学考专题02 名词、冠词、代词、介词：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，浙江专用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题02 名词、冠词、代词、介词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 名词 考点二：冠词 考点三 代词 考点四：介词 练|巩固提升训练 考点一：名词 一、概念与分类 名词是表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等名称的词。高考考查的名词分类如下表： 分类标准 类别 说明 示例 可数性 可数名词 可直接计数，有单复数形式 book, student, apple 不可数名词 不能直接计数，无复数形式 water, advice, information 词汇意义 普通名词 表示一类人或事物的名称 teacher, city, tree 专有名词 表示特定的人、地、物、机构等 China, Beijing, the Great Wall 集体名词 表示一群人或一类事物的总称 family, class, team, government 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 wood, steel, rice, air 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等 happiness, freedom, courage 二、复数名词的构成规则 1. 规则变化 规则 构成方法 示例 一般情况 加 -s book→books, pen→pens 以s, x, ch, sh结尾 加 -es bus→buses, box→boxes, watch→watches 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i加-es city→cities, family→families 以f或fe结尾 变f/fe为v加-es knife→knives, leaf→leaves, wife→wives 以o结尾（辅音+o） 加 -es hero→heroes, potato→potatoes 以o结尾（元音+o或缩写） 加 -s radio→radios, photo→photos, zoo→zoos 2. 不规则变化（高考高频） 类型 单数 复数 说明 变元音 man, woman, foot, tooth men, women, feet, teeth 内部元音变化 单复数同形 sheep, deer, Chinese, means sheep, deer, Chinese, means 形式不变 仅复数形式 trousers, clothes, glasses — 常由两部分构成 特殊变化 child, ox, phenomenon children, oxen, phenomena 加-ren/-en或外来词 三、名词所有格 1. 's 所有格 （1）用于有生命的名词：Tom's book, Children's Day （2）复数名词以s结尾只加"'"：the students' classroom （3）时间、距离、国家、城镇的名词也可用's所有格：today's newspaper, ten minutes' walk 2. of 所有格 用于无生命的名词：the door of the room, the title of the article 3. 双重所有格 结构：a/an/this/that + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词/名词's 示例：a friend of mine, that book of Li Ming's 四、主谓一致三大原则（高考核心考点） 原则 说明 典型示例 语法一致 主语单复数决定谓语单复数 He is / They are 意义一致 主语形式与意义可能不一致 The family is big. / The family are watching TV. 就近原则 谓语与最近的主语一致 Either you or he is right. 高频主谓一致考点 （1）集体名词（family, class, team, group等）：强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数。 （2）表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词作整体看待时，谓语用单数：Ten years is a long time. （3）the + 形容词表示一类人时，谓语用复数：The rich are not always happy. （4）not...but..., either...or..., neither...nor... 遵循就近原则。 （5）"a number of + 复数名词"谓语用复数；"the number of + 复数名词"谓语用单数。 五、高频考点与易错点 1. 不可数名词的量化表达：a piece of advice/news/information, a bottle of water, two cups of tea 2. 常考不可数名词：advice, news, information, furniture, equipment, baggage/luggage, progress, weather, fun, machinery 3. 既可数又不可数但意义不同：experience(经验[U]/经历[C]), room(空间[U]/房间[C]) 4. 名词作定语常用单数：apple trees, shoe shops（man/woman作定语时前后都变：men doctors） 考点二：冠词 一、概念与分类 冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所指的人或事物的一种虚词。英语冠词分三类： 类别 形式 基本用法 不定冠词 a / an 泛指"一个"，用于单数可数名词前 定冠词 the 特指"这个/那个/这些/那些" 零冠词 （不用冠词） 泛指的复数/不可数名词、专有名词等 二、不定冠词 a / an 的用法 1. 指人或事物的某一类：A horse is a useful animal. 2. 指某一个，但不具体说明何人何物：A girl is waiting for you. 3. 表示"每一"，相当于every：three times a week, twice a month 4. 用于固定搭配：a lot of, a few, a little, a number of, have a cold, in a hurry 5. a与an的区别：看发音而非字母——an hour（h不发音）, an honest boy; a university（/ju:/辅音开头） 三、定冠词 the 的用法 1. 特指某人或某物：The book on the desk is mine. 2. 指双方都知道的人或物：Open the door, please. 3. 指上文提到过的人或物：I saw a cat. The cat was sleeping. 4. 世界上独一无二的事物：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky 5. 序数词、形容词最高级前：the first, the best student 6. the + 形容词表示一类人：the rich, the poor, the old, the wounded 7. 姓氏复数前表示一家人：the Greens, the Wangs 8. 乐器名称前：play the piano/violin/guitar 9. 江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、报刊前：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean 10. 固定搭配：in the morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow, by the way 四、零冠词（不用冠词）的情况 1. 泛指的复数名词、不可数名词前：Books are our friends. / Water is important. 2. 专有名词（人名、地名、国名、月份、星期、节日）前：China, Sunday, Christmas 3. 称呼语或表示头衔、职位的名词前：Mr. Smith, President Xi 4. 学科名、球类运动、棋类名词前：learn English, play basketball/chess 5. 三餐名词前：have breakfast/lunch/supper 6. by + 交通工具：by bus/bike/train/plane 7. 固定搭配：at home/school/night, go to school/bed, on foot, day and night 五、高考高频考点与易错点 1. 抽象名词具体化：a pleasure, a success, a failure, a wonder（"一件……的事/一个……的人"） 2. a + 序数词表示"又一、再一"：a second time（再一次），the second time（第二次） 3. 物质名词具体化：a coffee（一杯咖啡）, a tea, a beer 4. 有无冠词意义不同：in front of（外部前面）/ in the front of（内部前部）；at table（吃饭）/ at the table（在桌旁）；in hospital（住院）/ in the hospital（在医院里） 考点三：代词 一、概念与分类总表 代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语、分句的词。高考常考代词分类如下： 类别 示例 主要句法功能 人称代词 I, me, he, him, she, it, we, they 主格作主语；宾格作宾语/表语 物主代词 my, your, his, her; mine, yours, his, hers 形容词性作定语；名词性独立使用 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, themselves 作宾语/表语/同位语 指示代词 this, that, these, those 作主语/宾语/定语/表语 不定代词 some, any, many, much, few, both, either 代替名词/形容词 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 引导特殊疑问句 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 引导定语从句 二、人称代词与物主代词 1. 人称代词主格与宾格 主格作主语：She is a teacher. / They are working. 宾格作动词宾语或介词宾语：I like him. / Please help me. / Listen to me. 注意：than/as后用宾格（口语）或主格（正式）：He is taller than I/me. 2. 物主代词 人称 形容词性物主代词（作定语） 名词性物主代词（独立使用） 我 my book mine = my book 你 your book yours = your book 他/她/它 his/her/its book his/hers/its 我们/你们/他们 our/your/their books ours/yours/theirs 三、反身代词 1. 作宾语：Enjoy yourselves! / Help yourself to some fish. / We should believe in ourselves. 2. 作同位语，强调"亲自、本人"：I myself did it. / The teacher himself told me. 3. 固定搭配：by oneself（独自）, teach oneself（自学）, say to oneself（自言自语） 四、指示代词 this/that/these/those 1. this/these近指；that/those远指。 2. 打电话用语：This is...（我是……），Who is that?（你是哪位？） 3. that/those可代替前面提到的名词，避免重复：The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou. 五、不定代词（高考重点） 1. some与any some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。但表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句用some：Would you like some tea? 2. many与much many + 可数名词复数；much + 不可数名词。 3. (a) few与(a) little 可数名词 不可数名词 意义 肯定 a few（一些、几个） a little（一点儿） 有一点，但不多 否定 few（几乎没有） little（几乎没有） 少得几乎没有 4. both/either/neither（两者范围） both"两者都"（谓语复数）；either"两者任一"（谓语单数）；neither"两者都不"（谓语单数） 示例：Both of them are right. / Either of the books is worth reading. / Neither answer is correct. 5. all/none（三者及以上范围） all"全部都"（可指可数或不可数）；none"全无"（可指可数或不可数，可与of连用） 示例：All the students are here. / None of the money is left. / None of them knows the answer. 6. another/other/others/the other/the others 代词 意义 用法 another 另一个（三者及以上） another + 单数名词；another three days other 其他的（形容词） other + 复数名词 others 其他的人/物（泛指） some...others...（一些……另一些……） the other 两者中的另一个 one...the other...（一个……另一个……） the others 其余全部（特指） = the rest of the things 六、it的用法 1. 人称代词：指物、动物或婴儿：What a lovely baby! It is smiling. 2. 时间/天气/距离/环境：It is sunny. / It is 5 o'clock. / It is far from here. 3. 形式主语：It is important to learn English well.（真正主语为to learn...） 4. 形式宾语：I found it easy to work out the problem. 5. 强调句：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...：It was Tom that broke the window. 七、高频考点与易错点 1. it/one/that的区别：it指同名同物；one指同名异物（泛指）；that指同名异物（特指）。 2. none vs no one：none可指人或物，可与of连用；no one只指人，不与of连用。 3. 反身代词不能单独作主语：He himself did it. 不能用himself作主语。 4. 形容词修饰不定代词时后置：something important, nothing difficult, anything else。 考点四：介词 一、概念与分类 介词是用在名词、代词或名词性短语前，表示该词与其他句子成分关系的词。 分类 常见介词 时间介词 in, on, at, for, since, during, before, after, by, until 地点介词 in, on, at, above, over, under, between, among, across, through 方式手段 by, with, through, in, on 原因目的 for, from, of, by, with 其他 about, of, to, from, beyond, without, except, besides 二、时间介词 1. at / in / on 的区别 介词 用法 示例 at 具体时刻、节点 at 7 o'clock, at noon, at night, at midnight in 较长时间（年、月、季节、上午/下午） in 2026, in May, in spring, in the morning on 具体某一天、某天的上午/下午/晚上 on Monday, on May 1st, on a cold morning 2. for / since / during for + 时间段（持续多久）：for three days, for two years since + 时间点（自从……）：since 2020, since last week during + 名词短语（在……期间）：during the summer holiday 3. by / until/till by"不迟于、到……为止"（常与完成时连用）：I have finished the work by now. until/till"直到……"：Wait until I come back. / Not...until..."直到……才……" 三、地点介词 1. at / in / on at + 小地点：at the station, at the door, at the bus stop in + 大地点/内部：in Beijing, in the room, in the box on + 表面：on the desk, on the wall, on the floor 2. above / over / under / below above"在……上方"（不一定垂直）；over"在……正上方"（垂直） under"在……正下方"；below"在……下方"（不一定垂直） 3. between / among between"在（两者）之间"；among"在（三者及以上）之间" 注意：between也可用于多者之间，强调每两者之间：the relationship between teachers and students 4. across / through / over across"横穿"（从表面穿过）：walk across the street through"穿过"（从内部穿过）：go through the forest/tunnel over"越过"（从上方越过）：jump over the wall 四、方式/手段介词 by + 交通工具/方式手段：by bus, by phone, by doing sth. with + 具体工具：write with a pen, see with eyes in + 语言/材料/颜色：in English, in ink, in red on"通过……方式"：on the phone/TV/radio/internet 五、常考介词固定搭配 1. 形容词 + 介词 介词 常见搭配 of afraid of, sure of, fond of, proud of, tired of for famous for, ready for, sorry for, grateful for to good to, kind to, friendly to, polite to with angry with, busy with, satisfied with, popular with at good at, bad at, clever at, weak at in interested in, weak in, rich in, successful in from far from, free from, different from about worried about, careful about, curious about 2. 动词 + 介词 介词 常见搭配 about talk about, think about, care about, complain about of think of, hear of, dream of, die of for look for, wait for, ask for, leave for, pay for after look after, name after at look at, laugh at, shout at, arrive at in arrive in, succeed in, join in, take part in on call on, depend on, live on, put on up get up, give up, look up, pick up, take up 3. 名词 + 介词 key to the door/question, answer to the question, reason for, cause of, advice on, interest in 六、高频考点与易错点 1. 介词后接动词时用动名词形式：be good at swimming, be interested in reading 2. to作介词的常见搭配：look forward to, be used to（习惯于）, pay attention to, devote...to..., stick to 3. except vs besides：except"除……之外（不包括）"；besides"除……之外（还有，包括）" 4. in time"及时" vs on time"准时" 5. by the way"顺便说一下"；in the way"挡道"；on the way"在路上" 七、典型例题精解 附录：四大词类考点速查表 词类 核心考点 易错提醒 名词 单复数变化、所有格、主谓一致、不可数名词量化 means单复同形；集体名词意义一致；the+adj.指一类人用复数 冠词 a/an区分、定冠词用法、零冠词、抽象名词具体化 an hour/a university；a second time vs the second time 代词 不定代词辨析、it用法、反身代词、物主代词 none vs no one；it/one/that区别；形容词修饰不定代词后置 介词 时间/地点介词辨析、固定搭配、to作介词 look forward to doing；except vs besides；on Monday morning 考点一：名词 【例1】The government built ____ for the local villagers. 【答案】houses 【解析】考查名词复数。house为可数名词，此处表泛指的多栋房子，用复数houses。 【例2】The doctor told me to eat more ____ because it is good for my health. 【答案】vegetables 【解析】考查名词复数。vegetable表示"蔬菜"种类时常用复数形式more vegetables。 【例3】It took us ____ walk to get to the park. 【答案】twenty minutes' 【解析】考查所有格。"二十分钟的路程"用复数名词所有格twenty minutes' walk，s结尾的复数所有格只加一撇。 【例4】The company has about 1,000 ____. 【答案】employees 【解析】考查名词词义与复数。employee雇员，可数名词，前有1,000故用复数employees。 【例5】—Where is your father? —He isn't in. He went to Shanghai on ____. 【答案】business 【解析】考查固定搭配。on business"出差"，business为不可数名词，不加冠词也不加s。 【例6】The manager stressed that the ____ of the company was excellent. 【答案】management 【解析】考查名词构词。management"管理"，不可数名词。注意manage(v.)/manager(n.经理)/management(n.管理)。 【例7】Every possible means ____ been tried, but none works. 【答案】has 【解析】考查主谓一致。means单复数同形，every possible means"每一种方法"为单数概念，谓语用has。 【例8】The young ____ usually very curious about new things. 【答案】are 【解析】考查主谓一致。"the + 形容词"表示一类人（the young年轻人），谓语动词用复数are。 【例9】There ____ a pen and two books on the desk. 【答案】is 【解析】考查there be句型的就近原则。最近的主语a pen为单数，故用is。 【例10】As a writer, he is ____ success, but as a father, he is ____ failure. 【答案】a; a 【解析】考查抽象名词具体化。success/failure在此为可数名词，指"成功的人/事"和"失败的人/事"，故加不定冠词a。 考点二：冠词 【例1】Mr. Wang is ____ old man and he is ____ honest man. 【答案】an; an 【解析】old和honest都以元音音素开头（honest中h不发音），故都用an。 【例2】He used to be ____ teacher but later he turned ____ writer. 【答案】a; / 【解析】第一空泛指职业用a teacher；turn后接单数名词作表语时零冠词，turn writer。 【例3】More than ____ student has known about the news. 【答案】one 【解析】考查固定搭配more than one + 单数名词"不止一个……"，谓语用单数。 【例4】We all know that ____ sun rises in ____ east. 【答案】the; the 【解析】世界上独一无二的事物the sun；方位名词east前用the，in the east"在东方"。 【例5】It is ____ great pleasure for me to attend your birthday party. 【答案】a 【解析】考查抽象名词具体化。pleasure本来不可数，但a great pleasure表示"一件乐事"，需加a。 【例6】After he retired, he began to play ____ piano for fun. 【答案】the 【解析】乐器名称前必须加定冠词the，play the piano弹钢琴。 【例7】____ young should care for ____ old. 【答案】The; the 【解析】the + 形容词表示一类人，the young年轻人，the old老年人，谓语用复数。 【例8】He often goes to school ____ foot, but today he went there ____ car. 【答案】/; / 【解析】on foot"步行"固定搭配零冠词；by + 交通工具零冠词，by car乘小汽车。 【例9】—What does your father do? —He is ____ engineer. 【答案】an 【解析】engineer以元音音素开头，表职业"一名工程师"用an engineer。 【例10】The teacher came in, with ____ book in ____ hand. 【答案】a; / 【解析】第一空泛指"一本书"用a；in hand"在手中"为固定搭配，零冠词。 考点三：代词 【例1】I have two sisters. One is a doctor, ____ is a teacher. 【答案】the other 【解析】考查one...the other...结构，表示"两者中一个……另一个……"。 【例2】There are many students in the classroom. Some are reading, ____ are writing. 【答案】others 【解析】考查some...others...结构，表示"一些……另一些（但不是全部）……"，泛指剩余部分。 【例3】I hope I can have ____ chance to go abroad. 【答案】another 【解析】another + 单数名词表示"再一个、另一个"，another chance"再一次机会"。 【例4】The weather in Kunming is warmer than ____ in Wuhan in winter. 【答案】that 【解析】that代替前面提到的不可数名词weather，避免重复，特指武汉的天气。 【例5】—How many students are in the classroom? —____. 【答案】None 【解析】回答how many的数量提问用none，表示"一个也没有"。no one不回答数量提问。 【例6】The film is ____ interesting ____ I want to see it again. 【答案】so; that 【解析】so...that..."如此……以至于……"，so修饰形容词interesting。 【例7】I don't like this pen. Please show me ____. 【答案】another 【解析】another表示"再一个、另一个"，三者及以上范围中的另一个。 【例8】____ is important for us to learn a foreign language well. 【答案】It 【解析】考查it作形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式to learn...。固定结构It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 【例9】The girl is old enough to dress ____. 【答案】herself 【解析】dress oneself"自己穿衣服"，主语the girl为女性，反身代词用herself。 【例10】I have two brothers. ____ of them is a college student. 【答案】Neither 【解析】neither表示"两者都不"，谓语用单数is。注意范围是two brothers两者。 考点四：介词 【例1】We usually go to school ____ 7:30 ____ the morning. 【答案】at; in 【解析】具体时刻前用at；泛指"在上午/早上"用in the morning。 【例2】He has lived in this city ____ 2015. 【答案】since 【解析】since + 时间点"自从……"，常与现在完成时连用。注意区分for + 时间段。 【例3】The children are playing ____ the sun. 【答案】in 【解析】in the sun"在阳光下"固定搭配，注意用in不用under。 【例4】There is a bridge ____ the river. 【答案】over 【解析】over表示"在……正上方"，桥在河的正上方用over。above不强调垂直正上方。 【例5】The teacher is standing ____ the students. 【答案】among 【解析】among用于三者及以上范围的"在……中间"。between用于两者之间。 【例6】He goes to work ____ bike, but his wife goes ____ foot. 【答案】by; on 【解析】by + 交通工具零冠词；on foot"步行"固定搭配。 【例7】I am looking forward ____ you again. 【答案】to seeing 【解析】look forward to"盼望"中to是介词，后接动名词doing。易错点：不要当作不定式符号to。 【例8】The meeting will be held ____ Monday morning. 【答案】on 【解析】具体某一天的上午/下午/晚上用on，不用in。on Monday morning"在周一早上"。 【例9】Shanghai is famous ____ its fast development and modern life. 【答案】for 【解析】be famous for"因……而著名"固定搭配。be famous as"作为……而著名"。 【例10】The boy is good ____ math, but he is weak ____ English. 【答案】at; in 【解析】be good at"擅长……"；be weak in"在……方面薄弱"，均为固定介词搭配。 1．—How can a person become ______? —I think hard work and a strong mind will lead you to ______. A．success; successful B．succeed; success C．successful; success D．successfully; successful 2．________ rooms are very clean! A．Mike and Tom’s B．Mike’s and Tom’s C．Mike and Tom D．Mike’s and Tom 3．— You shouldn’t have ________ ice-cream. It’s unhealthy. —I know. I’m trying to ________. A．too much; give it up B．much too; give up it C．too many; give it up D．too much; give up it 4．I don’t know how much this box ________. I need to use a tool to find out its ________. A．weight; weight B．weighs; weighs C．weight; weighs D．weighs; weight 5．They had no ________ but ________ short their journey because of the sudden heavy rain. A．choices; to cut B．choices; cut C．choice; to cut D．choice; cut 6．My uncle has five ________ and eleven ________ on his farm. A．geese; sheeps B．geese; sheep C．goose; sheeps D．goose; sheep 7．—Look! There are two nice school cultural and creative products (文创) on the desk. —They’re ________. The pin (徽章) is for Tom, and the note is for Jerry. A．Tom and Jerry B．Tom’s and Jerry C．Tom and Jerry’s D．Tom’s and Jerry’s 8．Our school’s annual sports ________ will attract students from many schools. A．cost B．reply C．event D．opportunity 9．— Do you know Xi’an is one of ________ in the world? — Yes, it’s older than ________ city in China. A．the oldest city; the other B．the oldest cities; the other C．the oldest city; any other D．the oldest cities; any other 10．You can see many animals on my ________ farm. There are pigs, cows and ________. A．grandpa’s and grandma; goose B．grandpa and grandma’s; goose C．grandpa’s and grandma’s; geese D．grandpa and grandma’s; geese 11．Tom is a new friend of ________ in junior high. A．I B．mine C．me D．my 12．Do you know ________ your advice is of great ________ to him? A．if; important B．whether; importance C．that; important D．that; importance 13．—Whose basketballs are those? —They are ________. A．my B．he C．my mother D．my father’s 14．—Look! There are many ________ on my grandma’s farm. —Yes, and we often have ________ for dinner. It’s delicious. A．chicken; chicken B．chickens; chickens C．chicken; chickens D．chickens; chicken 15．Oh! Look at these. They are our school ________. A．woman teachers B．women teachers C．women teacher D．woman teacher 16．There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. Success lies in ________ hard work. A．/ B．a C．an D．the 17．Canada is ________ country in the world by area after Russia. A．second largest B．the second large C．the second larger D．the second largest 18．Once, Dr Bethune thought of ________ useful plan to treat the wounded soldiers during ________ operation. A．an; the B．a; an C．the; a D．an; an 19．— What do you think of the Mid-Autumn Festival? — I think it’s ________ special holiday. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 20．France is ________ European country with ________ long history and also famous for its art and culture. A．a; a B．an; a C．a; the D．the; a 21．The oranges are _________ the tree and a bird is _________ the tree. A．on; in B．in; on C．in; in D．on; at 22．Everyone has brought his dictionary to class, ________ me, because I left mine at home. A．except B．except for C．besides D．except that 23．Sandy goes to the Reading Club ________ every Monday afternoon and goes to the Computer Club ________ Friday afternoons. A．in; on B．on; in C．/; in D．/; on 24．—Let’s go to the sports centre this Saturday, Davis. —I’m afraid not. It is open every day ________ Saturdays. A．except B．on C．from D．during 25．Though they have ________ trouble for a long time, they are still ________ success. A．got into; hoping to B．got into; hoping for C．been in; hoping for D．been in; hoping to 26．Everyone is here ________ Lucy. She has to look after her mother at home. A．beside B．besides C．except D．except for 27．The road ________ success is not that easy, but we can make it ________ working hard. A．to; past B．of; for C．to; by D．of; by 28．I live ________ Shanghai ________ my grandparents. A．in; with B．in; and C．with; in D．with; and 29．Everyone attended the meeting ________ the manager, who was stuck in traffic and couldn’t arrive on time. A．beside B．except C．except for D．except that 30．Our school library is a tall building ________ five floors and you can ________ many kinds of books. A．has; borrow B．with; lend C．with; borrow D．has; lend 训练 一、单词拼写 1．It’s freezing cold here in winter, and sometimes the temperature can drop to m________ 20C． 2．Yesterday I came across Mr. Black in the park by c_________________. 3．Would you like my old TV in e_______for this camera? 4．I’m completely in f___ of the proposal though many are against it. 5．R______ of danger, he climbed the tower. 6．The two girls had a lot in c________, making it easy for them to become close friends. 7．When the sisters saw the movie in cinema, they spoke in w_________. 8．I would a____________ it if you give me a hand. 9．It is impossible to i________ the man among so many people. 10．A fact is a____________ that can be proved. 11．Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the l______ is due to the former. 12．Their school is near the beach, quite similar with o ________. 13．His business went broke, so Jack had n ________ to live. 14．It’s not t_________ of Bob to be so critical because he’s always kind to others. 15．Many reporters followed the sailor’s journey and gave wide media c_________. 16．I failed in all my school subjects this s________, so I need to work harder. 17．As a j_________, she has reported on many important events in different countries over the past ten years. 18．The local people built a m_________ at the centre of the town to remember those who lost their lives in the war. 19．The police caught the s_________ who was trying to steal military secrets. 20．The school is interviewing each c__________ for the position of student council president. 21．To make careful a________ for a trip, many things like weather and accommodation need to be considered. 22．Please send a copy of your r_________ to the email address before Friday. 23．Rembrandt gained a r__________ as a master of shadow and light. 24．Going to university is a valuable i__________ in your future. 25．The city government decided to build a m__________ to honour the soldiers who died in the war. 26．The government has carried out a series of economic r________ in the past few years. 27．Sometimes we should pay more attention to the process of our life journey but not the d________. 28．He was a devoted c_________ and believed that everyone should be treated equally. 29．Please search our company d_________ to find the contact information of the supplier. 30．After the earthquake, the whole city was thrown into c________ and people tried to find their families. 二、单项选择 31．He looked at me in ________ and did not answer the question. A．confuse B．confused C．confusing D．confusion 32．The government’s strong actions demonstrated our _________ to uphold One-China principle. A．energy B．resistance C．courage D．determination 33．Her friend’s kindness has restored her ______ in human nature. A．fund B．finance C．function D．faith 34．There is no denying that watching this screen _________of Norwegian Wood will certainly be a heart-breaking experience. A．ambition B．adaptation C．expectation D．qualification 35．________ are kept on the firm for their meat or milk. A．200 head cattle B．200 head of cattle C．200 head cattles D．200 heads of cattle 36．Jay Leno, the host of the “Tonight” show, once said that every new challenge put all the resources of the host to the test, and most solutions belonged to the ________. A．accident B．custom C．event D．occasion 37．Alongside psychological lectures, ________ school-run counseling service offers teenagers emotional shelter rather than merely ________ short-lived escape from academic burnout. A．the; a B．a; an C．the; an D．/; a 38．Shopping online will never take ________ place of shopping in stores, because many people find the latter ________ great enjoyment. A．a; / B．the; a C．/; a D．the; / 39．All the changes will lead to ________ better Peking University, ________ that can surprise and inspire all the alumni. A．a, the one B．a, one C．the, one D．the, the one 40．I usually have ________ lunch with my classmates at school. A．/ B．a C．an D．the 41．— Lucy, what club do you want to join? — I want to join the music club because I can play _________ violin. A．an B．a C．the D．不填 42．There is ________ English-Chinese dictionary on the desk. A．a B．an C．/ D．the 43．My father takes ________ shower before ________ breakfast every day. A．a; / B．/; the C．a; the D．the; / 44．Among all the obstacles the research team is confronted with, ________ arising from limited funding is of top priority and calls for immediate solutions. A．that B．none C．some D．one 45．________ is not known how this phenomenon has come into being — in a culture ________ so many people strive to look the same way, and any slight difference in appearance rapidly singles you out. A．It; where B．What; where C．Which; where D．As; in which 46．Seated in the auditorium ______ a great number of curious teenagers, ________ minds fixed on the professor’s speech. A．was; whose B．were; their C．was; their D．were; whose 47．—Andy, is there ________ in today’s newspaper? —Yes, I can lend mine to you. A．something interesting B．anything interesting C．interesting something D．interesting anything 48．Mandy, we can’t do everything for you. You have to depend on ________ now. A．you B．your C．yourself D．yourselves 49．The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than ________ made in America. A．ones B．those C．that D．it 50．______ is obvious ______ he has made great progress in his studies. A．It; that B．That; that C．What; that 51．________ is universally acknowledged that the protection of cultural heritage helps preserve the continuity of civilizations. A．As B．What C．That D．It 52．Mastering a musical instrument, especially ________ requiring as much practice as the violin, can be quite challenging. A．the one B．that C．some D．one 53．The strict teacher required complete honesty ________ every student, even when telling the truth meant ________ their own mistakes. A．from; to admit B．of; to admit C．of; admitting D．from; admitting 54．The Fields Medal, regarded as the Nobel Prize equivalent for mathematics, ________ to outstanding mathematicians under the age of 40 since 1936. The whole nation takes a great deal of pride ________ the two Chinese mathematicians. A．awarded; of B．has been awarded; of C．was awarded; in D．has been awarded; in 55．____ the fire, he let out a ____ scream ____. A．Alarming at; alarm; with alarm B．Frightened by; frightening; for fright C．Terrifying at; alarm; to alarm D．Alarmed by; alarming; in alarm 56．Not I but my elder brother ________ attracted to computer games, and my parents got annoyed ________ him all the time. A．are; about B．is; with C．am; about D．are; with 57．This custom dates ________ the Ming Dynasty. A．back to B．back C．from to D．to back 58．Many factors contribute ________ language changes. A．in B．for C．to D．on 59．The ________ look on the new manager’s face suggested that he was not fully prepared to be ________ the whole team. A．confusing; in charge of B．confused; in the charge of C．confused; in charge of D．confusing; in the charge of 60．She decided to ________ the part-time job and began to ________ her communication skills. A．apply for; apply herself to improving B．apply for; apply herself to improve C．apply to; apply herself to improving D．apply to; apply herself to improve 一、阅读理解 A The next time someone smiles at you, your face will probably smile back. Within moments, your facial muscles begin to mirror theirs. Psychologists call this automatic response emotional mimicry (模仿), and a 2026 study led by Michal Olszanowski, a psychology researcher at SWPS University, suggests it may shape an important decision we make about others: whether we trust them. Scientists have long known that copying someone’s expressions makes them trust you more. But Olszanowski and his coworkers wondered whether the opposite might also be true: Could mimicking someone else’s smile change how you feel about them? In the study, they found that the stronger participants unconsciously mirrored a smile, the more trustworthy they rated the smiling face, and the more resources they were willing to share in a trust-based game. When participants performed facial movements that enhanced their smile mimicry, their trust ratings increased. Those findings suggest that one of our most important social judgments may begin with something as simple as a shared smile. According to the researchers, we trust people whose smiles we copy possibly because copying their smile makes us feel good. Additionally, when we copy someone’s smile, our faces move together for a moment. This small action makes us feel like we’re part of a group, and thus we trust each other more. Trust doesn’t just shape social interactions. A 2025 study shows that people who trust others more often say they feel happier and more satisfied with life. That feeling is linked to living longer. In healthcare, when patients trust their doctors, they’re more likely to follow medical advice, leading to better health results over time. In Olszanowski’s study, even forced smiles made people copy the smile and feel more trust. But Piotr Winkielman, a professor at the University of California San Diego, thinks real smiles might work even better. He points to a 2025 review that found natural expressions had stronger effects than forced ones. Moreover, different places have different rules about when to smile and what a smile means. So the same smile might not make people feel the same level of trust in every country. 1．What is a finding of unconscious smile mimicry? A．It can be blocked easily. B．It leads to less resource sharing. C．It can produce negative feelings. D．It is positively related to trust ratings. 2．Why can copying a smile increase trust according to the researchers? A．It makes people look prettier. B．It can show one’s honesty directly. C．It can create a sense of belonging. D．It enables one to think positively. 3．What does the 2025 study suggest about trust? A．It cuts back on medical costs. B．It has measurable health results. C．It improves social interactions. D．It mainly benefits medical staff. 4．What might affect the amount of trust a smile produces? A．Culture. B．Economy. C．Technology. D．Education. B As I emptied cupboards and shelves, I encountered a pile of journals I’d built up during my years in this house. There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person. As I put them together, one word came to mind: Unjournaling. I wondered whether we’ve become so focused on documenting our lives that we sometimes forget to live them. Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal. For some people, journaling creates clarity. For others, it can become a form of overthinking. As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came. Not being the opposite of journaling, unjournaling is the recognition that not every experience needs to be recorded, analyzed or turned into a lesson. It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it. We’re drawn to journals because we hope that if we can document an experience clearly enough, we might eventually find clarity in it. But not every transformation can be captured in sentences. Some changes reveal themselves slowly through the lives we build afterwards: the people we meet, the risks we take, and the moments that quietly reshape us. We don’t always think our way into a new identity. Sometimes we live our way into one. I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live. Sometimes growth happens on the page, and sometimes it happens when we close the notebook, step outside and allow life to write the next chapter for us. 5．What did the author expect to do through the journals? A．Improve herself. B．Live life to the fullest. C．Recall past events. D．Communicate with others. 6．Why does the author mention her own experience? A．To show her love for journaling. B．To prove the benefits of repeated writing. C．To make her points more convincing. D．To give examples of showing gratitude. 7．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 3? A．A lesson. B．Journaling. C．Unjournaling. D．An experience. 8．What is the author’s realization? A．Journals tend to be worthless. B．Life itself brings real change. C．Capturing moments is necessary. D．Writing is a waste of time. C When a plant is damaged, it repairs itself — side shoots appear from broken stems. You might assume the plant simply floods the injured spot with its sugary food, but the reality is more complex. Rebuilding tissue demands that new cells divide and grow quickly, burning sugar — the fuel a plant makes through photosynthesis (光合作用). Getting that fuel to the wound is the hard part, which interested Idan Efroni, a plant biologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His team worked with a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The researchers cut the tip off a root and watched it rebuild. Removing the leaves stopped repair, but when they fed the plant sugar again, the tip healed (愈合). To investigate, they tracked sucrose, the main sugar a plant transports. In a healthy root, it flowed right into the tip. After the cut, it stopped short, failing to enter the zone trying to regrow. So what on earth carried fuel for the last stretch to the injured cells? Chasing the missing piece, the team borrowed a glowing sensor. In plants, it lights up whenever the sugar gathers. The tag (标记) for glucose — a simpler sugar than sucrose — lit up in a bright area below the cut once healing began. The glow sharpened over the first day. This illustrates the plant wasn’t flooding the wound with its usual sugar, but was gathering glucose where new cells were forming. A rapid genetic response seems to drive the process. Within hours of the cut, the plant switches on genes around the wound before the new cells run short of fuel. These genes build part of the machinery needed to redirect sugar. Two key components make the system work: an enzyme (酶) that turns sucrose into glucose between cells, and a transporter that moves the freed glucose into the repairing cells. Together, they draw the plant’s sugar supply toward the repair site. “Injury is accompanied by a rapid and localized change in sugar transport,” Efroni said. The plant treats a wound less as an emergency to react to than as a demand it prepares for, sending its limited energy where it’s needed on purpose. 9．What primarily motivated Efroni to study plant repair? A．The plant’s self-growth process. B．The fuel delivery to wounds. C．The speed of cell division. D．The role of photosynthesis. 10．What did the root experiment reveal? A．Sugar stops at the wound. B．Wounded plants distribute sugar equally. C．Roots need more water to heal. D．Cutting leaves helps stable growth. 11．What can be inferred about the sugar transport system? A．It passively reacts to damage. B．It comes together temporarily. C．It is set up ahead of time. D．It often ignores minor injuries. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Role of Sugar in Plant Survival B．The Mystery of Plant Root Growth C．The Secret of Sugar Transport in Plants D．Plants’ Way to Heal Wounds with Sugar D It was an overheating summer afternoon when Eden first stepped into the abandoned lot on the edge of our neighborhood. Overgrown with weeds and littered with broken glass, the space had become a symbol of desertion. But to Eden, a seventeen‑year‑old with rough‑skinned hands and a determined smile, it was a blank painting sheet waiting to be transformed. Eden’s journey began with a simple idea. After noticing that children had no safe place to play, he said he wanted to turn the lot into a community garden. His classmates laughed when he showed them his drafts of raised beds and a small pond, calling it “a waste of time”. Regardless of this, he spent weekends clearing wastes, his arms injured by sharp glass and stones. Neighbors watched in disbelief as this young boy, who barely stood taller than the weeds, worked tirelessly under the hot sun. Week after week, Eden returned. He taught himself gardening through online classes, often staying up late to study soil composition. When the first seeds grew up, the entire community gathered in amazement. Children brought watering cans, elderly residents shared gardening tips, and local businesses donated materials. What started as one boy’s dream became a collective effort. Three years later, the lot is unrecognizable. Colorful flowers bloom where once stood piles of garbage, and children laugh as they run after butterflies around the pond. Eden, now a college student, still visits every weekend to maintain the garden. He has inspired other youth in our town to start their own projects — cleaning up rivers, organizing book drives, and teaching seniors to use smartphones. The community garden is more than just plants and soil; it’s a witness to what can happen when one person refuses to accept the situation before his eyes. Eden showed us that change doesn’t require grand gestures or vast resources. It begins with a single act of courage, a willingness to take the first step, and the belief that even the smallest hands can build something beautiful. 13．What was Eden’s classmates’ initial reaction to his plan for the garden? A．They approved of his practice. B．They considered it meaningless. C．They suggested a different location. D．They thought it unsafe to change the lot. 14．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Eden is working full‑time to keep the garden tidy. B．The garbage site has become a famous tourist attraction. C．Eden has made a widespread difference in his hometown. D．Senior citizens are taught to use smartphones by Eden himself. 15．Which of the following words can best describe Eden? A．Humorous and generous. B．Determined and persistent. C．Cautious and thoughtful. D．Modest and imaginative. 16．What can be inferred from the story of Eden? A．Gardening is a valuable skill for everyone to learn. B．Community gardens can improve the environment. C．Young people are encouraged to build cultural confidence. D．Personal courage and initiative can lead to collective change. 二、完形填空 My first job was dishing out ice cream, a dream job for youngsters. Fifteen years old, wearing the white polo uniform, I was full of confidence 17 the two miles from my home that first hot summer day. The very first customer I 18 ordered a large mint chip one. This proved 19 . You see, mint chip was such a popular 20 that the top container was often 21 . This wasn’t an issue for other employees, but it was for me. Just shy of five feet tall, I couldn’t reach the bottom 22 standing on tiptoe. This first customer would be the witness to a (n) 23 that would be repeated many times an hour. I would 24 head first into the freezer, feet kicking in the air, 25 not to lose my balance and fall in. 26 , covered in ice cream, I’d make it with a customer’s order filled. But very rarely would I 27 . Every day I’d bike home, sticky and 28 from a long day of serving customers. And at the end of every week, I’d get my 29 and go to buy some ice cream. Maybe we don’t always need a big experience to 30 our hard work; sometimes, sweet ice cream is all the meaning we need. But looking back, when the job was over, I’m sure there must be some big life 31 here, something about the gap between dreams and reality. Otherwise, I might never have come to see it. 17．A．running B．biking C．hiking D．driving 18．A．served B．found C．attracted D．treated 19．A．profitable B．convenient C．challenging D．entertaining 20．A．dish B．brand C．drink D．flavor 21．A．empty B．reachable C．high D．fresh 22．A．container B．shelves C．counter D．plate 23．A．ceremony B．trick C．experiment D．scene 24．A．knock B．push C．dive D．stick 25．A．hesitating B．struggling C．pretending D．remembering 26．A．Usually B．Surely C．Absolutely D．Occasionally 27．A．check out B．start over C．mess up D．slow down 28．A．risky B．sweaty C．skinny D．guilty 29．A．work B．recipe C．bill D．pay 30．A．beautify B．simplify C．justify D．classify 31．A．habit B．lesson C．chance D．leisure 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In the restoration process of Dunhuang murals (壁画), AI improves 32 (efficient) and detects damage early with its high precision and strong computing power. Experts said the first step in protecting the Dunhuang murals involves 33 (monitor) the environment, including key indicators such as temperature and humidity. They need to survey and assess both their heritage value and current condition. The key question is whether the deterioration (退化) is active 34 stable. If it’s active, they step in with appropriate restoration materials and precise techniques. In this process, AI performs 35 essential function, processing tens of thousands of high-definition photos 36 (detect) and examine deterioration in the murals. This allows early identification of potential risks and 37 (time) intervention before further damage occurs. The repair process of a flying ribbon from an artwork, recalled by Wang Wanfu, Dunhuang Academy conservation research director, as an example, 38 (review) at the time under the guidance of archaeologists, art historians, and mural painting restorers to ensure the best possible outcome. Wang said 39 matters most is that AI applications must be grounded in historical accuracy, with analysis 40 (base) on images of the murals. It is remarkable to bring cultural relics 41 life with technology. The Dunhuang Academy has developed core technologies for the conservation of ancient murals, sculptures and temples, which have been applied in many cultural heritage sites across China. 四、应用文写作 42．假定你是李华，三年前你们班同学与外教Mr. Rowan在校园共植一棵“成长树”。近日他来信询问树木近况，请给他回信，内容包括： 1. 树木现状； 2. 种树回忆。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Rowan, Glad to receive your letter! _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 名词、冠词、代词、介词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 考点一 名词 考点二：冠词 考点三 代词 考点四：介词 练|巩固提升训练 考点一：名词 一、概念与分类 名词是表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等名称的词。高考考查的名词分类如下表： 分类标准 类别 说明 示例 可数性 可数名词 可直接计数，有单复数形式 book, student, apple 不可数名词 不能直接计数，无复数形式 water, advice, information 词汇意义 普通名词 表示一类人或事物的名称 teacher, city, tree 专有名词 表示特定的人、地、物、机构等 China, Beijing, the Great Wall 集体名词 表示一群人或一类事物的总称 family, class, team, government 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 wood, steel, rice, air 抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等 happiness, freedom, courage 二、复数名词的构成规则 1. 规则变化 规则 构成方法 示例 一般情况 加 -s book→books, pen→pens 以s, x, ch, sh结尾 加 -es bus→buses, box→boxes, watch→watches 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i加-es city→cities, family→families 以f或fe结尾 变f/fe为v加-es knife→knives, leaf→leaves, wife→wives 以o结尾（辅音+o） 加 -es hero→heroes, potato→potatoes 以o结尾（元音+o或缩写） 加 -s radio→radios, photo→photos, zoo→zoos 2. 不规则变化（高考高频） 类型 单数 复数 说明 变元音 man, woman, foot, tooth men, women, feet, teeth 内部元音变化 单复数同形 sheep, deer, Chinese, means sheep, deer, Chinese, means 形式不变 仅复数形式 trousers, clothes, glasses — 常由两部分构成 特殊变化 child, ox, phenomenon children, oxen, phenomena 加-ren/-en或外来词 三、名词所有格 1. 's 所有格 （1）用于有生命的名词：Tom's book, Children's Day （2）复数名词以s结尾只加"'"：the students' classroom （3）时间、距离、国家、城镇的名词也可用's所有格：today's newspaper, ten minutes' walk 2. of 所有格 用于无生命的名词：the door of the room, the title of the article 3. 双重所有格 结构：a/an/this/that + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词/名词's 示例：a friend of mine, that book of Li Ming's 四、主谓一致三大原则（高考核心考点） 原则 说明 典型示例 语法一致 主语单复数决定谓语单复数 He is / They are 意义一致 主语形式与意义可能不一致 The family is big. / The family are watching TV. 就近原则 谓语与最近的主语一致 Either you or he is right. 高频主谓一致考点 （1）集体名词（family, class, team, group等）：强调整体用单数，强调成员用复数。 （2）表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的复数名词作整体看待时，谓语用单数：Ten years is a long time. （3）the + 形容词表示一类人时，谓语用复数：The rich are not always happy. （4）not...but..., either...or..., neither...nor... 遵循就近原则。 （5）"a number of + 复数名词"谓语用复数；"the number of + 复数名词"谓语用单数。 五、高频考点与易错点 1. 不可数名词的量化表达：a piece of advice/news/information, a bottle of water, two cups of tea 2. 常考不可数名词：advice, news, information, furniture, equipment, baggage/luggage, progress, weather, fun, machinery 3. 既可数又不可数但意义不同：experience(经验[U]/经历[C]), room(空间[U]/房间[C]) 4. 名词作定语常用单数：apple trees, shoe shops（man/woman作定语时前后都变：men doctors） 考点二：冠词 一、概念与分类 冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所指的人或事物的一种虚词。英语冠词分三类： 类别 形式 基本用法 不定冠词 a / an 泛指"一个"，用于单数可数名词前 定冠词 the 特指"这个/那个/这些/那些" 零冠词 （不用冠词） 泛指的复数/不可数名词、专有名词等 二、不定冠词 a / an 的用法 1. 指人或事物的某一类：A horse is a useful animal. 2. 指某一个，但不具体说明何人何物：A girl is waiting for you. 3. 表示"每一"，相当于every：three times a week, twice a month 4. 用于固定搭配：a lot of, a few, a little, a number of, have a cold, in a hurry 5. a与an的区别：看发音而非字母——an hour（h不发音）, an honest boy; a university（/ju:/辅音开头） 三、定冠词 the 的用法 1. 特指某人或某物：The book on the desk is mine. 2. 指双方都知道的人或物：Open the door, please. 3. 指上文提到过的人或物：I saw a cat. The cat was sleeping. 4. 世界上独一无二的事物：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky 5. 序数词、形容词最高级前：the first, the best student 6. the + 形容词表示一类人：the rich, the poor, the old, the wounded 7. 姓氏复数前表示一家人：the Greens, the Wangs 8. 乐器名称前：play the piano/violin/guitar 9. 江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、报刊前：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean 10. 固定搭配：in the morning/afternoon, the day after tomorrow, by the way 四、零冠词（不用冠词）的情况 1. 泛指的复数名词、不可数名词前：Books are our friends. / Water is important. 2. 专有名词（人名、地名、国名、月份、星期、节日）前：China, Sunday, Christmas 3. 称呼语或表示头衔、职位的名词前：Mr. Smith, President Xi 4. 学科名、球类运动、棋类名词前：learn English, play basketball/chess 5. 三餐名词前：have breakfast/lunch/supper 6. by + 交通工具：by bus/bike/train/plane 7. 固定搭配：at home/school/night, go to school/bed, on foot, day and night 五、高考高频考点与易错点 1. 抽象名词具体化：a pleasure, a success, a failure, a wonder（"一件……的事/一个……的人"） 2. a + 序数词表示"又一、再一"：a second time（再一次），the second time（第二次） 3. 物质名词具体化：a coffee（一杯咖啡）, a tea, a beer 4. 有无冠词意义不同：in front of（外部前面）/ in the front of（内部前部）；at table（吃饭）/ at the table（在桌旁）；in hospital（住院）/ in the hospital（在医院里） 考点三：代词 一、概念与分类总表 代词是代替名词或起名词作用的短语、分句的词。高考常考代词分类如下： 类别 示例 主要句法功能 人称代词 I, me, he, him, she, it, we, they 主格作主语；宾格作宾语/表语 物主代词 my, your, his, her; mine, yours, his, hers 形容词性作定语；名词性独立使用 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, themselves 作宾语/表语/同位语 指示代词 this, that, these, those 作主语/宾语/定语/表语 不定代词 some, any, many, much, few, both, either 代替名词/形容词 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 引导特殊疑问句 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 引导定语从句 二、人称代词与物主代词 1. 人称代词主格与宾格 主格作主语：She is a teacher. / They are working. 宾格作动词宾语或介词宾语：I like him. / Please help me. / Listen to me. 注意：than/as后用宾格（口语）或主格（正式）：He is taller than I/me. 2. 物主代词 人称 形容词性物主代词（作定语） 名词性物主代词（独立使用） 我 my book mine = my book 你 your book yours = your book 他/她/它 his/her/its book his/hers/its 我们/你们/他们 our/your/their books ours/yours/theirs 三、反身代词 1. 作宾语：Enjoy yourselves! / Help yourself to some fish. / We should believe in ourselves. 2. 作同位语，强调"亲自、本人"：I myself did it. / The teacher himself told me. 3. 固定搭配：by oneself（独自）, teach oneself（自学）, say to oneself（自言自语） 四、指示代词 this/that/these/those 1. this/these近指；that/those远指。 2. 打电话用语：This is...（我是……），Who is that?（你是哪位？） 3. that/those可代替前面提到的名词，避免重复：The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou. 五、不定代词（高考重点） 1. some与any some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句、疑问句、条件句。但表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定回答的疑问句用some：Would you like some tea? 2. many与much many + 可数名词复数；much + 不可数名词。 3. (a) few与(a) little 可数名词 不可数名词 意义 肯定 a few（一些、几个） a little（一点儿） 有一点，但不多 否定 few（几乎没有） little（几乎没有） 少得几乎没有 4. both/either/neither（两者范围） both"两者都"（谓语复数）；either"两者任一"（谓语单数）；neither"两者都不"（谓语单数） 示例：Both of them are right. / Either of the books is worth reading. / Neither answer is correct. 5. all/none（三者及以上范围） all"全部都"（可指可数或不可数）；none"全无"（可指可数或不可数，可与of连用） 示例：All the students are here. / None of the money is left. / None of them knows the answer. 6. another/other/others/the other/the others 代词 意义 用法 another 另一个（三者及以上） another + 单数名词；another three days other 其他的（形容词） other + 复数名词 others 其他的人/物（泛指） some...others...（一些……另一些……） the other 两者中的另一个 one...the other...（一个……另一个……） the others 其余全部（特指） = the rest of the things 六、it的用法 1. 人称代词：指物、动物或婴儿：What a lovely baby! It is smiling. 2. 时间/天气/距离/环境：It is sunny. / It is 5 o'clock. / It is far from here. 3. 形式主语：It is important to learn English well.（真正主语为to learn...） 4. 形式宾语：I found it easy to work out the problem. 5. 强调句：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...：It was Tom that broke the window. 七、高频考点与易错点 1. it/one/that的区别：it指同名同物；one指同名异物（泛指）；that指同名异物（特指）。 2. none vs no one：none可指人或物，可与of连用；no one只指人，不与of连用。 3. 反身代词不能单独作主语：He himself did it. 不能用himself作主语。 4. 形容词修饰不定代词时后置：something important, nothing difficult, anything else。 考点四：介词 一、概念与分类 介词是用在名词、代词或名词性短语前，表示该词与其他句子成分关系的词。 分类 常见介词 时间介词 in, on, at, for, since, during, before, after, by, until 地点介词 in, on, at, above, over, under, between, among, across, through 方式手段 by, with, through, in, on 原因目的 for, from, of, by, with 其他 about, of, to, from, beyond, without, except, besides 二、时间介词 1. at / in / on 的区别 介词 用法 示例 at 具体时刻、节点 at 7 o'clock, at noon, at night, at midnight in 较长时间（年、月、季节、上午/下午） in 2026, in May, in spring, in the morning on 具体某一天、某天的上午/下午/晚上 on Monday, on May 1st, on a cold morning 2. for / since / during for + 时间段（持续多久）：for three days, for two years since + 时间点（自从……）：since 2020, since last week during + 名词短语（在……期间）：during the summer holiday 3. by / until/till by"不迟于、到……为止"（常与完成时连用）：I have finished the work by now. until/till"直到……"：Wait until I come back. / Not...until..."直到……才……" 三、地点介词 1. at / in / on at + 小地点：at the station, at the door, at the bus stop in + 大地点/内部：in Beijing, in the room, in the box on + 表面：on the desk, on the wall, on the floor 2. above / over / under / below above"在……上方"（不一定垂直）；over"在……正上方"（垂直） under"在……正下方"；below"在……下方"（不一定垂直） 3. between / among between"在（两者）之间"；among"在（三者及以上）之间" 注意：between也可用于多者之间，强调每两者之间：the relationship between teachers and students 4. across / through / over across"横穿"（从表面穿过）：walk across the street through"穿过"（从内部穿过）：go through the forest/tunnel over"越过"（从上方越过）：jump over the wall 四、方式/手段介词 by + 交通工具/方式手段：by bus, by phone, by doing sth. with + 具体工具：write with a pen, see with eyes in + 语言/材料/颜色：in English, in ink, in red on"通过……方式"：on the phone/TV/radio/internet 五、常考介词固定搭配 1. 形容词 + 介词 介词 常见搭配 of afraid of, sure of, fond of, proud of, tired of for famous for, ready for, sorry for, grateful for to good to, kind to, friendly to, polite to with angry with, busy with, satisfied with, popular with at good at, bad at, clever at, weak at in interested in, weak in, rich in, successful in from far from, free from, different from about worried about, careful about, curious about 2. 动词 + 介词 介词 常见搭配 about talk about, think about, care about, complain about of think of, hear of, dream of, die of for look for, wait for, ask for, leave for, pay for after look after, name after at look at, laugh at, shout at, arrive at in arrive in, succeed in, join in, take part in on call on, depend on, live on, put on up get up, give up, look up, pick up, take up 3. 名词 + 介词 key to the door/question, answer to the question, reason for, cause of, advice on, interest in 六、高频考点与易错点 1. 介词后接动词时用动名词形式：be good at swimming, be interested in reading 2. to作介词的常见搭配：look forward to, be used to（习惯于）, pay attention to, devote...to..., stick to 3. except vs besides：except"除……之外（不包括）"；besides"除……之外（还有，包括）" 4. in time"及时" vs on time"准时" 5. by the way"顺便说一下"；in the way"挡道"；on the way"在路上" 七、典型例题精解 附录：四大词类考点速查表 词类 核心考点 易错提醒 名词 单复数变化、所有格、主谓一致、不可数名词量化 means单复同形；集体名词意义一致；the+adj.指一类人用复数 冠词 a/an区分、定冠词用法、零冠词、抽象名词具体化 an hour/a university；a second time vs the second time 代词 不定代词辨析、it用法、反身代词、物主代词 none vs no one；it/one/that区别；形容词修饰不定代词后置 介词 时间/地点介词辨析、固定搭配、to作介词 look forward to doing；except vs besides；on Monday morning 考点一：名词 【例1】The government built ____ for the local villagers. 【答案】houses 【解析】考查名词复数。house为可数名词，此处表泛指的多栋房子，用复数houses。 【例2】The doctor told me to eat more ____ because it is good for my health. 【答案】vegetables 【解析】考查名词复数。vegetable表示"蔬菜"种类时常用复数形式more vegetables。 【例3】It took us ____ walk to get to the park. 【答案】twenty minutes' 【解析】考查所有格。"二十分钟的路程"用复数名词所有格twenty minutes' walk，s结尾的复数所有格只加一撇。 【例4】The company has about 1,000 ____. 【答案】employees 【解析】考查名词词义与复数。employee雇员，可数名词，前有1,000故用复数employees。 【例5】—Where is your father? —He isn't in. He went to Shanghai on ____. 【答案】business 【解析】考查固定搭配。on business"出差"，business为不可数名词，不加冠词也不加s。 【例6】The manager stressed that the ____ of the company was excellent. 【答案】management 【解析】考查名词构词。management"管理"，不可数名词。注意manage(v.)/manager(n.经理)/management(n.管理)。 【例7】Every possible means ____ been tried, but none works. 【答案】has 【解析】考查主谓一致。means单复数同形，every possible means"每一种方法"为单数概念，谓语用has。 【例8】The young ____ usually very curious about new things. 【答案】are 【解析】考查主谓一致。"the + 形容词"表示一类人（the young年轻人），谓语动词用复数are。 【例9】There ____ a pen and two books on the desk. 【答案】is 【解析】考查there be句型的就近原则。最近的主语a pen为单数，故用is。 【例10】As a writer, he is ____ success, but as a father, he is ____ failure. 【答案】a; a 【解析】考查抽象名词具体化。success/failure在此为可数名词，指"成功的人/事"和"失败的人/事"，故加不定冠词a。 考点二：冠词 【例1】Mr. Wang is ____ old man and he is ____ honest man. 【答案】an; an 【解析】old和honest都以元音音素开头（honest中h不发音），故都用an。 【例2】He used to be ____ teacher but later he turned ____ writer. 【答案】a; / 【解析】第一空泛指职业用a teacher；turn后接单数名词作表语时零冠词，turn writer。 【例3】More than ____ student has known about the news. 【答案】one 【解析】考查固定搭配more than one + 单数名词"不止一个……"，谓语用单数。 【例4】We all know that ____ sun rises in ____ east. 【答案】the; the 【解析】世界上独一无二的事物the sun；方位名词east前用the，in the east"在东方"。 【例5】It is ____ great pleasure for me to attend your birthday party. 【答案】a 【解析】考查抽象名词具体化。pleasure本来不可数，但a great pleasure表示"一件乐事"，需加a。 【例6】After he retired, he began to play ____ piano for fun. 【答案】the 【解析】乐器名称前必须加定冠词the，play the piano弹钢琴。 【例7】____ young should care for ____ old. 【答案】The; the 【解析】the + 形容词表示一类人，the young年轻人，the old老年人，谓语用复数。 【例8】He often goes to school ____ foot, but today he went there ____ car. 【答案】/; / 【解析】on foot"步行"固定搭配零冠词；by + 交通工具零冠词，by car乘小汽车。 【例9】—What does your father do? —He is ____ engineer. 【答案】an 【解析】engineer以元音音素开头，表职业"一名工程师"用an engineer。 【例10】The teacher came in, with ____ book in ____ hand. 【答案】a; / 【解析】第一空泛指"一本书"用a；in hand"在手中"为固定搭配，零冠词。 考点三：代词 【例1】I have two sisters. One is a doctor, ____ is a teacher. 【答案】the other 【解析】考查one...the other...结构，表示"两者中一个……另一个……"。 【例2】There are many students in the classroom. Some are reading, ____ are writing. 【答案】others 【解析】考查some...others...结构，表示"一些……另一些（但不是全部）……"，泛指剩余部分。 【例3】I hope I can have ____ chance to go abroad. 【答案】another 【解析】another + 单数名词表示"再一个、另一个"，another chance"再一次机会"。 【例4】The weather in Kunming is warmer than ____ in Wuhan in winter. 【答案】that 【解析】that代替前面提到的不可数名词weather，避免重复，特指武汉的天气。 【例5】—How many students are in the classroom? —____. 【答案】None 【解析】回答how many的数量提问用none，表示"一个也没有"。no one不回答数量提问。 【例6】The film is ____ interesting ____ I want to see it again. 【答案】so; that 【解析】so...that..."如此……以至于……"，so修饰形容词interesting。 【例7】I don't like this pen. Please show me ____. 【答案】another 【解析】another表示"再一个、另一个"，三者及以上范围中的另一个。 【例8】____ is important for us to learn a foreign language well. 【答案】It 【解析】考查it作形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式to learn...。固定结构It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 【例9】The girl is old enough to dress ____. 【答案】herself 【解析】dress oneself"自己穿衣服"，主语the girl为女性，反身代词用herself。 【例10】I have two brothers. ____ of them is a college student. 【答案】Neither 【解析】neither表示"两者都不"，谓语用单数is。注意范围是two brothers两者。 考点四：介词 【例1】We usually go to school ____ 7:30 ____ the morning. 【答案】at; in 【解析】具体时刻前用at；泛指"在上午/早上"用in the morning。 【例2】He has lived in this city ____ 2015. 【答案】since 【解析】since + 时间点"自从……"，常与现在完成时连用。注意区分for + 时间段。 【例3】The children are playing ____ the sun. 【答案】in 【解析】in the sun"在阳光下"固定搭配，注意用in不用under。 【例4】There is a bridge ____ the river. 【答案】over 【解析】over表示"在……正上方"，桥在河的正上方用over。above不强调垂直正上方。 【例5】The teacher is standing ____ the students. 【答案】among 【解析】among用于三者及以上范围的"在……中间"。between用于两者之间。 【例6】He goes to work ____ bike, but his wife goes ____ foot. 【答案】by; on 【解析】by + 交通工具零冠词；on foot"步行"固定搭配。 【例7】I am looking forward ____ you again. 【答案】to seeing 【解析】look forward to"盼望"中to是介词，后接动名词doing。易错点：不要当作不定式符号to。 【例8】The meeting will be held ____ Monday morning. 【答案】on 【解析】具体某一天的上午/下午/晚上用on，不用in。on Monday morning"在周一早上"。 【例9】Shanghai is famous ____ its fast development and modern life. 【答案】for 【解析】be famous for"因……而著名"固定搭配。be famous as"作为……而著名"。 【例10】The boy is good ____ math, but he is weak ____ English. 【答案】at; in 【解析】be good at"擅长……"；be weak in"在……方面薄弱"，均为固定介词搭配。 1．—How can a person become ______? —I think hard work and a strong mind will lead you to ______. A．success; successful B．succeed; success C．successful; success D．successfully; successful 2．________ rooms are very clean! A．Mike and Tom’s B．Mike’s and Tom’s C．Mike and Tom D．Mike’s and Tom 3．— You shouldn’t have ________ ice-cream. It’s unhealthy. —I know. I’m trying to ________. A．too much; give it up B．much too; give up it C．too many; give it up D．too much; give up it 4．I don’t know how much this box ________. I need to use a tool to find out its ________. A．weight; weight B．weighs; weighs C．weight; weighs D．weighs; weight 5．They had no ________ but ________ short their journey because of the sudden heavy rain. A．choices; to cut B．choices; cut C．choice; to cut D．choice; cut 6．My uncle has five ________ and eleven ________ on his farm. A．geese; sheeps B．geese; sheep C．goose; sheeps D．goose; sheep 7．—Look! There are two nice school cultural and creative products (文创) on the desk. —They’re ________. The pin (徽章) is for Tom, and the note is for Jerry. A．Tom and Jerry B．Tom’s and Jerry C．Tom and Jerry’s D．Tom’s and Jerry’s 8．Our school’s annual sports ________ will attract students from many schools. A．cost B．reply C．event D．opportunity 9．— Do you know Xi’an is one of ________ in the world? — Yes, it’s older than ________ city in China. A．the oldest city; the other B．the oldest cities; the other C．the oldest city; any other D．the oldest cities; any other 10．You can see many animals on my ________ farm. There are pigs, cows and ________. A．grandpa’s and grandma; goose B．grandpa and grandma’s; goose C．grandpa’s and grandma’s; geese D．grandpa and grandma’s; geese 11．Tom is a new friend of ________ in junior high. A．I B．mine C．me D．my 12．Do you know ________ your advice is of great ________ to him? A．if; important B．whether; importance C．that; important D．that; importance 13．—Whose basketballs are those? —They are ________. A．my B．he C．my mother D．my father’s 14．—Look! There are many ________ on my grandma’s farm. —Yes, and we often have ________ for dinner. It’s delicious. A．chicken; chicken B．chickens; chickens C．chicken; chickens D．chickens; chicken 15．Oh! Look at these. They are our school ________. A．woman teachers B．women teachers C．women teacher D．woman teacher 16．There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. Success lies in ________ hard work. A．/ B．a C．an D．the 17．Canada is ________ country in the world by area after Russia. A．second largest B．the second large C．the second larger D．the second largest 18．Once, Dr Bethune thought of ________ useful plan to treat the wounded soldiers during ________ operation. A．an; the B．a; an C．the; a D．an; an 19．— What do you think of the Mid-Autumn Festival? — I think it’s ________ special holiday. A．a B．an C．the D．/ 20．France is ________ European country with ________ long history and also famous for its art and culture. A．a; a B．an; a C．a; the D．the; a 21．The oranges are _________ the tree and a bird is _________ the tree. A．on; in B．in; on C．in; in D．on; at 22．Everyone has brought his dictionary to class, ________ me, because I left mine at home. A．except B．except for C．besides D．except that 23．Sandy goes to the Reading Club ________ every Monday afternoon and goes to the Computer Club ________ Friday afternoons. A．in; on B．on; in C．/; in D．/; on 24．—Let’s go to the sports centre this Saturday, Davis. —I’m afraid not. It is open every day ________ Saturdays. A．except B．on C．from D．during 25．Though they have ________ trouble for a long time, they are still ________ success. A．got into; hoping to B．got into; hoping for C．been in; hoping for D．been in; hoping to 26．Everyone is here ________ Lucy. She has to look after her mother at home. A．beside B．besides C．except D．except for 27．The road ________ success is not that easy, but we can make it ________ working hard. A．to; past B．of; for C．to; by D．of; by 28．I live ________ Shanghai ________ my grandparents. A．in; with B．in; and C．with; in D．with; and 29．Everyone attended the meeting ________ the manager, who was stuck in traffic and couldn’t arrive on time. A．beside B．except C．except for D．except that 30．Our school library is a tall building ________ five floors and you can ________ many kinds of books. A．has; borrow B．with; lend C．with; borrow D．has; lend 答案与解析： 1．C 【解析】句意：——一个人如何才能变得成功？——我认为努力和坚强的意志会带领你走向成功。 考查形容词和名词用法。successful成功的（形容词）；success成功（名词）；succeed成功（动词）；successfully成功地（副词）。 第一空在系动词“become”后，需接形容词作表语，表示状态；第二空在短语“lead to”中，“to”为介词，后需接名词作宾语。故选C。 2．B 【解析】句意：Mike和Tom的房间非常干净！ 考查名词所有格。根据“rooms”可知房间不止一个，应是两个人各自的房间，用“Mike’s and Tom’s”。故选B。 3．A 【解析】句意：——你不应该吃太多冰淇淋。它不健康。——我知道。我正在努力放弃它。 考查短语辨析和动副短语的用法。too much太多，修饰不可数名词；much too太……，修饰形容词或副词；too many太多修饰可数名词复数，give up放弃。ice-cream是不可数名词，修饰用too much；give up是动副短语，代词作宾语时要放在中间。故选A。 4．D 【解析】句意：我不知道这个箱子有多重。我需要用一个工具来找出它的重量。 考查动词和名词用法。第一空缺少谓语动词，主语是this box，因此用第三人称单数形式weighs；第二空前面是its，需要名词形式weight。故选D。 5．C 【解析】句意：由于突然下大雨，他们除了缩短旅程，别无选择。 考查名词和非谓语动词。choices选择，名词复数；to cut缩短，动词不定式；choice选择，名词单数；cut缩短，动词原形。have no choice but to do sth “除了做某事别无选择”，固定搭配。故选C。 6．B 【解析】句意：我叔叔的农场上有五只鹅和十一只羊。 考查名词复数形式，goose（鹅）的复数为geese，sheep（羊）的复数形式不变，仍为sheep。选项A中sheeps错误；选项C中goose为单数、sheeps错误；选项D中goose为单数错误。故选B。 7．D 【解析】句意：——看！桌子上有两件很好的学校文化创意产品。——它们是汤姆的和杰瑞的。徽章是给汤姆的，便签是给杰瑞的。 考查名词所有格。Tom and Jerry汤姆和杰瑞；Tom’s and Jerry汤姆的和杰瑞；Tom and Jerry’s汤姆和杰瑞的；Tom’s and Jerry’s汤姆的和杰瑞的。根据“The pin (徽章) is for Tom, and the note is for Jerry.”可知，此处表示它们是汤姆的和杰瑞的。故选D。 8．C 【解析】句意：我们学校一年一度的运动会将吸引许多学校的学生。 考查名词辨析。cost费用；reply答复；event赛事；opportunity机会。根据“Our school’s annual sports…will attract students from many schools.”及结合选项可知，我们学校一年一度的运动会将吸引许多学校的学生。根据句意，年度体育“活动”或“赛事”符合语境，且“sports event”为常见搭配，表示体育赛事。故选C。 9．D 【解析】句意：——你知道西安是世界上最古老的城市之一吗？——是的，我知道。它比中国任何其他城市都古老。 考查比较级和最高级。第一个空是固定结构“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”，表示“最……的……之一”；第二个空是固定结构“比较级+than+any other+单数名词”，表示“比任何其他的……都更……”。故选D。 10．D 【解析】句意：你可以在我爷爷和奶奶的农场看到许多动物。那里有猪、牛和鹅。 考查所有格和名词复数。表示两人共同所有时，所有格在最后一个人名后加’s；名词“goose”的复数为“geese”。故选D。 11．B 【解析】句意：汤姆是我在初中的一个新朋友。 考查代词用法。I我；mine我的；me我；my我的。根据“Tom is a new friend of…in junior high.3.”可知，空格处需用名词性物主代词mine，构成双重所有格结构“a friend of mine”，表示“我的一个朋友”。故选B。 12．D 【解析】句意：你知道你的建议对他来说非常重要吗？ 考查宾语从句以及名词的用法。be of great importance“非常重要”，是固定搭配，第二个空用importance；宾语从句“your advice is of great importance to him”表示一个陈述事实，而非疑问，应使用连词that。故选D。 13．D 【解析】句意：——那些是谁的篮球？——它们是我父亲的。 考查名词所有格。根据疑问词“Whose”可知，此处询问某物是谁的，应用名词所有格。故选D。 14．D 【解析】句意：——看！我奶奶的农场上有许多鸡。——是的，我们经常吃鸡肉作为晚餐。很美味。 考查可数名词和不可数名词的用法。“chicken”表示“鸡”时是可数名词，复数形式为“chickens”；表示“鸡肉”时是不可数名词，没有复数形式。第一空“many”后接可数名词复数，故用“chickens”；第二空表示食物，用不可数名词“chicken”。故选D。 15．B 【解析】句意：哦！看看这些。她们是我们学校的女教师。 考查名词复数。根据“They are”可知，此处应该用名词复数形式。由两个普通名词构成的复合名词，前面的名词为woman，变成复数时两个名词都要变成复数，woman的复数为women，teacher的复数为teachers，所以“女教师”的复数形式是women teachers。故选B。 16．A 【解析】句意：世界上没有免费的午餐。成功在于努力工作。 考查零冠词。/ 零冠词；a一个，不定冠词，表泛指，用于辅音音素开头的单词前；an一个，不定冠词，表泛指，用于元音音素开头的单词前；the定冠词，表特指。hard work“努力工作”是不可数名词短语，前面不需要用冠词。故选A。 17．D 【解析】句意：加拿大是世界上面积第二大的国家，仅次于俄罗斯。 考查形容词最高级。second largest第二大的；the second large错误表达；the second larger错误表达；the second largest第二大的。序数词+形容词最高级表示“第几最……”，序数词前要加定冠词the。故选D。 18．B 【解析】句意：有一次，在一次手术期间白求恩大夫想到了一个治疗受伤士兵的有效方案。 考查冠词辨析。不定冠词表泛指，a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单词前；定冠词the表特指。第一空修饰“useful plan”，此处表泛指“一个方案”，useful的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a；第二空修饰“operation”，此处表泛指“一次手术”，operation的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。 故选B。 19．A 【解析】句意：——你觉得中秋节怎么样？——我认为它是一个特别的节日。 考查冠词辨析。a泛指某类事物中的一个，用在以辅音音素开头的单词前；an泛指某类事物中的一个，用在以元音音素开头的单词前；the是定冠词，表示特指；/零冠词。句中special的发音是 /ˈspeʃl/，开头是辅音音素 /s/，所以要用a。故选A。 20．A 【解析】句意：法国是一个历史悠久的欧洲国家，也以其艺术和文化而闻名。 考查冠词。第一空泛指一个欧洲国家，European是以辅音音素开头，应用a；第二空也是表示泛指，long以辅音音素开头，应用a。故选A。 21．A 【解析】句意：橘子长在树上，树上有一只鸟。 考查介词词义辨析。on在……上，强调与某物接触，可指树本身生长的东西；in在……里面，可指不是树本身生长的东西；at在，后跟小地点。 根据“The oranges”可知，第一空指树本身生长的东西，用介词on；第二空“a bird”并不是树本身生长的东西，用介词in。故选A。 22．A 【解析】句意：每个人都把字典带到了课堂上，除了我，因为我把我的字典落在家里了。 考查介词及介词短语辨析。except除……之外(不包括在内)；except for除……之外(表示对整体进行修正，后面跟的词同整体不是同一类)；besides除……之外(还有)；except that除……之外(后面跟从句)。根据“Everyone has brought his dictionary to class...me, because I left mine at home.”可知，此处表示不包括“我”，用except。故选A。 23．D 【解析】句意：Sandy每周一下午去读书俱乐部，在星期五下午去计算机俱乐部。 考查介词用法。in用于泛指时间段(如月份、季节、年份)；on用于具体的某一天或重复的某天上午或下午；/零介词。every修饰时间表示频率时，前面不需介词；根据“Friday afternoon”可知，此处指具体某一天的下午，在具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上前，要用介词“on”。第一空有every，故不需介词；第二空为具体下午，用on。故选D。 24．A 【解析】句意：——戴维斯，我们这周六去体育中心吧。——恐怕不行。它除了周六每天都开放。 考查介词辨析。except除了；on在……上；from从；during在……期间。根据“It is open every day...Saturdays”可知，体育中心除了周六每天都开放，应用except。故选A。 25．C 【解析】句意：尽管他们长期处于困境，但仍然期待成功 考查延续性动词和介词的用法。got into“进入”，短暂性动词，不能与时间段连用；be in“处于”，表状态，具有延续性；hope for“希望”，后跟名词；hope to“希望”，后跟动词原形。根据“for a long time”可知，此处不能用短暂性动词，排除A、B；根据“success”可知，介词后面跟名词，排除D，故选C。 26．C 【解析】句意：除了露西，每个人都在这里。她不得不在家照顾她妈妈。 考查介词用法。beside在……旁边；besides除……之外还有（包含在内）；except除……之外（排除同类）；except for除……之外（排除不同类或用于句首）。根据“Everyone is here…Lucy. She has to look after her mother at home.”可知，除了露西，每个人都在这里，此处应用except 。故选C。 27．C 【解析】句意：通往成功的道路并不容易，但我们可以通过努力来实现它。 考查介词的用法。to到；past经过；of属于……的；for为了；by通过。“the road to...”是固定搭配，表示“通往……的道路”，此处“the road to success”即“通往成功的道路”，所以第一个空应填“to”；“by+doing”表示“通过某种方式”，“by working hard”意思是“通过努力工作”，表示实现目标的方式，所以第二个空应填“by”。故选C。 28．A 【解析】句意：我和我的祖父母住在上海。 考查介词辨析。in在，通常用于表示在较大的地点，如城市、国家等；with和……一起；and，和，连词，用于连接两个并列的成分。第一空后“Shanghai”是城市，应用介词in；第二空表示“和祖父母一起”，应用介词with。故选A。 29．B 【解析】句意：所有人都参加了会议，除了经理之外，他被困在交通堵塞中，没能按时到达。 考查介词辨析。beside在……旁边；except除了……之外，指同类事物；except for除……之外，对细节的修正；except that除了……之外，后接完整句子。根据“Everyone attended the meeting...the manager”可知，经理没有来，且与everyone属于同类别。故选B。 30．C 【解析】句意：我们学校的图书馆是一座五层楼的高楼，你可以借很多种类的书。 考查词汇辨析。has有，动词；with具有，介词；lend借出；borrow借入。根据“Our school library is a tall building...five floors”可知，句中已有谓语动词is，所以第一空应选介词with，构成介词短语作后置定语，修饰名词building；根据“you can...many kinds of books.”可知，此处表示你可以从图书馆借书，所以空处表示“借入”，应用borrow。故选C。 训练 一、单词拼写 1．It’s freezing cold here in winter, and sometimes the temperature can drop to m________ 20C． 2．Yesterday I came across Mr. Black in the park by c_________________. 3．Would you like my old TV in e_______for this camera? 4．I’m completely in f___ of the proposal though many are against it. 5．R______ of danger, he climbed the tower. 6．The two girls had a lot in c________, making it easy for them to become close friends. 7．When the sisters saw the movie in cinema, they spoke in w_________. 8．I would a____________ it if you give me a hand. 9．It is impossible to i________ the man among so many people. 10．A fact is a____________ that can be proved. 11．Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the l______ is due to the former. 12．Their school is near the beach, quite similar with o ________. 13．His business went broke, so Jack had n ________ to live. 14．It’s not t_________ of Bob to be so critical because he’s always kind to others. 15．Many reporters followed the sailor’s journey and gave wide media c_________. 16．I failed in all my school subjects this s________, so I need to work harder. 17．As a j_________, she has reported on many important events in different countries over the past ten years. 18．The local people built a m_________ at the centre of the town to remember those who lost their lives in the war. 19．The police caught the s_________ who was trying to steal military secrets. 20．The school is interviewing each c__________ for the position of student council president. 21．To make careful a________ for a trip, many things like weather and accommodation need to be considered. 22．Please send a copy of your r_________ to the email address before Friday. 23．Rembrandt gained a r__________ as a master of shadow and light. 24．Going to university is a valuable i__________ in your future. 25．The city government decided to build a m__________ to honour the soldiers who died in the war. 26．The government has carried out a series of economic r________ in the past few years. 27．Sometimes we should pay more attention to the process of our life journey but not the d________. 28．He was a devoted c_________ and believed that everyone should be treated equally. 29．Please search our company d_________ to find the contact information of the supplier. 30．After the earthquake, the whole city was thrown into c________ and people tried to find their families. 二、单项选择 31．He looked at me in ________ and did not answer the question. A．confuse B．confused C．confusing D．confusion 32．The government’s strong actions demonstrated our _________ to uphold One-China principle. A．energy B．resistance C．courage D．determination 33．Her friend’s kindness has restored her ______ in human nature. A．fund B．finance C．function D．faith 34．There is no denying that watching this screen _________of Norwegian Wood will certainly be a heart-breaking experience. A．ambition B．adaptation C．expectation D．qualification 35．________ are kept on the firm for their meat or milk. A．200 head cattle B．200 head of cattle C．200 head cattles D．200 heads of cattle 36．Jay Leno, the host of the “Tonight” show, once said that every new challenge put all the resources of the host to the test, and most solutions belonged to the ________. A．accident B．custom C．event D．occasion 37．Alongside psychological lectures, ________ school-run counseling service offers teenagers emotional shelter rather than merely ________ short-lived escape from academic burnout. A．the; a B．a; an C．the; an D．/; a 38．Shopping online will never take ________ place of shopping in stores, because many people find the latter ________ great enjoyment. A．a; / B．the; a C．/; a D．the; / 39．All the changes will lead to ________ better Peking University, ________ that can surprise and inspire all the alumni. A．a, the one B．a, one C．the, one D．the, the one 40．I usually have ________ lunch with my classmates at school. A．/ B．a C．an D．the 41．— Lucy, what club do you want to join? — I want to join the music club because I can play _________ violin. A．an B．a C．the D．不填 42．There is ________ English-Chinese dictionary on the desk. A．a B．an C．/ D．the 43．My father takes ________ shower before ________ breakfast every day. A．a; / B．/; the C．a; the D．the; / 44．Among all the obstacles the research team is confronted with, ________ arising from limited funding is of top priority and calls for immediate solutions. A．that B．none C．some D．one 45．________ is not known how this phenomenon has come into being — in a culture ________ so many people strive to look the same way, and any slight difference in appearance rapidly singles you out. A．It; where B．What; where C．Which; where D．As; in which 46．Seated in the auditorium ______ a great number of curious teenagers, ________ minds fixed on the professor’s speech. A．was; whose B．were; their C．was; their D．were; whose 47．—Andy, is there ________ in today’s newspaper? —Yes, I can lend mine to you. A．something interesting B．anything interesting C．interesting something D．interesting anything 48．Mandy, we can’t do everything for you. You have to depend on ________ now. A．you B．your C．yourself D．yourselves 49．The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than ________ made in America. A．ones B．those C．that D．it 50．______ is obvious ______ he has made great progress in his studies. A．It; that B．That; that C．What; that 51．________ is universally acknowledged that the protection of cultural heritage helps preserve the continuity of civilizations. A．As B．What C．That D．It 52．Mastering a musical instrument, especially ________ requiring as much practice as the violin, can be quite challenging. A．the one B．that C．some D．one 53．The strict teacher required complete honesty ________ every student, even when telling the truth meant ________ their own mistakes. A．from; to admit B．of; to admit C．of; admitting D．from; admitting 54．The Fields Medal, regarded as the Nobel Prize equivalent for mathematics, ________ to outstanding mathematicians under the age of 40 since 1936. The whole nation takes a great deal of pride ________ the two Chinese mathematicians. A．awarded; of B．has been awarded; of C．was awarded; in D．has been awarded; in 55．____ the fire, he let out a ____ scream ____. A．Alarming at; alarm; with alarm B．Frightened by; frightening; for fright C．Terrifying at; alarm; to alarm D．Alarmed by; alarming; in alarm 56．Not I but my elder brother ________ attracted to computer games, and my parents got annoyed ________ him all the time. A．are; about B．is; with C．am; about D．are; with 57．This custom dates ________ the Ming Dynasty. A．back to B．back C．from to D．to back 58．Many factors contribute ________ language changes. A．in B．for C．to D．on 59．The ________ look on the new manager’s face suggested that he was not fully prepared to be ________ the whole team. A．confusing; in charge of B．confused; in the charge of C．confused; in charge of D．confusing; in the charge of 60．She decided to ________ the part-time job and began to ________ her communication skills. A．apply for; apply herself to improving B．apply for; apply herself to improve C．apply to; apply herself to improving D．apply to; apply herself to improve 参考答案 一、 1．minus/inus 【解析】句意：这里冬天极为寒冷，有时气温会降到零下20摄氏度。根据首字母m以及“It’s freezing cold here in winter”可知，此处用minus，表示“零下”。 2．coincidence 【解析】句意：昨天我在公园碰巧遇见了布莱克先生。固定搭配：by  coincidence碰巧，巧合地。故答案为coincidence。 3．exchange 【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：你愿意我用旧电视机换架照相机吗？in exchange for…为固定搭配，意为“作为…的交换，”，由此可知填exchange。 4．favor/avor 【解析】句意：我完全赞成这个建议，尽管许多人反对。in favor of“支持”，符合句意和首字母。 5．Regardless/egardless 【解析】句意：不顾危险，他登上了这座塔。regardless of是固定短语，表示“不顾、不管”。 6．common/ommon 【解析】句意：这两个女孩有很多共同之处，这使得她们很容易成为亲密的朋友。had在此是动词have的过去式，所填词以c开头，要填common，构成固定短语have a lot in common，表示“有很多共同之处”。 7．whispers/hispers 【解析】句意：当姐妹俩在影院看电影时，她们低声细语。根据句意和首字母可知，空处应是“whisper”，名词，意为“低语”，此处用复数形式，构成“in whispers”，固定短语。 8．appreciate/ppreciate 【解析】appreciate 考查动词。句意：如果你能帮忙我将非常感激。appreciate“感激”，此处用在情态动词后用原形，故填appreciate. 9．identify/dentify 【解析】句意：在这么多人中认出这个人是不可能的。句中It作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语，空白处填动词原形，根据首字母提示和“the man among so many people”可知，动词identify表示“认出”符合句意。 10．anything/nything 【解析】考查代词。句意：任何可以被求证的东西即为事实。分析句子结构可知，后半部分为that引导的定语从句，空格处应为先行词，根据句意可知，此处指代“任何、一切”之意，代词anything符合句意，故填anything。 11．latter/atter 【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：在失业率和犯罪率高的地方，可以认为后者是前者造成的。固定搭配：the latter后者；the former前者。再根据句意和首字母可知此处用形容词latter“后者的”。故填latter。 12．ours 【解析】考查名词性物主代词。句意：他们的学校靠近海滩，和我们的学校很相似。根据句意及首字母提示可知，此处是名词性物主代词ours，指代“我们的学校”。故填ours。 13．nowhere/owhere 【解析】句意：他的公司破产了，因此，杰克没地方住了。nowhere无处，没有任何地方。故填nowhere。 14．typical/ypical 【解析】句意：Bob这么挑剔并不符合他一贯的作风，因为他待人总是很友善。根据句意和首字母提示可知，空处应填形容词typical“典型的”，在句中作表语，构成“It be + adj. + of sb. to do sth.”句型，表示“对于某人来说做某事……”。 15．coverage/overage 【解析】句意：许多记者追踪报道了这位水手的旅程，媒体进行了广泛的报道。wide media作定语修饰以c开头的单词作gave的宾语，要填名词；结合Many reporters和media可知，要填表示“报道”的名词coverage。 16．semester/emester 【解析】句意：我本学期所有科目都不及格，所以需要更加努力。根据单词首字母以及句意“学期”可知用名词semester，作宾语，结合this可知为单数。 17．journalist/ournalist 【解析】句意：作为一名记者，她在过去十年里报道了不同国家的许多重要事件。根据“As a”、“reported”以及首字母提示可知，此空是名词单数journalist，意为“新闻记者”，作宾语。 18．monument/onument 【解析】句意：当地人在镇中心建造了一座纪念碑，以纪念那些在战争中失去生命的人。根据空前不定冠词a及首字母m可知，空处应填可数名词单数作宾语；monument意为“纪念碑”，符合语境。 19．spy/py 【解析】句意：警察抓住了试图窃取军事机密的间谍。根据句意和首字母可知是名词spy，意为“密探；间谍”，和从句谓语was保持一致应用单数，作宾语。 20．candidate/andidate 【解析】句意：学校正在面试每位学生会长职位的候选人。根据单词首字母以及句意，可知用名词candidate，作宾语，且each后跟单数名词。 21．arrangements/rrangements 【解析】句意：要为旅行做周密的准备，天气和住宿等诸多事情都需要考虑。根据句意和首字母提示可知，空处应填名词arrangement，表示“准备，安排”，固定搭配make arrangements for“为……做安排”，所以应填复数形式。 22．resume/esume 【解析】句意：请在周五前把简历副本发送到这个邮箱地址。此处应用名词作宾语，表示“简历”为名词resume，由a可知，应用单数。 23．reputation/eputation 【解析】句意：伦勃朗以擅长光影运用而闻名。根据句意和首字母可知是名词reputation，意为“名声，名誉”，前面有a修饰，应用单数形式。 24．investment/nvestment 【解析】句意：上大学是对你未来的一项宝贵投资。根据首字母i及语境可知，本空用名词investment，被不定冠词a修饰，用单数形式，作表语。 25．memorial/emorial 【解析】句意：市政府决定建造一座纪念碑来纪念在战争中牺牲的士兵。根据首字母m及语境可知，本空用名词memorial，且根据a可知，用单数形式，作宾语。 26．reforms/eforms 【解析】句意：政府在过去的几年里实施了一系列经济改革。根据句意和首字母可知是名词reform，意为“改革”，前面有a series of，应用名词复数形式reforms。 27．destination/estination 【解析】句意：有时我们应更多关注人生旅程的过程而非目的地。结合pay more attention to the process可知，此处表示是关注过程而不是目的地，空处应使用名词destination“目的地”，作宾语。 28．communist/ommunist 【解析】句意：他是一位忠诚的共产主义者，认为每个人都应被平等对待。此处应用名词作表语，表示“共产主义者”应用名词communist，由a可知，应用单数，a devoted communist意为“忠诚的共产主义者”。 29．directory/irectory 【解析】句意：请查询我们公司的名录，找到供应商的联系方式。此处应用名词作宾语，表示“名录”为名词directory，company directory意为“公司名录”符合句意。 30．chaos/haos 【解析】句意：地震过后，整个城市陷入一片混乱，人们努力寻找家人。根据句意和首字母可知是名词chaos，意为“混乱”，为不可数名词。 二、 31．D 【解析】考查名词。句意：他困惑地看着我，没有回答这个问题。A. confuse使困惑；B. confused困惑的；C. confusing令人困惑的；D. confusion困惑。空处用于介词in之后，应用名词confusion作宾语，构成短语in confusion，表示“困惑地”，符合题意。故选D项。 32．D 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：政府的有力行动显示了我们坚持一个中国原则的决心。A. energy能量；B. resistance抵制；C. courage勇气；D. determination决心。根据句意和空格前的strongactions（有力行动）以及空格后的to uphold One-China principle（坚持一个中国原则）可知，我们的行动展示的是我们坚持一个中国原则的决心，空格处应该填入determination。故选D项。 33．D 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她朋友的善良使她恢复了对人性的信任。A. fund基金；B. finance金融，资金；C. function功能；D. faith信任，信心。设空处考查短语restore one’s faith in...，意为“恢复对……的信心”。故选D项。 34．B 【解析】考查名词。句意：不可否认，观看这部改编自《挪威森林》的电影肯定会是一次令人心碎的经历。A.ambition雄心抱负； B. adaptation适应，改编； C. expectation期待； D. qualification资格。根据句意，watching this screen和Norwegian Wood可知，此处表达小说的电影“改编”版本，故选B。 35．B 【解析】考查名词。句意：该公司饲养了200头牛以获取肉或奶。表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head，单复数同形，cattle“牛”是集体名词，单复数同形，200 head of cattle表示“200头牛”。故选B。 36．A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：Jay Leno曾经说过，每一次挑战都在测试主持人的资源，大多数的解决方法都属于偶然。A. accident偶然；B. custom风俗；C.event项目，大事件；D. occasion场合。根据句意分析可知，此处表示“解决方式属于偶然”，表达为accident。故选A。 37．A 【解析】句意：除了心理讲座，学校开设的心理咨询服务为青少年提供了情感庇护，而不仅仅是对学业倦怠的一种短暂逃避。第一空特指学校开设的心理咨询服务，应用定冠词the限定；第二空泛指“一种短暂的逃避”，且修饰词short-lived的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。 38．B 【解析】句意：网上购物永远不会取代实体店购物，因为很多人认为后者是一种极大的乐趣。第一空考查固定搭配take the place of“取代”；第二空后enjoyment此处抽象名词具体化，表示“一件乐事”，前面加不定冠词a。 39．B 【解析】句意：所有的变化将造就一个更好的北京大学，一个可以给所有校友带来惊喜和激励的学校。结合句意可知，第一空表示泛指，意为“一个”更好的北京大学，所以使用a；第二空one作同位语，指代前面的a better Peking University，表泛指，不用the one。 40．A 【解析】句意：我通常和同学们在学校吃午饭。表示“吃午饭”用固定短语have lunch，中间不用冠词。 41．C 【解析】句意：——露西，你想参加什么俱乐部？——我想参加音乐俱乐部，因为我会拉小提琴。表示演奏西洋乐器时，乐器名词前需用定冠词the，play the violin意为“拉小提琴”。 42．B 【解析】句意：书桌上有一本英汉词典。此处表示泛指“一本英汉词典”，且English-Chinese的发音以元音音素/ɪ/开头，故用不定冠词an。 43．A 【解析】句意：我父亲每天早饭前洗澡。take a shower是固定短语，意为“洗澡”，第一空填a；由“before…breakfast every day”可知，此处泛指每天的早餐，当三餐前没有形容词等修饰时，不需要加冠词，因此第二个空不填。 44．A 【解析】句意：在研究团队面临的所有障碍中，由资金有限引起的那个（障碍）是当务之急，需要立即解决。此处考查代词的用法。that可用来指代前面提到过的同类事物中的特指单数可数名词或不可数名词，相当于the+单数/不可数名词，其后常跟介词短语、分词短语或定语从句作后置定语。句中that指代the obstacle，特指由资金有限引起的那个障碍，而one表示泛指（相当于a/an+单数名词），不符合此处特指的语境。 45．A 【解析】句意：目前尚不清楚这种现象是如何形成的——在一个很多人都力求看起来一样的文化中，外表上的任何细微差异都会让你显得格外扎眼。第一空使用it作形式主语，真正的主语为how引导的主语从句；第二空引导定语从句，先行词为culture，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。 46．B 【解析】句意：礼堂里坐着许多好奇的青少年，他们的注意力都集中在教授的演讲上。第一空，表语“Seated in the auditorium”置于句首，句子需使用完全倒装，正常语序为“A great number of curious teenagers were seated in the auditorium”，主语“a great number of curious teenagers”为复数，故谓语动词用were；第二空，逗号前后没有连词，且后半部分没有谓语动词（fixed为过去分词），故此处为“名词/代词+过去分词”构成的独立主格结构作伴随状语，应用形容词性物主代词their修饰minds。 47．B 【解析】句意：——Andy，今天的报纸上有有趣的东西吗？——有，我可以把我的借给你。疑问句中用anything，something多用于肯定句，排除A；形容词修饰不定代词要后置，即anything interesting，排除 C、D。 48．C 【解析】句意：曼迪，我们不能事事都替你做。你现在必须依靠自己。此处为固定短语depend on oneself“依靠自己”。句子主语是you，指代单数Mandy，对应的反身代词是 yourself。 49．B 【解析】句意：日本制造的汽车比美国制造的便宜得多。ones替代表示泛指的复数名词；those那些，替代表示同类事物的复数名词；that那，替代表示同类事物的单数名词；it它，替代上文提到的同名同物。根据The cars made in Japan可知，空处是指“美国生产的车”，替代同类事物，且是复数名词，用those。 50．A 【解析】考查形式主语和主语从句。句意：很明显，他在学业上取得了很大的进步。it作形式主语，that引导的从句作真主语，It is obvious that...为固定句型。故选A。 51．D 【解析】考查it作形式主语。句意：人们普遍认为，保护文化遗产有助于保持文明的连续性。根据句子结构可知，此处用it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。It is universally acknowledged that... 是固定句型，意为 “大家公认……”。故选D。 52．D 【解析】考查代词辨析。句意：精通一门乐器，尤其是像小提琴这样需要大量练习的乐器，是相当有挑战性的。the one：指代单数可数名词，表特指。that：指代单数名词，但多用于特指同类不同物的事物。some：作代词时，指代不确定的 “一些人或物”，是复数概念。one：作代词时，指代同类不同物的单数可数名词，表泛指。此处表示泛指一种乐器，用one代替。故选D。 53．C 【解析】句意：这位严格的老师要求每个学生都做到完全诚实，即使说出真相意味着承认他们自己的错误。require sth. of sb.为固定搭配，意为“对某人有……的要求”，所以第一空应用介词of；mean doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“意味着做某事”，符合题意，而mean to do sth.意为“打算做某事”，与题意不符，所以第二空应用动名词admitting，作宾语。 54．D 【解析】句意：菲尔兹奖被认为是数学界的诺贝尔奖，自1936年以来一直被授予40岁以下的杰出数学家。全国人民都为这两位中国数学家感到非常自豪。第一空：根据时间状语since 1936可知，句子应用现在完成时，且主语The Fields Medal与动词award之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用现在完成时的被动语态has been awarded。第二空：take pride in为固定搭配，意为“为……感到自豪”，本空用介词in。 55．D 【解析】句意：被火吓到了，他惊恐地发出了一声吓人的尖叫。A. Alarming at对……感到惊恐（alarming 表令人害怕，主语不能是人）；alarm警报；with alarm(无此搭配)；B. Frightened by被……吓到；frightening令人害怕的；for fright(无此搭配)；C. Terrifying at(无此搭配)；alarm警报；to alarm为了惊吓；D. Alarmed by被……惊吓；alarming令人惊恐的；in alarm惊恐地。第一空处，主语he与动词alarm/terrify/frighten之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，需用过去分词短语Alarmed by作原因状语；第二空处，修饰名词scream（尖叫声），表示“令人惊恐的”，需用现在分词alarming作定语；第三空处，表示“惊恐地”，在句中作状语，固定搭配为in alarm。 56．B 【解析】句意：不是我，而是我哥哥被电脑游戏吸引了，我父母对他一直感到恼火。第一空考查主谓一致中的“就近原则”，当Not A but B（不是A而是B）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应与but后的主语B保持一致，此处but后为my elder brother，为单数，故谓语动词需用单数形式is。第二空be/get annoyed with sb.意为“对某人感到恼火”，宾语him指人，应用介词with；若宾语为事，则用be annoyed about/at sth.，B选项符合语境。 57．A 【解析】句意：这一习俗追溯到明朝。表达习俗起源于某个朝代，要用固定搭配date back to，表示“追溯到”。 58．C 【解析】句意：许多因素促成语言的变化。固定搭配contribute to表示“促成、导致”。 59．C 【解析】句意：新经理脸上困惑的表情表明他还没有完全准备好掌管整个团队。第一空修饰 look“表情”，表示“（人）感到困惑的”，用-ed形容词confused；confusing表示“令人困惑的”，通常修饰事物本身令人迷惑；人脸上的表情是“感到困惑的”，故用confused look。第二空：in charge of​意为“负责/掌管（某事/某人）”，主语是负责人；in the charge of​意为“由……负责/掌管”，主语是被掌管的事物。此处he是负责人，“掌管整个团队”，故用in charge of。 60．A 【解析】句意：她决定申请那份兼职工作，并开始致力于提高自己的沟通技巧。第一空中apply for意为“申请（工作、职位等）”，后接申请的事物，此处宾语为the part-time job，应用apply for；apply to通常表示“向……申请”或“适用于”，不符合语境。第二空中apply oneself to doing sth.，意为“致力于/专心于做某事”，其中的to为介词，后需接动名词形式，故用improving，A选项符合题意。 一、阅读理解 A The next time someone smiles at you, your face will probably smile back. Within moments, your facial muscles begin to mirror theirs. Psychologists call this automatic response emotional mimicry (模仿), and a 2026 study led by Michal Olszanowski, a psychology researcher at SWPS University, suggests it may shape an important decision we make about others: whether we trust them. Scientists have long known that copying someone’s expressions makes them trust you more. But Olszanowski and his coworkers wondered whether the opposite might also be true: Could mimicking someone else’s smile change how you feel about them? In the study, they found that the stronger participants unconsciously mirrored a smile, the more trustworthy they rated the smiling face, and the more resources they were willing to share in a trust-based game. When participants performed facial movements that enhanced their smile mimicry, their trust ratings increased. Those findings suggest that one of our most important social judgments may begin with something as simple as a shared smile. According to the researchers, we trust people whose smiles we copy possibly because copying their smile makes us feel good. Additionally, when we copy someone’s smile, our faces move together for a moment. This small action makes us feel like we’re part of a group, and thus we trust each other more. Trust doesn’t just shape social interactions. A 2025 study shows that people who trust others more often say they feel happier and more satisfied with life. That feeling is linked to living longer. In healthcare, when patients trust their doctors, they’re more likely to follow medical advice, leading to better health results over time. In Olszanowski’s study, even forced smiles made people copy the smile and feel more trust. But Piotr Winkielman, a professor at the University of California San Diego, thinks real smiles might work even better. He points to a 2025 review that found natural expressions had stronger effects than forced ones. Moreover, different places have different rules about when to smile and what a smile means. So the same smile might not make people feel the same level of trust in every country. 1．What is a finding of unconscious smile mimicry? A．It can be blocked easily. B．It leads to less resource sharing. C．It can produce negative feelings. D．It is positively related to trust ratings. 2．Why can copying a smile increase trust according to the researchers? A．It makes people look prettier. B．It can show one’s honesty directly. C．It can create a sense of belonging. D．It enables one to think positively. 3．What does the 2025 study suggest about trust? A．It cuts back on medical costs. B．It has measurable health results. C．It improves social interactions. D．It mainly benefits medical staff. 4．What might affect the amount of trust a smile produces? A．Culture. B．Economy. C．Technology. D．Education. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】文章主要介绍情绪模仿中的微笑模仿现象，阐述其对人际信任的作用、内在原因以及信任带来的影响与文化差异。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In the study, they found that the stronger participants unconsciously mirrored a smile, the more trustworthy they rated the smiling face, and the more resources they were willing to share in a trust‑based game. (在该研究中，他们发现参与者无意识模仿微笑的程度越强，他们对微笑面孔给出的信任评分就越高，并且在信任游戏中愿意分享的资源也越多。)”可知，无意识的微笑模仿与信任评分呈正相关。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Additionally, when we copy someone’s smile, our faces move together for a moment. This small action makes us feel like we’re part of a group, and thus we trust each other more. (此外，当我们模仿别人的微笑时，我们的面部会同步运动片刻。这个小小的举动会让我们感觉自己是群体中的一员，于是我们会更加信任彼此。)”可知，模仿微笑能够产生归属感，进而提升信任。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“A 2025 study shows that people who trust others more often say they feel happier and more satisfied with life. That feeling is linked to living longer. In healthcare, when patients trust their doctors, they’re more likely to follow medical advice, leading to better health results over time. (一项2025年的研究表明，更信任他人的人往往表示自己更快乐、对生活更满意。这种感受与长寿相关。在医疗领域，当患者信任医生时，他们更有可能遵从医嘱，久而久之会带来更好的健康结果。)”可推知，信任会带来可衡量的健康方面的结果。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Moreover, different places have different rules about when to smile and what a smile means. So the same smile might not make people feel the same level of trust in every country. (此外，不同地区对于何时微笑、微笑代表什么有着不同的准则。所以同样的微笑在不同国家未必能让人们产生同等程度的信任感。)”可推知，文化会影响微笑所能产生的信任程度。 B As I emptied cupboards and shelves, I encountered a pile of journals I’d built up during my years in this house. There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person. As I put them together, one word came to mind: Unjournaling. I wondered whether we’ve become so focused on documenting our lives that we sometimes forget to live them. Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal. For some people, journaling creates clarity. For others, it can become a form of overthinking. As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came. Not being the opposite of journaling, unjournaling is the recognition that not every experience needs to be recorded, analyzed or turned into a lesson. It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it. We’re drawn to journals because we hope that if we can document an experience clearly enough, we might eventually find clarity in it. But not every transformation can be captured in sentences. Some changes reveal themselves slowly through the lives we build afterwards: the people we meet, the risks we take, and the moments that quietly reshape us. We don’t always think our way into a new identity. Sometimes we live our way into one. I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live. Sometimes growth happens on the page, and sometimes it happens when we close the notebook, step outside and allow life to write the next chapter for us. 5．What did the author expect to do through the journals? A．Improve herself. B．Live life to the fullest. C．Recall past events. D．Communicate with others. 6．Why does the author mention her own experience? A．To show her love for journaling. B．To prove the benefits of repeated writing. C．To make her points more convincing. D．To give examples of showing gratitude. 7．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 3? A．A lesson. B．Journaling. C．Unjournaling. D．An experience. 8．What is the author’s realization? A．Journals tend to be worthless. B．Life itself brings real change. C．Capturing moments is necessary. D．Writing is a waste of time. 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D 8．B 【解析】文章主要介绍作者提出“不写日记”的理念，指出记录生活并非万能，写日记有利有弊，成长不一定靠文字记录，真实亲身经历的生活本身才能带来真正的改变。 5．细节理解题。根据原文第一段“There were gratitude journals, travel journals and beautifully bound notebooks because I was convinced that these would finally help me become a more reflective and organized person.(有感恩日记、旅行日记以及装帧精美的笔记本，因为我坚信这些终将帮助我成为一个更善于反思、更有条理的人。)”可知，作者期望通过写日记提升自我。 6．推理判断题。根据原文第二段“As for me, there have been times when writing helped me understand what I was feeling, and there have also been times when I wrote the same story repeatedly, hoping one more page would provide an answer that never came.(对我而言，有些时候写作帮我读懂内心感受，也有些时候我反复写下同一件事，期盼再多写一页就能得到那个始终没有出现的答案。)”以及“Research suggests expressive writing can improve well-being and help people process experiences. However, the benefits aren’t universal.(研究表明，表达性写作可以改善健康状态，帮助人们梳理经历。然而，这种好处并非适用于所有人。)”可知，作者先提出观点：写日记的益处不是普适的，因人而异。然后列举自己正反两方面的亲身经历，用来佐证该观点，让观点更有说服力。 7．词句猜测题。根据原文第三段“It might involve taking photographs instead of writing. It could mean having a conversation, travelling somewhere new, gardening, volunteering or simply allowing an experience to exist without trying to capture it.(它可以是拍照而非书写。它可以是一场交谈、去往新地方旅行、园艺、做志愿，或者单纯让一段经历存在，而不去试图记录它。)”可知，此处it指代一次次的不同的经历。 8．细节理解题。根据原文最后一段“I still own journals, but as I packed away years of notebooks, I realized something important: The moments that change me most are rarely the ones I write about; they are the ones I live.(我依旧保留日记本，但在收拾多年的笔记本时，我意识到一件重要的事：真正改变我的时刻，很少是我写下来的那些；而是我亲身经历的那些。)”可知，作者意识到生活本身能带来真正的改变。 C When a plant is damaged, it repairs itself — side shoots appear from broken stems. You might assume the plant simply floods the injured spot with its sugary food, but the reality is more complex. Rebuilding tissue demands that new cells divide and grow quickly, burning sugar — the fuel a plant makes through photosynthesis (光合作用). Getting that fuel to the wound is the hard part, which interested Idan Efroni, a plant biologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His team worked with a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The researchers cut the tip off a root and watched it rebuild. Removing the leaves stopped repair, but when they fed the plant sugar again, the tip healed (愈合). To investigate, they tracked sucrose, the main sugar a plant transports. In a healthy root, it flowed right into the tip. After the cut, it stopped short, failing to enter the zone trying to regrow. So what on earth carried fuel for the last stretch to the injured cells? Chasing the missing piece, the team borrowed a glowing sensor. In plants, it lights up whenever the sugar gathers. The tag (标记) for glucose — a simpler sugar than sucrose — lit up in a bright area below the cut once healing began. The glow sharpened over the first day. This illustrates the plant wasn’t flooding the wound with its usual sugar, but was gathering glucose where new cells were forming. A rapid genetic response seems to drive the process. Within hours of the cut, the plant switches on genes around the wound before the new cells run short of fuel. These genes build part of the machinery needed to redirect sugar. Two key components make the system work: an enzyme (酶) that turns sucrose into glucose between cells, and a transporter that moves the freed glucose into the repairing cells. Together, they draw the plant’s sugar supply toward the repair site. “Injury is accompanied by a rapid and localized change in sugar transport,” Efroni said. The plant treats a wound less as an emergency to react to than as a demand it prepares for, sending its limited energy where it’s needed on purpose. 9．What primarily motivated Efroni to study plant repair? A．The plant’s self-growth process. B．The fuel delivery to wounds. C．The speed of cell division. D．The role of photosynthesis. 10．What did the root experiment reveal? A．Sugar stops at the wound. B．Wounded plants distribute sugar equally. C．Roots need more water to heal. D．Cutting leaves helps stable growth. 11．What can be inferred about the sugar transport system? A．It passively reacts to damage. B．It comes together temporarily. C．It is set up ahead of time. D．It often ignores minor injuries. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Role of Sugar in Plant Survival B．The Mystery of Plant Root Growth C．The Secret of Sugar Transport in Plants D．Plants’ Way to Heal Wounds with Sugar 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 【解析】本文主要介绍的是耶路撒冷希伯来大学植物生物学家Idan Efroni及其团队对植物伤口愈合机制的研究，揭示了植物如何通过精准的糖分运输系统为受伤部位提供能量。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“Rebuilding tissue demands that new cells divide and grow quickly, burning sugar — the fuel a plant makes through photosynthesis (光合作用). Getting that fuel to the wound is the hard part, which interested Idan Efroni, a plant biologist at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (重建组织需要新细胞快速分裂和生长，消耗糖分——植物通过光合作用产生的燃料。将这种燃料输送到伤口是困难的部分，这引起了耶路撒冷希伯来大学植物生物学家Idan Efroni的兴趣。)”可知，Efroni研究植物修复的主要动机是了解燃料如何输送到伤口。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“In a healthy root, it flowed right into the tip. After the cut, it stopped short, failing to enter the zone trying to regrow. (在健康的根中，它直接流入尖端。切割后，它戛然而止，未能进入试图重新生长的区域。)”可知，根部实验揭示了糖分在伤口处停止。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The plant treats a wound less as an emergency to react to than as a demand it prepares for, sending its limited energy where it’s needed on purpose. (植物对待伤口与其说是需要反应的紧急情况，不如说是它为之做准备的需求，有目的地将其有限的能量送到需要的地方。)”可知，糖分运输系统是提前设置好的。 12．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段“When a plant is damaged, it repairs itself — side shoots appear from broken stems. (当植物受损时，它会自我修复——侧芽从断裂的茎上出现。)”以及最后一段“‘Injury is accompanied by a rapid and localized change in sugar transport,’ Efroni said. (Efroni说：‘损伤伴随着糖分运输的快速和局部变化。’)”可知，本文主要讲述的是植物如何利用糖分愈合伤口，最佳标题是“植物用糖分愈合伤口的方式”。 D It was an overheating summer afternoon when Eden first stepped into the abandoned lot on the edge of our neighborhood. Overgrown with weeds and littered with broken glass, the space had become a symbol of desertion. But to Eden, a seventeen‑year‑old with rough‑skinned hands and a determined smile, it was a blank painting sheet waiting to be transformed. Eden’s journey began with a simple idea. After noticing that children had no safe place to play, he said he wanted to turn the lot into a community garden. His classmates laughed when he showed them his drafts of raised beds and a small pond, calling it “a waste of time”. Regardless of this, he spent weekends clearing wastes, his arms injured by sharp glass and stones. Neighbors watched in disbelief as this young boy, who barely stood taller than the weeds, worked tirelessly under the hot sun. Week after week, Eden returned. He taught himself gardening through online classes, often staying up late to study soil composition. When the first seeds grew up, the entire community gathered in amazement. Children brought watering cans, elderly residents shared gardening tips, and local businesses donated materials. What started as one boy’s dream became a collective effort. Three years later, the lot is unrecognizable. Colorful flowers bloom where once stood piles of garbage, and children laugh as they run after butterflies around the pond. Eden, now a college student, still visits every weekend to maintain the garden. He has inspired other youth in our town to start their own projects — cleaning up rivers, organizing book drives, and teaching seniors to use smartphones. The community garden is more than just plants and soil; it’s a witness to what can happen when one person refuses to accept the situation before his eyes. Eden showed us that change doesn’t require grand gestures or vast resources. It begins with a single act of courage, a willingness to take the first step, and the belief that even the smallest hands can build something beautiful. 13．What was Eden’s classmates’ initial reaction to his plan for the garden? A．They approved of his practice. B．They considered it meaningless. C．They suggested a different location. D．They thought it unsafe to change the lot. 14．What can we learn from paragraph 4? A．Eden is working full‑time to keep the garden tidy. B．The garbage site has become a famous tourist attraction. C．Eden has made a widespread difference in his hometown. D．Senior citizens are taught to use smartphones by Eden himself. 15．Which of the following words can best describe Eden? A．Humorous and generous. B．Determined and persistent. C．Cautious and thoughtful. D．Modest and imaginative. 16．What can be inferred from the story of Eden? A．Gardening is a valuable skill for everyone to learn. B．Community gardens can improve the environment. C．Young people are encouraged to build cultural confidence. D．Personal courage and initiative can lead to collective change. 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．B 16．D 【解析】文章主要讲述少年 Eden 把社区旁的废弃荒地改造成社区花园，并带动镇上其他年轻人参与公益的故事。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“His classmates laughed when he showed them his drafts of raised beds and a small pond, calling it “a waste of time”.(当他给同学们看他画的抬升式花床和一个小池塘的草图时，他的同学们笑了，称它是“浪费时间”)”可知，Eden的同学们最初对他花园计划的反应是认为这件事毫无意义。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Eden, now a college student, still visits every weekend to maintain the garden. He has inspired other youth in our town to start their own projects — cleaning up rivers, organizing book drives, and teaching seniors to use smartphones.(Eden现在是一名大学生，仍然每个周末都来看看，以维护这座花园。他已经激励我们镇上的其他年轻人开始他们自己的项目 —— 清理河流、组织图书募捐活动，以及教老年人使用智能手机)”可知，Eden在他的家乡产生了广泛的影响。 15．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Regardless of this, he spent weekends clearing wastes, his arms injured by sharp glass and stones. Neighbors watched in disbelief as this young boy, who barely stood taller than the weeds, worked tirelessly under the hot sun.(尽管如此，他周末都在清理垃圾，他的手臂被锋利的玻璃和石头弄伤。邻居们难以置信地看着这个几乎不比杂草高的年轻男孩，在烈日下不知疲倦地干活)”以及第三段中的“Week after week, Eden returned.(一周又一周，Eden都会回来)”可知，Eden是一个坚定且坚持不懈的人。 16．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“What started as one boy’s dream became a collective effort.(最初只是一个男孩的梦想，后来变成了一场集体的努力)”以及最后一段中的“It begins with a single act of courage, a willingness to take the first step, and the belief that even the smallest hands can build something beautiful.(它始于一个勇气的举动，一种迈出第一步的意愿，以及这样一种信念：即使是最小的手也能建造出美丽的东西)”可知，个人的勇气和主动性能够带来集体的改变。 二、完形填空 My first job was dishing out ice cream, a dream job for youngsters. Fifteen years old, wearing the white polo uniform, I was full of confidence 17 the two miles from my home that first hot summer day. The very first customer I 18 ordered a large mint chip one. This proved 19 . You see, mint chip was such a popular 20 that the top container was often 21 . This wasn’t an issue for other employees, but it was for me. Just shy of five feet tall, I couldn’t reach the bottom 22 standing on tiptoe. This first customer would be the witness to a (n) 23 that would be repeated many times an hour. I would 24 head first into the freezer, feet kicking in the air, 25 not to lose my balance and fall in. 26 , covered in ice cream, I’d make it with a customer’s order filled. But very rarely would I 27 . Every day I’d bike home, sticky and 28 from a long day of serving customers. And at the end of every week, I’d get my 29 and go to buy some ice cream. Maybe we don’t always need a big experience to 30 our hard work; sometimes, sweet ice cream is all the meaning we need. But looking back, when the job was over, I’m sure there must be some big life 31 here, something about the gap between dreams and reality. Otherwise, I might never have come to see it. 17．A．running B．biking C．hiking D．driving 18．A．served B．found C．attracted D．treated 19．A．profitable B．convenient C．challenging D．entertaining 20．A．dish B．brand C．drink D．flavor 21．A．empty B．reachable C．high D．fresh 22．A．container B．shelves C．counter D．plate 23．A．ceremony B．trick C．experiment D．scene 24．A．knock B．push C．dive D．stick 25．A．hesitating B．struggling C．pretending D．remembering 26．A．Usually B．Surely C．Absolutely D．Occasionally 27．A．check out B．start over C．mess up D．slow down 28．A．risky B．sweaty C．skinny D．guilty 29．A．work B．recipe C．bill D．pay 30．A．beautify B．simplify C．justify D．classify 31．A．habit B．lesson C．chance D．leisure 【答案】 17．B 18．A 19．C 20．D 21．A 22．A 23．D 24．C 25．B 26．A 27．C 28．B 29．D 30．C 31．B 【解析】本文讲述了作者年少时在冰淇淋店做第一份工作的经历：因个子矮小，取热门口味的冰淇淋十分费力，常常浑身沾满冰淇淋却依旧认真完成订单，这份平凡的工作让作者体会到努力的价值，也领悟了关于梦想与现实差距的人生道理。 17．考查动词。句意：在那个炎热的夏日第一天，十五岁的我穿着白色马球衫制服，满怀信心地骑行两英里从家来到店里。A. running奔跑；B. biking骑自行车；C. hiking远足；D. driving驾驶。根据下文第三段“Every day I’d bike home”可知，作者每天骑自行车上下班，因此此处是骑车去上班。 18．考查动词。句意：我接待的第一位顾客点了一大份薄荷碎冰淇淋。A. served接待；B. found找到；C. attracted吸引；D. treated对待, 接待。根据上文“My first job was dishing out ice cream, a dream job for youngsters.”可知，作者的工作是售卖冰淇淋，需要接待顾客点单。 19．考查形容词。句意：事实证明这很有挑战性。A. profitable有利可图的；B. convenient方便的；C. challenging有挑战性的；D. entertaining有趣的。根据下文“Just shy of five feet tall, I couldn’t reach the bottom”可知，作者个子矮，够不到冰淇淋容器底部，因此完成这份订单具有挑战性。 20．考查名词。句意：你瞧，薄荷碎是非常受欢迎的口味，最上面的容器经常是空的。A. dish菜肴；B. brand品牌；C. drink饮品；D. flavor口味。根据空前的“mint chip”可知，薄荷碎是冰淇淋的一种口味。 21．考查形容词。句意：你瞧，薄荷碎是非常受欢迎的口味，最上面的容器经常是空的。A. empty空的；B. reachable够得到的；C. high高的；D. fresh新鲜的。根据空前的“You see, mint chip was such a popular _______ that the top container was often”可知，这是such...that引导的结果状语从句，薄荷碎这款冰淇淋口味十分畅销，由此推知盛放它的顶层容器经常是空的，empty符合本句语境。 22．考查名词。句意：我身高不到五英尺，就算踮起脚也够不到容器的底部。A. container容器；B. shelves架子；C. counter柜台；D. plate盘子。根据上文“the top container was often _____”可知，冰淇淋装在容器里，container是原词复现。 23．考查名词。句意：这位第一位顾客将见证一个每小时都会重复上演很多次的场景。A. ceremony仪式；B. trick诡计；C. experiment实验；D. scene场景。根据上文“This wasn’t an issue for other employees, but it was for me. Just shy of five feet tall, I couldn’t reach the bottom _______ standing on tiptoe.”可知，取冰淇淋对普通员工来说不成问题，但对作者来说有难度，第一位顾客看到的就是作者取冰淇淋的场景。 24．考查动词。句意：我会一头扎进冷柜里，双脚在空中蹬着，努力保持平衡不摔进去。A. knock敲打；B. push推动；C. dive探身；D. stick卡住。根据空后的“head first into the freezer, feet kicking in the air”可知，作者是整个人探身钻进冷柜里。 25．考查动词。句意：我会一头扎进冷柜里，双脚在空中蹬着，努力保持平衡不摔进去。A. hesitating犹豫；B. struggling努力；C. pretending假装；D. remembering记得。根据空后的“not to lose my balance and fall in”可知，作者要极力避免失去平衡摔进冷柜，需要费力维持身体状态。 26．考查副词。句意：通常情况下，我浑身沾满冰淇淋，也能把顾客的订单配齐。A. Usually通常；B. Surely当然；C. Absolutely绝对地；D. Occasionally偶尔。根据下文“But very rarely”可知，前后呈现转折关系，与very rarely形成相反关系的是Usually，说明本句是常态情况下发生的动作。 27．考查动词短语。句意：但我极少会搞砸。A. check out结账离开；B. start over重新开始；C. mess up搞砸；D. slow down减速。根据上文“_______, covered in ice cream, I’d make it with a customer’s order filled.”和转折词But可推断，大多数时候作者都能顺利完成顾客的订单，但是搞砸的情况很少发生。 28．考查形容词。句意：每天我骑车回家，经过一整天接待顾客的工作，身上黏糊糊的，满是汗水。A. risky危险的；B. sweaty出汗的；C. skinny瘦弱的；D. guilty内疚的。根据上文第一段“that first hot summer day”可知，事情发生在夏天；再结合空前的“sticky and”可推知，所填词和形容词sticky是并列关系，夏天整日工作过后身上黏腻又出汗，sweaty与推断相吻合。 29．考查名词。句意：而每个周末，我都会拿着工资去买些冰淇淋。A. work工作；B. recipe食谱；C. bill账单；D. pay工资。根据上文首段“My first job was dishing out ice cream, a dream job for youngsters.”以及空前的“at the end of every week”可知，这是一份工作，每到周末作者会拿到工资。 30．考查动词。句意：也许我们并不总需要一段重大的经历来证明我们的努力是值得的；有时候，甜甜的冰淇淋就是我们需要的全部意义。A. beautify美化；B. simplify简化；C. justify证明……合理；D. classify分类。根据空后的“sometimes, sweet ice cream is all the meaning we need”可知，此处表达不一定非要宏大的经历来诠释辛苦付出的价值，justify可以表达证明努力有意义的含义。 31．考查名词。句意：但回首往事，当这份工作结束时，我肯定从中收获了一些重要的人生经验，一些关于梦想与现实之间差距的感悟。A. habit习惯；B. lesson经验；C. chance机会；D. leisure闲暇。根据空后的“something about the gap between dreams and reality”可推知，这份打工经历让作者获得关于梦想和现实的认知，这是一种人生经验。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In the restoration process of Dunhuang murals (壁画), AI improves 32 (efficient) and detects damage early with its high precision and strong computing power. Experts said the first step in protecting the Dunhuang murals involves 33 (monitor) the environment, including key indicators such as temperature and humidity. They need to survey and assess both their heritage value and current condition. The key question is whether the deterioration (退化) is active 34 stable. If it’s active, they step in with appropriate restoration materials and precise techniques. In this process, AI performs 35 essential function, processing tens of thousands of high-definition photos 36 (detect) and examine deterioration in the murals. This allows early identification of potential risks and 37 (time) intervention before further damage occurs. The repair process of a flying ribbon from an artwork, recalled by Wang Wanfu, Dunhuang Academy conservation research director, as an example, 38 (review) at the time under the guidance of archaeologists, art historians, and mural painting restorers to ensure the best possible outcome. Wang said 39 matters most is that AI applications must be grounded in historical accuracy, with analysis 40 (base) on images of the murals. It is remarkable to bring cultural relics 41 life with technology. The Dunhuang Academy has developed core technologies for the conservation of ancient murals, sculptures and temples, which have been applied in many cultural heritage sites across China. 【答案】 32．efficiency 33．monitoring 34．or 35．an 36．to detect 37．timely 38．was reviewed 39．what 40．based 41．to 【解析】主要介绍人工智能在敦煌壁画修复中的应用，讲述AI如何助力壁画病害检测，以及科技在文物保护中的价值。 32．考查名词。句意：在敦煌壁画的修复过程中，人工智能凭借其高精度与强大算力，提升效率并及早检测损坏情况。此处作动词improves的宾语，需要使用名词，形容词efficient的名词形式为efficiency。 33．考查非谓语动词。句意：专家称，保护敦煌壁画的第一步涉及监测环境，包括温度、湿度等关键指标。此处为固定搭配involve doing sth.，意为“涉及做某事”，所以用动名词monitoring。 34．考查连词。句意：关键问题是退化是处于活跃状态还是稳定状态。此处为固定搭配whether...or...，意为“是……还是……”，用于选择疑问句，所以此处为连词or。 35．考查冠词。句意：在这一过程中，人工智能发挥一项至关重要的作用，处理数万张高清照片来检测和检查壁画的退化情况。function为可数名词单数，空前无限定词，所以此处使用冠词，结合句意，此处表示“一项至关重要的作用”，为泛指意义，且essential是以元音音素开头的单词，所以用不定冠词an。 36．考查非谓语动词。句意：在这一过程中，人工智能发挥一项至关重要的作用，处理数万张高清照片来检测和检查壁画的退化情况。此处为非谓语动词作状语，表示处理高清照片的目的，所以用动词不定式形式to detect作目的状语。 37．考查形容词。句意：这使得人们能够及早识别潜在风险，并在进一步损坏发生前进行及时干预。此处修饰名词intervention，需要使用形容词，名词time的形容词形式为timely。 38．考查动词语态。句意：敦煌研究院保护研究部主任王万福回忆，一件艺术品中飞天飘带的修复案例，当时在考古学家、艺术史学家和壁画修复师的指导下被审核，以确保获得最佳效果。此处为谓语动词，主语the repair process与review之间是被动关系，结合时间状语at the time可知动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为单数，所以谓语动词为was reviewed。 39．考查宾语从句。句意：王万福说最重要的是人工智能应用必须立足于历史准确性，分析基于壁画图像。此处连接词引导宾语从句内的主语从句，从句缺少主语，指代事物，所以用连接词what。 40．考查非谓语动词。句意：王万福说最重要的是人工智能应用必须立足于历史准确性，分析基于壁画图像。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，base与analysis之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词based。 41．考查介词。句意：用科技让文物重焕生机，这十分了不起。此处为固定搭配bring...to life，意为“使……苏醒，使……焕发生机”，所以此处为介词to。 四、应用文写作 42．假定你是李华，三年前你们班同学与外教Mr. Rowan在校园共植一棵“成长树”。近日他来信询问树木近况，请给他回信，内容包括： 1. 树木现状； 2. 种树回忆。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Rowan, Glad to receive your letter! _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】 Dear Mr. Rowan, Glad to receive your letter! I’m excited to share that our “growth tree” is thriving. Over the past three years, it has grown into a strong young tree with fresh green leaves. It stands proudly in the center of the campus, bringing life to the whole area. Every time I pass by, I am reminded of the beautiful spring day when we planted it together. Just as you said, its deep roots sprang from care; likewise, your encouragement has taken root in our hearts, helping us stand tall through every challenge. I sincerely hope you can visit our campus again to witness its beauty. Yours, Li Hua 【解析】本篇书面表达要求考生以李华的身份给外教Mr. Rowan回信，回应其询问，介绍三年前共同栽种的“成长树”的现状，并回忆当初一起种树的美好经历。 1. 词汇积累 激动的：excited → thrilled 茁壮成长：thrive → grow vigorously 扎根：take root → get rooted 真诚地：sincerely → genuinely 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Over the past three years, it has grown into a strong young tree with fresh green leaves. 拓展句：Over the past three years, it has grown into a strong young tree that has fresh green leaves. 【高分句型 1】Every time I pass by, I am reminded of the beautiful spring day when we planted it together.（运用了every time引导时间状语从句以及when引导定语从句） 【高分句型 2】Just as you said, its deep roots sprang from care; likewise, your encouragement has taken root in our hearts, helping us stand tall through every challenge.（运用了just as引导方式状语从句以及现在分词短语作状语） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $