Unit 6 Period 1 Starting out & Understanding ideas（分层作业）英语外研版选择性必修第一册

分层作业 Unit 6 Period 1 starting out and understanding ideas 目 录 A组 巩固过关 B组 能力进阶 C组 思维拔高 拓展 链接高考 1、 将下列短语翻译为英文。 1．深度n. ________ 2．自动的adj. ________ 3．客观的 adj. ________ 4．专栏；柱n. ________ 5．效率高的 adj. ________ 6．闲逛；走神v. ________ 7．陪伴；伴奏v. ________ 8．姿势；手势n. ________ 9．预言；预测n. ________ 10．消耗；消费n. ________ 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1．To stop fire or ________ ________ (触电；电击), please do not use a damaged power line. 2．Traditional Chinese paintings charm viewers with ________ (细腻笔触) that depict natural landscapes. 3．My anxiety ______ (驱使某人做) try every means possible to lose weight, including dieting and weight loss pills, but this brought me nothing but pain and poor health. 4．Street music__________(赋予活力) everyone who listens and offers relief from the cares of the day. 5．I’m sorry, my mind ________ (走神). What did you say just now? 三、单句语法填空。 1．To protect the permafrost, bridges (build) over the most delicate areas. 2．A colourful bird (catch) my eye as I walked through the forest. 3．She was the first person (arrive) at the top of the mountain. 4．The railway has brought (convenient) to the people of Tibet. 5．The workers overcame many (difficulty) in building the railway. 6．The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the first railway (connect) Tibet with the rest of China. 7．The railway (complete) in 2006 after years of hard work. 四、根据汉语意思完成句子 1.青藏高原的生态系统非常脆弱。 The ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very ________. 2．请帮我留意一下我的行李。 Please ________ my luggage for me. 3．过多接触辐射对我们的健康有害。 Too much exposure to ________ can be harmful to our health. 4．To travel around the world is ____________________. 周游世界就是为了领略不同的风景，欣赏不同的文化。 5．The sculptures are large but_______________ (有精致的外表). 6．I like to _________ (描述自然的景色) in my spare time by writing poems. 7．________ (漫步在绝美的风景中), we spotted some adorable wildlife that seemed completely at ease, which  ________ (增强了我们对……的渴望) learning about conservation. 五、语法填空 With the song “Sky Railway” 1 (play) in my head, I am travelling along the “impossible” railway across the “roof of the world”. As a worker who worked on the railway, I know clearly that we have overcome lots of 2 (difficulty) because we had to protect the delicate ecosystem all along the way. 3 (protect) the wild animals, we built the splendid Qingshuihe Bridge to allow the animals to move under the bridge 4 (free) and safely in their natural habitat. To prevent damage to wetlands and grasslands, we built 675 bridges between Golmud and Lhasa, 5 measure about 160 kilometres in total. What’s more, to make sure that the workers on the railway stayed 6 (health), several oxygen­making stations 7 (build). In order to protect Cuona Lake 8 construction waste, we used thousands and thousands of sandbags to build a wall along the lake. Thanks to our efforts, all the wild animals and the whole natural ecosystem are well protected along the “Sky Railway”. I am filled with 9 sense of pride and achievement. We 10 (construct) our “Sky Railway”, which was considered to be “impossible” by foreign experts. 6． 阅读理解 A A global climate report reveals that Earth’s climate is severely imbalanced, with 2015 — 2025 confirmed as the hottest 11 years on record. For the first time, the report includes Earth’s energy imbalance as a key indicator. In a stable climate, incoming solar energy is roughly equal to outgoing energy. But high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap energy, preventing it from escaping into space. Instead, it enters the environment, especially the oceans. Only 1% of the extra, trapped energy is stored in the atmosphere, 5% in the land (especially heat islands), and 3% in ice, causing glaciers (冰川) to melt. An amazing 91% is absorbed by the oceans. In 2025, ocean heat content reached a 66-year high, exceeding the 2024 record by about 23 zettajoules, this energy is comparable to that released by thousands of massive volcanic eruptions occurring at the same time throughout the year. And this is just for the top 2,000 meters of the ocean. Although the ocean’s ability to absorb heat and carbon dioxide seems to slow down climate change on land, models show that even if humans stop releasing greenhouse gases, the Southern Ocean will keep releasing heat and drive global warming for at least a century. Hotter oceans also lead to more extreme storms. In 2025, Hurricane Melissa, Tropical Cyclones Senyar and Ditwah, and typhoons in Vietnam and the Philippines occurred. This is detrimental to ocean life and communities relying on marine resources. Marine heat waves can further release greenhouse gases as dead organisms decompose. Besides solar energy, the ocean has absorbed 29% of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions (排放) in the past decade. This makes seawater acidic. It breaks down tiny sea organisms and hurts other sea life that needs to build shells. Human activities, mainly fossil (化石) fuel use and agricultural emissions, have caused rapid and large-scale climate changes in just a few decades. UN Secretary-General António Guterres warns that our addiction to fossil fuels is destabilizing both the climate and global security, emphasizing that delay is deadly. 1．Where does most of the extra trapped energy go? A．It escapes into space through radiation. B．It is absorbed by the oceans worldwide. C．It melts glaciers in polar regions quickly. D．It remains in the atmosphere heating the air. 2．What can we learn about the Southern Ocean? A．It will continue to warm the Earth. B．It has absorbed few greenhouse gases. C．It will stop releasing heat immediately. D．It is severely affected by climate change. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Important. B．Unique. C．Similar. D．Harmful. 4．What can be the best title for this text? A．The History of Fossil Fuel Discovery B．Ocean Heat and Global Climate Crisis C．Benefits of Marine Life Protection Plans D．Methods to Measure Solar Energy Levels B Many respected climate scientists and institutions say removing carbon emissions — not just reducing them — is essential to tackling climate change. And trees remove carbon simply by “breathing.” But analyzing the numbers, researchers found that the trees’ collective ability to remove carbon through photosynthesis (光合作用) can’t stand up to the potential emissions from the world’s largest oil-and-gas companies — there’s inadequate land on Earth to accomplish that. And even if there were, if those 200 companies had to pay for planting all those trees, it would cost $10.8 trillion, more than their entire combined market valuation of $7.01 trillion. The researchers also determined that the companies would be in the red if they were responsible for the social costs of the carbon in their reserves, which scientists compute at around $185 per metric ton of carbon dioxide. “The general public may understand offsetting (抵消) to be a sort of magic eraser, and that’s just not where we are,” said Nina, a research fellow in the study. Carbon offsetting refers to investing in tree planting or other environmental projects to offset carbon emissions. Trees are one of the cheapest ways to do this because they naturally absorb carbon dioxide, a planet-warming gas. Oil-and-gas companies have promoted tree-planting as a key part of carbon offset programs in recent years. To do their calculations, the researchers looked at the 200 largest oil-and-gas companies and calculated how much carbon dioxide would be released if their fuel were burned. The researchers focused only on tree planting because the expense and the investment needed for other forms of carbon capture are still mostly cost-prohibitive. Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. And asking companies to pay for all the emissions their fuel will later create is a chimera. 5．What makes it hard to remove all carbon by planting trees? A．Trees have a long life cycle. B．Photosynthesis works slowly. C．There isn’t enough available land. D．Tree planting takes too much labor. 6．Why does the author list numbers in paragraph 2? A．To prove the loss of the companies. B．To highlight the impact of carbon emissions. C．To provide evidence to support tree-planting. D．To show forest-based carbon offsetting is impractical. 7．What does the underlined word “chimera” in the last paragraph mean? A．Practical idea. B．False hope. C．Brilliant plan. D．Selfish desire. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards carbon offsetting by planting trees? A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 七、七选五 As cities continue to grow, finding enough space to grow food becomes an increasing challenge. Traditional farming requires large areas of land, which are limited in urban environments. 1 This approach involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers (垂直叠层), often integrated into buildings like high-rises and industrial buildings. The benefits of vertical farming are numerous. First, it dramatically reduces the distance food needs to travel from farm to table. 2 Such localization guarantees fresher produce while cutting down on transportation-related pollution. Additionally, vertical farms use up to 95% less water than traditional agriculture because water is recycled within the system. 3 Since crops are grown indoors in controlled environments, there is no need for chemical pesticides (杀虫剂). This results in cleaner, healthier food and protects the surrounding ecosystem from harmful runoff. However, vertical farming also faces significant challenges. The initial cost of setting up a vertical farm is high, requiring investment in specialized lighting, climate control systems, and building modifications (改造). 4 For example, leafy greens and herbs grow well indoors, but it remains difficult to profitably grow crops like wheat or rice. Despite these challenges, many experts believe vertical farming will play an increasingly important role in our future food system. As technology continues to improve and costs gradually decrease, these urban farms are expected to become more common in cities around the world. 5 A．This method also has environmental advantages. B．After all, not all crops are suitable for this method. C．In some cities, residents have started rooftop gardens. D．Fortunately, an innovative farming method is emerging. E．Moreover, the range of crops that can be grown is currently limited. F．Imagine getting your salad from a farm just a few blocks from your home. G．In this way, we can create more sustainable cities for generations to come. A （2026·北京·高考真题）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 1．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 3．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. B （2026·全国一卷·高考真题）In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. “But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse.” The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 4．What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A．They affect the growth of other trees. B．They absorb less carbon than expected. C．They harm people’s health indirectly. D．They raise the local temperature slowly. 5．Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A．Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B．Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C．Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D．Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 6．What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Honest about. B．Unaware of. C．Related to. D．Optimistic about. 7．What would Auyeung probably advocate? A．Reducing car use in daily life. B．Providing animals with new habitats. C．Controlling population growth. D．Doing more research on the problem. 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 分层作业 Unit 6 Period 1 starting out and understanding ideas 目 录 A组 巩固过关 B组 能力进阶 C组 思维拔高 拓展 链接高考 1、 将下列短语翻译为英文。 【答案】 1．depth 2．automatic 3．objective 4．column 5．efficient 6．wander 7．accompany 8．gesture 9．prediction 10．consumption 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 【答案】 1．electric shock 2．delicate brushstrokes 3．drove me to 4．gives life to 5．was wandering 三、单句语法填空。 答案：1．are built 2．caught 3．to arrive 4．convenience 5．D ifficulties 6．to connect 7．was completed 四、根据汉语意思完成句子 【答案】 1．delicate 2．keep an eye on 3．radiation 4．to enjoy different scenery and appreciate different cultures 5．have a delicate appearance 6．describe the scenery of nature 7.Wandering through the superb landscape increased our appetite for 五、语法填空 【答案】 1．playing 2．difficulties 3．To protect 4．freely 5．which 6．healthy 7．were built 8．from/against 9．a 10．constructed 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了修建“不可能的”铁路的过程中，工人们为保护野生动物和自然生态系统做出的努力。 【详解】1．考查非谓语动词。句意：随着“天路”这首歌在我的脑海中演奏起，我正沿着“不可能”的铁路穿越“世界屋脊”。分析句子结构可知，空处作非谓语动词，play与逻辑主语the song “Sky Railway”之间是主动关系，空处应用现在分词形式playing作宾语补足语，符合题意。故填playing。 2．考查名词。句意：作为一名在铁路上工作的工人，我清楚地知道，我们克服了很多困难，因为我们必须一路保护脆弱的生态系统。结合语意可知，句中difficulty表示“困难”，是可数名词，空前由a lot of修饰，所以空处应用名词的复数形式difficulties。故填difficulties。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了保护野生动物，我们修建了壮观的清水河大桥，让野生动物可以在它们的自然栖息地自由、安全地在桥下活动。结合语意可知，修建清水河大桥，是为了保护野生动物，所以空处应用动词不定式形式作目的状语，to置于句首，首字母大写。故填To protect。 4．考查副词。句意：为了保护野生动物，我们修建了壮观的清水河大桥，让野生动物可以在它们的自然栖息地自由、安全地在桥下活动。空处与safely并列，修饰动词move，应用副词形式作状语，freely是副词，表示“自由地”，符合题意。故填freely。 5．考查定语从句。句意：为了防止对湿地和草原的破坏，我们在格尔木和拉萨之间修建了675座桥梁，总长约160千米。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词675 bridges，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 6．考查形容词。句意：此外，为了确保铁路上的工人保持健康，几个制氧站被建造。stay healthy为固定搭配，表示“保持健康”，符合题意，所以空处应用形容词healthy。故填healthy。 7．考查时态和语态。句意：此外，为了确保铁路上的工人保持健康，几个制氧站被建造。根据句中stayed可知，句子使用一般过去时，build与主语several oxygen­making stations之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语several oxygen­making stations是复数，be动词应用were。故填were built。 8．考查介词。句意：为了保护措那湖免受建筑垃圾的影响，我们使用了成千上万的沙袋在湖边建造了一堵墙。protect …from/against…为固定搭配，表示“保护……使免受伤害”，符合题意，所以空处应用介词from/against。故填from/against。 9．考查冠词。句意：我充满了自豪感和成就感。a sense of pride表示“自豪感”，其中sense是辅音音素开头的单词，前边应用不定冠词a。故填a。 10．考查时态。句意：我们建造了“天路”，这被外国专家认为是“不可能的”。根据句中was considered可知，句子使用一般过去时，动词应用过去式形式constructed。故填constructed。 6． 阅读理解 【答案】A 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文介绍了全球气候失衡现状，重点讲解海洋吸收大量多余热量带来的各类负面影响，以及人类活动对气候造成的破坏。 【详解】1．细节理解题。 根据第三段中的“An amazing 91% is absorbed by the oceans.(惊人的91%被海洋吸收了。)”可知，大部分被困住的额外能量都被全球的海洋吸收了。 2．推理判断题。 根据第四段“Although the ocean’s ability to absorb heat and carbon dioxide seems to slow down climate change on land, models show that even if humans stop releasing greenhouse gases, the Southern Ocean will keep releasing heat and drive global warming for at least a century.(尽管海洋吸收热量和二氧化碳的能力似乎减缓了陆地上的气候变化，但模型显示，即便人类停止排放温室气体，南大洋仍将持续释放热量，并在至少一百年的时间里推动全球变暖。)”可知，南大洋将继续释放热量，从而持续给地球增温。 3．词句猜测题。 根据第五段中的“Hotter oceans also lead to more extreme storms.(海洋温度升高也会导致更多极端风暴。)”以及“Marine heat waves can further release greenhouse gases as dead organisms decompose.(随着死亡生物的分解，海洋热浪会进一步释放温室气体。)”可知，海洋升温带来的极端天气和热浪对海洋生物和依赖海洋资源的社区造成了负面影响。“detrimental”意为“有害的”，与“Harmful”意思相近。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕全球气候报告展开，核心内容是海洋吸收了绝大部分多余能量、海洋热量驱动全球变暖和极端天气、海洋酸化等，主题是海洋热量与全球气候危机。B选项“Ocean Heat and Global Climate Crisis(海洋热量与全球气候危机)”最能概括全文主旨。 B 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C 【导语】文章主要讲述植树无法完全抵消油气企业碳排放，从土地、资金角度分析原因，并客观评价植树碳抵消方案。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But analyzing the numbers, researchers found that the trees’ collective ability to remove carbon through photosynthesis (光合作用) can’t stand up to the potential emissions from the world’s largest oil-and-gas companies — there’s inadequate land on Earth to accomplish that. (但研究人员在分析数据后发现，树木通过光合作用的整体固碳能力无法抵消全球最大的油气企业潜在的碳排放量——地球上没有足够的土地来实现这一目标。)”可知，难以依靠植树消除全部碳排放的原因是没有足够可用土地。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“And even if there were, if those 200 companies had to pay for planting all those trees, it would cost $10.8 trillion, more than their entire combined market valuation of $7.01 trillion.(即便有足够土地，如果这200家企业必须出钱栽种所有这些树木，成本将达到10.8万亿美元，超过它们合计7.01万亿美元的总市值。)”可知，作者列举一系列数字，用数据证明依靠森林进行碳抵消并不具备现实可行性。 7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. And asking companies to pay for all the emissions their fuel will later create is a chimera.(尽管妮娜警示，只关注碳捕获的想法过于简单，她指出如果实施得当，植树同样能够改善粮食安全、维护生物多样性、保护社区免受自然灾害侵害，但该研究有力表明，依靠植树抵消足量碳排放在经济层面并不现实。而要求企业为其燃料后续将要产生的全部碳排放买单，只是一种chimera。)”可知，这件事现实条件下做不到，是不现实的，所以该词含义为“虚幻的希望、空想”。 8．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. (尽管妮娜警示，只关注碳捕获的想法过于简单，她指出如果实施得当，植树同样能够改善粮食安全、维护生物多样性、保护社区免受自然灾害侵害，但该研究有力表明，依靠植树抵消足量碳排放在经济层面并不现实。)”可知，作者认为植树碳抵消存在现实阻碍，对此持怀疑态度。 七、七选五 【答案】1．D 2．F 3．A 4．E 5．G 【导语】文章主要介绍了垂直农业这一新兴的城市农业模式，包括其产生背景、优势、面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景。 【详解】1．根据前文“Traditional farming requires large areas of land, which are limited in urban environments. (传统农业需要大面积的耕地，而城市环境中的土地资源有限。)”可知，传统农业在城市中面临土地不足的问题。D选项“Fortunately, an innovative farming method is emerging! (幸运的是，一种创新的农业方式正在出现！)”承接前文，表明一种新的农业方式出现了，接下来后文“This approach involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often integrated into buildings like high-rises and industrial buildings. (这种种植方式是在垂直堆叠的多层空间里种植农作物，通常还会和高层楼宇、工业建筑等建筑融为一体。)”进一步介绍了这种新的农业方法，且E选项中的“an innovative farming method”与后文的“This approach”形成指代关系，引出后文对垂直农业的具体介绍。 2．根据前文“First, it dramatically reduces the distance food needs to travel from farm to table. (首先，它极大地缩短了食物从农场到餐桌所需的运输距离。)”可知，垂直农业的第一个优势是缩短运输距离。F选项“Imagine getting your salad from a farm just a few blocks from your home. (想象一下，你的沙拉来自离家仅几个街区的农场。)”通过具体的生活场景形象地说明了食物产地离消费者很近，正是对前文“缩短运输距离”这一优势的例证。同时后文“Such localization guarantees fresher produce while cutting down on transportation-related pollution. (这种本地化保证了农产品更新鲜，同时减少了与运输相关的污染。)”中的“Such localization”也回指了F选项中描述的“离家几个街区”的情景。 3．空处应为本段主题句。前文“Additionally, vertical farms use up to 95% less water than traditional agriculture because water is recycled within the system. (此外，垂直农场的用水量比传统农业少95%，因为水在系统内是循环利用的。)”已经提到了节水的优势。后文“Since crops are grown indoors in controlled environments, there is no need for chemical pesticides. (由于作物在受控的室内环境中生长，不需要使用化学杀虫剂。)”介绍垂直农业在环保方面的好处。A选项“This method also has environmental advantages. (这种方法还具有环保优势。)”中的“also”表明在前文节水优势基础上的补充，“environmental advantages”则准确概括后文所述的无农药、保护生态系统等内容，起到段落主题句的作用。 4．前文“The initial cost of setting up a vertical farm is high, requiring investment in specialized lighting, climate control systems, and building modifications (改造). (建设垂直农场的初期成本较高，需要投入资金购置专业照明设备、气候控制系统，并对建筑进行改造。)”表明垂直农业面临的第一个挑战是成本高。E选项“Moreover, the range of crops that can be grown is currently limited. (此外，目前可种植的作物范围是有限的。)”表明除成本高外，还有可种植的作物范围有限的挑战，是对前文的顺承。且后文“For example, leafy greens and herbs grow well indoors, but it remains difficult to profitably grow crops like wheat or rice. (例如，叶菜和香草类植物在室内生长良好，但种植小麦或水稻等作物仍然难以盈利。)”正是对E选项所述内容的举例说明，即E选项起到承上启下的作用。 5．前文“As technology continues to improve and costs gradually decrease, these urban farms are expected to become more common in cities around the world. (随着技术的不断进步和成本的逐渐降低，这些城市农场预计将在世界各地的城市中变得更加普遍。)”阐述了垂直农业未来将更加普及的发展趋势。G选项“In this way, we can create more sustainable cities for generations to come. (通过这种方式，我们可以为子孙后代创建更具可持续性的城市。)”中的“In this way”回指前文所述垂直农业发展的积极趋势，且该项中的“more sustainable cities”与全文第一句“As cities continue to grow, finding enough space to grow food becomes an increasing challenge. (随着城市不断扩张，寻找足够的粮食种植空间正成为日益严峻的挑战。)”中的“cities continue to grow”形成首尾呼应，并升华主题，适合作为全文的总结性语句。 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍气候变化与生物多样性减少正在改变地球上的自然气味，甚至导致其消失，这种气味景观的改变不仅影响自然环境，还会造成文化、精神层面的损失。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(这种影响不仅限于森林。积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可知，作者在论述完气温对森林气味的影响后，提到积雪是为了进一步证明“气温变化会改变气味”这一观点。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history.(尽管气候变化危及粮食获取等其他珍贵资源，但它同样关乎文化认同、文化存续与历史传承。)”并结合前文自然气味消失的内容可知，地球自然气味的消失也是一种文化损失。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(随着气温升高，人造物质释放出更多的气味分子，而由气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失则威胁着那些为环境增添香气的植物。)”以及第三段中的“Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可推知，森林气味和积雪气味发生改变的根本原因都是气候变暖、气温升高，二者成因一致。 4．C 5．C 6．B 7．A 【导语】本文介绍纽约市大力植树改善城市环境，但研究发现当地主流树种橡树和枫香树会释放异戊二烯，间接加剧臭氧污染、影响空气质量，相关部门也对此问题给出了应对态度与看法。 【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第二段“Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. (橡树和枫香树目前占该市树木的大多数，它们会产生大量名为异戊二烯的化学物质。异戊二烯本身无害，但会迅速与车辆、建筑和工业排放的污染性氮氧化物发生反应，形成地面臭氧——这是许多呼吸问题的主要因素。)”可知，橡树和枫香树释放的化学物质和污染物结合形成地面臭氧，而臭氧是引发多种呼吸疾病的主要因素，由此可知这类树木会间接危害人体健康。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段“if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. (如果该市在新种植的植物中保持以往的物种分布模式，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增加约140%，由此导致的夏季臭氧水平将上升多达30%。)”可知，Commane认为如果继续沿用以往的树种种植模式，未来异戊二烯和臭氧含量会大幅上升，再结合第四段Commane所说“But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse. (但如果我们不够谨慎，可能会使空气质量变得更差。)”可推断，她会建议更换新种植树木的品种。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Unaware of”意思一致。 7．推理判断题。根据第五段Auyeung的话“We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle (只要我们反思以汽车为中心的生活方式，就可以随意种植树木)”可推知，她会提倡日常生活中减少汽车使用。 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 分层作业 Unit 6 Period 1 starting out and understanding ideas 目 录 A组 巩固过关 B组 能力进阶 C组 思维拔高 拓展 链接高考 1、 将下列短语翻译为英文。 1．深度n. ________ 2．自动的adj. ________ 3．客观的 adj. ________ 4．专栏；柱n. ________ 5．效率高的 adj. ________ 6．闲逛；走神v. ________ 7．陪伴；伴奏v. ________ 8．姿势；手势n. ________ 9．预言；预测n. ________ 10．消耗；消费n. ________ 【答案】 1．depth 2．automatic 3．objective 4．column 5．efficient 6．wander 7．accompany 8．gesture 9．prediction 10．consumption 二、根据句意及汉语提示写出单词。 1．To stop fire or ________ ________ (触电；电击), please do not use a damaged power line. 2．Traditional Chinese paintings charm viewers with ________ (细腻笔触) that depict natural landscapes. 3．My anxiety ______ (驱使某人做) try every means possible to lose weight, including dieting and weight loss pills, but this brought me nothing but pain and poor health. 4．Street music__________(赋予活力) everyone who listens and offers relief from the cares of the day. 5．I’m sorry, my mind ________ (走神). What did you say just now? 【答案】 1．electric shock 2．delicate brushstrokes 3．drove me to 4．gives life to 5．was wandering 三、单句语法填空。 1．To protect the permafrost, bridges (build) over the most delicate areas. 2．A colourful bird (catch) my eye as I walked through the forest. 3．She was the first person (arrive) at the top of the mountain. 4．The railway has brought (convenient) to the people of Tibet. 5．The workers overcame many (difficulty) in building the railway. 6．The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the first railway (connect) Tibet with the rest of China. 7．The railway (complete) in 2006 after years of hard work. 答案：1．are built 2．caught 3．to arrive 4．convenience 5．D ifficulties 6．to connect 7．was completed 四、根据汉语意思完成句子 1.青藏高原的生态系统非常脆弱。 The ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is very ________. 2．请帮我留意一下我的行李。 Please ________ my luggage for me. 3．过多接触辐射对我们的健康有害。 Too much exposure to ________ can be harmful to our health. 4．To travel around the world is ____________________. 周游世界就是为了领略不同的风景，欣赏不同的文化。 5．The sculptures are large but_______________ (有精致的外表). 6．I like to _________ (描述自然的景色) in my spare time by writing poems. 7．________ (漫步在绝美的风景中), we spotted some adorable wildlife that seemed completely at ease, which  ________ (增强了我们对……的渴望) learning about conservation. 【答案】 1．delicate 2．keep an eye on 3．radiation 4．to enjoy different scenery and appreciate different cultures 5．have a delicate appearance 6．describe the scenery of nature 7.Wandering through the superb landscape increased our appetite for 五、语法填空 With the song “Sky Railway” 1 (play) in my head, I am travelling along the “impossible” railway across the “roof of the world”. As a worker who worked on the railway, I know clearly that we have overcome lots of 2 (difficulty) because we had to protect the delicate ecosystem all along the way. 3 (protect) the wild animals, we built the splendid Qingshuihe Bridge to allow the animals to move under the bridge 4 (free) and safely in their natural habitat. To prevent damage to wetlands and grasslands, we built 675 bridges between Golmud and Lhasa, 5 measure about 160 kilometres in total. What’s more, to make sure that the workers on the railway stayed 6 (health), several oxygen­making stations 7 (build). In order to protect Cuona Lake 8 construction waste, we used thousands and thousands of sandbags to build a wall along the lake. Thanks to our efforts, all the wild animals and the whole natural ecosystem are well protected along the “Sky Railway”. I am filled with 9 sense of pride and achievement. We 10 (construct) our “Sky Railway”, which was considered to be “impossible” by foreign experts. 【答案】 1．playing 2．difficulties 3．To protect 4．freely 5．which 6．healthy 7．were built 8．from/against 9．a 10．constructed 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了修建“不可能的”铁路的过程中，工人们为保护野生动物和自然生态系统做出的努力。 【详解】1．考查非谓语动词。句意：随着“天路”这首歌在我的脑海中演奏起，我正沿着“不可能”的铁路穿越“世界屋脊”。分析句子结构可知，空处作非谓语动词，play与逻辑主语the song “Sky Railway”之间是主动关系，空处应用现在分词形式playing作宾语补足语，符合题意。故填playing。 2．考查名词。句意：作为一名在铁路上工作的工人，我清楚地知道，我们克服了很多困难，因为我们必须一路保护脆弱的生态系统。结合语意可知，句中difficulty表示“困难”，是可数名词，空前由a lot of修饰，所以空处应用名词的复数形式difficulties。故填difficulties。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了保护野生动物，我们修建了壮观的清水河大桥，让野生动物可以在它们的自然栖息地自由、安全地在桥下活动。结合语意可知，修建清水河大桥，是为了保护野生动物，所以空处应用动词不定式形式作目的状语，to置于句首，首字母大写。故填To protect。 4．考查副词。句意：为了保护野生动物，我们修建了壮观的清水河大桥，让野生动物可以在它们的自然栖息地自由、安全地在桥下活动。空处与safely并列，修饰动词move，应用副词形式作状语，freely是副词，表示“自由地”，符合题意。故填freely。 5．考查定语从句。句意：为了防止对湿地和草原的破坏，我们在格尔木和拉萨之间修建了675座桥梁，总长约160千米。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词675 bridges，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故填which。 6．考查形容词。句意：此外，为了确保铁路上的工人保持健康，几个制氧站被建造。stay healthy为固定搭配，表示“保持健康”，符合题意，所以空处应用形容词healthy。故填healthy。 7．考查时态和语态。句意：此外，为了确保铁路上的工人保持健康，几个制氧站被建造。根据句中stayed可知，句子使用一般过去时，build与主语several oxygen­making stations之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语several oxygen­making stations是复数，be动词应用were。故填were built。 8．考查介词。句意：为了保护措那湖免受建筑垃圾的影响，我们使用了成千上万的沙袋在湖边建造了一堵墙。protect …from/against…为固定搭配，表示“保护……使免受伤害”，符合题意，所以空处应用介词from/against。故填from/against。 9．考查冠词。句意：我充满了自豪感和成就感。a sense of pride表示“自豪感”，其中sense是辅音音素开头的单词，前边应用不定冠词a。故填a。 10．考查时态。句意：我们建造了“天路”，这被外国专家认为是“不可能的”。根据句中was considered可知，句子使用一般过去时，动词应用过去式形式constructed。故填constructed。 6． 阅读理解 A A global climate report reveals that Earth’s climate is severely imbalanced, with 2015 — 2025 confirmed as the hottest 11 years on record. For the first time, the report includes Earth’s energy imbalance as a key indicator. In a stable climate, incoming solar energy is roughly equal to outgoing energy. But high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap energy, preventing it from escaping into space. Instead, it enters the environment, especially the oceans. Only 1% of the extra, trapped energy is stored in the atmosphere, 5% in the land (especially heat islands), and 3% in ice, causing glaciers (冰川) to melt. An amazing 91% is absorbed by the oceans. In 2025, ocean heat content reached a 66-year high, exceeding the 2024 record by about 23 zettajoules, this energy is comparable to that released by thousands of massive volcanic eruptions occurring at the same time throughout the year. And this is just for the top 2,000 meters of the ocean. Although the ocean’s ability to absorb heat and carbon dioxide seems to slow down climate change on land, models show that even if humans stop releasing greenhouse gases, the Southern Ocean will keep releasing heat and drive global warming for at least a century. Hotter oceans also lead to more extreme storms. In 2025, Hurricane Melissa, Tropical Cyclones Senyar and Ditwah, and typhoons in Vietnam and the Philippines occurred. This is detrimental to ocean life and communities relying on marine resources. Marine heat waves can further release greenhouse gases as dead organisms decompose. Besides solar energy, the ocean has absorbed 29% of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions (排放) in the past decade. This makes seawater acidic. It breaks down tiny sea organisms and hurts other sea life that needs to build shells. Human activities, mainly fossil (化石) fuel use and agricultural emissions, have caused rapid and large-scale climate changes in just a few decades. UN Secretary-General António Guterres warns that our addiction to fossil fuels is destabilizing both the climate and global security, emphasizing that delay is deadly. 1．Where does most of the extra trapped energy go? A．It escapes into space through radiation. B．It is absorbed by the oceans worldwide. C．It melts glaciers in polar regions quickly. D．It remains in the atmosphere heating the air. 2．What can we learn about the Southern Ocean? A．It will continue to warm the Earth. B．It has absorbed few greenhouse gases. C．It will stop releasing heat immediately. D．It is severely affected by climate change. 3．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Important. B．Unique. C．Similar. D．Harmful. 4．What can be the best title for this text? A．The History of Fossil Fuel Discovery B．Ocean Heat and Global Climate Crisis C．Benefits of Marine Life Protection Plans D．Methods to Measure Solar Energy Levels B Many respected climate scientists and institutions say removing carbon emissions — not just reducing them — is essential to tackling climate change. And trees remove carbon simply by “breathing.” But analyzing the numbers, researchers found that the trees’ collective ability to remove carbon through photosynthesis (光合作用) can’t stand up to the potential emissions from the world’s largest oil-and-gas companies — there’s inadequate land on Earth to accomplish that. And even if there were, if those 200 companies had to pay for planting all those trees, it would cost $10.8 trillion, more than their entire combined market valuation of $7.01 trillion. The researchers also determined that the companies would be in the red if they were responsible for the social costs of the carbon in their reserves, which scientists compute at around $185 per metric ton of carbon dioxide. “The general public may understand offsetting (抵消) to be a sort of magic eraser, and that’s just not where we are,” said Nina, a research fellow in the study. Carbon offsetting refers to investing in tree planting or other environmental projects to offset carbon emissions. Trees are one of the cheapest ways to do this because they naturally absorb carbon dioxide, a planet-warming gas. Oil-and-gas companies have promoted tree-planting as a key part of carbon offset programs in recent years. To do their calculations, the researchers looked at the 200 largest oil-and-gas companies and calculated how much carbon dioxide would be released if their fuel were burned. The researchers focused only on tree planting because the expense and the investment needed for other forms of carbon capture are still mostly cost-prohibitive. Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. And asking companies to pay for all the emissions their fuel will later create is a chimera. 5．What makes it hard to remove all carbon by planting trees? A．Trees have a long life cycle. B．Photosynthesis works slowly. C．There isn’t enough available land. D．Tree planting takes too much labor. 6．Why does the author list numbers in paragraph 2? A．To prove the loss of the companies. B．To highlight the impact of carbon emissions. C．To provide evidence to support tree-planting. D．To show forest-based carbon offsetting is impractical. 7．What does the underlined word “chimera” in the last paragraph mean? A．Practical idea. B．False hope. C．Brilliant plan. D．Selfish desire. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards carbon offsetting by planting trees? A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear. 【答案】A 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文介绍了全球气候失衡现状，重点讲解海洋吸收大量多余热量带来的各类负面影响，以及人类活动对气候造成的破坏。 【详解】1．细节理解题。 根据第三段中的“An amazing 91% is absorbed by the oceans.(惊人的91%被海洋吸收了。)”可知，大部分被困住的额外能量都被全球的海洋吸收了。 2．推理判断题。 根据第四段“Although the ocean’s ability to absorb heat and carbon dioxide seems to slow down climate change on land, models show that even if humans stop releasing greenhouse gases, the Southern Ocean will keep releasing heat and drive global warming for at least a century.(尽管海洋吸收热量和二氧化碳的能力似乎减缓了陆地上的气候变化，但模型显示，即便人类停止排放温室气体，南大洋仍将持续释放热量，并在至少一百年的时间里推动全球变暖。)”可知，南大洋将继续释放热量，从而持续给地球增温。 3．词句猜测题。 根据第五段中的“Hotter oceans also lead to more extreme storms.(海洋温度升高也会导致更多极端风暴。)”以及“Marine heat waves can further release greenhouse gases as dead organisms decompose.(随着死亡生物的分解，海洋热浪会进一步释放温室气体。)”可知，海洋升温带来的极端天气和热浪对海洋生物和依赖海洋资源的社区造成了负面影响。“detrimental”意为“有害的”，与“Harmful”意思相近。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕全球气候报告展开，核心内容是海洋吸收了绝大部分多余能量、海洋热量驱动全球变暖和极端天气、海洋酸化等，主题是海洋热量与全球气候危机。B选项“Ocean Heat and Global Climate Crisis(海洋热量与全球气候危机)”最能概括全文主旨。 B 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．C 【导语】文章主要讲述植树无法完全抵消油气企业碳排放，从土地、资金角度分析原因，并客观评价植树碳抵消方案。 【详解】5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“But analyzing the numbers, researchers found that the trees’ collective ability to remove carbon through photosynthesis (光合作用) can’t stand up to the potential emissions from the world’s largest oil-and-gas companies — there’s inadequate land on Earth to accomplish that. (但研究人员在分析数据后发现，树木通过光合作用的整体固碳能力无法抵消全球最大的油气企业潜在的碳排放量——地球上没有足够的土地来实现这一目标。)”可知，难以依靠植树消除全部碳排放的原因是没有足够可用土地。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“And even if there were, if those 200 companies had to pay for planting all those trees, it would cost $10.8 trillion, more than their entire combined market valuation of $7.01 trillion.(即便有足够土地，如果这200家企业必须出钱栽种所有这些树木，成本将达到10.8万亿美元，超过它们合计7.01万亿美元的总市值。)”可知，作者列举一系列数字，用数据证明依靠森林进行碳抵消并不具备现实可行性。 7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. And asking companies to pay for all the emissions their fuel will later create is a chimera.(尽管妮娜警示，只关注碳捕获的想法过于简单，她指出如果实施得当，植树同样能够改善粮食安全、维护生物多样性、保护社区免受自然灾害侵害，但该研究有力表明，依靠植树抵消足量碳排放在经济层面并不现实。而要求企业为其燃料后续将要产生的全部碳排放买单，只是一种chimera。)”可知，这件事现实条件下做不到，是不现实的，所以该词含义为“虚幻的希望、空想”。 8．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“Although Nina warned that focusing only on carbon capture is too simple, pointing out that if done properly, planting trees can also improve food security, support biodiversity, and protect communities from natural disasters, the research effectively makes the point that it’s financially impossible to offset enough carbon by planting trees. (尽管妮娜警示，只关注碳捕获的想法过于简单，她指出如果实施得当，植树同样能够改善粮食安全、维护生物多样性、保护社区免受自然灾害侵害，但该研究有力表明，依靠植树抵消足量碳排放在经济层面并不现实。)”可知，作者认为植树碳抵消存在现实阻碍，对此持怀疑态度。 七、七选五 As cities continue to grow, finding enough space to grow food becomes an increasing challenge. Traditional farming requires large areas of land, which are limited in urban environments. 1 This approach involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers (垂直叠层), often integrated into buildings like high-rises and industrial buildings. The benefits of vertical farming are numerous. First, it dramatically reduces the distance food needs to travel from farm to table. 2 Such localization guarantees fresher produce while cutting down on transportation-related pollution. Additionally, vertical farms use up to 95% less water than traditional agriculture because water is recycled within the system. 3 Since crops are grown indoors in controlled environments, there is no need for chemical pesticides (杀虫剂). This results in cleaner, healthier food and protects the surrounding ecosystem from harmful runoff. However, vertical farming also faces significant challenges. The initial cost of setting up a vertical farm is high, requiring investment in specialized lighting, climate control systems, and building modifications (改造). 4 For example, leafy greens and herbs grow well indoors, but it remains difficult to profitably grow crops like wheat or rice. Despite these challenges, many experts believe vertical farming will play an increasingly important role in our future food system. As technology continues to improve and costs gradually decrease, these urban farms are expected to become more common in cities around the world. 5 A．This method also has environmental advantages. B．After all, not all crops are suitable for this method. C．In some cities, residents have started rooftop gardens. D．Fortunately, an innovative farming method is emerging. E．Moreover, the range of crops that can be grown is currently limited. F．Imagine getting your salad from a farm just a few blocks from your home. G．In this way, we can create more sustainable cities for generations to come. 【答案】1．D 2．F 3．A 4．E 5．G 【导语】文章主要介绍了垂直农业这一新兴的城市农业模式，包括其产生背景、优势、面临的挑战以及未来的发展前景。 【详解】1．根据前文“Traditional farming requires large areas of land, which are limited in urban environments. (传统农业需要大面积的耕地，而城市环境中的土地资源有限。)”可知，传统农业在城市中面临土地不足的问题。D选项“Fortunately, an innovative farming method is emerging! (幸运的是，一种创新的农业方式正在出现！)”承接前文，表明一种新的农业方式出现了，接下来后文“This approach involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often integrated into buildings like high-rises and industrial buildings. (这种种植方式是在垂直堆叠的多层空间里种植农作物，通常还会和高层楼宇、工业建筑等建筑融为一体。)”进一步介绍了这种新的农业方法，且E选项中的“an innovative farming method”与后文的“This approach”形成指代关系，引出后文对垂直农业的具体介绍。 2．根据前文“First, it dramatically reduces the distance food needs to travel from farm to table. (首先，它极大地缩短了食物从农场到餐桌所需的运输距离。)”可知，垂直农业的第一个优势是缩短运输距离。F选项“Imagine getting your salad from a farm just a few blocks from your home. (想象一下，你的沙拉来自离家仅几个街区的农场。)”通过具体的生活场景形象地说明了食物产地离消费者很近，正是对前文“缩短运输距离”这一优势的例证。同时后文“Such localization guarantees fresher produce while cutting down on transportation-related pollution. (这种本地化保证了农产品更新鲜，同时减少了与运输相关的污染。)”中的“Such localization”也回指了F选项中描述的“离家几个街区”的情景。 3．空处应为本段主题句。前文“Additionally, vertical farms use up to 95% less water than traditional agriculture because water is recycled within the system. (此外，垂直农场的用水量比传统农业少95%，因为水在系统内是循环利用的。)”已经提到了节水的优势。后文“Since crops are grown indoors in controlled environments, there is no need for chemical pesticides. (由于作物在受控的室内环境中生长，不需要使用化学杀虫剂。)”介绍垂直农业在环保方面的好处。A选项“This method also has environmental advantages. (这种方法还具有环保优势。)”中的“also”表明在前文节水优势基础上的补充，“environmental advantages”则准确概括后文所述的无农药、保护生态系统等内容，起到段落主题句的作用。 4．前文“The initial cost of setting up a vertical farm is high, requiring investment in specialized lighting, climate control systems, and building modifications (改造). (建设垂直农场的初期成本较高，需要投入资金购置专业照明设备、气候控制系统，并对建筑进行改造。)”表明垂直农业面临的第一个挑战是成本高。E选项“Moreover, the range of crops that can be grown is currently limited. (此外，目前可种植的作物范围是有限的。)”表明除成本高外，还有可种植的作物范围有限的挑战，是对前文的顺承。且后文“For example, leafy greens and herbs grow well indoors, but it remains difficult to profitably grow crops like wheat or rice. (例如，叶菜和香草类植物在室内生长良好，但种植小麦或水稻等作物仍然难以盈利。)”正是对E选项所述内容的举例说明，即E选项起到承上启下的作用。 5．前文“As technology continues to improve and costs gradually decrease, these urban farms are expected to become more common in cities around the world. (随着技术的不断进步和成本的逐渐降低，这些城市农场预计将在世界各地的城市中变得更加普遍。)”阐述了垂直农业未来将更加普及的发展趋势。G选项“In this way, we can create more sustainable cities for generations to come. (通过这种方式，我们可以为子孙后代创建更具可持续性的城市。)”中的“In this way”回指前文所述垂直农业发展的积极趋势，且该项中的“more sustainable cities”与全文第一句“As cities continue to grow, finding enough space to grow food becomes an increasing challenge. (随着城市不断扩张，寻找足够的粮食种植空间正成为日益严峻的挑战。)”中的“cities continue to grow”形成首尾呼应，并升华主题，适合作为全文的总结性语句。 A （2026·北京·高考真题）Smells are all around us. What we know as a scent (气味) is a collection of natural or artificial airborne chemicals released from objects. But smell is often overlooked and undervalued. So, as climate change and biodiversity loss threaten natural scents, many people may not even notice. Whether or not we pay attention to the world’s “scentscape”, heat and pollution are causing it to shift. As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment. “If you go to a forest, you have a given environment and temperature. If that temperature goes a little bit high, the profile of the chemical components in the air changes,” since temperature can affect the amount of smell-carrying gas particles (粒子) released from substances, explains John Smith, a chemical engineer. “And therefore, the perception of how the forest smells changes.” That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent. Warmer conditions can intensify smells, leading the snow to smell more unpleasant and potentially gather more pollutants. Climate change is also quickening the loss of biodiversity, threatening to erase certain smells entirely. When plants disappear, their scents become more difficult to produce. Some scents are linked to cultural heritage. A recent study reported that native communities in Peru noticed a change in the smell of the Amazon River due to industrial pollution. Over generations, communities became desensitised to increasingly smelly rivers, a sign of broader ecosystem degradation. At the same time, in some Amazonian belief systems, declining water quality and the unpleasant smells will lead to the dispersal (消散) of the river’s spiritual beings. The damage to the scentscape could result in harm to both health and spiritual practice. Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. If we don’t look at it, we lose all the richness behind it. 1．The author mentions snow in order to _____________. A．illustrate a point B．contrast approaches C．classify objects D．define a concept 2．What can we learn from this passage? A．Biodiversity tends to be overlooked. B．Snow is intensified by a warming climate. C．Forest smell is likely to be changed by perception. D．Disappearance of the Earth’s smells can be a cultural loss. 3．What is implied in this passage? A．Loss of smells can lead to natural disasters. B．Damages of scentscapes can be artificially repaired. C．Scents of the missing plants are preserved in the atmosphere. D．Smell changes of forest and snow share a common underlying cause. B （2026·全国一卷·高考真题）In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces, New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year. They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. Something could go wrong, though, according to a new study. Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. The research, carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. “We’re all for planting more trees. They bring so many good things,” said study coauthor Róisín Commane. “But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse.” The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue. A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. “We didn’t make a big deal of that,” said Novem Auyeung, a Parks Department senior scientist. She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy. “We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle,” she said. “We’re not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,” and neither will the department completely stop planting new ones, said Auyeung. “You have to think about what you would lose if you do that.” Oaks are keystone species, she pointed out, providing food and habitat for native insects, birds and other animals. 4．What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A．They affect the growth of other trees. B．They absorb less carbon than expected. C．They harm people’s health indirectly. D．They raise the local temperature slowly. 5．Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A．Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B．Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C．Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D．Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 6．What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Honest about. B．Unaware of. C．Related to. D．Optimistic about. 7．What would Auyeung probably advocate? A．Reducing car use in daily life. B．Providing animals with new habitats. C．Controlling population growth. D．Doing more research on the problem. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 【导语】本文主要介绍气候变化与生物多样性减少正在改变地球上的自然气味，甚至导致其消失，这种气味景观的改变不仅影响自然环境，还会造成文化、精神层面的损失。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“That effect extends beyond forests. Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(这种影响不仅限于森林。积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可知，作者在论述完气温对森林气味的影响后，提到积雪是为了进一步证明“气温变化会改变气味”这一观点。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history.(尽管气候变化危及粮食获取等其他珍贵资源，但它同样关乎文化认同、文化存续与历史传承。)”并结合前文自然气味消失的内容可知，地球自然气味的消失也是一种文化损失。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(随着气温升高，人造物质释放出更多的气味分子，而由气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失则威胁着那些为环境增添香气的植物。)”以及第三段中的“Snow — already threatened by a warming climate — absorbs different chemicals from the atmosphere as temperatures rise, which changes its cold-clean scent.(积雪——已受到气候变暖的威胁——随着气温升高会从大气中吸收不同的化学物质，从而改变其清冷洁净的气味。)”可推知，森林气味和积雪气味发生改变的根本原因都是气候变暖、气温升高，二者成因一致。 4．C 5．C 6．B 7．A 【导语】本文介绍纽约市大力植树改善城市环境，但研究发现当地主流树种橡树和枫香树会释放异戊二烯，间接加剧臭氧污染、影响空气质量，相关部门也对此问题给出了应对态度与看法。 【详解】4．细节理解题。根据第二段“Oaks and sweetgums, which currently account for a majority of the city’s trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene. Harmless by itself, isoprene interacts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles, buildings and industry to form ground-level ozone (臭氧) — a major factor in many breathing problems. (橡树和枫香树目前占该市树木的大多数，它们会产生大量名为异戊二烯的化学物质。异戊二烯本身无害，但会迅速与车辆、建筑和工业排放的污染性氮氧化物发生反应，形成地面臭氧——这是许多呼吸问题的主要因素。)”可知，橡树和枫香树释放的化学物质和污染物结合形成地面臭氧，而臭氧是引发多种呼吸疾病的主要因素，由此可知这类树木会间接危害人体健康。 5．推理判断题。根据第三段“if the city maintains past species patterns in new plantings, isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%. (如果该市在新种植的植物中保持以往的物种分布模式，未来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增加约140%，由此导致的夏季臭氧水平将上升多达30%。)”可知，Commane认为如果继续沿用以往的树种种植模式，未来异戊二烯和臭氧含量会大幅上升，再结合第四段Commane所说“But if we’re not careful, we could make air quality worse. (但如果我们不够谨慎，可能会使空气质量变得更差。)”可推断，她会建议更换新种植树木的品种。 6．词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried out by some of its researchers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene. (几年前，该局的一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Unaware of”意思一致。 7．推理判断题。根据第五段Auyeung的话“We could plant any trees we want to, if we just rethink our car-centric lifestyle (只要我们反思以汽车为中心的生活方式，就可以随意种植树木)”可推知，她会提倡日常生活中减少汽车使用。 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $