether he was coming. A．seeing; seeing B．seeing; see C．see; see D．see; seeing 【答案】B 【详解】句意：他一直盼望着有人来看他，所以他向前看一看他是否会来。第一处to是介词，look forward to doing，用seeing；第二处look forward意为“向前看”，后面接to do表目的，用see。 16．The player ________ by the coach is watching the ________ game. A．encouraging; inspired B．encouraged; inspiring C．encouraged; inspired D．encouraging; inspiring 【答案】B 【详解】句意：被教练鼓励的那个运动员正在看那场令人振奋的比赛。句中is watching为谓语动词，第一空处需要使用非谓语动词，动词encourage与逻辑主语The player之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故使用过去分词encouraged作后置定语；第二空修饰名词game，表示事物本身的特征，意为“令人振奋的”，应使用现在分词inspiring作前置定语；inspired通常用于修饰人，表示“受到鼓舞的”，B选项符合题意。 17．Please remember ________ your self-belief when you take part in the match. A．build B．building C．to build D．built 【答案】C 【详解】句意：当你参加比赛时，请记得建立你的自信。remember to do sth.意为“记得去做某事(事情还没做)”；remember doing sth.意为“记得做过某事(事情已经做了)”。此处表示提醒对方在比赛时记得去建立自信，动作尚未发生，应用动词不定式作宾语。 18．When we returned to the small cottage after a day’s hiking, we found the windows ________ by the strong wind during the night. A．Break B．breaking C．broken D．to break 【答案】C 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：经过一天的徒步旅行，当我们回到小木屋时，我们发现窗户在夜里被强风刮破了。“find+宾语+宾语补足语”为固定结构。句中宾语为the windows，与其后的动词break之间为逻辑上的被动关系，且动作已经发生并完成，因此需要使用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。 19．With so many houses ________, thousands of people lost their homes. A．destroy B．destroying C．destroyed D．to destroy 【答案】C 【详解】句意：这么多房屋被毁，成千上万的人失去了家园。此处为with复合结构作状语，动词destroy与逻辑主语many houses是被动关系，表示“房屋被毁坏”，应使用过去分词形式destroyed作宾补。 20．The new app is thought ________ many students improve their study habits during the last school year. A．help B．to help C．to have helped D．to be helping 【答案】C 【详解】句意：人们认为这款新应用在上一学年已经帮助许多学生改善了他们的学习习惯。固定短语be thought to do“被认为……”；help这一动作发生在“被认为”之前，要用不定式的完成式to have helped。 二、单句语法填空 1． (ignore) the park rules which have existed for centuries will result in punishment. 【答案】Ignoring 【详解】句意：无视已存在数百年的公园规定将会招致处罚。 空处作主句主语，陈述一般事实，用动名词ignoring，位于句首，首字母需大写。 2．Those who have studied the social policy consider it no use (oppose) to the reform blindly without figuring out its underlying benefits for the public. 【答案】being opposed 【详解】句意：研究过这项社会政策的人认为，在没有弄清楚这项改革带给公众的潜在好处之前，盲目反对改革是没有用的。短语be opposed to表示“反对”，no use doing sth.“做某事是没用的”，it作形式宾语，真正宾语是后面的动名词。 3．The global warming led to the area (strike) by extreme weather like hurricane, flood and drought. 【答案】being struck 【详解】句意：全球变暖导致该地区遭受飓风、洪水和干旱等极端天气的袭击。固定搭配lead to中，to是介词，后接动名词形式与the area构成动名词的复合结构；the area和strike之间为被动关系，因此用动名词的被动形式being struck。 4．My lifelong interest is (observe) how gestures vary in different cultures. 【答案】observing 【详解】句意：我一生的兴趣是观察手势在不同文化中如何变化。提示词作表语，解释interest的内容，用动名词形式observing。 5．This is a new house, nice and beautiful, (equip) with all the things for normal life. 【答案】equipped 【详解】句意：这是一栋崭新漂亮的房子，配备了日常生活所需的全部物品。句中已有is，空处作非谓语动词，be equipped with为固定搭配，去掉be动词，使用过去分词equipped作后置定语，修饰house。 6．Kung Fu originally (intend) for self‑defense has become something more than defense skills. 【答案】intended 【详解】句意：功夫最初是为了自卫而创造的，如今已经超越了单纯的防御技能。分析句子结构可知，空处应填非谓语动词形式，与空后的 for self-defense 一起作后置定语修饰主语Kung Fu；固定搭配be intended for表示“专为……设计/打算”，此处intend与逻辑主语Kung Fu构成被动关系，需用过去分词形式作后置定语修饰Kung Fu。 7． (focus) on using English makes English learning more effective. 【答案】Focusing 【详解】句意：专注于使用英语会让英语学习更高效。句子缺少主语，此处用动名词作句子主语，focus的动名词形式是focusing，位于句首，首字母需大写。 8．The traditional local handicraft, (combine) with state-of-the-art digital technology, has won great popularity among young consumers. 【答案】combined 【详解】句意：当地传统手工艺品结合最先进的数字技术，深受年轻消费者的喜爱。此处combine与handicraft构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。 9．Weather (permit), we will go for a picnic in the nearby forest park this weekend. 【答案】permitting 【详解】句意：天气允许的话，我们这个周末将去附近的森林公园野餐。根据两个分句之间没有连词连接，且主语不一致的逻辑关系可知，此处为独立主格结构作状语，Weather与动词permit之间是主动关系，需要用现在分词形式表主动，应用permitting。 10． (frighten) by the sudden thunder and lightning, the dog sat trembling in a corner. 【答案】Frightened 【详解】句意：被突如其来的雷电吓到，那只狗坐在角落里发抖。提示词作状语，用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语the dog之间是被动关系，用过去分词frightened表被动，句首首字母大写。 11．The new environmental policy, months in preparation, was released, only (employ) temporarily before public doubts arose. 【答案】to be employed 【详解】句意：这项筹备了数月的新环保政策得以出台，结果却只临时实施了一段时间，公众质疑便接踵而至。only to do不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，“结果却……”，逻辑主语the new environmental policy和employ之间是被动关系，所以用不定式被动式to be employed。 12． (set) in a remote mountain village where many traditional crafts have been preserved for generations is regarded by the board as an effective way for the documentary series to display the charm of local culture. 【答案】Being set 【详解】句意：这部系列纪录片以一个许多传统工艺代代传承的偏远山村为故事背景，董事会认为这是展现当地文化魅力的有效方式。短语be set in表示“以……为背景”，且作主语用动名词，首字母大写。 一、阅读理解 A Engage students with science with these exciting and entertaining experiments! Students will love exploring while also gaining invaluable experience by designing and conducting experiments. Sunscreen Experiment Kids often don’t enjoy being told they need sunscreen, so showing its power through demonstration can help them see its value. This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products. Start this experiment by applying some of each sunscreen type on paper and placing both pieces of paper in direct sunlight for several hours. Sundial (日晷) Experiment Using a sundial to tell time is a fascinating science activity that helps students gain knowledge of shadows and the movement of sunlight across the sky. Through this hands-on experiment, students gain an opportunity to see how people in previous times knew time without clocks or watches. Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day. Mineral Experiment Students learn to identify rocks and minerals through this simple experiment. They use a plate to test the hardness of various common minerals. They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others. This lesson helps students understand the characteristics and uses of different minerals. Students can even form “companies” and compete to mine different types of rocks with specific features. 1．What is the main purpose of using beads in the sunscreen experiment? A．To compare the prices of sunscreen. B．To show the effectiveness of sunscreen. C．To analyze the impact of sunscreen on skin. D．To demonstrate chemical reactions in sunscreen. 2．How do students begin the sundial experiment? A．By building a sundial from beginning. B．By comparing different types of sundials. C．By measuring the length of their shadows. D．By identifying a sunny spot and using a flat board. 3．What does the mineral experiment allow students to do? A．Observe crystal formation. B．Learn geological history. C．Sell rocks they mine. D．Form companies. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是应用文。文章介绍了几个适合学生做的科学实验。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据Sunscreen Experiment下的“This science fair project uses simple white beads (珠子) that change color when exposed to UV rays (紫外线) so children can compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen products.(这个科学展览项目使用简单的白色珠子，当暴露在紫外线下时会改变颜色，这样孩子们就可以比较不同防晒产品的效果)”可知，在防晒实验中使用珠子的主要目的是来展示防晒霜的功效。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Sundial (日晷) Experiment下的“Start this experiment by asking students to identify an outdoor spot that receives sunlight all day, placing a flat board there, tracing the shadows onto it and noting where the shadows will fall at certain points of the day.(实验开始时，让学生们找出一个整天都能接受阳光的户外地点，在那里放一块平板，在上面画出阴影，并注意到阴影在一天中的特定时间会落在哪里)”可知，学生找一个阳光充足的地方，用一块平板来开始日晷实验。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据Mineral Experiment下的“They also observe how these minerals form crystals (晶体) and how they break apart differently from others.(他们还观察这些矿物质是如何形成晶体的，以及它们是如何以不同的方式分裂的)”可知，Mineral Experiment允许学生观察晶体形成。故选A项。 B The first time I realized that I had a love for sports competitions was during the Field Day in elementary school. Small for my age, and more of a bookworm than a sports enthusiast, I had suffered that special humiliation of being picked last for various gym teams. The Field Day, which focused on individual skills, was different. In the Softball Throw event, I got my first taste of sporting victory. Credit goes to the example of my first coach, my father. He lifted weights every morning at home. He bought us all baseball gloves and hats, and in the warm months, we spent hours playing catch. Come fall, our backyard football games began with passing practice. Once I got to sixth grade and switched to private school, our entire student body was assigned to either the Red or the White team. Throughout the year, we competed against each other in various games and exercises for points. I eventually became president of The Committee of Games, accelerating (加速) my competitive fever. However, in girls’ sports games at my school, I was no star. I also played on the field hockey team and the basketball team. School sports did not bleed into the weekends, as they do today, but at home, playing tennis, skating, skiing and biking were simply normal things we did. During break time, magazines were also quite popular for us teens. These regularly featured articles on physical exercise. Somehow, my college roommate and I took up the habit of completing Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) exercises every day, a practice that continued into my marriage, when we had no spare funds to use to join a gym. So, though it shocks some of our friends, that early foundation evolved (演变) in adulthood into a sports and fitness focus, considered essential even on vacation. I still love reading and the arts, too. As far as I’m concerned, life is the richest with my feet in both worlds. 4．How did the author feel about being picked last for gym teams? A．Responsible B．Confident C．Ashamed D．Amazed 5．What did the author owe her victory in the Softball Throw event to? A．Her advanced sports outfits. B．Her confidence in her sports ability. C．The sports talent passed down from her father. D．The example and training offered by her father. 6．What happened after the author stepped into adulthood? A．She generally exercised on weekends. B．She joined Royal Canadian Air Force. C．She preferred reading to exercising. D．She kept her love for sports. 7．What is the author’s purpose in writing the article? A．To describe how her father built her interest in sports. B．To recall her childhood memories about sports. C．To express her passion for sports and fitness. D．To stress the benefits of physical exercise. 【答案】4．C 5．D 6．D 7．C 【导语】本文作者回忆自己从小接触体育运动的经历，讲述运动爱好的养成过程及成年后依旧坚持健身的生活态度。 【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I had suffered that special humiliation of being picked last for various gym teams. (我遭受了在各种体育队伍中最后被挑选的那种特殊的屈辱) ”可知，作者对于最后被挑走感到屈辱。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Credit goes to the example of my first coach, my father.(这归功于我的第一任教练——我父亲的榜样)”以及后文描述父亲给他们买装备并花数小时带他们进行接球和传球练习可知，作者将垒球投掷比赛的胜利归功于父亲树立的榜样和提供的训练。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段首句“So, though it shocks some of our friends, that early foundation evolved (演变) in adulthood into a sports and fitness focus, considered essential even on vacation.(因此，尽管这令一些朋友感到惊讶，但这种早期的根基在成年后逐渐演变为对体育和健身的关注，甚至在度假时也被视为必不可少。)”可知，作者步入成年后依然保持着对体育运动的热爱和专注。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The first time I realized that I had a love for sports competitions was during the Field Day in elementary school.(我第一次意识到我对体育比赛的热爱是在小学的Field Day期间)”和最后一段“So, though it shocks some of our friends, that early foundation evolved in adulthood into a sports and fitness focus, considered essential even on vacation.(因此，尽管这让我们的一些朋友感到震惊，但早期的基础在成年后演变成了一种专注于运动和健身的方式，即使在度假时也被认为是必不可少的)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者从小热爱体育，并且在父亲的指导和培训下第一次尝到了运动胜利的滋味。就此，作者开始参与各种体育运动，并把这种对体育的热爱持续到了成年，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是表达她对运动和健康的热情。 C Researchers at the University of Oulu in Finland decided to run an experiment with bumblebees (大黄蜂). They built a special round chamber (室) that was just 1.3 inches tall. The chamber was too small for flight and too tall for bumblebees to touch the top. But before the researchers began testing the bumblebees, they had to let them discover a couple of things. First, there was a round blue mark with a sugary treat on it. At the same time, the researchers let the bees get used to having a small foam (泡沫) ball around. Then, the researchers put the foam ball on top of the blue mark. The bees had to move the ball off the mark to get the treat. This helped the bees understand the ball could be moved. Finally, the researchers presented the real challenge. They moved the blue mark to the top of the chamber. They also made small holes in the floor of the chamber, each big enough to hold the foam ball. One of these holes was just below the blue mark. The researchers were testing to see if the bees could work this out: by rolling the ball into the hole below the mark, they could climb onto the ball to get the treat. About 73% of the bees found the solution. They were able to do this even though they were young bumblebees that had never seen anything like this before. The results suggest that even though bumblebees have very small brains, they can come up with creative solutions to problems they have never faced before. “Bees probably don’t think the same way as humans do, but they probably have more brainpower than many people give them credit for,” study co-author Olli Loukola says. “Most people think insects are reflex (反射)-based machines and that they can’t feel pain. Some people don’t even realize that they have brains. I hope that these results change people’s opinions about bees.” 8．How did the researchers prepare the bumblebees for the final test? A．They trained them to fly in the small chamber. B．They showed them how to push a sugar treat. C．They helped them get used to a small space. D．They made them know the ball was movable. 9．What was the final goal of the bumblebees in the test? A．To roll the ball into a hole. B．To fly to the top of the chamber. C．To use the ball to get the sugar. D．To push the sugar treat off the top. 10．What is the major finding of the experiment? A．Bumblebees perform better after training. B．Bumblebees can solve problems creatively. C．Bumblebees can learn by watching what other bees do. D．Bumblebees can only succeed after repeated failures. 11．What can be inferred from Loukola’s words? A．Bees can bear more pain than humans. B．Bees have larger brains than expected. C．Bees are cleverer than people think. D．Bees think in a way similar to humans. 【答案】8．D 9．C 10．B 11．C 【导语】文章介绍了芬兰研究人员对大黄蜂进行的实验。结果表明，尽管大脑微小，大黄蜂仍能创造性地解决从未遇到过的问题，这有助于改变人们对昆虫智力的刻板印象。 【详解】8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The bees had to move the ball off the mark to get the treat. This helped the bees understand the ball could be moved.(大黄蜂必须把球从标记上移开才能得到食物。这帮助大黄蜂理解了球是可以移动的。)”可知，研究人员通过前置任务让大黄蜂知道泡沫球是可以移动的，为最终测试做准备。选项D符合文意。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“The researchers were testing to see if the bees could work this out: by rolling the ball into the hole below the mark, they could climb onto the ball to get the treat.(研究人员正在测试大黄蜂能否想出这个办法：把球滚到标记下方的洞里，它们就能爬上球去获取食物。)”可知，滚球只是手段，最终目标是利用球作为垫脚石来获取糖。选项C符合文意。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The results suggest that even though bumblebees have very small brains, they can come up with creative solutions to problems they have never faced before.(结果表明，尽管大黄蜂的大脑非常小，但它们能对自己从未遇到过的问题想出创造性的解决方案。)”可知，实验的主要发现是大黄蜂具有创造性解决问题的能力。选项B符合文意。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Olli Loukola 的话“Bees probably don’t think the same way as humans do, but they probably have more brainpower than many people give them credit for.(大黄蜂的思维方式可能与人类不同，但它们的脑力可能比许多人认为的要强)”可知，他意在强调大黄蜂比人们通常认为的更聪明。选项C符合文意。 D It’s thought that the first ever Chinese restaurant opened in 1908 in the UK. This establishment was located in Piccadilly Circus, London. Although this was a massive breakthrough for the cuisine, it didn’t pick up popularity for years. Back in the 1950’s the idea of Chinese food in the UK and America was simplistic; tinned Chinese curries (咖喱菜肴), processed foods and confused flavours, like Chinese food on pizza. Takeout restaurants were few and far between and other cuisines with less experimental flavours were favoured by Western palates (味蕾). It wasn’t until the 1960’s and 1970’s that Chinese food began getting the recognition it should earn. More people began arriving on Western soil from China and Chinatown started development in the 1970’s, when chefs began talking about foreign flavours. One essential figure during this period was Kenneth Lo. He wrote more than 30 books on Chinese cooking from the 1950’s to the 1990’s, with over one million copies sold in Britain. Lo also opened a cooking school in London during the 1980’s, which was hailed as (被誉为) Europe’s first Chinese cooking school. Alongside this, people began opening up to the idea of varied flavours but dishes had to make the most of the ingredients available in the West. Chinese chefs began to adapt dishes to use readily available ingredients and also appeal more to Western palates. This ended with the creation of dishes that a Western audience perceives as Chinese that you wouldn’t even find in China. For example, Chop Suey used to be one of the most popular dishes found in the West but you wouldn’t be able to find this dish with ease in China. The same goes for the beloved fortune cookies. Nowadays, more travel of British people to China for business or leisure has exposed consumers to more varieties and both authentic (真正的) and modern Chinese flavours. No longer do those living in the West fear complex, unfamiliar and unaccustomed flavours; instead they accept the contrast and try to include them into their diet. 12．What happened to Chinese food after the first Chinese restaurant opened in London? A．It went through great changes. B．It went unnoticed for a long time. C．It was mainly sold as takeout food. D．It started to have a big share of the local market. 13．What did Kenneth Lo do to promote Chinese food? A．He wrote many books on Chinese cooking. B．He worked in a Chinese restaurant in Chinatown. C．He commented on popular books on Chinese food. D．He travelled across China to learn Chinese cooking. 14．Why are Chop Suey and fortune cookies mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To prove many ingredients were needed to make them. B．To show they were the most popular Chinese dishes in London. C．To show Chinese dishes were adapted to satisfy Westerners’ taste. D．To prove the ingredients used in Western cuisine preparation were simple. 15．What is the Westerners’ attitude towards Chinese food nowadays? A．Concerned. B．Regretful. C．Unclear. D．Receptive. 【答案】12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文介绍中餐在英国的发展历程，从早期不受欢迎，经改良适配西方口味，到如今西方人愿意接纳多样的中餐风味。 【详解】12．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s thought that the first ever Chinese restaurant opened in 1908 in the UK. This establishment was located in Piccadilly Circus, London. Although this was a massive breakthrough for the cuisine, it didn’t pick up popularity for years.(人们认为英国第一家中餐馆于1908年开业，坐落于伦敦皮卡迪利广场。尽管这对于中餐来说是巨大突破，但多年来它并没有流行起来)”可知，伦敦第一家中餐馆开业后，中餐在很长一段时间里不受关注。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“One essential figure during this period was Kenneth Lo. He wrote more than 30 books on Chinese cooking from the 1950’s to the 1990’s, with over one million copies sold in Britain.(这一时期的关键人物是罗孝建。从20世纪50年代到90年代，他撰写了30多本关于中国烹饪的书籍，在英国销量超100万册)”可知，Kenneth Lo写了大量中餐相关书籍来推广中餐。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Chinese chefs began to adapt dishes to use readily available ingredients and also appeal more to Western palates. This ended with the creation of dishes that a Western audience perceives as Chinese that you wouldn’t even find in China. For example, Chop Suey used to be one of the most popular dishes found in the West but you wouldn’t be able to find this dish with ease in China. The same goes for the beloved fortune cookies.(中餐厨师开始改良菜品，使用容易获取的食材，更加迎合西方人的味蕾。由此诞生了西方人眼中的中餐，但这些菜在中国本土根本找不到。例如，炒杂碎曾是西方最受欢迎的菜品之一，但在中国很难找到这道菜，受人喜爱的幸运饼干也是如此)”可知，列举炒杂碎和幸运饼干是为了说明中餐菜品经过改良来迎合西方人的口味。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“No longer do those living in the West fear complex, unfamiliar and unaccustomed flavours; instead they accept the contrast and try to include them into their diet.(西方人不再惧怕复杂陌生的口味；相反，他们接受这种差异，并尝试将中餐纳入日常饮食)”可知，如今西方人对中餐持接纳的态度。 二、完形填空 It was a cold winter day. I was on my way to the supermarket when I saw an elderly man 16 on the sidewalk. He seemed to be 17 and was having trouble getting up. Without hesitation, I 18 my shopping bags and rushed to his side. I asked if he was okay and if he needed any 19 . He said he had slipped on the ice and hurt his leg. I helped him to his 20 and asked if there was someone I could call for him. He 21 a number, and I used my phone to make the call. While we were waiting for his family to arrive, I stayed with him and tried to keep him 22 . We talked about various things to 23 his mind off the pain. I learned that he lived alone and didn’t have many friends or relatives in the city. Finally, his family 24 and thanked me for my help. I felt a warm sense of 25 inside. It was a small act of kindness, but it made a big 26 to the elderly man. As I continued on my way to the supermarket, I couldn’t stop thinking about how good it felt to help someone in 27 . It made me realize that even the 28 gestures can have a profound impact on another person’s life. I 29 that day that we should always be 30 to help those in need, as it can bring joy and meaning to both them and ourselves. 16．A．sitting B．lying C．standing D．walking 17．A．in danger B．in silence C．in pain D．in surprise 18．A．dropped B．raised C．carried D．held 19．A．food B．money C．help D．information 20．A．car B．house C．chair D．feet 21．A．gave out B．looked up C．thought of D．wrote off 22．A．awake B．warm C．asleep D．happy 23．A．make B．take C．turn D．change 24．A．left B．came C．called D．disappeared 25．A．sadness B．anger C．satisfaction D．worry 26．A．decision B．difference C．mistake D．promise 27．A．need B．home C．hospital D．tension 28．A．smallest B．slowest C．strangest D．smartest 29．A．realized B．forgot C．regretted D．remembered 30．A．afraid B．sorry C．ready D．unable 【答案】 16．B 17．C 18．A 19．C 20．D 21．C 22．B 23．B 24．B 25．C 26．B 27．A 28．A 29．A 30．C 【导语】本文主要介绍作者冬日路上偶遇老人滑倒受伤，主动上前帮忙并联系其家人，这件小事让作者感悟到，哪怕是微小的善举也能带来深远影响，我们应当乐于向有需要的人伸出援手。 【详解】16．考查动词。句意：我在去超市的路上，看见一位老人躺在人行道上。A. sitting坐；B. lying躺；C. standing站；D. walking走。根据下文“He seemed to be ____ and was having trouble getting up.”以及第二段“He said he had slipped on the ice and hurt his leg.”可知，老人摔倒后躺在人行道上，难以起身。 17．考查介词短语。句意：他看起来很痛苦，难以站起来。A. in danger处于危险中；B. in silence沉默；C. in pain疼痛；D. in surprise惊讶。根据第二段“He said he had slipped on the ice and hurt his leg.”以及常识可知，老人腿部受伤，处于疼痛之中。 18．考查动词。句意：我毫不犹豫地丢下购物袋，冲到他身边。A. dropped丢下；B. raised举起；C. carried搬运；D. held握住。根据下文“my shopping bags and rushed to his side.”以及语境可知，看到老人摔倒，作者放下手中的购物袋，快速上前救助老人。 19．考查名词。句意：我问他还好吗，是否需要帮助。A. food食物；B. money钱；C. help帮助；D. information信息。根据第一段“I was on my way to the supermarket when I saw an elderly man ____ on the sidewalk. He seemed to be ____ and was having trouble getting up.”以及下文“I helped him to his ____ and asked if there was someone I could call for him.”可知，老人摔倒受伤、难以站起，所以作者会上前询问老人是否需要帮助。 20．考查名词。句意：我扶他站起来，并问他有没有可以联系的人。A. car汽车；B. house房子；C. chair椅子；D. feet脚。根据上文“He said he had slipped on the ice and hurt his leg.”可知，老人摔倒了，难以自己站起来，所以作者扶老人站起来，固定搭配help sb. to one’s feet表示“扶某人站起来”。 21．考查动词短语。句意：他想出一个号码，我用手机拨打了这个电话。A. gave out分发；B. looked up查阅；C. thought of想起；D. wrote off注销。根据上文“I helped him to his ____ and asked if there was someone I could call for him.”可知，作者询问老人可以联系的人，所以老人想出号码，作者拨打这个电话。 22．考查形容词。句意：在等他家人赶来的时候，我陪着他，尽量让他保持暖和。A. awake醒着的；B. warm温暖的；C. asleep睡着的；D. happy开心的。根据第一段“It was a cold winter day.”可知，天气寒冷，作者陪伴老人，让老人保持暖和。 23．考查动词。句意：我们聊各种各样的事情，来转移他的注意力，让他不去想疼痛。A. make制作；B. take拿；C. turn转动；D. change改变。根据上文“We talked about various things to”以及语境可知，老人腿部受伤疼痛，作者陪老人聊天是为了转移老人的注意力，固定搭配take one’s mind off sth.表示“转移某人对某事的注意力”。 24．考查动词。句意：最后，他的家人赶到了，并感谢我的帮忙。A. left离开；B. came到来；C. called打电话；D. disappeared消失。根据第三段“While we were waiting for his family to arrive, I stayed with him and tried to keep him ____.”可知，此处表示老人的家人赶到现场。 25．考查名词。句意：我的内心涌起一股暖暖的满足感。A. sadness悲伤；B. anger愤怒；C. satisfaction满足；D. worry担忧。根据上文“Finally, his family ____ and thanked me for my help.”可知，作者帮助他人并得到感谢，内心充满满足感。 26．考查名词。句意：这只是一个小小的善举，但是对这位老人来说产生很大影响。A. decision决定；B. difference差异；C. mistake错误；D. promise承诺。根据第五段“It made me realize that even the ____ gestures can have a profound impact on another person’s life.”以及语境可知，作者帮助老人，这对老人来说是产生很大影响的，固定搭配make a big difference表示“产生很大影响”。 27．考查名词。句意：我继续前往超市，忍不住想帮助有困难的人感觉真好。A. need需要；B. home家；C. hospital医院；D. tension紧张。根据第一段“I was on my way to the supermarket when I saw an elderly man ____ on the sidewalk. He seemed to be ____ and was having trouble getting up.”可知，老人摔倒、难以站起来，老人是需要帮助的人，固定搭配in need表示“处于困境中、有需要的”。 28．考查形容词最高级。句意：这件事让我意识到，即使是最微小的举动，也能对别人的生活产生深远的影响。A. smallest最小的；B. slowest最慢的；C. strangest最奇怪的；D. smartest最聪明的。根据第四段“It was a small act of kindness, but it made a big ____ to the elderly man.”可知，这是小小的善举，所以此处表示即使是最微小的举动，也能对别人的生活产生深远的影响。 29．考查动词。句意：那天我意识到，我们应该随时准备帮助有需要的人。A. realized意识到；B. forgot忘记；C. regretted后悔；D. remembered记得。根据上文“It made me realize that even the ____ gestures can have a profound impact on another person’s life.”可知，这是作者这次经历之后产生的感悟，即作者意识到的东西。 30．考查形容词。句意：那天我意识到，我们应该随时准备帮助有需要的人，因为这能给双方带来快乐和意义。A. afraid害怕的；B. sorry抱歉的；C. ready准备好的；D. unable不能的。根据下文“to help those in need, as it can bring joy and meaning to both them and ourselves.”以及故事主旨可知，作者感悟到我们要乐意助人，固定搭配be ready to do sth.表示“准备好、乐意做某事”。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Traveling is a wonderful activity. It can open our eyes and make our life 31 (color). Last summer vacation, I went to the seaside with my parents. We stayed there for a week. The sea was blue and the beach was beautiful. We swam in the sea and walked along the beach. I took a lot of photos that kept the beautiful moments. I tasted delicious seafood there. The local people were very friendly. They told me many stories about the sea. I learned a lot about the sea animals living in the deep sea. I had 32 great time there. When I got back home, I wrote a travel journal. It 33 (share) with my classmates. They were all interested 34 my stories. Traveling teaches me that the world is much bigger than the place where we live. I plan to travel to more places in the future. I believe traveling 35 (bring) me more surprises. Every new place 36 (have) its own special culture. I want to experience different cultures. The memories 37 I got from traveling will stay in my heart forever. I think everyone should go out to travel when they are free. It is a good chance 38 (relax) ourselves. I hope I will visit more 39 (place) of interest in China. I am sure I will have 40 (forget) experiences during my trips. 【答案】 31．colorful/colourful 32．a 33．was shared 34．in 35．will bring 36．has 37．that/which 38．to relax 39．places 40．unforgettable 【导语】本文主要讲述作者去年暑假的海边旅行经历以及自己对于旅行的感悟。 【详解】31．考查形容词。句意：它可以开阔我们的眼界，让我们的生活丰富多彩。此处为“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，需要使用形容词作宾补，color是名词，其形容词形式colorful/colourful意为“丰富多彩的”。 32．考查冠词。句意：我在那里玩得很开心。固定搭配have a great time意为“玩得开心”，great是以辅音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词a。 33．考查动词时态和语态。句意：它被分享给了我的同学们。此处为谓语动词，主语It指代travel journal，和share之间是被动关系；再结合上文一般过去时的语境，要用一般过去时的被动语态，主语It是单数，所以谓语动词为was shared。 34．考查介词。句意：他们都对我的故事很感兴趣。固定搭配be interested in意为“对……感兴趣”，所以此处为介词in。 35．考查动词时态。句意：我相信旅行将会带给我更多惊喜。此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，根据in the future可知动作发生在将来，要用一般将来时，结构为“will+动词原形”，所以谓语动词为will bring。 36．考查动词时态。句意：每一个新地方都有它自己独特的文化。此处为谓语动词，句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语Every new place是单数，所以谓语动词用has。 37．考查定语从句。句意：我从旅行中收获的回忆将会永远留在我的心中。此处引导定语从句，先行词是The memories，指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that/which。 38．考查非谓语动词。句意：这是放松我们自己的一个好机会。固定句型It is a good chance to do sth.意为“这是做某事的好机会”，不定式作后置定语，所以此处用to relax。 39．考查名词复数。句意：我希望我能参观中国更多的名胜古迹。place是可数名词，前面有more修饰，要用复数形式，固定搭配places of interest意为“名胜古迹”。 40．考查形容词。句意：我确信我会在旅途中拥有难忘的经历。此处修饰名词experiences，需要形容词，结合句意，此处表示“难忘的”，forget的形容词形式unforgettable意为“难忘的”。 四、书信写作 41．假定你是某中学英语俱乐部主席李华，俱乐部计划下周六组织成员参观本市新建的科技主题公园（Science & Technology Theme Park）。请你写一则通知，邀请俱乐部成员参加。 内容要点包括： 1．活动目的； 2．集合时间、地点； 3．活动相关要求。 注意：1．写作词数应为80左右；2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。 Notice ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ English Club Li Hua 【答案】                                                                Notice       To enrich our after-school life and deepen our understanding of modern technology, our English club plans to organize a visit to the newly-built Science & Technology Theme Park in our city next Saturday.       We will gather at the school gate at 8:00 am. During the visit, please keep quiet and follow the guides. Don’t touch the exhibits without permission. Besides, remember to bring your water and wear comfortable shoes.       Those who want to take part should sign up with me by this Thursday. Don’t miss this fantastic chance!                                                                                                                         English Club                                                                                                                           Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达要求以英语俱乐部主席李华的身份写一则通知，邀请成员参观新建科技主题公园。 【详解】1.词汇积累 丰富：enrich→diversify 加深：deepen→consolidate 组织：organize→arrange 允许：permission→consent 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Don’t touch the exhibits without permission. 拓展句：If you haven’t got permission, don’t touch the exhibits. 【点睛】[高分句型1] To enrich our after-school life and deepen our understanding of modern technology, our English club plans to organize a visit to the newly-built Science & Technology Theme Park in our city next Saturday. (运用了不定式作目的状语) [高分句型2] Those who want to take part should sign up with me by this Thursday. (运用了who引导的限制性定语从句) 2 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $