专题14 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析（复习讲义）（上海专用）2027年春季高考英语

专题14 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析 内容导航 命题分析与考情透视 1 知识网络梳理 2 核心考点精讲 5 考点一：理解中长难句式主要特征（重点） 4 考点二：阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析（难点） 8 实战演练 34 考试要求 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”。近年来，高考英语阅读理解长难句出现频率较高，且难度呈上升趋势。文章长度增加，复杂句式和生词量增多，对综合阅读能力要求明显提高。 题材与体裁关联：高考英语阅读理解选材以国外原版期刊和网站文章为主，覆盖科技前沿、社会热点、文化对比等题材。体裁上说明文占比超 50%以上，这些体裁往往需要运用长难句来准确表达复杂的信息和逻辑关系，对考生的长句分析能力要求较高。 设题特点：一篇阅读理解中通常会有 5 到 6 个长难句，且命题者常在此设题，部分长难句可能是题眼所在，答案往往通过对长难句的同义替换得出，考查考生对句子结构、语义的理解以及对关键信息的提取能力。 语料外刊化：高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英语阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读水平。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？？？ 命题分析（以C篇为例） 维度 具体分析 语篇特征 上海卷 C 篇多为社科、科普类议论文 / 研究报告，逻辑密度高；长难句密集分布在论点句、研究结论句、转折对比处。句式偏好嵌套从句、插入分隔结构、多层非谓语叠加；句子信息打包量大，抽象名词、熟词僻义多，句子并非单纯加长，而是刻意拆分主干、打乱阅读语序，贴合学术文本表达习惯，适配尖子生的区分选拔功能。 核心考查 重在考查学生剥离修饰、锁定句子主干的句法拆解能力；依托长难句设置细节理解、推理判断、句意猜测、观点态度题。不单纯考语法识记，而是考查句法解码→信息提炼→逻辑推导的阅读能力；能否读懂长难句，往往直接决定对作者核心论点、实验结论的理解正误。 命题特色 ① 题干定位点高度绑定长难句，正确选项多是原句信息的同义转述，不会照搬原句； ② 干扰项常截取长难句里某一处修饰成分、分支从句信息，断章取义，混淆局部信息与主干主旨； ③ 命题偏好选取带有让步、因果、对比逻辑的嵌套长难句，侧重考查句内逻辑关系识别； ④ 长难句一般不单独设语法小题，服务于语篇理解，重在区分能否穿透复杂句式抓取核心语义。 · 考点一：高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 解题策略 方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分 方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词 方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词 方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句 · 长难句表现形式 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分 【01】Many environmental historians challenge the popular assumption that technological innovation alone can reverse ecological decline, arguing that lasting conservation demands collective institutional reforms rather than isolated technical fixes promoted by profit-driven corporations. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：Many environmental historians（主语）+ challenge（谓语）+ the popular assumption（宾语）。 复杂修饰成分： 同位语从句：that technological innovation alone can reverse ecological decline（解释说明 assumption 的内容）。 现在分词伴随状语：arguing that lasting conservation demands collective institutional reforms（表主句主语发出的伴随动作，内嵌宾语从句）。 对比状语：rather than isolated technical fixes（介词短语对比）。 后置定语：promoted by profit-driven corporations（过去分词短语修饰 technical fixes）。 中文翻译： 许多环境史学家对这样一种流行观点提出质疑，即单凭技术创新就能扭转生态衰退；他们认为，可持续的保护需要整体性的制度改革，而非由逐利企业所推崇的孤立技术方案。 【02】The research team warns that policies designed to boost urban biodiversity often overlook the hidden costs imposed on low-income communities, whose green spaces are frequently cleared to build luxury parks accessible only to residents with sufficient financial resources. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾，内嵌宾语从句）：The research team（主语）+ warns（谓语）+ that…（宾语从句）。 复杂修饰成分： 后置定语 1：designed to boost urban biodiversity（过去分词短语修饰 policies）。 后置定语 2：imposed on low-income communities（过去分词短语修饰 hidden costs）。 非限制性定语从句：whose green spaces are frequently cleared to build luxury parks（修饰 low-income communities）。 后置定语 3：accessible only to residents with sufficient financial resources（形容词短语修饰 luxury parks）。 中文翻译： 该研究团队警示，旨在提升城市生物多样性的政策，常常忽视施加在低收入社区身上的隐性代价：这些社区的绿地时常被清拆，用以建造仅供经济宽裕居民享用的高端公园。 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔 【01】Cognitive flexibility, or the ability to switch seamlessly between competing thought frameworks when facing ambiguous information, is widely regarded as a core predictor of adaptive performance in fast-changing professional settings. 结构分析： 核心成分（主系表）：Cognitive flexibility（主语）+ is widely regarded as（系表结构）+ a core predictor（表语）。 插入语（分隔主谓）：or the ability to switch seamlessly between competing thought frameworks when facing ambiguous information（同位语插入，解释 cognitive flexibility，打断主语与系动词）；插入语内嵌不定式后置定语 + 时间状语。 后置定语：of adaptive performance in fast-changing professional settings（修饰 predictor）。 中文翻译： 认知灵活性，即在面对模糊信息时，能够在相互冲突的思维框架之间流畅切换的能力，被普遍认为是人在快速变化的职业环境中适应表现的一项核心预判指标。 【02】Many veteran sociologists, however, argue that the so-called meritocracy, far from rewarding pure talent and consistent hard work, often reproduces existing social inequalities by favouring those with inherited cultural capital. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾，内嵌宾语从句）：Many veteran sociologists（主语）+ argue（谓语）+ that…（宾语从句）。 第一层插入语：however（转折副词插入，分隔主句主谓）。 第二层插入语（宾语从句内部，分隔从句主谓）：far from rewarding pure talent and consistent hard work（介词短语插入，打断从句主语 the so-called meritocracy 和从句谓语 reproduces）。 方式状语：by favouring those with inherited cultural capital（说明不平等复刻的途径；with… 后置定语修饰 those）。 中文翻译： 然而，许多资深社会学家提出，所谓的精英管理制度，远非奖励纯粹的天赋与持续的努力，反而会通过优待拥有先天文化资本的群体，不断复刻既有的社会不公。 3 从句套从句，环环相扣 【01】What many policy makers fail to recognize is that while digital platforms can broaden public access to educational resources, they may amplify hidden biases that distort the judgement of adolescents who have not yet developed mature critical thinking skills. 结构分析： “What many policy makers fail to recognize” 主语从句，作主句主语。 “that while digital platforms…critical thinking skills” 表语从句，内嵌 while 引导让步状语从句。 “that distort the judgement of adolescents” 限制性定语从句，修饰 hidden biases。 “who have not yet developed mature critical thinking skills” 限制性定语从句，修饰 adolescents。 中文翻译： 许多政策制定者没有意识到的是：尽管数字平台能够拓宽公众获取教育资源的渠道，但它们有可能放大隐性偏见，扭曲那些尚未形成成熟批判性思维能力的青少年的判断。 【02】Because researchers have discovered that the microorganisms which thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vents produce unique compounds that can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, they believe that these organisms may hold the key to new antibiotics that modern medicine urgently needs. 结构分析： “Because researchers have discovered…” 原因状语从句，统领全句。 “that the microorganisms…drug-resistant bacteria” 宾语从句，作 discovered 的宾语。 “which thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vents” 限制性定语从句，修饰 microorganisms。 “that can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria” 限制性定语从句，修饰 unique compounds。 主句：they believe that…；that 引导宾语从句。 “that modern medicine urgently needs” 限制性定语从句，修饰 new antibiotics。 中文翻译： 研究人员发现，在深海热液喷口繁盛的微生物会产生特殊化合物，能够抑制耐药菌的繁殖，因此他们认为，这些生物或许蕴藏着现代医学迫切需要的新型抗生素的研发关键。 【03】The teacher explained that unless students develop critical-thinking skills and actively engage with the material, they will struggle to apply the knowledge they have learned in real-world situations, which is essential for their academic and professional success. 结构分析： “that unless students develop… and actively engage…” 为宾语从句，内含 unless 引导的条件状语从句。 “they have learned” 为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰 “knowledge”。 “which is essential…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句内容。 中文翻译 老师指出，除非学生培养批判性思维并积极投入学习，否则他们难以把所学知识应用于现实情境，而这种能力对他们的学业与职业成功至关重要。 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 【01】 Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. 结构分析： 这个句子考查了V-ing形式作状语和虚拟语气的用法，其中“giving them a closer relationship”作为状语，说明了搬家的结果。 中文翻译 如今，三代人都认为搬家是成功的，这让他们拥有了比在不同城市时更亲密的关系。 【02】It is the commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, that have enabled them to achieve remarkable results in the field of cancer research, bringing hope to patients around the world. 结构分析： 强调句，强调主语 “the commitment and passing of the team”。去掉强调结构后，句子为 “The commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, have enabled them...”。“bringing hope to patients around the world” 是现在分词短语作结果状语。 中文翻译 正是团队的奉献和热情，而非资金资源，使他们在癌症研究领域取得了显著成果，为全球患者带来了希望。 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 句意： 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】 句意： 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】 句意： 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】 句意： 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】 句意： · 考点二：高考阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模） Now in our 50s, the battleground is reading glasses and people handle them in small, sometimes amusing ways. One friend hates it when you never quite take them off, and just slide them to the top of your head, because she thinks it’s beyond physical laziness: the beginning of ruin, like eating with your hands, or putting your feet on the table. I love wearing my glasses on my head, because then I either know where they are, or forget where they are, and am wearing a pair on my face as well, win-win. But I hate it when people wear them round their neck on a chain, because it symbolizes that my decoration days are over. From now on, anything I hang off myself will be useful, and soon I will get a flashlight and a big bunch of keys, and I’ll be ready for absolutely anything except the fancy life. 44. What does the word “ruin” most nearly mean in paragraph 2? A. A decline in manners or standards. B. A loss of physical strength. C. A failure in personal relationships. D. A problem caused by poor eyesight. 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2025~2026学年金山区二模） ......... The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. ........ And, while intense activity and exercise is highly beneficial, light activity can make a difference as well, says Buchman. “As long as you have some activity and you’re moving, whether you’re chopping onions or sweeping the floor,” you can reduce your risk of cognitive decline. 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 44. According to the study, what is the effect of light physical activity on individuals with Alzheimer’s disease? A. It completely cures the disease. B. It has no significant impact on brain health. C. It slows down the progression of the Alzheimer’s disease. D. It may cover up symptoms and reduce the cognitive decline. 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes people smarter? That the healthy brain, while awake, never moves too far from criticality suggests that it must carry some great advantages. One of them is the range of information sending and processing. Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. The fact that a healthy brain can explore the entire space for solutions guarantees its excellent adaptiveness to new situations. And the enhanced flexibility arising from the critical zone could be seen in an experiment done in Finland. The participants had to play a computer game that constantly changed its rules, which required them to update their approach quickly. The closer their brains were to the critical point, the better they performed. It is also suspected that the brain’s closeness to the critical point may be especially important for creativity. Why do people sleep? Large departures from the critical zone — either into order or disorder — may cause brain dysfunction. The longer we work the brain, the further it moves from the tipping point, but sleep helps to tune it back. Hengen found that without that rest period, the brain would fail to reach its best state, resulting in the reduction of cognitive (认知的) performance that has long been known to accompany sleeplessness. According to O’Byrne from the University of Montreal, the most important function of sleep may be to allow the brain’s connections to be adjusted and to return whole-brain dynamics to the critical point. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross-regional communication in the brain 45. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? A. Frequent use of brain moves it from disorder. B. Sleep can serve to enlarge brain’s critical zone. C. Sleep aids in bringing the brain back to criticality. D. Brain’s approaching criticality causes sleeplessness. 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2025~2026学年普陀区二模） The birth of the universe and the nature of space and time are every bit as much mysteries to physicists as treasure maps and pirates are to these preschoolers. What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time. We forget that getting it wrong is every bit as important to this process as being right. The job in life is not to know stuff, but rather to figure stuff out so that we will then know. And we get there through play. 45. What can be inferred about the author’s attitude toward traditional educators? A. He hopes they are as motivated as physicists are. B. He admires their commitment to providing correct facts. C. He thinks they should participate more in children’s games. D. He worries they might unintentionally kill children’s curiosity. 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2025~2026学年松江区二模） Hengen, a biologist at Washington University, together with other scientists, refers to this idea as the critical brain hypothesis (假说). According to them, grey matter in our brain lies near a tipping point between order and disorder that they call the critical zone. They reach the conclusion that criticality — the state of being in the critical zone — offers a powerful set of guidelines for understanding brain function and dysfunction. Therefore, the hypothesis may aid us to figure out the divide in intelligence and the purpose of sleep, among other things. · 阅读理解C篇举例剖析（说明文或议论文为例） Passage 1 【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题 Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 结构分析： · 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； · “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； · “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； · “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； · 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 中文翻译： 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 结构分析： · 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； · 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； · 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； · 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 中文翻译： 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 结构分析： · “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； · 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 中文翻译： Passage2 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 · 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 · 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 · 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 · 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 Passage 3 In the early 2000s, Merlin Mann, a Web designer and devoted Macintosh enthusiast, was working as a freelance (自由职业的) project manager for software companies. He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. Mann wasn’t alone in his frustration. Work lives that had once been orderly — two or three blocks of work, broken up by meetings and phone calls — became wildly busy, unplanned, and impossibly overloaded. “E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. Things have not since changed much. Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. This vision is attractive, but it cannot be realized by individual actions alone. It will require management intervention. Up until now, there has been little will to shift the responsibility for productivity from the person to the organization. Most knowledge-work companies have been more focused on keeping up with technological breakthroughs that might open up new markets, without addressing the fundamental issues that underlie workplace inefficiency. To get more done, it’s been sufficient to simply encourage employees to work harder. Laptops and smartphones helped these efforts by enabling office workers to find extra hours in the day to get things done, providing a productivity balance against the inefficiencies of overload culture. It seems likely that any successful effort to reform professional life must start by making it easier to figure out who is working on what, and how it’s going. Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible. 5．What does the author try to illustrate with the example of Merlin Mann? A．More and more people have started to hop from one job to another. B．Creative design is very demanding mentally when done individually. C．Too many job responsibilities to perform could make people depressed. D．Small tasks could emerge at random to keep people disorganized at work. 6．What is the author’s view of email use in the workplace? A．It helps employees keep track of the work that has been piled up. B．It contributes to the difficulty and inefficiency of task management. C．It facilitates emotional support in times of uncertainty and anxiety. D．It provides an opportunity for employees to communicate informally. 7．What change does the author try to introduce in the workplace? A．Enhancing work flow with the aid of technology. B．Reducing workload and lowering the stress level. C．Setting distinct attainable goals for individuals. D．Redistributing work duties among employees. 8．What can be inferred about the system the author suggests? A．New software can help to hire workers from outside. B．Teamwork will become easier with a big picture. C．Division of labor will be negotiated within a team. D．Virtual reality can help to do on-the-job training. 长难句1： Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. 句子结构分析 · 并列主句 1：Most of us（主语）+ are（系动词）+ not our own bosses（表语），+ and therefore lack（并列谓语）+ the ability（宾语）+ to dramatically rebuild…responsibilities（不定式后置定语修饰 ability）。 · 转折连词 but 引出祈使句主句：imagine（祈使句谓语）。 · if 引导宾语从句作 imagine 的宾语： · 插入方式状语：through some combination of new management thinking and technology · 从句主语：we · 从句第一组并列谓语：could introduce（谓语 1）+ processes（宾语） · that 引导定语从句修饰 processes：that（主语）+ minimize（谓语）+ the time（宾语） · required to talk about work or fight off random tasks（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 time） · thrown our way by equally stressed co‑workers（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 random tasks） · and instead 引出从句第二组并列谓语：(could) let（谓语 2，省略 could）+ us（宾语）+ organize our days（宾补）+ around a small number of separate and specific objectives（方式状语）。 中文翻译 我们大多数人都并非自己的老板，因此无力彻底重构自身的工作职责架构，但不妨设想：如果借助新式管理理念与技术的某种结合，我们能够建立一套工作流程，最大限度减少用于工作沟通、或是应付同样压力重重的同事抛来的零散任务所耗费的时间，转而让我们可以围绕少数独立、明确的目标来规划每日工作。 长难句2： He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages. 句子结构分析 · 分句 1：He（主语）+ had held（谓语，过去完成时）+ similar roles（宾语）+ for years（时间状语）；so 引导结果状语分句：he（主语）+ knew（谓语）+ the ins and outs of the job（宾语）。 · 分号衔接并列分句 2：he（主语）+ was surprised（系表）+ therefore（插入状语）+ to find（不定式作原因状语）。 · that 引导 find 的宾语从句：he（主语）+ was literally buried under（被动谓语）；破折号引出并列介词短语：not by… but by… 作 buried under 的逻辑主语。 · such as scheduling conference calls 举例插入，修饰 administrative tasks。 · that 引导定语从句：that（主语）+ surfaced up（谓语）+ from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages（地点状语），先行词为 administrative tasks。 中文翻译： 他从事过类似岗位多年，熟知这份工作的方方面面；因此，他惊讶地发现，自己几乎被压得喘不过气 —— 压垮他的并非工作中烧脑的难题，而是大量琐碎的行政事务，例如安排电话会议，这些事务从杂乱成堆的邮件中不断冒出来。 长难句3： Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. 句子结构分析 · 现在分词作方式状语：Following the lead of software developers。 · 主句：we（主语）+ might use（谓语）+ virtual task boards（宾语）。 · where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 virtual task boards：every task（主语）+ is represented（被动谓语 1）+ by a card（状语），+ and (the card) is pinned（被动谓语 2，主语 card 承前省略）+ under a column（地点状语）+ indicating its status（现在分词后置定语修饰 column）。 · 嵌套定语从句 that indicates who is doing the work：that 指代 card 作主语，indicates 为谓语，who 引导宾语从句作 indicates 的宾语。 中文翻译： 效仿软件开发人员的做法，我们可以使用虚拟任务看板：每一项任务对应一张卡片，卡片标注负责人，并且归类贴在代表任务状态的栏目之下。 一、模拟试题精选 Passage 01 【说明文】 （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） Understanding a simple-looking sentence such as “I read this article” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation. But the human brain routinely does this work nearly immediately based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist (语言学家) Clara Beckett in the Netherlands. And Beckett’s team has now found that the human brain accommodates fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists quantify how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Beckett’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence. Neither parsing strategy is necessarily “better or worse” than the other, Linden adds. “It just happens to be suited to the language people are processing. So we seem to be quite flexible in that you might process one language differently from another simply because they have different properties.” The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking. Diversifying subjects in studies of how the brain processes language “is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social utility of language, in many different ways,” Beckett says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 43. Which of the following situations best shows the result of conceptual computation (Para.1)? A. A child repeats “kangaroo” after hearing it from her mother. B. A listener instantly knows who did what in “Dad made pizza”. C. A student takes notes to break down a complicated argument. D. A processor totals the number of words in a sentence in no time. 44. The linguistic model in Dutch is highly predictive because _______. A. Dutch verbs arrive late, forcing the brain to predict early B. Dutch-language audiobooks help visualize the meaning C. Dutch speakers use various models to analyze sentences D. Dutch listeners “wait and see” how each phrase will end 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that _______. A. English-based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non-English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. European grammar rules B. Understanding the brain C. Comparing Dutch and English D. Language on the mind Passage 02 【议论文】 （2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Doing something you’re bad at can make you better at what you’re good at, as well as potentially making you good at something new. Understanding this dynamic can give you an edge in your own area of excellence, and enhance your life generally. To be great at what you do, take a chance on failing at something else. Trying to do something but coming up short is not fun. Take up skiing as an adult, and you will almost certainly be frustrated as you fall down over and over. The reason why we hate being bad at things and failing is because when goal-directed activity is blocked, that stimulates our dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which is part of the brain’s pain system. This is the same region affected when we experience social rejection. This kind of mental pain does, however, have an evolved benefit — creating the motivation to succeed, if not at the activity at hand then at some other one. This motivation effect is detectable in plenty of areas, like in business activities. As a group of psychologists reported when employees are frustrated by their relative incompetence at one task, they tend to be motivated to show more competence for something they’re already better at. Perhaps you can relate to this finding when, pushed to perform outside your comfort zone at work, you discovered that you had greater motivation in your regular job afterward. The mental pain of failure can also stimulate you to become better at the activity in which you lack competence — if you can reframe the negative experience as an indicator of personal growth. This is what researchers found when they conducted a field experiment at an improvisation (即兴表演) club. One group of amateur improvisers was instructed to actively seek the feeling of awkwardness. The scholars found that compared with improvisers who were not given this instruction, the first group was more engaged in the exercise. Instead of seeing the discomfort as something to avoid, they saw it as central to the process and accepted it. Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. Scholars have shown that thinking through something you have done poorly in this intentionally corrective way can lead to learning and improvement as opposed to frustration and embarrassment. It is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. This has implications for how to improve ordinary life. 43. According to the passage, if employees feel frustrated after failing a new project, they might ______. A. attempt to seek discomfort in other work activities B. experience serious social rejection from colleagues C. become more motivated to excel in their regular work D. quit the job to avoid further frustration from new tasks 44. What is a key requirement for failure to help improve poor skills? A. Avoiding feelings of discomfort associated with failure. B. Using the frustration to boost performance in another area. C. Developing a strong desire to master the target skill quickly. D. Interpreting the setback as an opportunity for self-improvement. 45. What does “action rumination” in para. 5 most probably refer to? A. Accepting the discomfort caused by failure. B. Seeking help from others to correct missteps. C. Reflecting on mistakes and finding solutions. D. Adjusting goals when facing repeated failures. 46. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______. A. argue that failure is inevitable in daily life and advise readers to avoid its mental pain B. illustrate the positive values of failure in unfamiliar areas and persuade readers to accept it C. compare different ways to handle failure and highlight the effectiveness of action rumination D. analyze the psychological mechanism behind people’s fear of failure and its evolutionary origin 二、名校试题精选 Passage 01 【说明文】 【来源】2026届上海市杨浦区复旦大学附属中学高三上学期模拟试题 In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. Passage 02 【议论文】 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 13．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 14．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 15．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 16．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. 三、真题演练 （2023年6月·上海高考真题C篇） The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 8 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题14 阅读理解长难句分析与C篇精析 内容导航 命题分析与考情透视 1 知识网络梳理 2 核心考点精讲 5 考点一：理解中长难句式主要特征（重点） 4 考点二：阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析（难点） 8 实战演练 34 考试要求 高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”。近年来，高考英语阅读理解长难句出现频率较高，且难度呈上升趋势。文章长度增加，复杂句式和生词量增多，对综合阅读能力要求明显提高。 题材与体裁关联：高考英语阅读理解选材以国外原版期刊和网站文章为主，覆盖科技前沿、社会热点、文化对比等题材。体裁上说明文占比超 50%以上，这些体裁往往需要运用长难句来准确表达复杂的信息和逻辑关系，对考生的长句分析能力要求较高。 设题特点：一篇阅读理解中通常会有 5 到 6 个长难句，且命题者常在此设题，部分长难句可能是题眼所在，答案往往通过对长难句的同义替换得出，考查考生对句子结构、语义的理解以及对关键信息的提取能力。 语料外刊化：高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英语阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读水平。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？？？ 命题分析（以C篇为例） 维度 具体分析 语篇特征 上海卷 C 篇多为社科、科普类议论文 / 研究报告，逻辑密度高；长难句密集分布在论点句、研究结论句、转折对比处。句式偏好嵌套从句、插入分隔结构、多层非谓语叠加；句子信息打包量大，抽象名词、熟词僻义多，句子并非单纯加长，而是刻意拆分主干、打乱阅读语序，贴合学术文本表达习惯，适配尖子生的区分选拔功能。 核心考查 重在考查学生剥离修饰、锁定句子主干的句法拆解能力；依托长难句设置细节理解、推理判断、句意猜测、观点态度题。不单纯考语法识记，而是考查句法解码→信息提炼→逻辑推导的阅读能力；能否读懂长难句，往往直接决定对作者核心论点、实验结论的理解正误。 命题特色 ① 题干定位点高度绑定长难句，正确选项多是原句信息的同义转述，不会照搬原句； ② 干扰项常截取长难句里某一处修饰成分、分支从句信息，断章取义，混淆局部信息与主干主旨； ③ 命题偏好选取带有让步、因果、对比逻辑的嵌套长难句，侧重考查句内逻辑关系识别； ④ 长难句一般不单独设语法小题，服务于语篇理解，重在区分能否穿透复杂句式抓取核心语义。 · 考点一：高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 解题策略 方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分 方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词 方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词 方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句 · 长难句表现形式 高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分 【01】Many environmental historians challenge the popular assumption that technological innovation alone can reverse ecological decline, arguing that lasting conservation demands collective institutional reforms rather than isolated technical fixes promoted by profit-driven corporations. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：Many environmental historians（主语）+ challenge（谓语）+ the popular assumption（宾语）。 复杂修饰成分： 同位语从句：that technological innovation alone can reverse ecological decline（解释说明 assumption 的内容）。 现在分词伴随状语：arguing that lasting conservation demands collective institutional reforms（表主句主语发出的伴随动作，内嵌宾语从句）。 对比状语：rather than isolated technical fixes（介词短语对比）。 后置定语：promoted by profit-driven corporations（过去分词短语修饰 technical fixes）。 中文翻译： 许多环境史学家对这样一种流行观点提出质疑，即单凭技术创新就能扭转生态衰退；他们认为，可持续的保护需要整体性的制度改革，而非由逐利企业所推崇的孤立技术方案。 【02】The research team warns that policies designed to boost urban biodiversity often overlook the hidden costs imposed on low-income communities, whose green spaces are frequently cleared to build luxury parks accessible only to residents with sufficient financial resources. 结构分析： 主句核心（简单句主谓宾，内嵌宾语从句）：The research team（主语）+ warns（谓语）+ that…（宾语从句）。 复杂修饰成分： 后置定语 1：designed to boost urban biodiversity（过去分词短语修饰 policies）。 后置定语 2：imposed on low-income communities（过去分词短语修饰 hidden costs）。 非限制性定语从句：whose green spaces are frequently cleared to build luxury parks（修饰 low-income communities）。 后置定语 3：accessible only to residents with sufficient financial resources（形容词短语修饰 luxury parks）。 中文翻译： 该研究团队警示，旨在提升城市生物多样性的政策，常常忽视施加在低收入社区身上的隐性代价：这些社区的绿地时常被清拆，用以建造仅供经济宽裕居民享用的高端公园。 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔 【01】Cognitive flexibility, or the ability to switch seamlessly between competing thought frameworks when facing ambiguous information, is widely regarded as a core predictor of adaptive performance in fast-changing professional settings. 结构分析： 核心成分（主系表）：Cognitive flexibility（主语）+ is widely regarded as（系表结构）+ a core predictor（表语）。 插入语（分隔主谓）：or the ability to switch seamlessly between competing thought frameworks when facing ambiguous information（同位语插入，解释 cognitive flexibility，打断主语与系动词）；插入语内嵌不定式后置定语 + 时间状语。 后置定语：of adaptive performance in fast-changing professional settings（修饰 predictor）。 中文翻译： 认知灵活性，即在面对模糊信息时，能够在相互冲突的思维框架之间流畅切换的能力，被普遍认为是人在快速变化的职业环境中适应表现的一项核心预判指标。 【02】Many veteran sociologists, however, argue that the so-called meritocracy, far from rewarding pure talent and consistent hard work, often reproduces existing social inequalities by favouring those with inherited cultural capital. 结构分析： 核心成分（主谓宾，内嵌宾语从句）：Many veteran sociologists（主语）+ argue（谓语）+ that…（宾语从句）。 第一层插入语：however（转折副词插入，分隔主句主谓）。 第二层插入语（宾语从句内部，分隔从句主谓）：far from rewarding pure talent and consistent hard work（介词短语插入，打断从句主语 the so-called meritocracy 和从句谓语 reproduces）。 方式状语：by favouring those with inherited cultural capital（说明不平等复刻的途径；with… 后置定语修饰 those）。 中文翻译： 然而，许多资深社会学家提出，所谓的精英管理制度，远非奖励纯粹的天赋与持续的努力，反而会通过优待拥有先天文化资本的群体，不断复刻既有的社会不公。 3 从句套从句，环环相扣 【01】What many policy makers fail to recognize is that while digital platforms can broaden public access to educational resources, they may amplify hidden biases that distort the judgement of adolescents who have not yet developed mature critical thinking skills. 结构分析： “What many policy makers fail to recognize” 主语从句，作主句主语。 “that while digital platforms…critical thinking skills” 表语从句，内嵌 while 引导让步状语从句。 “that distort the judgement of adolescents” 限制性定语从句，修饰 hidden biases。 “who have not yet developed mature critical thinking skills” 限制性定语从句，修饰 adolescents。 中文翻译： 许多政策制定者没有意识到的是：尽管数字平台能够拓宽公众获取教育资源的渠道，但它们有可能放大隐性偏见，扭曲那些尚未形成成熟批判性思维能力的青少年的判断。 【02】Because researchers have discovered that the microorganisms which thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vents produce unique compounds that can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, they believe that these organisms may hold the key to new antibiotics that modern medicine urgently needs. 结构分析： “Because researchers have discovered…” 原因状语从句，统领全句。 “that the microorganisms…drug-resistant bacteria” 宾语从句，作 discovered 的宾语。 “which thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vents” 限制性定语从句，修饰 microorganisms。 “that can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria” 限制性定语从句，修饰 unique compounds。 主句：they believe that…；that 引导宾语从句。 “that modern medicine urgently needs” 限制性定语从句，修饰 new antibiotics。 中文翻译： 研究人员发现，在深海热液喷口繁盛的微生物会产生特殊化合物，能够抑制耐药菌的繁殖，因此他们认为，这些生物或许蕴藏着现代医学迫切需要的新型抗生素的研发关键。 【03】The teacher explained that unless students develop critical-thinking skills and actively engage with the material, they will struggle to apply the knowledge they have learned in real-world situations, which is essential for their academic and professional success. 结构分析： “that unless students develop… and actively engage…” 为宾语从句，内含 unless 引导的条件状语从句。 “they have learned” 为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰 “knowledge”。 “which is essential…” 为非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句内容。 中文翻译 老师指出，除非学生培养批判性思维并积极投入学习，否则他们难以把所学知识应用于现实情境，而这种能力对他们的学业与职业成功至关重要。 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 【01】 Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. 结构分析： 这个句子考查了V-ing形式作状语和虚拟语气的用法，其中“giving them a closer relationship”作为状语，说明了搬家的结果。 中文翻译 如今，三代人都认为搬家是成功的，这让他们拥有了比在不同城市时更亲密的关系。 【02】It is the commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, that have enabled them to achieve remarkable results in the field of cancer research, bringing hope to patients around the world. 结构分析： 强调句，强调主语 “the commitment and passing of the team”。去掉强调结构后，句子为 “The commitment and passing of the team, rather than financial resources, have enabled them...”。“bringing hope to patients around the world” 是现在分词短语作结果状语。 中文翻译 正是团队的奉献和热情，而非资金资源，使他们在癌症研究领域取得了显著成果，为全球患者带来了希望。 · 破解长难句方法 1. 找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First  put  forward  by  the  French  mathematician  Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be  able  to  study  at  the Eco-lab Poly technique. 【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled  and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。 3. 寻关联，辨逻辑 一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。 句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。 4. 看搭配，防隔离 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。 5. 关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如： We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating. 【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。 句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。 · 考点二：高考阅读理解C篇阅读技巧解析 · 阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例） 高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。 1、词义猜测题技巧 在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下： 1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________. 2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？ 4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____． 【例题】 （2025~2026学年闵行区二模） Now in our 50s, the battleground is reading glasses and people handle them in small, sometimes amusing ways. One friend hates it when you never quite take them off, and just slide them to the top of your head, because she thinks it’s beyond physical laziness: the beginning of ruin, like eating with your hands, or putting your feet on the table. I love wearing my glasses on my head, because then I either know where they are, or forget where they are, and am wearing a pair on my face as well, win-win. But I hate it when people wear them round their neck on a chain, because it symbolizes that my decoration days are over. From now on, anything I hang off myself will be useful, and soon I will get a flashlight and a big bunch of keys, and I’ll be ready for absolutely anything except the fancy life. 44. What does the word “ruin” most nearly mean in paragraph 2? A. A decline in manners or standards. B. A loss of physical strength. C. A failure in personal relationships. D. A problem caused by poor eyesight. 【答案】44. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了不同年龄段男性对秃头、老花镜等衰老标志的幽默讨论与应对方式。 【44题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“One friend hates it when you never quite take them off, and just slide them to the top of your head, because she thinks it’s beyond physical laziness: the beginning of ruin, like eating with your hands, or putting your feet on the table. (一位朋友讨厌你从不把它们摘下来，只是把它们滑到头顶，因为她认为这超出了身体的懒惰：ruin的开始，就像用手吃饭，或者把脚放在桌子上。)”可知，朋友认为把眼镜推到头顶与用手吃饭、脚放桌上等不雅行为并列，是“毁灭的开始”，均体现“行为举止的退化”。故选A项。 2、细节题技巧 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下： 1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 3) Which of the following is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage. 5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 6) From this passage we know that ________. 7) In the passage, the author states that ______. 【例题】 （2025~2026学年金山区二模） ......... The new study, published in an online issue of Neurology, is unique. Buchman was able to analyze the actual brains of study participants. The findings are a “great thank you” to the participants who agreed to donate their brains for research after death, he says. ........ And, while intense activity and exercise is highly beneficial, light activity can make a difference as well, says Buchman. “As long as you have some activity and you’re moving, whether you’re chopping onions or sweeping the floor,” you can reduce your risk of cognitive decline. 43. What makes the new study unique compared to previous research? A. It involves a larger number of participants than earlier studies. B. It proves that intense exercise is more effective than light activity. C. It discovers that housework is the best form of exercise for the elderly. D. It allows researchers to examine participants’ actual brain tissue after death. 44. According to the study, what is the effect of light physical activity on individuals with Alzheimer’s disease? A. It completely cures the disease. B. It has no significant impact on brain health. C. It slows down the progression of the Alzheimer’s disease. D. It may cover up symptoms and reduce the cognitive decline. 【答案】43. D 44. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。新研究发现，包括简单家务在内的日常身体活动对 70-80 岁人群大脑健康有保护作用，可掩盖阿尔茨海默病症状、降低认知衰退风险。 36. 答案：D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段 “analyze the actual brains of study participants...donate their brains for research after death” 可知，该研究独特性在于可解剖分析逝者脑组织，故选 D。 37. 答案：D 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段 “light activity can make a difference”“reduce your risk of cognitive decline” 及前文 “masks the symptoms” 可知，轻度活动可掩盖症状、减缓认知衰退，故选 D。 3、推断题技巧 推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下： 1) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 4) It may be concluded from the passage that．．． 5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 【例题】 （2025~2026学年松江区二模） What makes people smarter? That the healthy brain, while awake, never moves too far from criticality suggests that it must carry some great advantages. One of them is the range of information sending and processing. Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions. The fact that a healthy brain can explore the entire space for solutions guarantees its excellent adaptiveness to new situations. And the enhanced flexibility arising from the critical zone could be seen in an experiment done in Finland. The participants had to play a computer game that constantly changed its rules, which required them to update their approach quickly. The closer their brains were to the critical point, the better they performed. It is also suspected that the brain’s closeness to the critical point may be especially important for creativity. Why do people sleep? Large departures from the critical zone — either into order or disorder — may cause brain dysfunction. The longer we work the brain, the further it moves from the tipping point, but sleep helps to tune it back. Hengen found that without that rest period, the brain would fail to reach its best state, resulting in the reduction of cognitive (认知的) performance that has long been known to accompany sleeplessness. According to O’Byrne from the University of Montreal, the most important function of sleep may be to allow the brain’s connections to be adjusted and to return whole-brain dynamics to the critical point. 44. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ______. A. adaptability is not as closely connected to criticality as creativity B. the changing rules promotes people’s performance in playing games C. signals’ quick passing in the brain represents its excellent adaptiveness D. closeness to criticality allows cross-regional communication in the brain 45. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? A. Frequent use of brain moves it from disorder. B. Sleep can serve to enlarge brain’s critical zone. C. Sleep aids in bringing the brain back to criticality. D. Brain’s approaching criticality causes sleeplessness. 【答案】 44. D 45. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“临界大脑假说”，解释了大脑的“混乱状态”使其能高效处理复杂任务，并阐述了临界状态与智力、睡眠之间的关系。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Since the critical systems are scale-invariant, signals can be passed over both small and large distances in the brain, which enables communication both within and between different brain regions.(由于关键系统具有尺度不变性，信号可以在大脑中远距离和近距离传递，这使得不同大脑区域内部和之间的通信成为可能。)”可知，接近临界状态允许大脑进行跨区域通信。故选D项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Why do people sleep? Large departures from the critical zone — either into order or disorder — may cause brain dysfunction. The longer we work the brain, the further it moves from the tipping point, but sleep helps to tune it back.(人为什么要睡觉？严重偏离临界区——无论是走向有序还是无序——都可能导致大脑功能障碍。我们使用大脑的时间越长，它离临界点就越远，但睡眠有助于将其调整回来。)”可知，睡眠有助于将大脑带回临界状态。故选C项。 4、作者态度题技巧 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下： 1) What's the writer's/author's attitude to/towards ... ? 2) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 3) The attitude of ... to/towards ... is . 【例题】 （2025~2026学年普陀区二模） The birth of the universe and the nature of space and time are every bit as much mysteries to physicists as treasure maps and pirates are to these preschoolers. What drives scientists is the same thing that drives playing children: they are motivated by the mystery, by their own questions, and by the freedom to seek answers. Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time. We forget that getting it wrong is every bit as important to this process as being right. The job in life is not to know stuff, but rather to figure stuff out so that we will then know. And we get there through play. 45. What can be inferred about the author’s attitude toward traditional educators? A. He hopes they are as motivated as physicists are. B. He admires their commitment to providing correct facts. C. He thinks they should participate more in children’s games. D. He worries they might unintentionally kill children’s curiosity. 【答案】 45. D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍儿童玩寻宝游戏的场景体现游戏化学习，作者批判成人过度干预，指出玩耍是学习的核心方式。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Too often, educators, in our commitment to facts, truth and teaching, take over the learning by providing shortcuts to answers, eliminating the mystery that has driven humans since the beginning of time.(教育者往往出于对事实、真理和教学的执着，通过提供答案捷径来接管学习过程，消除了自人类诞生以来驱动我们的神秘感。)”可知，作者担心传统教育者会无意中扼杀孩子的好奇心。故选D项。 5、主旨大意题技巧 这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)；2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。 常见的标题型题干： 1)  The best title/ headline for this passage might be________. 2)  The text (passage) could be entitled   ______. 3)  What is the best title for the passage? 4) What’s the topic of the article? 常见的主题句和主旨型题干： 1) What is the topic sentence of the passage? 2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________. 3) What is the main purpose of the passage? 4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? 【例题】 （2025~2026学年松江区二模） Hengen, a biologist at Washington University, together with other scientists, refers to this idea as the critical brain hypothesis (假说). According to them, grey matter in our brain lies near a tipping point between order and disorder that they call the critical zone. They reach the conclusion that criticality — the state of being in the critical zone — offers a powerful set of guidelines for understanding brain function and dysfunction. Therefore, the hypothesis may aid us to figure out the divide in intelligence and the purpose of sleep, among other things. 【答案】 46. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“临界大脑假说”，解释了大脑的“混乱状态”使其能高效处理复杂任务，并阐述了临界状态与智力、睡眠之间的关系。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“According to them, grey matter in our brain lies near a tipping point between order and disorder that they call the critical zone. They reach the conclusion that criticality — the state of being in the critical zone — offers a powerful set of guidelines for understanding brain function and dysfunction.(根据他们的说法，我们大脑中的灰质位于有序和无序之间的一个临界点附近，他们称之为临界区。他们得出的结论是，临界性——处于临界区的状态——为理解大脑功能和不功能提供了一套强有力的指导方针。)”以及后文围绕临界大脑假说展开的介绍可知，文章主要介绍了临界大脑假说的含义和揭示的内容。故选B项。 · 阅读理解C篇举例剖析（说明文或议论文为例） Passage 1 【来源】上海市敬业中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中英语试题 Have you ever met someone who looks almost exactly like you? Scientists call such people doppelgängers, or “twin strangers.” Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related. In fact, the chances are higher than you might think that someone out there looks remarkably like you. A geneticist in Spain, Manel Esteller, decided to study this mystery. He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings. Using advanced facial algorithms (算法) — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. When they compared their genomes (基因组), they discovered that these unrelated people actually shared distinct parts of their genetic makeup. Certain genes linked to facial structure and skin color turned out to influence how their faces looked. Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. Other scientists became interested in whether doppelgängers might also share personalities. Psychologist Nancy Segal from California studied Brunelle’s lookalikes and gave them personality questionnaires. She compared their results with those of twins, including twins raised apart. Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside. Still, people are fascinated by their “living reflections.” Some online platforms now allow users to find their own lookalikes from anywhere in the world. Yet Segal warns that many will be disappointed: looking like someone doesn’t mean you’ll be anything alike. Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves. “It tells us something about human nature,” Segal says. “We all long for similarity. That’s why even children often invent imaginary friends who are just like them.” 1．What can we learn about doppelgängers from the passage? A．They show both appearance and personality similarities. B．Their physical similarities may result from shared genes. C．They are more common among people from the same area. D．Their similarities are mainly caused by lifestyle and habits. 2．How did Esteller’s team carry out their study? A．They took new photos for Brunelle’s project. B．They studied Brunelle’s photos for face shapes. C．They interviewed the lookalikes about their lives. D．They compared DNA from Brunelle’s lookalike pairs. 3．By “they don’t determine who we are inside”, they writer means that ________. A．personality is not shaped by our genes B．people with similar genes may think alike C．appearance reflects a person’s inner world D．genes decide both our looks and our thoughts 4．Why are we interested in finding “living reflections”? A．We take delight in comparing different faces. B．We are naturally drawn to people like ourselves. C．We hope to meet someone with the same personality. D．We want to find out why kids invent imaginary friends. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍“长相酷似者”（doppelgängers）的相关研究：其外貌相似源于共同基因，但性格无关联，人们因天生渴望相似性而对此着迷。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Research suggests that the most convincing lookalikes share similar genetic traits (遗传特征), even though they are not biologically related.(研究表明，那些最能与他人完美“模仿”相像的人，其基因特征也颇为相似，尽管他们之间并无生物学上的亲缘关系)”可知，“长相酷似者”的外貌相似可能源于共同的基因。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Brunelle helped Esteller contact dozens of pairs of “twin strangers” from around the world. The volunteers sent genetic samples by mail, and Esteller’s team spent four years collecting and comparing the data before publishing their findings.(布伦内尔协助埃斯特勒与世界各地的数十对“孪生陌生人”取得了联系。志愿者们通过邮件寄送了基因样本，而埃斯特勒的团队则花费了四年时间来收集和比对这些数据，最终发表了他们的研究成果)”可知，埃斯特勒的团队通过对比布鲁内尔项目中 “长相酷似者” 的 DNA 展开研究。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“Segal found that lookalikes showed no special similarities in their personality traits — they were as different as strangers. This suggests that while genes shape our looks, they don’t determine who we are inside.(塞格尔发现，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处——他们就像陌生人一样不同。这表明，虽然基因塑造了我们的外表，但they don’t determine who we are inside)”可知，长相相似的人在性格特征上没有特别的相似之处，由此可推知，基因不决定我们的内在性格，即性格并非由基因塑造。作者说“它们并不能决定我们内在的本质”，意思是说性格并非由我们的基因所决定的。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Even so, humans naturally tend to be attracted to people who look like themselves.(即便如此，人类天生就会倾向于被与自己长相相似的人所吸引)”可知，人们对寻找长相酷似者感兴趣的原因是“天生会被与自己相似的人吸引”。故选B。 长难句 1 原文：He examined the genetic similarities among the lookalikes featured in Canadian photographer Francois Brunelle’s long-running project I’m Not a Look-Alike!; which has photographed unrelated but similar-looking people since 1999. 结构分析： · 主句核心结构为 “主谓宾”：He（主语）+ examined（谓语）+ the genetic similarities（宾语）； · “among the lookalikes” 作后置定语，限定 “相似性” 的范围，说明是 “长相酷似者之间的” 相似性； · “featured in...project” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “lookalikes”，表示 “被纳入该项目的” 长相酷似者； · “I’m Not a Look-Alike!” 是同位语，直接补充说明 “project” 的具体名称； · 非限制性定语从句 “which has photographed...since 1999” 修饰先行词 “project”，从句中 “which” 作主语，“has photographed” 用现在完成时体现项目从 1999 年持续至今的动作，“unrelated but similar-looking” 是并列形容词短语修饰 “people”。 中文翻译： 他研究了加拿大摄影师弗朗索瓦・布鲁内尔长期开展的 “我不是替身！” 项目中那些长相酷似者的基因相似性 —— 该项目自 1999 年以来，一直在拍摄那些没有血缘关系却长相相似的人。 句式结构解析： 长难句 2 原文：Using advanced facial algorithms — the same type used by police and airports — Esteller’s research team selected the pairs that were almost as identical as real twins. 结构分析： · 开头 “Using advanced facial algorithms” 是现在分词短语作方式状语，说明研究团队筛选对象的手段； · 破折号之间的 “the same type used by police and airports” 是插入语，补充说明 “algorithms” 的属性，其中 “used by police and airports” 是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the same type”； · 主句为 “主谓宾” 结构：Esteller’s research team（主语）+ selected（谓语）+ the pairs（宾语）； · 定语从句 “that were almost as identical as real twins” 修饰 “the pairs”，“that” 在从句中作主语，“as...as...” 结构表示 “和…… 一样”，体现筛选出的组合与真正双胞胎的相似度。 中文翻译： 借助先进的面部识别算法 —— 与警方和机场使用的算法类型相同 —— 埃斯特勒的研究团队筛选出了那些相似度堪比真正双胞胎的长相酷似者组合。 长难句 3 原文：Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories, their appearance was shaped by similar DNA patterns. 结构分析： · “Despite having very different internal bacteria and life histories” 是介词短语作让步状语，“despite” 后接动名词短语，表 “尽管存在某种情况”，“internal bacteria and life histories” 是并列名词短语，作 “having” 的宾语； · 主句为被动语态的 “主谓” 结构：their appearance（主语）+ was shaped（谓语）+ by similar DNA patterns（状语），“by” 引出动作的执行者 “similar DNA patterns”，说明外貌是由该因素塑造的。 中文翻译： 尽管他们体内的微生物群和人生经历大相径庭，但他们的外貌却由相似的 DNA 模式所塑造。 Passage2 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 9．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 10．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 11．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 12．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 · 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 · 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 · 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 · 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 尽管用冰木覆盖整个北极并不现实，但李（Tian Li）建议，可在沿海地区使用更大尺寸的冰木 —— 这些地区的原住民依赖冰面捕鱼 —— 以加快冬季冰盖形成，减少夏季冰体流失。 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍普渡大学团队研发“冰木”材料，旨在帮助北极形成新海冰以应对全球变暖导致的海冰减少，同时提及相关争议。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic(经过改造的浮木有助于北极新海冰的形成)”及第三段“Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice.(如今，印第安纳州西拉法叶市普渡大学的Tian Li及其同事正提议对木材进行改造，以帮助其促成新海冰的形成)”可知，“冰木”项目的主要目的是帮助北极形成新海冰。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据第二段“The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica.(随着气候变暖，北冰洋的冰盖面积正在不断缩小，据预测，该地区将在 2030 年前迎来首个无冰夏日。海冰的消融会引发一个恶性循环：由于裸露的海水比冰颜色更深，它会吸收更多太阳热量，进一步使海水升温，导致冰体愈发难以重新形成。这促使人们提出了各类地球工程计划，旨在让北冰洋和南极洲的海水重新冻结)”可知，“恶性循环”指北极海冰减少→裸露海水吸收更多太阳热量→水温升高→海冰更难形成→海冰进一步减少，即一个负面结果会引发连锁反应，导致情况持续恶化。B项“学生为多学习而少睡觉→睡眠不足导致注意力下降→学习相同内容需更多时间→睡得更少”符合这一逻辑。故选B项。 11．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface.(阳光随后加热表面深色的碳化部分，使那里的水分蒸发，之后在较冷的白色部分凝结)”及第七段“During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉).(在水温保持在约 2℃（36 华氏度）的池塘中进行测试时，即便空气温度达到 7℃至 8℃（44.6 华氏度至 46.4 华氏度），漂浮的冰木顶部依然保持在冰点以下)”可知，“冰木”依靠表面碳化部分与去木质素部分的温度差促进冰的形成。故选A项。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming.(经过改造的浮木或能促成北极新海冰的形成，助力抵消因全球变暖导致的冰盖面积快速缩减)”文章核心围绕“冰木”这一工程材料展开，介绍其研发背景、制作原理、实验效果及应用前景，同时提及相关争议。B项“让北极重新结冰：工程化冰木的科学与前景”能全面概括核心内容,为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 3 【来源】2025届上海市建平中学高三下学期三模考试英语试题 In the early 2000s, Merlin Mann, a Web designer and devoted Macintosh enthusiast, was working as a freelance (自由职业的) project manager for software companies. He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. Mann wasn’t alone in his frustration. Work lives that had once been orderly — two or three blocks of work, broken up by meetings and phone calls — became wildly busy, unplanned, and impossibly overloaded. “E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. Things have not since changed much. Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. This vision is attractive, but it cannot be realized by individual actions alone. It will require management intervention. Up until now, there has been little will to shift the responsibility for productivity from the person to the organization. Most knowledge-work companies have been more focused on keeping up with technological breakthroughs that might open up new markets, without addressing the fundamental issues that underlie workplace inefficiency. To get more done, it’s been sufficient to simply encourage employees to work harder. Laptops and smartphones helped these efforts by enabling office workers to find extra hours in the day to get things done, providing a productivity balance against the inefficiencies of overload culture. It seems likely that any successful effort to reform professional life must start by making it easier to figure out who is working on what, and how it’s going. Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible. 5．What does the author try to illustrate with the example of Merlin Mann? A．More and more people have started to hop from one job to another. B．Creative design is very demanding mentally when done individually. C．Too many job responsibilities to perform could make people depressed. D．Small tasks could emerge at random to keep people disorganized at work. 6．What is the author’s view of email use in the workplace? A．It helps employees keep track of the work that has been piled up. B．It contributes to the difficulty and inefficiency of task management. C．It facilitates emotional support in times of uncertainty and anxiety. D．It provides an opportunity for employees to communicate informally. 7．What change does the author try to introduce in the workplace? A．Enhancing work flow with the aid of technology. B．Reducing workload and lowering the stress level. C．Setting distinct attainable goals for individuals. D．Redistributing work duties among employees. 8．What can be inferred about the system the author suggests? A．New software can help to hire workers from outside. B．Teamwork will become easier with a big picture. C．Division of labor will be negotiated within a team. D．Virtual reality can help to do on-the-job training. 长难句1： Most of us are not our own bosses, and therefore lack the ability to dramatically rebuild the structure of our work responsibilities, but imagine if, through some combination of new management thinking and technology, we could introduce processes that minimize the time required to talk about work or fight off random tasks thrown our way by equally stressed co-workers, and instead let us organize our days around a small number of separate and specific objectives. 句子结构分析 · 并列主句 1：Most of us（主语）+ are（系动词）+ not our own bosses（表语），+ and therefore lack（并列谓语）+ the ability（宾语）+ to dramatically rebuild…responsibilities（不定式后置定语修饰 ability）。 · 转折连词 but 引出祈使句主句：imagine（祈使句谓语）。 · if 引导宾语从句作 imagine 的宾语： · 插入方式状语：through some combination of new management thinking and technology · 从句主语：we · 从句第一组并列谓语：could introduce（谓语 1）+ processes（宾语） · that 引导定语从句修饰 processes：that（主语）+ minimize（谓语）+ the time（宾语） · required to talk about work or fight off random tasks（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 time） · thrown our way by equally stressed co‑workers（过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 random tasks） · and instead 引出从句第二组并列谓语：(could) let（谓语 2，省略 could）+ us（宾语）+ organize our days（宾补）+ around a small number of separate and specific objectives（方式状语）。 中文翻译 我们大多数人都并非自己的老板，因此无力彻底重构自身的工作职责架构，但不妨设想：如果借助新式管理理念与技术的某种结合，我们能够建立一套工作流程，最大限度减少用于工作沟通、或是应付同样压力重重的同事抛来的零散任务所耗费的时间，转而让我们可以围绕少数独立、明确的目标来规划每日工作。 长难句2： He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages. 句子结构分析 · 分句 1：He（主语）+ had held（谓语，过去完成时）+ similar roles（宾语）+ for years（时间状语）；so 引导结果状语分句：he（主语）+ knew（谓语）+ the ins and outs of the job（宾语）。 · 分号衔接并列分句 2：he（主语）+ was surprised（系表）+ therefore（插入状语）+ to find（不定式作原因状语）。 · that 引导 find 的宾语从句：he（主语）+ was literally buried under（被动谓语）；破折号引出并列介词短语：not by… but by… 作 buried under 的逻辑主语。 · such as scheduling conference calls 举例插入，修饰 administrative tasks。 · that 引导定语从句：that（主语）+ surfaced up（谓语）+ from a chaotic stream of e‑mail messages（地点状语），先行词为 administrative tasks。 中文翻译： 他从事过类似岗位多年，熟知这份工作的方方面面；因此，他惊讶地发现，自己几乎被压得喘不过气 —— 压垮他的并非工作中烧脑的难题，而是大量琐碎的行政事务，例如安排电话会议，这些事务从杂乱成堆的邮件中不断冒出来。 长难句3： Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. 句子结构分析 · 现在分词作方式状语：Following the lead of software developers。 · 主句：we（主语）+ might use（谓语）+ virtual task boards（宾语）。 · where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 virtual task boards：every task（主语）+ is represented（被动谓语 1）+ by a card（状语），+ and (the card) is pinned（被动谓语 2，主语 card 承前省略）+ under a column（地点状语）+ indicating its status（现在分词后置定语修饰 column）。 · 嵌套定语从句 that indicates who is doing the work：that 指代 card 作主语，indicates 为谓语，who 引导宾语从句作 indicates 的宾语。 中文翻译： 效仿软件开发人员的做法，我们可以使用虚拟任务看板：每一项任务对应一张卡片，卡片标注负责人，并且归类贴在代表任务状态的栏目之下。 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨现代职场中琐碎任务导致的工作低效问题，并提出借助技术优化工作流程的设想。 【详解】5．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He had held similar roles for years, so he knew the ins and outs of the job; he was surprised, therefore, to find that he was literally buried under — not by the mentally challenging aspects of his work but by the many small administrative tasks, such as scheduling conference calls, that surfaced up from a chaotic stream of e-mail messages. (他担任类似职位已有多年，因此对这份工作的细节了如指掌；然而令他惊讶的是，自己简直被压得喘不过气来——并非被工作中需要耗费脑力的部分所累，而是被大量琐碎的行政任务所淹没，比如安排电话会议，这些任务都源自杂乱无章的电子邮件信息流。)”可知，作者通过Merlin Mann的例子说明，随机涌现的小任务会让人在工作中变得杂乱无章。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段中的““E-mail is a ball of uncertainty that represents anxiety,” Mann said, reflecting on this period. (曼在回顾这段时期时说：“电子邮件是一团代表着焦虑的不确定性之球。”)”及第五段中的“Because so much of our effort in the office now develops in rapid exchanges of digital messages, it’s tempting to allow our in-boxes to become an informal storage place for everything we need to get done. This strategy, however, covers up many of the worst aspects of overload culture. (由于我们如今在办公室的大量工作都以数字信息的快速交换形式展开，我们很容易想当然地将收件箱当作存放所有待办事项的非正式存储库。然而，这种策略掩盖了过载文化中许多最糟糕的方面。)”可知，作者认为职场中使用电子邮件加剧了任务管理的困难和低效。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Consider instead a system that externalizes work. Following the lead of software developers, we might use virtual task boards, where every task is represented by a card that indicates who is doing the work, and is pinned under a column indicating its status. (不妨考虑一种将工作外化的系统。我们可以效仿软件开发人员的做法，使用虚拟任务板：每个任务都用一张卡片来表示，卡片上标明负责该任务的人员，并且这些卡片会被固定在相应的列下，这些列标明了任务的状态。)”可知，作者主张借助技术（如虚拟任务板）优化工作流程。故选A项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“With a quick glance, you can now determine everything going on within your team and ask meaningful questions about how much work any one person should tackle at a time. With this setup, improvement becomes possible.(快速浏览一下，你就能了解团队内正在进行的所有事情，并就每个人一次应该处理多少工作提出有意义的问题。有了这个设置，改进就成为可能。)”可知，作者建议的系统通过可视化任务板让团队成员对工作全局一目了然，从而使团队协作更轻松。故选B项。 一、模拟试题精选 Passage 01 【说明文】 （2025~2026学年浦东新区二模） Understanding a simple-looking sentence such as “I read this article” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation. But the human brain routinely does this work nearly immediately based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist (语言学家) Clara Beckett in the Netherlands. And Beckett’s team has now found that the human brain accommodates fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence. For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants’ brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists quantify how many new “predictions” the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time. Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners “wait and see” how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Beckett’s study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.) In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence. Neither parsing strategy is necessarily “better or worse” than the other, Linden adds. “It just happens to be suited to the language people are processing. So we seem to be quite flexible in that you might process one language differently from another simply because they have different properties.” The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking. Diversifying subjects in studies of how the brain processes language “is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social utility of language, in many different ways,” Beckett says. “There’s so much yet to be understood in the brain.” 43. Which of the following situations best shows the result of conceptual computation (Para.1)? A. A child repeats “kangaroo” after hearing it from her mother. B. A listener instantly knows who did what in “Dad made pizza”. C. A student takes notes to break down a complicated argument. D. A processor totals the number of words in a sentence in no time. 44. The linguistic model in Dutch is highly predictive because _______. A. Dutch verbs arrive late, forcing the brain to predict early B. Dutch-language audiobooks help visualize the meaning C. Dutch speakers use various models to analyze sentences D. Dutch listeners “wait and see” how each phrase will end 45. Zining Qiu would most likely agree that _______. A. English-based studies have huge scientific value B. existing linguistic models may not apply universally C. only non-English languages deserve further investigation D. findings from Dutch speakers contradict previous research 46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. European grammar rules B. Understanding the brain C. Comparing Dutch and English D. Language on the mind 【答案】43. B 44. A 45. B 46. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍语言学家克拉拉·贝克特团队的研究发现：人类大脑会根据语言的语法规则，对看似简单的句子进行复杂的概念计算，并通过调整处理方式来适应不同语言的基本语法差异。 【43题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Understanding a simple-looking sentence such as “I read this article” actually requires some complicated conceptual computation. But the human brain routinely does this work nearly immediately based on the language’s grammatical rules, says linguist (语言学家) Clara Beckett in the Netherlands.(像“我读了这篇文章”这种看似简单的句子，想要真正理解它，其实需要进行一些复杂的概念运算。 但荷兰语言学家克拉拉・贝克特表示，人类大脑几乎总是能依据语言的语法规则，瞬间完成这一过程)”可知，概念计算是大脑基于语法规则对句子进行理解的过程。B选项“A listener instantly knows who did what in ‘Dad made pizza’.(听众立刻知道在‘爸爸做了披萨’这句话中谁做了什么)”，听众能基于语法规则快速理解句子含义，体现了概念计算的结果，故选B项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, explains study lead author Linden in New York University. For instance, “‘I ate a cookie with chocolate’ in Dutch would be ‘I the cookie with chocolate ate.’ You would have to wait very long for the verb to come,” Linden says. “And that’s probably unrealistically late; you’re probably much more predictive in processing” the sentence.(纽约大学该研究的第一作者林登解释说，在荷兰语的结构中，动词出现在句子末尾附近，而不像英语那样紧跟在主语之后。 例如，“I ate a cookie with chocolate”（我吃了一块巧克力饼干）用荷兰语表达会是 “I the cookie with chocolate ate”。 林登说：“你必须等很久才能等到动词出现。而这种延迟在现实理解中是不切实际的，因此你在处理句子时很可能会进行大量的预判。”)”可知，荷兰语中动词出现较晚，这使得大脑不得不提前预测，所以荷兰语的语言模型具有高度预测性，故选A项。 【45题详解】 推理判断题。根据第六段“The findings support the need for scientists to incorporate more diversity when crafting linguistic models, says Zining Qiu, a linguist who was not involved in the new study. Her own work has illustrated how different brain regions activate when processing English or Chinese sentences because of their differing linguistic properties. If these studies are done only in English-speaking adults, she says, crucial differences in processing will be missed. Qiu maintains that this limitation defeats the purpose of the models, which are meant to provide a realistic picture of human language-based thinking.(未参与这项新研究的语言学家邱子宁表示，这些研究结果表明，科学家在构建语言模型时必须纳入更多元的语言类型。 她自己的研究已经证明，由于英语和汉语的语言特性不同，人们在处理这两种语言的句子时，大脑的不同区域会被激活。她说，如果这些研究只在讲英语的成年人中开展，就会忽略语言处理过程中的关键差异。 邱子宁认为，这种局限性会违背语言模型的初衷 —— 模型本应真实反映人类基于语言的思维过程)”可知，邱子宁认为现有的基于英语的语言模型可能无法普遍适用，故选B项。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。主要介绍语言学家克拉拉·贝克特团队的研究发现：人类大脑会根据语言的语法规则，对看似简单的句子进行复杂的概念计算，并通过调整处理方式来适应不同语言的基本语法差异。D选项“Language on the mind(脑海中的语言)”能较好概括文章内容。为最佳标题。故选D项。 Passage 02 【议论文】 （2025~2026学年崇明区二模） Doing something you’re bad at can make you better at what you’re good at, as well as potentially making you good at something new. Understanding this dynamic can give you an edge in your own area of excellence, and enhance your life generally. To be great at what you do, take a chance on failing at something else. Trying to do something but coming up short is not fun. Take up skiing as an adult, and you will almost certainly be frustrated as you fall down over and over. The reason why we hate being bad at things and failing is because when goal-directed activity is blocked, that stimulates our dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which is part of the brain’s pain system. This is the same region affected when we experience social rejection. This kind of mental pain does, however, have an evolved benefit — creating the motivation to succeed, if not at the activity at hand then at some other one. This motivation effect is detectable in plenty of areas, like in business activities. As a group of psychologists reported when employees are frustrated by their relative incompetence at one task, they tend to be motivated to show more competence for something they’re already better at. Perhaps you can relate to this finding when, pushed to perform outside your comfort zone at work, you discovered that you had greater motivation in your regular job afterward. The mental pain of failure can also stimulate you to become better at the activity in which you lack competence — if you can reframe the negative experience as an indicator of personal growth. This is what researchers found when they conducted a field experiment at an improvisation (即兴表演) club. One group of amateur improvisers was instructed to actively seek the feeling of awkwardness. The scholars found that compared with improvisers who were not given this instruction, the first group was more engaged in the exercise. Instead of seeing the discomfort as something to avoid, they saw it as central to the process and accepted it. Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. Scholars have shown that thinking through something you have done poorly in this intentionally corrective way can lead to learning and improvement as opposed to frustration and embarrassment. It is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. This has implications for how to improve ordinary life. 43. According to the passage, if employees feel frustrated after failing a new project, they might ______. A. attempt to seek discomfort in other work activities B. experience serious social rejection from colleagues C. become more motivated to excel in their regular work D. quit the job to avoid further frustration from new tasks 44. What is a key requirement for failure to help improve poor skills? A. Avoiding feelings of discomfort associated with failure. B. Using the frustration to boost performance in another area. C. Developing a strong desire to master the target skill quickly. D. Interpreting the setback as an opportunity for self-improvement. 45. What does “action rumination” in para. 5 most probably refer to? A. Accepting the discomfort caused by failure. B. Seeking help from others to correct missteps. C. Reflecting on mistakes and finding solutions. D. Adjusting goals when facing repeated failures. 46. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______. A. argue that failure is inevitable in daily life and advise readers to avoid its mental pain B. illustrate the positive values of failure in unfamiliar areas and persuade readers to accept it C. compare different ways to handle failure and highlight the effectiveness of action rumination D. analyze the psychological mechanism behind people’s fear of failure and its evolutionary origin 【答案】43. C 44. D 45. C 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了在不擅长的事情上失败的价值，指出失败虽然会带来心理上的痛苦，但可以激励人们在擅长的领域做得更好，或帮助人们学习新技能，并提供了如何将失败转化为进步的方法。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“As a group of psychologists reported when employees are frustrated by their relative incompetence at one task, they tend to be motivated to show more competence for something they’re already better at. (正如一组心理学家报告的那样，当员工因某项任务上的相对无能而感到沮丧时，他们往往会更有动力在他们已经更擅长的方面展现出更强的能力。)”可知，如果员工在一个新项目上失败后感到沮丧，他们可能会变得更有动力在自己的常规工作中表现出色。故选C项。 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The mental pain of failure can also stimulate you to become better at the activity in which you lack competence — if you can reframe the negative experience as an indicator of personal growth. (失败带来的心理痛苦也可以激励你在自己能力不足的活动中做得更好——如果你能将这种负面经历重新定义为个人成长的标志。)”可知，失败帮助提升薄弱技能的一个关键要求是将挫折视为自我提升的机会。故选D项。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段中“Another helpful way to turn the discomfort of failure into a source of progress is what psychologists call “action rumination.” It is task-focused and involves replaying the exact missteps that one made and how they could be corrected in the future. (另一种将失败带来的不适转化为进步源泉的有效方法是心理学家所说的action rumination。它以任务为中心，涉及重温一个人所犯的具体错误以及未来如何纠正这些错误。)”可知，“action rumination”指的是反思错误并寻找解决方案。故选C项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Doing something you’re bad at can make you better at what you’re good at, as well as potentially making you good at something new. (做你不擅长的事情可以让你更擅长你擅长的事情，并且可能让你擅长新的事情)”以及最后一段中“It is clear that although we hate to fail, doing so can be beneficial for learning a new skill and mastering an old one. (很明显，尽管我们讨厌失败，但这样做对于学习新技能和掌握旧技能是有益的。)”可推知，作者的主要目的是阐述在不熟悉领域失败所蕴含的积极价值，并说服读者接受失败。故选B项。 二、名校试题精选 Passage 01 【说明文】 【来源】2026届上海市杨浦区复旦大学附属中学高三上学期模拟试题 In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展及其在医学界的认可过程。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(大多数人可能会惊讶地发现，洗手这一理念曾颇具争议。曾几何时，新妈妈们常常在产后不久就死于一种名为“产褥热”的疾病。19世纪40年代，在维也纳综合医院工作的匈牙利医生伊格纳茨・塞梅尔维斯对这一问题产生了兴趣，并开始寻找解决办法。当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”可知，本文主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展，这篇文章最有可能出现在医学历史杂志上。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法)”可知，塞梅尔维斯医生的做法的初步结果是减少了产后因产褥热死亡的女性数量。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”、第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法。然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”以及最后一段中“Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis.(不久之后，医学界的许多人开始认可塞梅尔维斯的早期工作)”可知，关于洗手理论的历史，正确的顺序是应用→拒绝→出版→认可。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”可知，塞梅尔维斯的书并没有使他的工作得到认可，他的想法从未被完全接受，因此选项B“His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized.(他的书在使他的工作得到认可方面起到了决定性的作用)”是错误的。故选B。 Passage 02 【议论文】 【来源】上海市向明中学2025-2026学年高三上学期九月月考英语检测 Looking for Aliens Is Good for Society The search for life elsewhere in the universe is one of the most exciting aspects of modern science. Given its importance, significant resources are devoted to the young science of astrobiology, ranging from rovers on Mars to observations of planets moving around other stars. The goal of this science would be the actual discovery of alien life. Such a discovery would likely have profound scientific and philosophical implications. But for all we know, extraterrestrial life may not even exist. Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society. Why is this the case? First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences. It is helping to move 21st-century science away from the extreme specialization of today. It is also important to recognize that astrobiology is an incredibly open-ended field. Searching for life in the universe takes us from extreme environments on Earth to the plains of Mars. Whether or not life is discovered in any of these environments, this search will continue. The range of entirely new environments opened to investigation will be essentially limitless. Therefore, it has the potential to be a never-ending source of scientific and intellectual stimulation. Beyond the more narrowly intellectual benefits of astrobiology are a range of wider societal benefits. These arise from the kinds of perspectives that the study of astrobiology naturally promotes. It is simply not possible to consider searching for life on Mars without moving away from the Earth-centric perspectives that dominate the social and political lives of most people today. Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting. Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation. At such a time, the growth of a unifying perspective is potentially of enormous importance. “The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. I think that there is an important implication in this perspective. Humanity is an intelligent technological species that now dominates the only known inhabited planet in the universe. It has a responsibility to develop international social institutions appropriate to managing the situation in which we find ourselves. 13．What does the phrase “partial reunification” imply in the context of “astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences” (Para. 3)?​ A．All scientific disciplines will eventually merge into a single, unified field.​ B．Astrobiology creates temporary alliances among scientists from different fields.​ C．Certain aspects of traditionally separate sciences are beginning to intersect and collaborate.​ D．The boundaries between sciences are being completely dissolved by astrobiology research. 14．The author mentions Alexander von Humboldt’s quote in the last paragraph to_______. A．emphasize the historical roots of astrobiology research. B．illustrate the importance of a global perspective in scientific exploration. C．argue that narrow worldviews pose risks to scientific progress. D．support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding. 15．Which of the following statements does NOT conform to the passage’s main idea? A．Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits. B．Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines. C．The exploration of alien life is driven mainly by the desire to find economic resources in space. D．Studying astrobiology helps people break away from Earth-centric perspectives and fosters international cooperation. 16．The author’s argument would be strengthened by additional evidence showing that _____________. A．Past astrobiology projects have consistently met their scientific objectives. B．The skills acquired by researchers in astrobiology are directly applicable to solving issues in other scientific domains. C．Public support for space exploration has remained stable over the past decade. D．The cost of astrobiology research has steadily decreased in recent years. 【答案】13．C 14．D 15．C 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，本文论述了寻找外星生命对社会有益这一观点，即使最终未发现外星生命，该研究也能带来诸多价值，包括促进多学科融合、提供持续的科学探索动力，以及帮助人类摆脱以地球为中心的视角、推动国际合作等。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的要素。研究生和博士后研究人员需要熟悉其中的大部分或全部)”可知，在“天体生物学正在促进科学的部分统一”的背景下，“部分统一”一词意味着传统上独立的科学的某些方面开始交叉和合作。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。)”以及最后一段中““The most dangerous worldview is the one of those who have not viewed the world,” said the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.(“最危险的世界观是那些没有见过世界的人的世界观，”德国博物学家Alexander von Humboldt说。)”可知，作者在最后一段提到Alexander von Humboldt的名言的目的是支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这个观点。故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据第二段“Fortunately, even if alien life is never discovered, simply searching for it will bring valuable benefits to society.(幸运的是，即使外星生命从未被发现，仅仅是寻找它就会给社会带来宝贵的利益。)”可知，A选项“Searching for alien life, even without success, can bring valuable societal benefits.(寻找外星生命，即使没有成功，也能带来宝贵的社会效益。)”和原文符合；根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum.(首先，天体生物学基本上是多学科的。寻找外星生命至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学。)”可知，B选项“Astrobiology, as a multidisciplinary field, promotes the integration of scientific disciplines.(天体生物学作为一个多学科领域，促进了科学学科的融合。)”与原文相符；根据倒数第二段“Indeed, it is only by sending spacecraft out to explore the solar system that we can obtain images of our own planet that show it in its true cosmic setting.  Today, our planet is faced with global challenges that can only be met by increased international cooperation.(的确，唯有通过发射宇宙飞船去探索太阳系，我们才能获得展现地球在真实宇宙环境中的图像。今天，我们的星球面临着全球性挑战，这些挑战只能通过加强国际合作来应对。)”可知，D选项“support the idea that seeking knowledge beyond Earth expands human understanding.(支持寻求地球以外的知识会扩大人类的理解这一观点)”与原文相符，因此C选项不符合原文。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据第三段“First, astrobiology is fundamentally multidisciplinary. The search for alien life requires a grasp of astronomy, biology, geology, and planetary science at a minimum. Undergraduate courses in astrobiology need to cover elements of all these different subjects. Postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers need to be familiar with most or all of them. By forcing multiple scientific disciplines to interact, astrobiology is stimulating a partial reunification of the sciences.(首先，天体生物学本质上是一门多学科交叉的学科。对外星生命的探索至少需要掌握天文学、生物学、地质学和行星科学等知识。天体生物学的本科课程需要涵盖所有这些不同学科的基础内容。研究生和博士后研究人员则需要熟悉其中的大部分乃至全部学科。通过促使多个科学学科相互协作，天体生物学正推动着科学领域的部分融合。)”可知，若能证明天体生物学领域的研究人员所掌握的技能可直接用于解决其他科学领域的问题，那么作者的论点将更具说服力。故选B。 三、真题演练 （2023年6月·上海高考真题C篇） The universe expands with every passing second, stretching the space between galaxies like dough rising in an oven. But just how fast is this expansion happening? As telescopes like Hubble strive to answer this fundamental question, they encounter a perplexing gap between theoretical predictions and observed data. Hubble's measurements indicate a faster rate of expansion in the modern universe compared to what was expected based on observations of the universe more than 13 billion years ago by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite. This inconsistency has been a subject of scientific inquiry for several years. However, it remains uncertain whether differences in measurement techniques or chance variations are responsible for this disparity. Recent data from the Hubble telescope have significantly reduced the possibility that this discrepancy is merely a statistical fluke, with the chances now estimated at only 1 in 100,000. This marks a substantial improvement from previous estimates, which placed the odds at 1 in 3,000 less than a year ago. These precise measurements from Hubble lend weight to the hypothesis that new physics may be necessary to reconcile the observed mismatch. Lead researcher Adam Riess, a Nobel laureate from the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, describes the tension between the early and late universe as one of the most exciting developments in cosmology in decades. He emphasizes that the growing disparity cannot be dismissed as a random occurrence and suggests that it may signal the need for a deeper understanding of the cosmos. To determine distances in the universe, scientists rely on a "cosmic distance ladder" method. This involves accurately measuring distances to nearby galaxies and then using progressively distant galaxies as reference points. By observing stars like Cepheid variables, astronomers can calibrate this distance ladder. Riess and his team have been refining these measurements since 2005, aiming to improve our understanding of cosmic distances. In their latest study, astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 Cepheid variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud. By comparing these stars with their more distant counterparts in galaxies hosting supernovae, they refined their measurement of the Hubble constant, reducing its uncertainty from 2.2% to 1.9%. Despite this increased precision, their calculated Hubble constant remains at odds with the value predicted by observations of the early universe conducted by Planck. The Planck satellite, which maps the cosmic microwave background – a remnant of the universe's early stages – provides crucial data for understanding the universe's expansion. However, the discrepancy between these measurements and those from Hubble underscores the need for further investigation and the potential for new discoveries in cosmology. 63. Where do measurements of the early universe come from? A. The space between galaxies. B.Measurements from Hubble and other telescopes C. European Space Agency's Planck satellite. D. The latest Hubble data. 64. Which of the following statements is in line with Adam Riess’ opinion? A. The expansion speed of the modern universe is faster than expected B. New physics may be needed to explain this mismatch. C, It is unlikely that this discrepancy occurred by chance. D. Hubble's tension is the most exciting development in cosmology in decades. 65. What do scientists use to determine the distance of things in the universe? A. A cosmic distance ladder. B. Accurate measurements of distances. C.Milepost markers. D. The Hubble constant. 66. What did Riess’ team do? A. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe pulsating stars B. They improved the comparison between C.They raised the uncertainty of the Hubble constant to 2.2% D. They reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9. 【答案】63-66 CCAD 【导读】这篇文章探讨了宇宙膨胀的速度以及科学家在测量中遇到的矛盾。哈勃望远镜的最新数据表明，现代宇宙的膨胀速度比早期宇宙的预期要快，这与之前从欧洲空间局的普朗克卫星获得的数据不符。研究人员使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中的70颗脉动星，并通过比较它们与更遥远的超新星宿主星系中的脉动星，改进了距离测量方法。这一研究结果强化了一种新物理可能需要解释这种不匹配的观点。 64. C【解析】根据文章第一段第六句 These measurements of the early universe come from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite.可知,这些早期宇宙的测量数据来自欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星。A项(星系之间的空间)、B项(哈和其他望远镜的测量结果)、D项(最新的哈勃数掘)都说法错误。C项(欧洲航天局的普朗克卫星)正确，故选C。 65. C【解析】阅读文章可知Adam Riess出现在第二段，所以答案应定位在第二段。根据第二第一句中的 The Hubble tension between the early and late universe may be the most exciting development In cosmology in decades 可知,早期宇宙和晚期宇宙之间的哈勃张力可能是几十年来宇古学中最令人兴合的发展.D项(哈勃的张力是几十年来宇宙学中最令人兴面的发展)说法错误。根据该段最后一句 This disparity could not plausibly occur just by chance.可知，这种差异不可能是偶然出现的。C项(这种差异不太可能是偶然发生的)正确。A(现代字宙的膨胀速度比预测的要快)和B项(可能需新的物理学来解释这种不匹配)属于第一段的内容，与Adam Riess 无关，所以A项、B 项错误。故选 C。 66. A【解折】根据文章第三段第一句 Scientists use a "cosmic distance ladder" to determine how far away things are in the universe,可知，科学家们使用“字宙距离阶梯”来确定字宙中事物的距高。A项(宇宙距离阶梯)正确。B项(精确测量距离)、C项(里程碑标记)、D项(哈勃常数)都错误。故选A。 66.D 【解析】根据文章第四段第三句 Riess' team reduced the uncertainty in their Hubble constant value to 1.9% from an earlier estimate of 2.2%,可知, 里斯的团队将哈勃常数的不确定性从之前估计的 2.2%降低到1.9%。C项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定度提高到2.2%)说法错误; D项(他们把哈勃常数的不确定性降低到1.9%)正确。根据该段第一句In this new study,astronomers used Hubble to observe 70 pulsating stars called Cepheid variables in the Large? Magellanic Cloud.可知,天文学家使用哈勃望远镜观察了大麦哲伦星云中70颗被称为造父变星的脉动恒是，这不是里斯的团队做的事，故A项(他们用哈勃太空望远镜观察脉动恒星)说法错误;根据该段第二句 The observations helped the astronomers“rebuild” the distance ladder by improving the comparison between those Cepheids and their more distant cousins in the galactic hosts of supernovas,可知，这些观测帮助天文学家“重建”了距离阶梯，改善了造父变星和它们在超新星宿主星系中更遥远的表亲之间的比较，这也不是里斯的团队做的事，故B项(他们改进了造父变星和更远的表亲之间的比较)说法错误。故选D。 8 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $