学考专题10 定语从句：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，浙江专用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题10 定语从句 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 限制性与非限制性定语从句 知识点二 定语从句的引导词的用法 练|巩固提升训练 一、考点总览 表1　定语从句高考考点一览 考点 考查要点 优先级 关系代词的选择 who / whom / whose / which / that / as 的判断与互换 ★★★ 关系副词的选择 when / where / why 及与“介词 + which”的转换 ★★★ 只用 that / 只用 which 的情形 先行词的限定条件 ★★★ as 引导的定语从句 such…as / the same…as / 指代整句 ★★ 非限制性定语从句 which 指代整个句子；不可用 that ★★ 与其他从句的辨析 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 / 强调句 / 状语从句 ★★★ 介词 + 关系代词 介词搭配；of whom / which 结构 ★★ 图1　定语从句解题主线 二、核心概念：定语从句的三要素 定语从句（Attributive Clause）是在主从复合句中用来修饰名词或代词（偶尔修饰整个句子）的从句，起定语作用。被修饰的词称为先行词（the antecedent）。构成定语从句需要三个要素：先行词、关系词和从句本身。 表2　定语从句三要素 要素 说明 示例 先行词 被从句修饰的名词 / 代词 / 整个句子，常位于从句之前 the girl / the book / 整个主句 关系词 关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）与关系副词（when, where, why），兼具连接、替代、作成分三重功能 who / which / where 从句位置 通常紧跟在先行词之后；有时被其他成分分隔（分隔定语从句） The days are gone when we used foreign oil. 关系词在从句中承担三重功能：其一，连接功能——把从句与主句连接起来；其二，替代功能——代替先行词；其三，成分功能——在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。关系词在从句中充当什么成分，直接决定选用哪个关系词。 例句佐证：The girl who is standing there is my sister. 句中 who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 the girl；who 代替 the girl，在从句中作主语。判断一个从句是否为定语从句的关键是：从句前有被修饰的名词（或代词、句子），且关系词在从句中充当某种成分。 三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 表3　两类定语从句对比 对比项 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 是先行词不可缺少的定语，去掉后句意不完整 对先行词作补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整 形式 从句与先行词之间无逗号 从句前有逗号与主句隔开 关系词 可用 that；关系代词作宾语时可省略 不可用 that；关系词不可省略 翻译 常译为“……的”前置定语 常译为并列句或插入语 例句佐证①（限制性）：This is the book (that) I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的书。（that 作 bought 的宾语，可省略） 例句佐证②（非限制性）：My brother, who is now in Beijing, will come back next week. 我哥哥下周回来，他现在在北京。 例句佐证③（非限制性，指代整句）：He failed the exam, which made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格，这让他父母非常生气。 规则提示：that 不能引导非限制性定语从句；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略；非限制性定语从句中的 which 可以指代前面整个句子的内容，常译为“这、那”。 四、关系代词的用法 表4　关系代词总表 关系代词 先行词 在从句中作 例句 who 人 主语、宾语 The man who is talking is our teacher. whom 人 宾语（可省略；介词后不可省略） The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. whose 人 / 物 定语（表“……的”） The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard. which 物 / 整个句子 主语、宾语 The book which I read is interesting. that 人 / 物 主语、宾语、表语 The book that I read is interesting. as 人 / 物 / 整个句子 主语、宾语、表语 Such books as you have are useful. （一）只用 that、不用 which 的六种情况 表5　只用 that、不用 which 的六种情况 情形 例句 1. 先行词是不定代词：all, much, little, few, everything, anything, nothing, none 等 All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的不都是金子。 2. 先行词被 the only, the very, the last 等修饰 This is the very book that I want. 这正是我想要的那本书。 3. 先行词被序数词（the first, the second……）修饰 The first thing that we should do is to calm down. 4. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 5. 先行词既有人又有物 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 6. 主句以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句 Who is the person that is standing there? （二）只用 which、不用 that 的两种情况 其一，位于介词之后（介词 + which）：This is the room in which we once lived. 这是我们曾经住过的房间。 其二，非限制性定语从句中（先行词指物）：The tree, which is very tall, stands in front of the house. 那棵树很高，就立在房前。 此外，which 还可指代前面整个句子：He passed the exam, which made us happy. 他通过了考试，这让我们很高兴。 （三）as 引导的定语从句 表6　as 的三种典型用法 结构 含义 例句 the same…as 与……相同的（同类事物） This is the same bag as I lost. 这个包和我丢的那个一样。 such…as / so…as 像……这样的 Such books as you have are useful. 像你有的这种书是有用的。 as 引导非限制性定语从句 正如……；指代整个主句，位置灵活 As is known to all, the earth is round. as 引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首、句中或句尾，常与 is known, we all know, is often the case, is mentioned above 等搭配。对比 which：which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后；as 可置于句首。as 侧重“正如”，which 侧重“这件事导致……”。 补充辨析：the same…as 表示“与……同类”，the same…that 表示“同一个”。如：This is the same pen as I lost.（这支笔和我丢的那支是同款的，不是同一支。）This is the same pen that I lost.（这就是我丢的那支笔。） （四）关系代词的省略规则 1. 关系代词作宾语时（限制性定语从句中）可省略：The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is interesting. 2. 介词置于从句句末、关系词作介词宾语时可省略：The girl (whom) he talked with is Lucy. 3. 先行词为 the way、关系词在从句中作状语时，可用 in which / that / 省略：I don't like the way (in which) he speaks. 注意：关系代词作主语时不能省略。 五、关系副词的用法 表7　关系副词总表 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 例句 when 时间名词（time, day, year, moment……） 时间状语 I still remember the day when we met. where 地点名词（place, house, city……）及抽象地点名词（point, situation, case, stage……） 地点状语 This is the house where I lived. why 原因名词（reason） 原因状语 That is the reason why he left. （一）关系副词 = 介词 + which when = at / in / on / during which；where = in / at / on which；why = for which。 例句：I remember the day when we met. = I remember the day on which we met. This is the house where I lived. = This is the house in which I lived. That is the reason why he left. = That is the reason for which he left. （二）判断技巧：关系代词还是关系副词 看从句缺少什么成分：缺主语、宾语、定语，用关系代词；缺时间、地点、原因状语，用关系副词（或“介词 + which”）。 经典陷阱对照： This is the factory which/that we visited last year.（visit 是及物动词，从句缺宾语 → 用关系代词） This is the factory where my father works.（works 后不缺宾语，从句缺地点状语 → 用 where 或 in which）（三）抽象地点名词后用 where 先行词为 point, situation, case, stage, position 等抽象名词时，若从句缺状语，同样用 where。 例句：We have reached a point where we must make a decision. 我们已到了必须作出决定的关头。 He got into a situation where it was hard to say no. 他陷入了很难拒绝的境地。 （四）the way 作先行词 先行词为 the way、关系词在从句中作状语时，用 in which / that 或省略：The way (in which) he solved the problem was clever. 他解决这个问题的方式很巧妙。 注意：关系词在从句中作主语时不可省略：The way that leads to the top is steep. 通往山顶的那条路很陡。 六、介词 + 关系代词 规则一：先行词指物用“介词 + which”，指人用“介词 + whom”。介词的选择依据：与先行词的固定搭配（如 the house in which…），或与从句中动词、形容词的搭配（如 talk about whom, be proud of which…）。 例句：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 The man with whom I talked is a scientist. 和我谈话的那位男士是一位科学家。 规则二：whose 可转换为 of whom / of which。如：The girl whose name is Lily = The girl of whom the name is Lily. 规则三：数词 / 代词 / 最高级 + of + whom / which 结构。如：He has three sons, two of whom are doctors. He has collected many books, most of which are English novels. 这一结构常在语法填空中考查，要求从句意中判断先行词指人还是指物，从而确定用 whom 还是 which。七、高考易错点辨析 表8　五大易错点总览 易错点 区分关键 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 that 是否在从句中作成分 定语从句 vs 强调句 去掉 It was…that 后句子是否完整 where 定语从句 vs 地点状语从句 从句前是否有先行词 which 与 as 指代整句 as 可置句首，which 只能后置 分隔定语从句 先行词与从句之间被其他成分隔开 one of / the only one of 主谓一致 先行词是复数名词还是 the only one （一）定语从句与同位语从句的区分 判定依据：that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，指代先行词，作宾语时可省略；that 在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略。 例句：The news that he told me was true.（that 作 told 的宾语 → 定语从句） The news that our team won made us excited.（that 后句子结构完整 → 同位语从句） 判断技巧：把 that 后面的从句拿出来，看它是否缺少主语或宾语；缺少就是定语从句，不缺就是同位语从句。 （二）定语从句与强调句的区分 例句：It was in the room that we had the meeting.（强调句：去掉 It was…that 后，in the room we had the meeting 结构完整） 例句：It was the room where we had the meeting.（定语从句：where 从句修饰 the room；去掉后 it was the room 不完整） 判断技巧：去掉“It is / was…that”后，若剩余部分结构完整、意思成立，则是强调句；若剩余部分中的名词缺少定语修饰，则是定语从句。 （三）where 定语从句与 where 地点状语从句的区分 判定依据：定语从句前有被修饰的先行词；状语从句前没有先行词。 例句：Put the book where it was.（无先行词 → 地点状语从句） Put the book in the place where it was.（有先行词 the place → 定语从句） （四）which 与 as 指代整个句子 相同点：两者都可指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语。 不同点：as 引导的从句可放在主句之前或之后，意为“正如”；which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后，意为“这件事……”。 例句：As we all know, the earth is round.（此处不可换用 which，因为从句在句首） He failed again, which disappointed his father.（强调结果，可用 which） （五）分隔定语从句 先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（常为谓语部分）分隔，阅读时容易漏掉先行词。 例句：The days are gone forever when we used foreign oil. 我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了。（when 从句修饰 the days，被 are gone forever 分隔） 判断技巧：找出被修饰的名词，把从句“送回”名词之后理解句意。 （六）one of / the only one of + 复数名词的主谓一致 例句：He is one of the students who have passed the exam.（先行词是 students → 从句谓语用复数） He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.（先行词是 the only one → 从句谓语用单数） 规律：one of + 复数名词后，从句修饰的是复数名词；the (only) one of + 复数名词后，从句修饰的是 the only one。 ▲解题三步法（高考实战技巧） 表9　高考定语从句解题三步 步骤 操作 要点 第一步：找先行词 在从句前找到被修饰的名词 / 代词 / 句子 注意分隔定语从句，警惕先行词被谓语隔开 第二步：断成分 判断从句缺少什么成分 缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词或“介词 + which” 第三步：套规则 用特殊规则筛选答案 限制 / 非限制；只用 that、只用 which 的情形；as；介词搭配 示范例题（一）：This is the factory ____ we visited last year. 第一步：先行词 the factory，指物；第二步：visited 是及物动词，从句缺宾语，故用关系代词；第三步：限制性从句、无特殊限定 → 答案 which / that（作宾语可省略）。 示范例题（二）：This is the factory ____ my father works. 第一步：先行词 the factory；第二步：works 后不缺宾语，从句缺地点状语，故用关系副词；第三步：答案 where 或 in which。 一、单句语法填空 原句：1. The book ________ you lent me last week is very interesting. 规律：先行词 the book 指物，关系词在从句中作 lent 的直接宾语；作宾语时 that / which 均可，限制性定语从句中可省略。 答案：that / which（可省略） 原句：2. Do you know the man ________ car was stolen last night? 规律：先行词 the man 指人，从句中 car 前缺定语，需用 whose 表示“这个人的”，作定语。 答案：whose 原句：3. This is the best film ________ I have ever seen. 规律：先行词 film 被形容词最高级 the best 修饰，只能用 that，不能用 which。 答案：that 原句：4. The school ________ he once studied has changed a lot. 规律：从句 he once studied 主谓结构完整，缺地点状语；先行词 the school 表地点，用 where（= in which）。 答案：where / in which 原句：5. He failed the exam again, ________ made his parents very disappointed. 规律：非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面整个句子（再次考试失败这件事），在从句中作主语；非限制性从句不能用 that。 答案：which 原句：6. ________ is known to all, the earth goes around the sun. 规律：从句位于句首，指代整个主句，表“众所周知”，用 As；which 引导的从句不能置于句首。 答案：As 原句：7. We have reached a point ________ we must make a choice. 规律：先行词 point 是抽象地点名词，从句缺地点状语，用 where（= at which）。 答案：where / at which 原句：8. He has three sons, two of ________ are doctors. 规律：“数词 + of + whom / which”结构；先行词 sons 指人，介词 of 后用 whom。 答案：whom 原句：9. The reason ________ he was late was that he got up late. 规律：先行词 the reason，从句 he was late 缺原因状语，用 why（= for which）。 答案：why / for which 原句：10. This is the house ________ your grandfather once lived. 规律：从句 your grandfather once lived 主谓完整，缺地点状语；先行词 the house 表地点，用 where（= in which）。 答案：where / in which 二、长难句拆解 原句：1. The man who was walking along the street was the famous scientist we talked about yesterday. 规律：句子主干为 The man was the famous scientist。who was walking along the street 是定语从句，修饰 the man，关系代词作主语；we talked about yesterday 是省略关系词（whom）的定语从句，修饰 scientist，talked about 缺宾语。 答案：译文：正在街上走的那个人就是我们昨天谈论的那位著名科学家。 原句：2. The reason why he succeeded is that he never gave up, which is worth learning. 规律：主干为 The reason is that he never gave up。why he succeeded 是定语从句修饰 reason，缺原因状语；that he never gave up 是表语从句；which is worth learning 是非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。 答案：译文：他成功的原因是他从不放弃，这一点值得学习。 原句：3. It was in the village where I spent my childhood that I first met my best friend. 规律：这是强调句 It was…that… 结构，被强调部分是地点状语 in the village；其中 where I spent my childhood 是定语从句，修饰 the village，spent 后接 childhood 缺地点状语，故用 where。 答案：译文：正是在我度过童年的那个村庄里，我第一次遇到了我最好的朋友。 1．The concert ________ will be held in our city next month is organized by some famous musicians. A．who B．what C．that D．where 2．The art exhibition features works by young painters, ________ have gained international recognition for their unique style—this is why the event has attracted so much attention. A．some of whom B．who C．of which D．whose 3．Yesterday Kate explained the reason ________ she was late to me. A．what B．because C．if D．why 4．The newly-built library, ________ walls are painted in a soft light blue that creates a calm atmosphere, provides a quiet and peaceful environment for students. A．whose B．which C．of which D．that 5．When you are down, you can talk to someone ________ brings you energy or watch movies that ________. A．who; cheer up you B．whom; cheer you up C．who; cheer you up D．that; cheer up you 6．This is the place ________ he often mentioned, but I have no ________ about it. A．/; sense B．which; idea C．where; humour D．that; doubt 7．The young man __________ is leaving for Japan next Saturday. A．the girl is talking to him B．who the girl is talking to C．which the girl is talking to D．who the girl is talking 8．This is the old building ________ twenty years ago. A．Grandma lived B．Grandma lives C．that Grandma lived D．that Grandma lived in 9．Our classroom has large windows ________ we can enjoy the view outside. A．which B．where C．when D．what 10．The story ________ my grandfather told me about Qian Xuesen is touching. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 11．They are talking about the greatest inventions _________ have made a big difference to our daily life. A．which B．who C．why D．that 12．I’ll never forget the lesson ______ I learned last year. A．that B．who C．what D．whom 13．The famous actor invited the journalist to the small theater ________ his career began. There, he shared the way ________ he improved his acting skills. A．where; where B．which; where C．where; / D．which: / 14．The girl ________ is wearing a red dress is my classmate. A．which B．who C．whom D．whose 15．I’m interested in the writers ________ popular among teenagers. A．that is B．who is C．who are D．which are 16．Take anything ________ you like. Don’t tell anyone ________ you don’t know. A．who; that B．that; who C．who; who D．which; that 17．—Must we finish the work today? —Yes, I’m afraid so. It’s our duty to finish the work ________ our group leader asks us to do. A．what B．that C．who D．where 18．She didn’t forget anything ________ her mother had told her to buy. A．whom B．which C．that D．who 19．Is there anything here ________ to that man? A．that belong B．which belong C．that belongs D．that is belonged 20．Yu Gong Moves a Mountain is the best story _________ I have ever read. A．who B．where C．that D．what 参考答案 1．C 【解析】句意：下个月将在我们城市举办的这场音乐会是由一些著名音乐家组织的。 考查定语从句引导词。who指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语；what不能引导定语从句；that指代人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语；where指代地点，在从句中作状语。先行词“The concert”是物，且定语从句“will be held in our city next month”缺少主语，需用指物的引导词that，故选C。 2．A 【解析】句意：这个艺术展览展出了年轻画家的作品，其中一些人因其独特的风格获得了国际认可——这就是为什么活动吸引了如此多的关注。 考查定语从句的关系代词。分析句子可知，空处引导非限定性定语从句，修饰指人的先行词“young painters”，在从句中作主语，且表示“其中一些”的含义。故选A。 3．D 【解析】句意：昨天凯特向我解释了她迟到的原因。 考查定语从句引导词。what什么；because因为；if如果；why为什么。先行词是the reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，应用why引导。故选D。 4．A 【解析】句意：这座新建的图书馆，其墙壁被漆成了柔和的浅蓝色，营造出一种宁静的氛围，为学生提供了一个安静平和的学习环境。 考查定语从句关系词辨析。 whose 表示“……的”，在定语从句中作定语，可以指人或物，用来修饰名词；which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，但不能直接修饰另一个名词。 of which也可以表示所属关系，但结构一般为 “the + 名词 + of which” 或 “of which + the + 名词”。 that可指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，但不能作定语。根据“The newly-built library...”接一个非限制性定语从句，该从句用来修饰先行词library，且空格后接的是名词walls，需要一个能作定语的关系词来表示“图书馆的墙”。whose可以作定语，表示“……的”，故选A。 5．C 【解析】句意：当你情绪低落时，你可以和能给你带来能量的人聊天，或者看让你高兴起来的电影。 考查定语从句以及动词短语。第一个空引导定语从句，先行词是“someone”，且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，故用“who”；“cheer up”是动副短语，代词作宾语时，应置于动词和副词之间，结合选项可知，C项符合。故选C。 6．B 【解析】句意：这是他经常提到的地方，但我对此一无所知。 考查定语从句和名词辨析。sense感觉；idea想法；humour幽默；doubt怀疑。根据“This is the place...he often mentioned”可知句子是定语从句，先行词是物，关系词在从句中作mentioned的宾语，用that/which引导定语从句，关系词也可省略；根据“I have no...about it”可知是不知道这个地方，have no idea“不知道”。故选B。 7．B 【解析】句意：那个女孩正在和他谈话的那个年轻人下周六要去日本。 考查定语从句的用法。the girl is talking to him那个女孩正在和他谈话；who the girl is talkingto那个女孩正在和他谈话的；which the girl is talking to那个女孩正在和它谈话的；who the girl is talking错误表达。根据“The young man...is leaving for Japan next Saturday”以及选项可知，此空是一个定语从句，所以排除选项A；先行词是“the young man”，指人时，所以排除选项C；talk to sb“和某人谈话”，所以排除选项D。 选项B中“who”作为关系代词，指代先行词“the young man”，在定语从句中作介词“to”的宾语。故选B。 8．D 【解析】句意：这是奶奶二十年前住过的老建筑。 考查定语从句。根据“This is the old building...twenty years ago.”及选项可知，这里需要一个定语从句来修饰“the old building”，说明是“奶奶二十年前住过的老建筑”。live是不及物动词，不能直接接宾语，必须搭配介词 in；that是关系代词（可以省略），指代“the old building”，并在从句中作in的宾语。故选D。 9．B 【解析】句意：我们的教室有大的窗户，透过它们我们可以欣赏外面的景色。 考查定语从句关系词的选择。which指物，引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语；where表地点属性，引导定语从句时，在从句中作地点状语（需修饰前文表地点或地点属性的先行词）；when表时间，引导定语从句时作时间状语（修饰时间类先行词）；what不引导定语从句，直接排除。根据 “Our classroom has large windows”（先行词为 “windows”，虽非直接地点，但结合语境可指代 “观察风景的位置”，具备地点属性）及 “we can enjoy the view outside”（从句主谓宾完整，需表地点的关系词作状语），此处应用where引导定语从句。故选B。 10．D 【解析】句意：我祖父告诉我的关于钱学森的故事很感人。 考查定语从句关系代词。who指代人，在句中作主语；whom指代人，在句中作宾语；whose表示所属关系，在句中作定语；which指代事物，在句中作主语或宾语。根据“The story... mygrand father told me about Qian Xuesen...”可知，先行词是“story”故事，指代事物，且从句中缺少宾语，故选D。 11．D 【解析】句意：他们正在讨论那些对我们日常生活产生了重大影响的最伟大发明。 考查定语从句。根据“the greatest inventions ... have made a big difference to our daily life”可知，先行词是“inventions”（物），且被形容词最高级“greatest”修饰，关系代词用“that”，在从句中作主语。故选D。 12．A 【解析】句意：我永远不会忘记去年学到的教训。 考查定语从句。that引导定语从句时，可在从句中作主语或宾语，指代人或物；who引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语，指代人；what不能引导定语从句；whom引导定语从句时，在从句中作宾语，指代人。根据“…I learned last year”是定语从句，修饰先行词“the lesson”，且从句中缺少宾语，所以应用关系代词that引导该定语从句。故选A。 13．C 【解析】句意：这位著名演员邀请记者来到他职业生涯开始的小剧院。在那里，他分享了自己提高演技的方法。 考查定语从句关系词。where哪里；which哪一个；/不填。第一个空，“the small theater”是先行词，表示地点，“his career began”这个定语从句中缺少地点状语，“where”符合要求，第一个空填“where”；第二个空，“the way”是先行词，“he improved his acting skills”是定语从句，此定语从句结构完整，不缺少主要成分，当先行词是“the way”且定语从句不缺主、宾等主要成分时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种情况：that/in which/不填，所以第二个空不填关系词。故选C。 14．B 【解析】句意：穿着红色连衣裙的那个女孩是我的同班同学。 考查定语从句关系词辨析。which指代物，在从句中可作主语或宾语；who指代人，在从句中作主语；whom指代人，在从句中作宾语；whose既可指代人也可指代物，在从句中作定语，后接名词。 根据“...is wearing a red dress”可知，本句是定语从句，修饰先行词“The girl”，且从句中缺少主语，需要能指代人并在从句中作主语的关系词。who符合“指代人且在从句中作主语”的要求，故选B。 15．C 【解析】句意：我对青少年中受欢迎的作家感兴趣。 考查定语从句。先行词是the writers，关系代词在定语从句中作主语且指人，引导词用that/who，从句谓语用are，故选C。 16．B 【解析】句意：拿任何你喜欢的东西。不要告诉任何你不认识的人。 考查定语从句。who谁；that那个；which哪一个。分析句子可知，两个句子都为定语从句，第一个句子的先行词是复合不定代词，关系词在从句中作宾语，用that引导定语从句；第二个句子的先行词是anyone，关系词在从句中作宾语，用who引导定语从句。故选B。 17．B 【解析】句意：—— 我们必须今天完成这项工作吗？ —— 是的，恐怕是这样。完成我们组长要求我们做的工作是我们的职责。 考查定语从句。what什么；that引导定语从句，指人或物；who谁；where哪里。根据“our group leader asks us to do”可知，此处指我们组长要求我们做的工作，“our group leader asks us to do”是定语从句，先行词是“the work”，指物，关系词用that。故选B。 18．C 【解析】句意：她没有忘记妈妈让她买的任何东西。 考查定语从句关系代词。whom在定语从句中指代人，作宾语；which指代物，作主语或宾语；that既可指人也可以指物，当先行词是不定代词（如anything）时，关系代词只能用that；who指代人，作主语。根据“anything...her mother had told her to buy”可知，此处先行词是不定代词“anything”，且在从句中作“buy”的宾语，故关系代词用that。故选C。 19．C 【解析】句意：这里有什么东西是属于那个男人的吗？ 考查定语从句。根据“Is there anything here...to that man?”可知，此处是一个定语从句，先行词“anything”是不定代词，关系代词只能用that，不用which；且当先行词为不定代词时，谓语动词用单数形式，belong to“属于”，无被动语态，所以此处应用belongs。故选C。 20．C 【解析】句意：《愚公移山》是我曾读过的最好的故事。 考查定语从句。根据“Yu Gong Moves a Mountain is the best story …I have ever read.”可知，先行词“story”被最高级“the best”修饰，且关系词代替先行词，在从句中作宾语，关系代词只能用that。故选C。 训练 一、单项选择 1．In yesterday’s lecture, the elderly professor talked about the scholars and theories ________ had influenced his academic career. A．which B．who C．what D．that 2．This is the most moving story ________ I have ever read. A．what B．that C．which D．who 3．The news ________ you told me yesterday is totally false.（定语从句） A．what B．that C．how D．whether 4．Mary still remembered the days ________ she spent walking in the park with her grandparents after dinner. A．when B．where C．who D．which 5．Do you believe the reason ________ he gave for his spending so much money in a week? A．why B．which C．where D．when 6．Children should be encouraged to participate in social activities ________ can help them develop their team spirit. A．which B．why C．where D．what 7． As students ________ love doing sports, we need to remember to keep sports ________ clean after using it. A．that; equipments B．which; equipment C．who; equipments D．who; equipment 8．—The boy ________ lost is crying there. —How do you know he gets lost? A．whose B．who C．who’s 9．Confucius was a famous philosopher ________ has influenced the world greatly. A．whose B．whom C．which D．who 10．I don’t know ________ the boy ________ is standing over there is. A．that; who B．what; who C．what; which D．where; that 11．The old man _________ we visited in the countryside is a famous artist. A．when B．whom C．which D．whose 12．The player ________ you met just now is our team captain. A．which B．whose C．whom D．what 13．He is the boy ________ we played basketball with last weekend. A．what B．which C．whom D．whose 14．—Who is the person ________ you admire most? —Yuan Longping. He devoted his life to solving the food problem. A．which B．what C．whose D．whom 15．I know the boy ________ you met at the school gate yesterday. A．whose B．whom C．where D．why 16．The old man ________ we met at the school gate is a famous writer. A．which B．whom C．what D．where 17．We talked with the local writer ________ stories describe the life of villagers in the mountains. A．whose B．whom C．who D．that 18．The athlete ________ performance impressed us won the gold medal. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 19．The manager, ________ the company owes its present success, is a man ________ words seldom match his actions. A．to whom; of whom B．to which; whose C．whom; of which D．to whom; whose 20．The old temple ________ roof was damaged in the storm is now under repair. A．which B．whose C．where D．that 21．Such a degree of trust ________ the two partners had placed in each other was exactly what saved their company when the financial crisis struck. A．that B．as C．which D．where 22．Such words ________ he often uses in his daily speech are seldom seen in formal academic articles. A．that B．which C．as D．what 23．He doesn’t possess such a mind ________ is necessary to a scientist. A．that B．which C．as D．what 24．Such tourists ________ have paid a visit to Shanghai and experienced its unique charm all think that a trip to this international metropolis cannot be truly complete without taking a leisurely stroll along the historic Bund. A．who B．that C．whoever D．as 25．The tough task ________ our team spent two months preparing won the city competition prize. A．on which B．in which C．for which D．at which 26．The metal box ________ the artist kept his paintings was damaged during transport. A．in which B．for which C．with which D．by which 27．Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to the local people ________ traditions hold much value. A．of whom B．for whom C．with whom D．beyond whom 28．I was drawn to Cosmos not because of the subject, but the communication skills ________ my colleague explained mind-blowing concepts. A．that B．where C．with which D．to whom 29．The new software, after ________, will give designers a powerful tool ________ they can create 3D models easily. A．is launched; which B．launched; on which C．being launched; with which D．to be launched; that 30．Reading is an effective means ______ people can broaden their horizons and enrich their minds. A．on which B．in which C．by which D．for which 31．The pen _________ I write notes works very well. A．by which B．with which C．for which D．at which 32．The ancient village has many stone houses, most ________ were built hundreds of years ago. A．of them B．of which C．which D．them 33．A sudden heavy rain flooded downtown streets, ________ brought trouble to many commuters. A．that B．what C．which D．who 34．________ is mentioned in the report, sometimes challenges can ________ the best in us. A．Which; take on B．As; bring out C．What; bring about D．As; take up 35．Many archaeological finds are made in shallow waters near the coast, including whole cities buried beneath the waves, ________ discovered off the coast of Tunisia. ________ underwater by a tsunami in the 4th century AD, the ruins of Neapolis are almost 2000 years old. A．one of which; Believed to be buried B．one of them; Believed to have been buried C．one of which; Believing to have been buried D．one of them; Believing to be buried 36．The festival will be held in October, ________ the weather is usually mild. A．which B．whom C．when D．that 37．According to the weather report, it will be sunny tomorrow, ________ the kids can do some outdoor activities. A．that B．when C．which D．where 38．They went to London, ________ they lived for six months. A．which B．where C．that D．when 39．The passengers looked at the electronic board, ________ the information about the high-speed train they were about to board was displayed. A．that B．when C．where D．which 40．Ms. Oyeymi, _____________ mother is training to become a driver for London Underground, began writing at the age of seven. A．who B．whose C．where D．why 二、翻译 41．以前，我们有固定教室，学生都成排坐着。(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 42．真正的朋友是即使事情变糟也愿意倾听、理解和原谅的人。（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ 43．我相貌不错、思维敏捷，而且做事全力以赴。(汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 44．一阵微风吹过树林，这吹散了萦绕在我心头的焦虑。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 45．我校开设了大量课外课程，其中人工智能是最受学生欢迎的一门课程。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 46．站在终点线的教练朝她竖起大拇指，这给了她继续向前的巨大勇气。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 47．秋高气爽，是户外写生的好时节。(when) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________ 48．这家藏于市井的木工坊，氛围质朴纯粹，爱好者可亲手创作，感受匠心之美。（where）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________ 49．这座隐于闹市的书屋，环境静谧雅致，读者能沉浸书香，远离尘世浮躁喧嚣。(where) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 50．中华文明一直延续至今有各种各样的原因，其中，一个发展完善的书写体系发挥着重要的作用。（关系副词、介词+关系代词引导定语从句）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案 一、 1．D 【解析】句意：在昨天的讲座中，这位老教授谈到了影响他学术生涯的学者和理论。本句包含一个定语从句，先行词为the scholars and theories，既包含人（scholars）又包含物（theories）。在定语从句中，当先行词既有人又有物时，且在从句中作主语，关系代词只能使用that。 2．B 【解析】句意：这是我读过的最感人的故事。本句中先行词为story，指代事物，且先行词前有形容词最高级the most moving修饰，此时定语从句的关系代词只能用that，不能用which。what不能引导定语从句，who用于指代人，B选项符合题意。 3．B 【解析】句意：你昨天告诉我的那条消息完全是假的。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The news，指物，关系词在从句中作told的宾语，应使用关系代词that引导从句。 4．D 【解析】句意：玛丽仍然记得晚饭后和祖父母在公园散步度过的那些日子。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the days。从句中的谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后缺少宾语，用关系代词which或that。 5．B 【解析】句意：你相信他为一周内花那么多钱所给出的理由吗？reason为名词，设空处引导定语从句对其进行修饰；从句中gave是及物动词，缺少宾语，指代“理由”这个事物，所以用关系代词which或that引导，引导词在从句中作宾语。 6．A 【解析】句意：应该鼓励孩子们参加能帮助他们培养团队精神的社会活动。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是social activities，在从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导从句。 7．D 【解析】句意：作为热爱运动的学生，我们需要记住在使用后保持运动设备的清洁。第一空引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词students，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that作引导词；第二空为名词作宾语，equipment意为“设备”，是不可数名词。 8．C 【解析】句意：——那个迷路的男孩正在那里哭。——你怎么知道他迷路了？ A. whose谁的；B. who谁；C. who’s = who is。分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，先行词the boy，从句缺少主语和谓语，who is lost表示“迷路的”，who’s符合句子结构。 9．D 【解析】句意：孔子是一位著名的哲学家，他对世界产生了巨大的影响。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰指人的先行词“a famous philosopher”，且关系词在从句中作主语，需用关系代词who。 10．B 【解析】句意：我不知道站在那里的那个男孩是干什么的。第一空需要填入宾语从句的引导词，宾语从句中缺少表语，应用what来提问人的职业或身份；第二空需要填入定语从句的关系代词，先行词是the boy（指人），且在定语从句中作主语，应用who或that引导。 11．B 【解析】句意：我们在乡下拜访的那位老人是一位著名的艺术家。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The old man，指人，在定语从句中，及物动词visited后缺少宾语，因此需要使用指代人的关系代词whom来引导该从句，并在从句中充当宾语。 12．C 【解析】句意：你刚才遇到的那个球员是我们队的队长。分析句子可知，此处为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词The player指人，且在从句中作动词met的宾语，需用关系代词whom引导。 13．C 【解析】句意：他就是那个我们上周末一起打篮球的男孩。根据“the boy”可知，先行词指人，从句中with后缺少宾语，应使用指人的宾格关系代词whom。 14．D 【解析】句意：—你最钦佩的那个人是谁？—袁隆平。他毕生致力于解决粮食问题。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是the person，指人，且关系词在从句中作的宾语，应用关系代词whom引导该从句。 15．B 【解析】句意：我认识你昨天在校门口遇到的那个男孩。空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the boy，先行词指人，且关系词在从句中作动词met的宾语，应用关系代词whom。 16．B 【解析】句意：我们在校门口遇到的那位老人是一位著名作家。“______ we met at the school gate”为限制性定语从句，先行词是the old man，指人，关系词在从句中作动词met的宾语，用whom引导。 17．A 【解析】句意：我们和那位当地作家交谈，他的故事描写了山里村民的生活。本句包含一个定语从句，先行词为the local writer，指人。定语从句中stories作主语，且先行词writer与stories之间为所属关系，即“作家的故事”，因此需要使用关系代词whose在从句中作定语修饰stories。 18．C 【解析】句意：那位表现给我们留下深刻印象的运动员赢得了金牌。“______ performance impressed us”为定语从句，先行词the athlete，关系词在从句中作performance的定语，表示所属关系，意为“运动员的”，用关系代词whose。 19．D 【解析】句意：公司如今的成功归功于这位经理，他是一个言行很少一致的人。第一空考查固定搭配owe sth to sb，表示“把某事归功于某人”，先行词the manager，是人，介词to后用whom；第二空先行词a man，应用关系代词whose作定语修饰words，表示“他的”。 20．B 【解析】句意：那座在暴风雨中屋顶受损的古庙现在正在维修中。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词The old temple。从句中“roof”缺少定语，表示“古庙的屋顶”，即先行词与roof之间是所属关系，因此需要使用关系代词whose作定语。 21．B 【解析】句意：正是两位合伙人彼此给予的这份高度信任，在金融危机来袭时挽救了他们的公司。such…as…引导定语从句，as在从句中作宾语（本句作 placed 的宾语）。 22．C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他在日常说话中经常使用的这类词汇，在正式的学术文章中很少出现。“ he often uses in his daily speech”是限制性定语从句，当先行词被such, the same, as等词修饰时，定语从句用as引导，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。本句中，先行词words被such修饰，且as在从句中作uses的宾语，符合规则。故选C。 23．C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他不具备一个科学家所必需的那种头脑。本空引导定语从句，先行词是mind，指物，且先行词被such修饰，关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词as引导。故选C。 24．D 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：那些曾到过上海并领略过其独特魅力的游客都认为，如果不去沿着历史悠久的外滩悠闲漫步一番，那么这次前往这座国际大都市的旅行就无法算得上是完整的。该句为Such + 名词 + as + 定语从句的固定句型，用于限定先行词tourists（游客），“所有去过上海、感受过其独特魅力的游客”。先行词前有Such修饰时，定语从句的关系代词只能用as，不能用 who/that，直接排除 A、B。as 在从句中作主语，替代先行词tourists，从句完整结构为as have paid a visit to Shanghai and experienced its unique charm。故选D项。 25．C 【解析】句意：我们团队花了两个月时间准备的那项艰巨任务赢得了市级比赛的奖项。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词task。从句中有动词preparing，prepare for sth.表示“为某事做准备”，因此介词应使用for。先行词指物，关系代词用which，构成“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 26．A 【解析】句意：这位艺术家用来存放画作的金属盒子在运输过程中损坏了。“______ the artist kept his paintings”为定语从句，修饰先行词The metal box，由固定搭配keep sth. in sth.“把某物存放在某物里”可知，此处应使用介词in，先行词指物，关系代词用which，即in which引导定语从句。 27．B 【解析】句意：尽管现代技术能够帮助生产更多的粮食，但这些梯田对当地人来说仍然意义重大，因为传统对他们而言很有价值。空格处需要引导定语从句，修饰先行词the local people。分析从句部分“traditions hold much value ________”，此处表示“传统对当地人来说很有价值”，固定搭配为hold value for sb.“对某人有价值/对某人来说很重要”，把介词for提到关系词前面，选用关系代词whom指代先行词people。 28．C 【解析】句意：我被《宇宙》吸引，不是因为主题，而是因为我同事用来讲解令人震撼概念的沟通技巧。本空引导定语从句，先行词为communication skills，表示“用某物/某事来解释某事”用explain sth. with sth.，介词with提前，关系词作介词with的宾语，用which。 29．C 【解析】句意：这款新软件在发布之后，将给设计师们提供一个强大的工具，借助这个工具他们可以轻松地创建3D模型。第一空，after此处作介词，其后应接动名词作宾语，且句子的主语The new software与动词launch（发布）之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故应用动名词的被动式being launched。第二空处引导定语从句，先行词为a powerful tool，从句they can create 3D models easily主谓宾结构完整，需填入关系副词或“介词+关系代词”；根据语境，表示“使用/借助这个工具”，对应固定搭配with a tool，故此处应用介词with+关系代词which引导。 30．C 【解析】句意：阅读是一种有效的方式，人们可以通过它来开阔眼界，丰富头脑。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词means(方式，方法)。在定语从句中，表示“通过这种方式”常使用固定搭配by this means，因此介词需用by，关系代词用which指代先行词means作介词的宾语。 31．B 【解析】句意：我用来记笔记的这支钢笔很好用。表示“用某种工具”用介词with，write with the pen，故选with which。 32．B 【解析】句意：这座古老的村庄有许多石头房子，其中大部分是几百年前建造的。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为stone houses，指物，应使用“most of+which”引导从句，表示“石头房子的大部分”。 33．C 【解析】句意：一场突如其来的大雨淹没了市中心的街道，这给许多通勤者带来了麻烦。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个主句A sudden heavy rain flooded downtown streets，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。 34．B 【解析】句意：正如报告中所提到的，有时挑战能激发出我们最优秀的一面。take on承担；bring out激发；bring about引起；take up占据。第一空，as引导非限制性定语从句，位于句首，指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”；第二空，根据challenges和the best in us可知，挑战能激发出我们最优秀的一面，bring out符合语境。 35．B 【解析】句意：许多考古发现是在靠近海岸的浅水区被发掘的，包括被海浪掩埋的整座城市，其中一座是在突尼斯海岸附近被发现的。据信在公元4世纪的一次海啸中被掩埋在水下，奈阿波利斯的废墟距今已有近2000年的历史。第一空，逗号前后没有连词，且空格后只有过去分词discovered而没有完整的谓语动词，因此不能使用one of which引导定语从句（若用定语从句需加be动词，如one of which was discovered），而应使用代词+过去分词构成的独立主格结构作补充说明，故填one of them；第二空，句子的逻辑主语the ruins of Neapolis与动词believe之间是被动关系，应用过去分词Believed作状语；固定搭配be believed to do意为被认为……，因掩埋在水下这一动作发生在谓语动词are之前，且与主语是被动关系，故不定式应用完成被动式to have been buried。 36．C 【解析】句意：节日将在十月举办，那时天气通常温和。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词October，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导该从句。 37．B 【解析】句意：根据天气预报，明天天气晴朗，届时孩子们可以做一些户外活动。此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词tomorrow，关系词将其代入从句中作时间状语，表示“在明天”，用关系副词when引导从句。 38．B 【解析】句意：他们去了伦敦，在那里他们住了六个月。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰地点名词London。关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，要用关系副词where。 39．C 【解析】句意：乘客们看着电子屏，上面显示着他们即将乘坐的高铁的相关信息。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是electronic board，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。 40．B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：Oyeymi女士七岁时开始写作，她的妈妈正在接受训练成为伦敦地铁的司机。分析句子可知，Ms. Oyeymi为定语从句的先行词，与从句中主语mother构成从属关系，所以用关系代词whose。故选B。 二、 41．Previously, we had fixed classrooms where students all sat in rows. 【解析】“以前”用副词previously位于句首，作状语，修饰整个句子；主语“我们”为we；“有”用have，作谓语；“固定教室”表达为fixed classrooms；“学生都成排坐着”可用where引导定语从句，修饰classrooms，从句主语“学生”为students，表示“都”用all，“成排坐着”表达为sit in rows。句子描述的是过去的客观事实，使用一般过去时。 42．A real friend is someone who is willing to listen, understand and forgive, even when things go wrong. 【解析】“真正的朋友”可翻译为a real friend，作主句主语；“是”用系动词is；“即使事情变糟也愿意倾听、理解和原谅的人”中，“人”可翻译为someone，后接who引导的定语从句，从句谓语“愿意”译为is willing to，后接并列动词原形“倾听、理解和原谅”，分别译为listen, understand and forgive，构成“be willing to do sth.”结构；“即使事情变糟”译为even when things go wrong。句子陈述一般事实，所以用一般现在时态。 43．I am good-looking, quick-minded and go all out in everything I do. 【解析】根据句意，该句描述个人特质，全句使用一般现在时；表示“我”为I作主语；表示“是”应用be，主语为I，be动词用is；表示“相貌不错的”为good-looking作表语；表示“思维敏捷的”为quick-minded作并列表语；表示“而且”用and连接并列谓语；表示“全力以赴”为go all out作谓语；表示“在每件事上”为in everything作状语；表示“我所做的”为定语从句I do，先行词everything在从句中作do的宾语，关系代词that省略。 44．A gentle wind blew through the woods, which blew away the anxiety hanging over my mind. 【解析】“一阵微风”表达为a gentle wind；“吹过树林”为blew through the woods；“这吹散了萦绕在我心头的焦虑”表达为which blew away the anxiety hanging over my mind，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事，hanging over my mind现在分词作后置定语修饰anxiety；叙述过去发生的事，为一般过去时。 45．Our school offers a wide range of after‑school courses, of which artificial intelligence is the most popular among students. 【解析】表示“我校”用our school，作主语，句首单词首字母大写。表示“开设了大量课外课程”用offer a wide range of after‑school courses，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语our school为单数，谓语动词用offers。表示“其中人工智能是最受学生欢迎的一门课程”用定语从句，从句中：表示“人工智能”用artificial intelligence，作主语，系动词用is；表示“最受学生欢迎”用the most popular among students；介词of用于引出整体范围中的部分对象；先行词是after-school courses，指物，介词of提前，关系词作of的宾语，用关系代词which。 46．The coach, who stood at the finishing line, gave her a thumbs‑up, which gave her great courage to move forward. 【解析】“教练”表达为名词the coach，作主句主语；“站在终点线的”表达为动词短语stand at the finishing line；“站在终点线的教练”表达为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词the coach，关系词指代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导，从句阐述教练当时的状态，用一般过去时，表达为who stood at the finishing line。“朝她竖起大拇指”表达为动词短语give her a thumbs‑up，作谓语动词，结合句意用一般过去时，表达为gave her a thumbs‑up，作主句谓语部分。“给了她”表达为动词短语give her，结合句意用一般过去时；“巨大勇气”表达为名词短语great courage，作gave的直接宾语；“继续向前的”表达为动词不定式短语to move forward，作后置定语修饰courage；“这给了她继续向前的巨大勇气”表达为非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个主句，关系词指代先行句在从句中作主语，从句用关系代词which引导，从句阐述主句动作产生的结果，用一般过去时，表达为which gave her great courage to move forward。 47．Autumn, when the sky is high and the air is refreshing, is a wonderful season to do sketching outdoors. 【解析】表示“秋天”用Autumn，作主语。“秋高气爽”即“当天空高悬，空气清新”用when引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Autumn，关系词在从句中作时间状语，用when引导。表示“秋高气爽”用when the sky is high and the air is refreshing。系动词用is。表示“好时节”用a wonderful season。表示“户外写生”用do sketching outdoors。不定式to do sketching outdoors作后置定语修饰season。 48．This woodworking workshop hidden in the downtown, where the atmosphere is simple and pure, allows enthusiasts to create by hand and feel the beauty of craftsmanship. 【解析】本句陈述客观事实，时态用一般现在时；这家木工坊作主语，译为“This woodworking workshop”，“藏于市井的”作后置定语修饰主语，译为“hidden in the downtown”，整合为This woodworking workshop hidden in the downtown，其后带上逗号；“氛围质朴纯粹”可译为where引导的非限制性定语从句，即where the atmosphere is simple and pure，其后要带上逗号；翻译“爱好者可亲手创作，感受匠心之美”时，为了贴合英语表达方式，因为主语是单数名词，这里要添加谓语allows，即“这家木工坊允许爱好者亲自创作并感受匠心之美”，用allows sb. to do sth.进行表达；“爱好者”译为enthusiasts，“亲手创作”译为create by hand，翻译“感受匠心之美”时要添加and构成并列关系，即and feel the beauty of craftsmanship，该部分整合为allows enthusiasts to create by hand and feel the beauty of craftsmanship。 49．This book house hidden in the downtown, where the atmosphere is quiet and elegant, enables readers to immerse themselves in books and stay away from worldly impetuosity and noise. 【解析】表示“这座隐于闹市的书屋”译为过去分词作后置定语hidden in the downtown，修饰名词短语this book house；“环境静谧雅致”译为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词house，在从句作地点状语，故用where引导，翻译为where the atmosphere is quiet and elegant；“使能够”译为enable sb. to do sth.；“读者”译为复数名词readers；“沉浸书香”译为immerse oneself in books；“远离尘世浮躁喧嚣”译为stay away from worldly impetuosity and noise。 50．There are many reasons why Chinese civilization has continued all the way through into modern times, among which the well-developed writing system plays an important role. 【解析】表示“中华文明”用Chinese civilization，作主语，表示“一直延续”用continue，结合句意可知，此处表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，用现在完成时，主语为单数，故谓语用has continued。表示“至今”用all the way through into modern times，作状语。表示“有”用there be句型，结合句意，此处陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语“各种各样的原因”many reasons为复数，故be动词用are，there置于句首，首字母大写。表示“中华文明一直延续至今”为定语从句，修饰先行词reasons，关系词在从句中作原因状语，用关系副词why引导，故从句译为why Chinese civilization has continued all the way through into modern times。表示“其中”用among which，引导非限制性定语从句，which指代many reasons，among which在从句中作状语。表示“一个发展完善的书写体系”用the well-developed writing system，作从句主语。表示“发挥着重要的作用”用play an important role，结合句意，此处陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为单数，故谓语用plays an important role。 一、阅读理解 A Bamboo is hailed as “Asia’s green gold” for being one of the most eco-friendly materials on Earth, with great benefits for the environment and human life. Its unique properties make it a popular choice for sustainable development across industries, from construction to daily necessities. Unlike many commercial crops, bamboo grows wild in most tropical and subtropical regions, requiring no human intervention to thrive. Bamboo’s growth rate is remarkable — some species grow 91 centimeters a day, reaching harvestable size in just 3-5 years, while hardwood trees take decades to mature for logging. It needs no pesticides, fertilizers or intensive irrigation, preserving soil structure and water resources drained by chemical farming otherwise. Its dense, fibrous root system spreads widely underground, preventing soil erosion on hillsides and riverbanks, while its leaves absorb far more carbon dioxide and release more oxygen than most trees, playing a critical role in fighting climate change and purifying the air. Beyond environmental benefits, bamboo is highly versatile. It can be processed into furniture, flooring, paper, clothing and durable building materials. Bamboo clothing is soft, breathable and biodegradable, a sustainable alternative to synthetic fabrics that release microplastics into waterways. Unlike plastic products that take centuries to decompose, bamboo products break down naturally within a few years, leaving no harmful residue. As global environmental awareness grows, demand for bamboo products rises sharply, protecting the planet and supporting local communities with stable jobs and economic stability. Its unique value makes it a core part of the world’s sustainable development plan for the next decade. 1．How long does it take for bamboo to reach harvestable size? A．A few months. B．3-5 years. C．Decades. D．A single day. 2．What is a benefit of bamboo mentioned in the passage? A．It requires lots of pesticides. B．It grows slower than trees. C．It absorbs more carbon dioxide. D．It is non-biodegradable. 3．The underlined word “versatile” in Paragraph 3 probably means ________. A．easy to grow B．having many uses C．hard to break D．expensive to produce 4．What is the author’s attitude towards bamboo products? A．Positive. B．Neutral. C．Critical. D．Doubtful. B In Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, when pop superstar Jay Chou took the stage for three nights there last April, he did more than entertaining tens of thousands of fans. The concerts attracted 141,800 ticketed attendees and about 28,000 fans who gathered outside the concert spot to enjoy the atmosphere. Data showed 85 percent of attendees traveled from outside Nanning. The three concerts generated 1.26 billion yuan in citywide consumer spending. The figure offers a vivid illustration of how major cultural events produce ripple effects across hotels, restaurants, retail and transportation — far topping ticket sales alone. China’s live performance market reached 96.9 billion yuan in 2025 and is expected to go over 100 billion yuan this year, said iiMedia Research. “Fans from other cities traveling for a show might spend money on flights, hotels, meals, souvenirs and even extend their trips to explore local attractions,” said Jiang Zhao, the associate researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation. Generation Z has emerged as the driving force behind the increasing concert economy, nearly 60 percent of young consumers willing to pay for emotional value — a trend that is reshaping consumption patterns. Meanwhile, the recently released outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) has identified the expansion of culture, sports and tourism consumption as a key priority. Cities are launching targeted policies designed to transform large-scale concerts and cultural events into fresh economic engines. Zhejiang province, for example, has introduced different rewards this year for large-scale performances based on ticket sales, profit scale, and most importantly the percentage of attendees traveling from outside the province. Events that choose Zhejiang as their only stop, or launch their national tours in the province, may enjoy even higher rewards. A single ticket could now offer discounted or free entry to scenic areas, museums and cultural sites, while also causing savings at hotels, restaurants and retail shops. China’s concert economy is rapidly growing as a major investment (投资) destination, strongly influencing investing trend. 5．Why is Jay Chou’s concert introduced? A．To praise the contributions of big figures. B．To prove the wide popularity of pop stars. C．To show the growth of China’s regional tourism. D．To illustrate the influence of the concert economy. 6．What does the underlined phrase “ripple effects” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Spreading and chain-reaction results. B．Unreal and continuing consequences. C．Expected and uncontrolled situations. D．Increasing and depressing conditions. 7．What is mainly talked about in paragraph 4? A．Reasons for cultural consumption. B．Predictions on future cultural events. C．Policies on economic transformation. D．Generation Z’s attitude to consumption. 8．What can we learn about Zhejiang’s measures? A．They involve both rewards and punishments. B．They work mainly based on national supports. C．They aim to stimulate local cultural consumption. D．They encourage the natives to travel to other cities. C Human beings have kept bees for thousands of years. Recently, urban beekeeping has become popular in many big cities around the world. People set small beehives on rooftops, balconies and community gardens. City bees can produce high-quality honey. City flowers offer different kinds of pollen (花粉). Studies show city honey often has more nutrients than countryside honey. Besides honey, urban beekeeping helps protect wild bees. Wild bee populations are dropping because of pesticide use and loss of natural living space. City gardens and rooftop plants provide safe homes for bees. However, urban beekeeping also causes arguments. Some people worry that bees may sting passers-by. Experts say if beehives are well-managed, bees seldom attack people. Bees only sting when they feel their hive is in danger. Another problem is space. Not every rooftop is suitable for beehives. Beekeepers need to learn professional knowledge before setting hives. Many cities now make rules for urban beekeeping. They require beekeepers to register their hives and follow safety standards. With proper management, city beehives can be a win-win for people and nature. 9．What advantage does city honey have? A．It is cheaper. B．It contains more nutrients. C．It can be stored much longer. D．It tastes sweeter. 10．What is people’s main worry about urban beekeeping? A．Lack of flower resources. B．The high cost of beehives. C．Bees hurting people. D．Too much space occupation. 11．What do experts suggest about urban beekeeping? A．Stop using pesticides in cities. B．Train beekeepers professionally. C．Build more community gardens. D．Keep hives away from tall buildings. 12．What is the author’s attitude toward urban beekeeping? A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring. C．Positive. D．Strict. D Recently I’ve received many emails in perfectly right English from Chinese readers. At first I was amazed at their superb English, but soon I realized they’d used AI. Such readers probably imagined they were therefore drawing nearer to me, but I felt the opposite. As a teenager, I fell in love with foreign languages. Over my lifetime, I’ve worked on at least 10 languages, several for many years. The results have often left me highly upset, but also have given me dramatic joy when I absorbed some of the indescribable beauty of those tongues. Why did I learn those languages? Out of love for every different aspect of foreign languages, sound, writing, grammars, concepts and so on. To me, it is a deep joy to try to internalize (内化) another culture, to feel what it would have been like to grow up in, say, France, India, or China. Through years of efforts, I have good mastery of some languages, French topping the list. However, Chinese is another thing. I’ve struggled with it for many years, still lost in a group of native speakers. But if there were a magic that can make me speak perfectly, I would say no. I want to climb to the Everest of the Chinese language on my own. If I can’t, so be it. We try our best, and sometimes we succeed admirably, and sometimes we don’t. It’s all part of being human. Learning another language is one of the deepest and most human things one can possibly do. Language is at the core of who we are. Language makes us who we are. Maybe attitudes like mine are fading fast these days, but that’s how I grew up, and that’s how I’ll feel till my dying day. 13．How did the writer feel when reading emails from Chinese readers? A．Surprised but close. B．Unbelievable and distant. C．Moved and understanding. D．Unexpected but approving. 14．What can be brought to the writer when learning another language? A．A nice chance to grow up abroad. B．Rich new ways of seeing the world. C．Much deeper love for the mother tongue. D．An experience to contact foreign readers. 15．How is the writer’s Chinese? A．It is still in progress. B．It is out of the reach. C．It is as good as natives. D．It goes well like magic. 16．Which of the following may the writer agree with on language learning? A．Better late than never. B．The journey is the reward. C．Honesty is the best policy. D．Rome wasn’t built in a day. 二、完形填空 I was the quiet kid. Social activities felt like a situation full of dangers and difficulties. In my final year of high school, a simple yet profound idea struck me: what if I rehearsed (刻意练习) kindness? The next day, I started my 17 . My first target was a lonely-looking classmate, Mark. I had 18 to give him a compliment (称赞) about his detailed notes. With a deep breath, I walked over and delivered my 19 line. It felt embarrassing, and my smile was 20 . Mark looked surprised, then doubtful, offering a quiet “thanks” before turning away. My face burned with 21 . It seemed my plan had failed. But I 22 . The next day, I really thanked our bus driver for his being on time. This time, it felt less like a performance. He beamed, and that smile felt 23 . Slowly, I turned focus from my own embarrassment to the 24 I could make. I started listening, not just waiting for my turn to speak. Weeks later, Mark came over to me. “I was having a rough day that time you complimented me,” he said. “It felt a bit 25 , but it also made me realize I wasn’t 26 . Thanks for that. His honesty was a gift.” That conversation was a 27 moment. I had been so focused on practicing kindness perfectly that I forgot its true 28 : connection. It didn’t have to be smooth; it just had to be 29 . My rehearsals had been the training wheels I needed to learn how to 30 . I’m still not outgoing, but now I know that a little embarrassment is a small price to pay for the 31 of a precious human bridge. 17．A．contribution B．experiment C．development D．experience 18．A．prepared B．proposed C．shot D．recorded 19．A．regular B．closing C．final D．opening 20．A．sincere B．anxious C．serious D．forced 21．A．pride B．excitement C．embarrassment D．satisfaction 22．A．gave up B．sped up C．moved on D．turned back 23．A．false B．professional C．passive D．warming 24．A．difference B．decision C．impression D．judgement 25．A．individual B．unreal C．powerful D．effortless 26．A．unseen B．amazing C．confident D．equal 27．A．measure B．reply C．routine D．key 28．A．cost B．nature C．technique D．method 29．A．perfect B．secret C．intentional D．fluent 30．A．act B．respect C．follow D．correct 31．A．cost B．safety C．reward D．balance 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 White, who graduated from the University of Cambridge, started a channel, 32 (record) her daily life on campus. In her video, the 22-year-old girl gets up at 6:30 a.m. and goes to bed at 10:30 p.m. every day. In between, she balances studying, cooking, house cleaning and exercising. Sometimes she finds time to meet up with friends and speak with her family online. A similar case happens to college students in China. One student 33 graduated from HNNU schedules his daily life tightly. He usually goes to bed at 1:00 a.m. and gets up at 6:00 a.m. He starts his day by pre-reading his textbooks at 6:40 a.m., and ends with 34 summary of his studies. When he feels like 35 is hard to stick to his schedule, he writes words of 36 (encourage) to himself, like “You are the best!” and “Go for it!” Both students’ hard work has certainly paid 37 . White ranked first among her 152 classmates and the Chinese undergraduate 38 (win) a first-class scholarship at Tsinghua University four years in a row. They have something in common. They have regular schedules and get up early 39 (study). They squeeze (挤压) as many things into the schedule as they can. More 40 (important), they learn a way of managing time well and efficiently. Indeed, things must be carefully 41 (plan) before we act, and then “twice can be accomplished with half the effort”, as the old Chinese saying goes. 四、书信写作 42．假定你是学生会主席李华，了解到交换生Barry因刚到你校，非常思念家乡。请给他写一封邮件，提出缓解思乡之情的建议，并邀请他周末到你家做客，内容包括： (1)提出建议； (2)发出邀请。 注意： (1)写作词数应为80个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Barry, I hope this email finds you well. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案 一、 A 1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文主要介绍了竹子生长快、环保固碳防蚀、用途广、可自然降解等优势，是替代塑料并推动全球可持续发展的重要绿色资源。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Bamboo’s growth rate is remarkable — some species grow 91 centimeters a day, reaching harvestable size in just 3-5 years, while hardwood trees take decades to mature for logging. (竹子的生长速度惊人——某些品种每天可长91厘米，仅需3至5年就能长到可采伐的尺寸，而硬木树需要数十年才能成材以供砍伐)”可知，竹子长到可采伐尺寸需要3到5年。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Its dense, fibrous root system spreads widely underground, preventing soil erosion on hillsides and riverbanks, while its leaves absorb far more carbon dioxide and release more oxygen than most trees, playing a critical role in fighting climate change and purifying the air. (它浓密纤维状的根系在地下广泛蔓延，防止山坡与河岸水土流失，同时它的叶片比大多数树木吸收更多二氧化碳并释放更多氧气，在应对气候变化和净化空气方面发挥关键作用)”可知，竹子的叶子比大多数树木能吸收更多的二氧化碳并释放更多的氧气。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Beyond environmental benefits, bamboo is highly versatile. It can be processed into furniture, flooring, paper, clothing and durable building materials. Bamboo clothing is soft, breathable and biodegradable, a sustainable alternative to synthetic fabrics that release microplastics into waterways. (除了环境效益外，竹子还极具versatile。它可以被加工成家具、地板、纸张、衣物和耐用的建筑材料。竹质服装柔软、透气、可生物降解，是合成纤维的可持续替代品，合成纤维会将微塑料释放到水道中)”可知，此处在列举竹子在多个领域的加工用途，推知versatile意为“用途广泛的”。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Bamboo is hailed as “Asia’s green gold” for being one of the most eco-friendly materials on Earth, with great benefits for the environment and human life.(竹子被誉为“亚洲的绿色黄金”，因为它是地球上最环保的材料之一，对环境和人类生活有着巨大的益处)”以及最后一段“As global environmental awareness grows, demand for bamboo products rises sharply, protecting the planet and supporting local communities with stable jobs and economic stability. Its unique value makes it a core part of the world’s sustainable development plan for the next decade. (随着全球环保意识增强，竹制品需求急剧上升，既保护地球，又通过稳定就业和经济保障扶持当地社区。它的独特价值使其成为未来十年世界可持续发展计划的核心部分)”可知，作者在文中称竹子为“亚洲的绿色黄金”，并详细列举了竹子的诸多优点，最后一段还强调了其在保护地球和促进经济方面的独特价值，由此可推断，作者对竹制品持非常积极的态度。 B 5．D 6．A 7．A 8．C 【解析】本文以周杰伦南宁演唱会为例，介绍中国演唱会经济。Z世代是消费主力，多地出台扶持政策，大型演出带动多行业消费，成为拉动文旅经济增长的新动力。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“The figure offers a vivid illustration of how major cultural events produce ripple effects across hotels, restaurants, retail and transportation — far topping ticket sales alone.(这一数据生动说明大型文化活动会在酒店、餐饮、零售、交通等领域产生连锁效应，远超门票收入本身)”可知，开篇举周杰伦演唱会例子是为阐释演唱会经济带来的影响力。 6．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Fans from other cities traveling for a show might spend money on flights, hotels, meals, souvenirs and even extend their trips to explore local attractions(来自其他城市的粉丝为观看演出而旅行时，可能会在机票、酒店、餐饮、纪念品上花费金钱，甚至延长行程以探索当地景点)”可知，大型演唱会带动酒店、餐饮、交通等多个行业消费，属于扩散式连锁反应。ripple effects本义涟漪效应，指扩散、连锁反应。 7．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Generation Z has emerged as the driving force behind the increasing concert economy, nearly 60 percent of young consumers willing to pay for emotional value — a trend that is reshaping consumption patterns. Meanwhile, the recently released outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) has identified the expansion of culture, sports and tourism consumption as a key priority. Cities are launching targeted policies designed to transform large-scale concerts and cultural events into fresh economic engines.(Z世代已成为演唱会经济不断壮大的核心驱动力，近六成年轻消费者愿意为情绪价值买单——这一趋势正在重塑消费模式。与此同时，最新发布的“十五五”规划纲要（2026-2030）将扩大文化、体育和旅游消费列为重点任务。各地城市出台针对性政策，力图把大型演唱会与文化活动打造为全新的经济增长引擎)”可知，本段介绍文化消费兴起的原因。 8．细节理解题。根据第五段“Zhejiang province, for example, has introduced different rewards this year for large-scale performances based on ticket sales, profit scale, and most importantly the percentage of attendees traveling from outside the province.(例如浙江省今年根据门票销量、营收规模，尤其是省外观众占比，对大型演出设置不同奖励)”可知，政策目的是刺激本地文旅文化消费。 C 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．C 【解析】本文主要介绍城市养蜂在全球大城市兴起，讲述它的好处、存在争议以及城市出台相关规范进行管理。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Studies show city honey often has more nutrients than countryside honey.(研究表明城市蜂蜜通常比乡村蜂蜜含有更多营养物质。)”可知，城市蜂蜜的优势是含有更多营养。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However, urban beekeeping also causes arguments. Some people worry that bees may sting passers-by.(然而，城市养蜂也引发争议。一些人担心蜜蜂会蜇伤路人。)”可知，人们主要担心蜜蜂会伤人。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Beekeepers need to learn professional knowledge before setting hives.(养蜂人在放置蜂箱前需要学习专业知识。)”可知，专家建议对养蜂人进行专业培训。 12．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是尾段中的“With proper management, city beehives can be a win-win for people and nature.(在妥善管理下，城市蜂箱可以实现人与自然的双赢。)”可知，作者对城市养蜂持积极支持的态度。 D 13．B 14．B 15．A 16．B 【解析】本文作者谈及收到国内读者AI生成的英文邮件后的感受。作者热爱语言学习，看重学习过程，宁愿独自艰难学中文，认为语言学习本身就是最珍贵的体验。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“At first I was amazed at their superb English, but soon I realized they’d used AI. Such readers probably imagined they were therefore drawing nearer to me, but I felt the opposite.(起初我惊叹于他们精湛的英语，但很快我发现他们用了人工智能。这些读者或许以为这样能拉近和我的距离，但我的感受恰恰相反)”可知，作者感到难以置信，并且觉得有距离感。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段“To me, it is a deep joy to try to internalize (内化) another culture, to feel what it would have been like to grow up in, say, France, India, or China.(对我而言，试着内化另一种文化，感受在法国、印度或者中国长大是什么样子，是一种莫大的快乐)”可知，学习外语能带来看待世界的全新视角。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, Chinese is another thing. I’ve struggled with it for many years, still lost in a group of native speakers.(然而中文是另一回事。我努力学习中文多年，在母语者中间依旧感到吃力)”可知，作者的中文还在学习过程中。 16．推理判断题。根据第四段“But if there were a magic that can make me speak perfectly, I would say no. I want to climb to the Everest of the Chinese language on my own. If I can’t, so be it.(但如果有一种魔法能让我流利完美地说中文，我会拒绝。我想独自攀登中文这座高峰。就算做不到也没关系)”可知，作者看重学习的过程，旅途本身就是回报。 二、 17．B 18．A 19．D 20．D 21．C 22．C 23．D 24．A 25．B 26．A 27．D 28．B 29．C 30．A 31．C 【解析】内向的作者刻意练习表达善意，虽起初尴尬，却领悟善意重在真心，并帮助建立人与人之间珍贵的情感联结。 17．考查名词。句意：第二天，我开始了我的尝试。A. contribution贡献；B. experiment尝试，实验；C. development发展；D. experience经历。根据前一段“what if I rehearsed (刻意练习) kindness?”可知，作者打算做一场练习善意的尝试。 18．考查动词。句意：我准备称赞他笔记记得很详细。A. prepared准备；B. proposed提议；C. shot射击；D. recorded记录。根据后文“With a deep breath, I walked over and delivered my 　　　　 line”以及语境可知，此处指作者提前准备好要说出的赞美。 19．考查形容词。句意：我深吸一口气，走上前说出了开场白。A. regular常规的；B. closing结尾的；C. final最后的；D. opening开头的。根据前文“I walked over and delivered my”以及语境可知，这是作者第一次开口向马克表达赞美，属于开场白。 20．考查形容词。句意：这件事让人尴尬，我的笑容很勉强。A. sincere真诚的；B. anxious焦虑的；C. serious严肃的；D. forced勉强的。根据前文“It felt embarrassing”可知，作者十分尴尬，笑容是勉强挤出来的。 21．考查名词。句意：我的脸因为尴尬而发烫。A. pride骄傲；B. excitement兴奋；C. embarrassment尴尬；D. satisfaction满足。根据前文“It felt embarrassing”可知，作者内心尴尬。 22．考查动词短语。句意：但是我继续坚持下去。A. gave up放弃；B. sped up加速；C. moved on继续；D. turned back返回。根据后文“The next day, I really thanked our bus driver for his being on time”可知，作者没有放弃，继续练习表达善意。 23．考查形容词。句意：他露出灿烂的笑容，那份笑容让人感到温暖。A. false虚假的；B. professional专业的；C. passive被动的；D. warming温暖的。根据前文“This time, it felt less like a performance. He beamed”以及语境可知，司机收到感谢之后开心微笑，这个微笑带来暖意。 24．考查名词。句意：慢慢地，我把注意力从自身的尴尬转移到自己能够带来的改变上。A. difference改变，影响；B. decision决定；C. impression印象；D. judgement判断。根据后文“I could make”以及语境可知，此处指关注自己能够带来的改变，make a difference为固定搭配，意为“带来影响、产生改变”。 25．考查形容词。句意：那感觉有点不真实，但也让我意识到我没有被忽视。A. individual个人的；B. unreal不真实的；C. powerful强大的；D. effortless不费力的。根据第二段“Mark looked surprised, then doubtful”描述马克当时十分惊讶怀疑可知，这句赞美让他觉得有点不真实。 26．考查形容词。句意：同上。A. unseen被忽视的，看不见的；B. amazing令人惊叹的；C. confident自信的；D. equal平等的。根据前文“I was having a rough day that time you complimented me”可知，马克当时情绪低落，这份赞美让他感受到自己被关注，不是无人看见的。 27．考查形容词和名词。句意：那次交谈是一个关键的时刻。A. measure测量；B. reply回复；C. routine常规，常规的；D. key关键的。根据后文“I had been so focused on practicing kindness perfectly that I forgot its true 　　　　: connection. ”可知，作者领悟到善意的真谛，所以这次对话意义重大，key贴合语境。 28．考查名词。句意：我一直专注于完美地练习善意，却忘记了它真正的本质：建立联结。A. cost成本；B. nature本质；C. technique技巧；D. method方法。根据冒号后“connection”以及语境可知，这是善意真正的内核，nature贴合语境。 29．考查形容词。句意：善意不必流畅，只需要发自本心、带有心意。A. perfect完美的；B. secret秘密的；C. intentional有意的；D. fluent流利的。根据前文“It didn’t have to be smooth”以及语境可知，此处指善意重在有心，smooth和intentional形成对比。 30．考查动词。句意：我的这些练习就像是辅助轮，帮我学会如何行动。A. act行动；B. respect尊重；C. follow跟随；D. correct纠正。根据第一段“what if I rehearsed (刻意练习) kindness?”以及语境可知，全文作者练习主动表达善意，学习与人交往，这些都是行动。 31．考查名词。句意：我依旧不算外向，但现在我明白，一点点尴尬，是搭建珍贵人际桥梁所付出的小小代价，换来珍贵的回报。A. cost代价；B. safety安全；C. reward回报；D. balance平衡。根据上文“a little embarrassment is a small price”以及语境可知，此处指付出一点尴尬，收获人与人之间珍贵联结，这是回报。 三、 32．recording 33．who/that 34．a 35．it 36．encouragement 37．off 38．won 39．to study 40．importantly 41．planned 【解析】本文介绍两名中外学生依靠严格的时间规划努力学习并取得优异成绩，告诉我们做事要做好规划，高效管理时间。 32．考查非谓语动词。句意：毕业于剑桥大学的怀特开设了一个频道，记录她的校园日常生活。此处为非谓语，主语White和record是主动关系，用现在分词recording作伴随状语。 33．考查定语从句。句意：一名毕业于HNNU的学生把自己的日常生活安排得很紧凑。此处为限制性定语从句，先行词One student，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导。 34．考查冠词。句意：他早上6点40预习课本开启一天，以学习总结结束一天。此处泛指“一份总结”，且summary以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。 35．考查代词。句意：当他感觉很难坚持自己的计划时，他会给自己写鼓励的话。此处固定句型it is hard to do sth.“做某事有困难”，it作形式主语，真正主语是后面不定式。 36．考查名词。句意：当他感觉很难坚持自己的计划时，他会给自己写鼓励的话，比如“你是最棒的！”和“加油！”。介词of后面需要接名词，encourage的名词形式是encouragement，此处为不可数名词。 37．考查固定短语。句意：两位学生的努力当然得到了回报。此处考查固定搭配pay off，表示“取得成功、得到回报”。 38．考查时态语态。句意：怀特在152名同学中排名第一，这名中国本科生连续四年在清华大学获得一等奖学金。此处为谓语动词， the Chinese undergraduate与win为主动关系，这件事发生在过去，用一般过去时，所以应填won。 39．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们有固定的时间表，早起学习。此处应用不定式作目的状语，表示早起的目的是学习。 40．考查副词。句意：更重要的是，他们学会了高效管理时间的方法。此处修饰整个句子，要用副词形式，important的副词是importantly。 41．考查时态语态。句意：正如中国古话所言，凡事三思而后行，方能事半功倍。此处为谓语动词，主语things和plan是被动关系，前面有must be，用过去分词构成情态动词的被动语态，所以应填planned。 四、 【参考范文】 Dear Barry, I hope this email finds you well. Learning that you’ve been feeling homesick, I understand how you feel since being away from home is never easy. Here are some suggestions for you. First, keep in touch with your family by making regular video calls. Second, take an active part in school activities, which can help you make new friends. Besides, explore our city in your free time. Meanwhile, I’d like to invite you to my home this weekend. My parents and I will prepare some traditional Chinese food for you. I hope you’ll feel the warmth of your new home. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【解析】题目要求考生给交换生Barry写邮件，就他思念家乡提出缓解建议，并邀请他周末到家中做客。 1.词汇积累 思念家乡的：homesick → nostalgic 与……保持联系：keep in touch with →keep in contact with 积极参加：take an active part in → participate actively in 传统的：traditional → conventional 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Meanwhile, I’d like to invite you to my home this weekend. 拓展句：Meanwhile, I’d like to invite you to my home this weekend, where we can relax and catch up. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Learning that you’ve been feeling homesick, I understand how you feel since being away from home is never easy. (运用了现在分词短语作状语、that引导的宾语从句、since引导的原因状语从句和how引导的宾语从句) [高分句型2] Second, take an active part in school activities, which can help you make new friends. (运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 定语从句 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 限制性与非限制性定语从句 知识点二 定语从句的引导词的用法 练|巩固提升训练 一、考点总览 表1　定语从句高考考点一览 考点 考查要点 优先级 关系代词的选择 who / whom / whose / which / that / as 的判断与互换 ★★★ 关系副词的选择 when / where / why 及与“介词 + which”的转换 ★★★ 只用 that / 只用 which 的情形 先行词的限定条件 ★★★ as 引导的定语从句 such…as / the same…as / 指代整句 ★★ 非限制性定语从句 which 指代整个句子；不可用 that ★★ 与其他从句的辨析 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 / 强调句 / 状语从句 ★★★ 介词 + 关系代词 介词搭配；of whom / which 结构 ★★ 图1　定语从句解题主线 二、核心概念：定语从句的三要素 定语从句（Attributive Clause）是在主从复合句中用来修饰名词或代词（偶尔修饰整个句子）的从句，起定语作用。被修饰的词称为先行词（the antecedent）。构成定语从句需要三个要素：先行词、关系词和从句本身。 表2　定语从句三要素 要素 说明 示例 先行词 被从句修饰的名词 / 代词 / 整个句子，常位于从句之前 the girl / the book / 整个主句 关系词 关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）与关系副词（when, where, why），兼具连接、替代、作成分三重功能 who / which / where 从句位置 通常紧跟在先行词之后；有时被其他成分分隔（分隔定语从句） The days are gone when we used foreign oil. 关系词在从句中承担三重功能：其一，连接功能——把从句与主句连接起来；其二，替代功能——代替先行词；其三，成分功能——在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。关系词在从句中充当什么成分，直接决定选用哪个关系词。 例句佐证：The girl who is standing there is my sister. 句中 who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 the girl；who 代替 the girl，在从句中作主语。判断一个从句是否为定语从句的关键是：从句前有被修饰的名词（或代词、句子），且关系词在从句中充当某种成分。 三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 表3　两类定语从句对比 对比项 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 是先行词不可缺少的定语，去掉后句意不完整 对先行词作补充说明，去掉后主句意思仍完整 形式 从句与先行词之间无逗号 从句前有逗号与主句隔开 关系词 可用 that；关系代词作宾语时可省略 不可用 that；关系词不可省略 翻译 常译为“……的”前置定语 常译为并列句或插入语 例句佐证①（限制性）：This is the book (that) I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的书。（that 作 bought 的宾语，可省略） 例句佐证②（非限制性）：My brother, who is now in Beijing, will come back next week. 我哥哥下周回来，他现在在北京。 例句佐证③（非限制性，指代整句）：He failed the exam, which made his parents very angry. 他考试没及格，这让他父母非常生气。 规则提示：that 不能引导非限制性定语从句；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略；非限制性定语从句中的 which 可以指代前面整个句子的内容，常译为“这、那”。 四、关系代词的用法 表4　关系代词总表 关系代词 先行词 在从句中作 例句 who 人 主语、宾语 The man who is talking is our teacher. whom 人 宾语（可省略；介词后不可省略） The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. whose 人 / 物 定语（表“……的”） The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard. which 物 / 整个句子 主语、宾语 The book which I read is interesting. that 人 / 物 主语、宾语、表语 The book that I read is interesting. as 人 / 物 / 整个句子 主语、宾语、表语 Such books as you have are useful. （一）只用 that、不用 which 的六种情况 表5　只用 that、不用 which 的六种情况 情形 例句 1. 先行词是不定代词：all, much, little, few, everything, anything, nothing, none 等 All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的不都是金子。 2. 先行词被 the only, the very, the last 等修饰 This is the very book that I want. 这正是我想要的那本书。 3. 先行词被序数词（the first, the second……）修饰 The first thing that we should do is to calm down. 4. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 5. 先行词既有人又有物 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 6. 主句以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句 Who is the person that is standing there? （二）只用 which、不用 that 的两种情况 其一，位于介词之后（介词 + which）：This is the room in which we once lived. 这是我们曾经住过的房间。 其二，非限制性定语从句中（先行词指物）：The tree, which is very tall, stands in front of the house. 那棵树很高，就立在房前。 此外，which 还可指代前面整个句子：He passed the exam, which made us happy. 他通过了考试，这让我们很高兴。 （三）as 引导的定语从句 表6　as 的三种典型用法 结构 含义 例句 the same…as 与……相同的（同类事物） This is the same bag as I lost. 这个包和我丢的那个一样。 such…as / so…as 像……这样的 Such books as you have are useful. 像你有的这种书是有用的。 as 引导非限制性定语从句 正如……；指代整个主句，位置灵活 As is known to all, the earth is round. as 引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首、句中或句尾，常与 is known, we all know, is often the case, is mentioned above 等搭配。对比 which：which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后；as 可置于句首。as 侧重“正如”，which 侧重“这件事导致……”。 补充辨析：the same…as 表示“与……同类”，the same…that 表示“同一个”。如：This is the same pen as I lost.（这支笔和我丢的那支是同款的，不是同一支。）This is the same pen that I lost.（这就是我丢的那支笔。） （四）关系代词的省略规则 1. 关系代词作宾语时（限制性定语从句中）可省略：The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is interesting. 2. 介词置于从句句末、关系词作介词宾语时可省略：The girl (whom) he talked with is Lucy. 3. 先行词为 the way、关系词在从句中作状语时，可用 in which / that / 省略：I don't like the way (in which) he speaks. 注意：关系代词作主语时不能省略。 五、关系副词的用法 表7　关系副词总表 关系副词 先行词 在从句中作 例句 when 时间名词（time, day, year, moment……） 时间状语 I still remember the day when we met. where 地点名词（place, house, city……）及抽象地点名词（point, situation, case, stage……） 地点状语 This is the house where I lived. why 原因名词（reason） 原因状语 That is the reason why he left. （一）关系副词 = 介词 + which when = at / in / on / during which；where = in / at / on which；why = for which。 例句：I remember the day when we met. = I remember the day on which we met. This is the house where I lived. = This is the house in which I lived. That is the reason why he left. = That is the reason for which he left. （二）判断技巧：关系代词还是关系副词 看从句缺少什么成分：缺主语、宾语、定语，用关系代词；缺时间、地点、原因状语，用关系副词（或“介词 + which”）。 经典陷阱对照： This is the factory which/that we visited last year.（visit 是及物动词，从句缺宾语 → 用关系代词） This is the factory where my father works.（works 后不缺宾语，从句缺地点状语 → 用 where 或 in which）（三）抽象地点名词后用 where 先行词为 point, situation, case, stage, position 等抽象名词时，若从句缺状语，同样用 where。 例句：We have reached a point where we must make a decision. 我们已到了必须作出决定的关头。 He got into a situation where it was hard to say no. 他陷入了很难拒绝的境地。 （四）the way 作先行词 先行词为 the way、关系词在从句中作状语时，用 in which / that 或省略：The way (in which) he solved the problem was clever. 他解决这个问题的方式很巧妙。 注意：关系词在从句中作主语时不可省略：The way that leads to the top is steep. 通往山顶的那条路很陡。 六、介词 + 关系代词 规则一：先行词指物用“介词 + which”，指人用“介词 + whom”。介词的选择依据：与先行词的固定搭配（如 the house in which…），或与从句中动词、形容词的搭配（如 talk about whom, be proud of which…）。 例句：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 The man with whom I talked is a scientist. 和我谈话的那位男士是一位科学家。 规则二：whose 可转换为 of whom / of which。如：The girl whose name is Lily = The girl of whom the name is Lily. 规则三：数词 / 代词 / 最高级 + of + whom / which 结构。如：He has three sons, two of whom are doctors. He has collected many books, most of which are English novels. 这一结构常在语法填空中考查，要求从句意中判断先行词指人还是指物，从而确定用 whom 还是 which。七、高考易错点辨析 表8　五大易错点总览 易错点 区分关键 定语从句 vs 同位语从句 that 是否在从句中作成分 定语从句 vs 强调句 去掉 It was…that 后句子是否完整 where 定语从句 vs 地点状语从句 从句前是否有先行词 which 与 as 指代整句 as 可置句首，which 只能后置 分隔定语从句 先行词与从句之间被其他成分隔开 one of / the only one of 主谓一致 先行词是复数名词还是 the only one （一）定语从句与同位语从句的区分 判定依据：that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，指代先行词，作宾语时可省略；that 在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略。 例句：The news that he told me was true.（that 作 told 的宾语 → 定语从句） The news that our team won made us excited.（that 后句子结构完整 → 同位语从句） 判断技巧：把 that 后面的从句拿出来，看它是否缺少主语或宾语；缺少就是定语从句，不缺就是同位语从句。 （二）定语从句与强调句的区分 例句：It was in the room that we had the meeting.（强调句：去掉 It was…that 后，in the room we had the meeting 结构完整） 例句：It was the room where we had the meeting.（定语从句：where 从句修饰 the room；去掉后 it was the room 不完整） 判断技巧：去掉“It is / was…that”后，若剩余部分结构完整、意思成立，则是强调句；若剩余部分中的名词缺少定语修饰，则是定语从句。 （三）where 定语从句与 where 地点状语从句的区分 判定依据：定语从句前有被修饰的先行词；状语从句前没有先行词。 例句：Put the book where it was.（无先行词 → 地点状语从句） Put the book in the place where it was.（有先行词 the place → 定语从句） （四）which 与 as 指代整个句子 相同点：两者都可指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语。 不同点：as 引导的从句可放在主句之前或之后，意为“正如”；which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后，意为“这件事……”。 例句：As we all know, the earth is round.（此处不可换用 which，因为从句在句首） He failed again, which disappointed his father.（强调结果，可用 which） （五）分隔定语从句 先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（常为谓语部分）分隔，阅读时容易漏掉先行词。 例句：The days are gone forever when we used foreign oil. 我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了。（when 从句修饰 the days，被 are gone forever 分隔） 判断技巧：找出被修饰的名词，把从句“送回”名词之后理解句意。 （六）one of / the only one of + 复数名词的主谓一致 例句：He is one of the students who have passed the exam.（先行词是 students → 从句谓语用复数） He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.（先行词是 the only one → 从句谓语用单数） 规律：one of + 复数名词后，从句修饰的是复数名词；the (only) one of + 复数名词后，从句修饰的是 the only one。 ▲解题三步法（高考实战技巧） 表9　高考定语从句解题三步 步骤 操作 要点 第一步：找先行词 在从句前找到被修饰的名词 / 代词 / 句子 注意分隔定语从句，警惕先行词被谓语隔开 第二步：断成分 判断从句缺少什么成分 缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词或“介词 + which” 第三步：套规则 用特殊规则筛选答案 限制 / 非限制；只用 that、只用 which 的情形；as；介词搭配 示范例题（一）：This is the factory ____ we visited last year. 第一步：先行词 the factory，指物；第二步：visited 是及物动词，从句缺宾语，故用关系代词；第三步：限制性从句、无特殊限定 → 答案 which / that（作宾语可省略）。 示范例题（二）：This is the factory ____ my father works. 第一步：先行词 the factory；第二步：works 后不缺宾语，从句缺地点状语，故用关系副词；第三步：答案 where 或 in which。 一、单句语法填空 原句：1. The book ________ you lent me last week is very interesting. 规律：先行词 the book 指物，关系词在从句中作 lent 的直接宾语；作宾语时 that / which 均可，限制性定语从句中可省略。 答案：that / which（可省略） 原句：2. Do you know the man ________ car was stolen last night? 规律：先行词 the man 指人，从句中 car 前缺定语，需用 whose 表示“这个人的”，作定语。 答案：whose 原句：3. This is the best film ________ I have ever seen. 规律：先行词 film 被形容词最高级 the best 修饰，只能用 that，不能用 which。 答案：that 原句：4. The school ________ he once studied has changed a lot. 规律：从句 he once studied 主谓结构完整，缺地点状语；先行词 the school 表地点，用 where（= in which）。 答案：where / in which 原句：5. He failed the exam again, ________ made his parents very disappointed. 规律：非限制性定语从句，which 指代前面整个句子（再次考试失败这件事），在从句中作主语；非限制性从句不能用 that。 答案：which 原句：6. ________ is known to all, the earth goes around the sun. 规律：从句位于句首，指代整个主句，表“众所周知”，用 As；which 引导的从句不能置于句首。 答案：As 原句：7. We have reached a point ________ we must make a choice. 规律：先行词 point 是抽象地点名词，从句缺地点状语，用 where（= at which）。 答案：where / at which 原句：8. He has three sons, two of ________ are doctors. 规律：“数词 + of + whom / which”结构；先行词 sons 指人，介词 of 后用 whom。 答案：whom 原句：9. The reason ________ he was late was that he got up late. 规律：先行词 the reason，从句 he was late 缺原因状语，用 why（= for which）。 答案：why / for which 原句：10. This is the house ________ your grandfather once lived. 规律：从句 your grandfather once lived 主谓完整，缺地点状语；先行词 the house 表地点，用 where（= in which）。 答案：where / in which 二、长难句拆解 原句：1. The man who was walking along the street was the famous scientist we talked about yesterday. 规律：句子主干为 The man was the famous scientist。who was walking along the street 是定语从句，修饰 the man，关系代词作主语；we talked about yesterday 是省略关系词（whom）的定语从句，修饰 scientist，talked about 缺宾语。 答案：译文：正在街上走的那个人就是我们昨天谈论的那位著名科学家。 原句：2. The reason why he succeeded is that he never gave up, which is worth learning. 规律：主干为 The reason is that he never gave up。why he succeeded 是定语从句修饰 reason，缺原因状语；that he never gave up 是表语从句；which is worth learning 是非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。 答案：译文：他成功的原因是他从不放弃，这一点值得学习。 原句：3. It was in the village where I spent my childhood that I first met my best friend. 规律：这是强调句 It was…that… 结构，被强调部分是地点状语 in the village；其中 where I spent my childhood 是定语从句，修饰 the village，spent 后接 childhood 缺地点状语，故用 where。 答案：译文：正是在我度过童年的那个村庄里，我第一次遇到了我最好的朋友。 1．The concert ________ will be held in our city next month is organized by some famous musicians. A．who B．what C．that D．where 2．The art exhibition features works by young painters, ________ have gained international recognition for their unique style—this is why the event has attracted so much attention. A．some of whom B．who C．of which D．whose 3．Yesterday Kate explained the reason ________ she was late to me. A．what B．because C．if D．why 4．The newly-built library, ________ walls are painted in a soft light blue that creates a calm atmosphere, provides a quiet and peaceful environment for students. A．whose B．which C．of which D．that 5．When you are down, you can talk to someone ________ brings you energy or watch movies that ________. A．who; cheer up you B．whom; cheer you up C．who; cheer you up D．that; cheer up you 6．This is the place ________ he often mentioned, but I have no ________ about it. A．/; sense B．which; idea C．where; humour D．that; doubt 7．The young man __________ is leaving for Japan next Saturday. A．the girl is talking to him B．who the girl is talking to C．which the girl is talking to D．who the girl is talking 8．This is the old building ________ twenty years ago. A．Grandma lived B．Grandma lives C．that Grandma lived D．that Grandma lived in 9．Our classroom has large windows ________ we can enjoy the view outside. A．which B．where C．when D．what 10．The story ________ my grandfather told me about Qian Xuesen is touching. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 11．They are talking about the greatest inventions _________ have made a big difference to our daily life. A．which B．who C．why D．that 12．I’ll never forget the lesson ______ I learned last year. A．that B．who C．what D．whom 13．The famous actor invited the journalist to the small theater ________ his career began. There, he shared the way ________ he improved his acting skills. A．where; where B．which; where C．where; / D．which: / 14．The girl ________ is wearing a red dress is my classmate. A．which B．who C．whom D．whose 15．I’m interested in the writers ________ popular among teenagers. A．that is B．who is C．who are D．which are 16．Take anything ________ you like. Don’t tell anyone ________ you don’t know. A．who; that B．that; who C．who; who D．which; that 17．—Must we finish the work today? —Yes, I’m afraid so. It’s our duty to finish the work ________ our group leader asks us to do. A．what B．that C．who D．where 18．She didn’t forget anything ________ her mother had told her to buy. A．whom B．which C．that D．who 19．Is there anything here ________ to that man? A．that belong B．which belong C．that belongs D．that is belonged 20．Yu Gong Moves a Mountain is the best story _________ I have ever read. A．who B．where C．that D．what 训练 一、单项选择 1．In yesterday’s lecture, the elderly professor talked about the scholars and theories ________ had influenced his academic career. A．which B．who C．what D．that 2．This is the most moving story ________ I have ever read. A．what B．that C．which D．who 3．The news ________ you told me yesterday is totally false.（定语从句） A．what B．that C．how D．whether 4．Mary still remembered the days ________ she spent walking in the park with her grandparents after dinner. A．when B．where C．who D．which 5．Do you believe the reason ________ he gave for his spending so much money in a week? A．why B．which C．where D．when 6．Children should be encouraged to participate in social activities ________ can help them develop their team spirit. A．which B．why C．where D．what 7． As students ________ love doing sports, we need to remember to keep sports ________ clean after using it. A．that; equipments B．which; equipment C．who; equipments D．who; equipment 8．—The boy ________ lost is crying there. —How do you know he gets lost? A．whose B．who C．who’s 9．Confucius was a famous philosopher ________ has influenced the world greatly. A．whose B．whom C．which D．who 10．I don’t know ________ the boy ________ is standing over there is. A．that; who B．what; who C．what; which D．where; that 11．The old man _________ we visited in the countryside is a famous artist. A．when B．whom C．which D．whose 12．The player ________ you met just now is our team captain. A．which B．whose C．whom D．what 13．He is the boy ________ we played basketball with last weekend. A．what B．which C．whom D．whose 14．—Who is the person ________ you admire most? —Yuan Longping. He devoted his life to solving the food problem. A．which B．what C．whose D．whom 15．I know the boy ________ you met at the school gate yesterday. A．whose B．whom C．where D．why 16．The old man ________ we met at the school gate is a famous writer. A．which B．whom C．what D．where 17．We talked with the local writer ________ stories describe the life of villagers in the mountains. A．whose B．whom C．who D．that 18．The athlete ________ performance impressed us won the gold medal. A．who B．whom C．whose D．which 19．The manager, ________ the company owes its present success, is a man ________ words seldom match his actions. A．to whom; of whom B．to which; whose C．whom; of which D．to whom; whose 20．The old temple ________ roof was damaged in the storm is now under repair. A．which B．whose C．where D．that 21．Such a degree of trust ________ the two partners had placed in each other was exactly what saved their company when the financial crisis struck. A．that B．as C．which D．where 22．Such words ________ he often uses in his daily speech are seldom seen in formal academic articles. A．that B．which C．as D．what 23．He doesn’t possess such a mind ________ is necessary to a scientist. A．that B．which C．as D．what 24．Such tourists ________ have paid a visit to Shanghai and experienced its unique charm all think that a trip to this international metropolis cannot be truly complete without taking a leisurely stroll along the historic Bund. A．who B．that C．whoever D．as 25．The tough task ________ our team spent two months preparing won the city competition prize. A．on which B．in which C．for which D．at which 26．The metal box ________ the artist kept his paintings was damaged during transport. A．in which B．for which C．with which D．by which 27．Although modern technology could help produce more crops, these terraces still mean a lot to the local people ________ traditions hold much value. A．of whom B．for whom C．with whom D．beyond whom 28．I was drawn to Cosmos not because of the subject, but the communication skills ________ my colleague explained mind-blowing concepts. A．that B．where C．with which D．to whom 29．The new software, after ________, will give designers a powerful tool ________ they can create 3D models easily. A．is launched; which B．launched; on which C．being launched; with which D．to be launched; that 30．Reading is an effective means ______ people can broaden their horizons and enrich their minds. A．on which B．in which C．by which D．for which 31．The pen _________ I write notes works very well. A．by which B．with which C．for which D．at which 32．The ancient village has many stone houses, most ________ were built hundreds of years ago. A．of them B．of which C．which D．them 33．A sudden heavy rain flooded downtown streets, ________ brought trouble to many commuters. A．that B．what C．which D．who 34．________ is mentioned in the report, sometimes challenges can ________ the best in us. A．Which; take on B．As; bring out C．What; bring about D．As; take up 35．Many archaeological finds are made in shallow waters near the coast, including whole cities buried beneath the waves, ________ discovered off the coast of Tunisia. ________ underwater by a tsunami in the 4th century AD, the ruins of Neapolis are almost 2000 years old. A．one of which; Believed to be buried B．one of them; Believed to have been buried C．one of which; Believing to have been buried D．one of them; Believing to be buried 36．The festival will be held in October, ________ the weather is usually mild. A．which B．whom C．when D．that 37．According to the weather report, it will be sunny tomorrow, ________ the kids can do some outdoor activities. A．that B．when C．which D．where 38．They went to London, ________ they lived for six months. A．which B．where C．that D．when 39．The passengers looked at the electronic board, ________ the information about the high-speed train they were about to board was displayed. A．that B．when C．where D．which 40．Ms. Oyeymi, _____________ mother is training to become a driver for London Underground, began writing at the age of seven. A．who B．whose C．where D．why 二、翻译 41．以前，我们有固定教室，学生都成排坐着。(汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________ 42．真正的朋友是即使事情变糟也愿意倾听、理解和原谅的人。（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________ 43．我相貌不错、思维敏捷，而且做事全力以赴。(汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 44．一阵微风吹过树林，这吹散了萦绕在我心头的焦虑。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 45．我校开设了大量课外课程，其中人工智能是最受学生欢迎的一门课程。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 46．站在终点线的教练朝她竖起大拇指，这给了她继续向前的巨大勇气。(定语从句) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________________ 47．秋高气爽，是户外写生的好时节。(when) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________ 48．这家藏于市井的木工坊，氛围质朴纯粹，爱好者可亲手创作，感受匠心之美。（where）（汉译英） ____________________________________________________________ 49．这座隐于闹市的书屋，环境静谧雅致，读者能沉浸书香，远离尘世浮躁喧嚣。(where) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________ 50．中华文明一直延续至今有各种各样的原因，其中，一个发展完善的书写体系发挥着重要的作用。（关系副词、介词+关系代词引导定语从句）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________________________________________ 一、阅读理解 A Bamboo is hailed as “Asia’s green gold” for being one of the most eco-friendly materials on Earth, with great benefits for the environment and human life. Its unique properties make it a popular choice for sustainable development across industries, from construction to daily necessities. Unlike many commercial crops, bamboo grows wild in most tropical and subtropical regions, requiring no human intervention to thrive. Bamboo’s growth rate is remarkable — some species grow 91 centimeters a day, reaching harvestable size in just 3-5 years, while hardwood trees take decades to mature for logging. It needs no pesticides, fertilizers or intensive irrigation, preserving soil structure and water resources drained by chemical farming otherwise. Its dense, fibrous root system spreads widely underground, preventing soil erosion on hillsides and riverbanks, while its leaves absorb far more carbon dioxide and release more oxygen than most trees, playing a critical role in fighting climate change and purifying the air. Beyond environmental benefits, bamboo is highly versatile. It can be processed into furniture, flooring, paper, clothing and durable building materials. Bamboo clothing is soft, breathable and biodegradable, a sustainable alternative to synthetic fabrics that release microplastics into waterways. Unlike plastic products that take centuries to decompose, bamboo products break down naturally within a few years, leaving no harmful residue. As global environmental awareness grows, demand for bamboo products rises sharply, protecting the planet and supporting local communities with stable jobs and economic stability. Its unique value makes it a core part of the world’s sustainable development plan for the next decade. 1．How long does it take for bamboo to reach harvestable size? A．A few months. B．3-5 years. C．Decades. D．A single day. 2．What is a benefit of bamboo mentioned in the passage? A．It requires lots of pesticides. B．It grows slower than trees. C．It absorbs more carbon dioxide. D．It is non-biodegradable. 3．The underlined word “versatile” in Paragraph 3 probably means ________. A．easy to grow B．having many uses C．hard to break D．expensive to produce 4．What is the author’s attitude towards bamboo products? A．Positive. B．Neutral. C．Critical. D．Doubtful. B In Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, when pop superstar Jay Chou took the stage for three nights there last April, he did more than entertaining tens of thousands of fans. The concerts attracted 141,800 ticketed attendees and about 28,000 fans who gathered outside the concert spot to enjoy the atmosphere. Data showed 85 percent of attendees traveled from outside Nanning. The three concerts generated 1.26 billion yuan in citywide consumer spending. The figure offers a vivid illustration of how major cultural events produce ripple effects across hotels, restaurants, retail and transportation — far topping ticket sales alone. China’s live performance market reached 96.9 billion yuan in 2025 and is expected to go over 100 billion yuan this year, said iiMedia Research. “Fans from other cities traveling for a show might spend money on flights, hotels, meals, souvenirs and even extend their trips to explore local attractions,” said Jiang Zhao, the associate researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation. Generation Z has emerged as the driving force behind the increasing concert economy, nearly 60 percent of young consumers willing to pay for emotional value — a trend that is reshaping consumption patterns. Meanwhile, the recently released outline of the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-2030) has identified the expansion of culture, sports and tourism consumption as a key priority. Cities are launching targeted policies designed to transform large-scale concerts and cultural events into fresh economic engines. Zhejiang province, for example, has introduced different rewards this year for large-scale performances based on ticket sales, profit scale, and most importantly the percentage of attendees traveling from outside the province. Events that choose Zhejiang as their only stop, or launch their national tours in the province, may enjoy even higher rewards. A single ticket could now offer discounted or free entry to scenic areas, museums and cultural sites, while also causing savings at hotels, restaurants and retail shops. China’s concert economy is rapidly growing as a major investment (投资) destination, strongly influencing investing trend. 5．Why is Jay Chou’s concert introduced? A．To praise the contributions of big figures. B．To prove the wide popularity of pop stars. C．To show the growth of China’s regional tourism. D．To illustrate the influence of the concert economy. 6．What does the underlined phrase “ripple effects” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Spreading and chain-reaction results. B．Unreal and continuing consequences. C．Expected and uncontrolled situations. D．Increasing and depressing conditions. 7．What is mainly talked about in paragraph 4? A．Reasons for cultural consumption. B．Predictions on future cultural events. C．Policies on economic transformation. D．Generation Z’s attitude to consumption. 8．What can we learn about Zhejiang’s measures? A．They involve both rewards and punishments. B．They work mainly based on national supports. C．They aim to stimulate local cultural consumption. D．They encourage the natives to travel to other cities. C Human beings have kept bees for thousands of years. Recently, urban beekeeping has become popular in many big cities around the world. People set small beehives on rooftops, balconies and community gardens. City bees can produce high-quality honey. City flowers offer different kinds of pollen (花粉). Studies show city honey often has more nutrients than countryside honey. Besides honey, urban beekeeping helps protect wild bees. Wild bee populations are dropping because of pesticide use and loss of natural living space. City gardens and rooftop plants provide safe homes for bees. However, urban beekeeping also causes arguments. Some people worry that bees may sting passers-by. Experts say if beehives are well-managed, bees seldom attack people. Bees only sting when they feel their hive is in danger. Another problem is space. Not every rooftop is suitable for beehives. Beekeepers need to learn professional knowledge before setting hives. Many cities now make rules for urban beekeeping. They require beekeepers to register their hives and follow safety standards. With proper management, city beehives can be a win-win for people and nature. 9．What advantage does city honey have? A．It is cheaper. B．It contains more nutrients. C．It can be stored much longer. D．It tastes sweeter. 10．What is people’s main worry about urban beekeeping? A．Lack of flower resources. B．The high cost of beehives. C．Bees hurting people. D．Too much space occupation. 11．What do experts suggest about urban beekeeping? A．Stop using pesticides in cities. B．Train beekeepers professionally. C．Build more community gardens. D．Keep hives away from tall buildings. 12．What is the author’s attitude toward urban beekeeping? A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring. C．Positive. D．Strict. D Recently I’ve received many emails in perfectly right English from Chinese readers. At first I was amazed at their superb English, but soon I realized they’d used AI. Such readers probably imagined they were therefore drawing nearer to me, but I felt the opposite. As a teenager, I fell in love with foreign languages. Over my lifetime, I’ve worked on at least 10 languages, several for many years. The results have often left me highly upset, but also have given me dramatic joy when I absorbed some of the indescribable beauty of those tongues. Why did I learn those languages? Out of love for every different aspect of foreign languages, sound, writing, grammars, concepts and so on. To me, it is a deep joy to try to internalize (内化) another culture, to feel what it would have been like to grow up in, say, France, India, or China. Through years of efforts, I have good mastery of some languages, French topping the list. However, Chinese is another thing. I’ve struggled with it for many years, still lost in a group of native speakers. But if there were a magic that can make me speak perfectly, I would say no. I want to climb to the Everest of the Chinese language on my own. If I can’t, so be it. We try our best, and sometimes we succeed admirably, and sometimes we don’t. It’s all part of being human. Learning another language is one of the deepest and most human things one can possibly do. Language is at the core of who we are. Language makes us who we are. Maybe attitudes like mine are fading fast these days, but that’s how I grew up, and that’s how I’ll feel till my dying day. 13．How did the writer feel when reading emails from Chinese readers? A．Surprised but close. B．Unbelievable and distant. C．Moved and understanding. D．Unexpected but approving. 14．What can be brought to the writer when learning another language? A．A nice chance to grow up abroad. B．Rich new ways of seeing the world. C．Much deeper love for the mother tongue. D．An experience to contact foreign readers. 15．How is the writer’s Chinese? A．It is still in progress. B．It is out of the reach. C．It is as good as natives. D．It goes well like magic. 16．Which of the following may the writer agree with on language learning? A．Better late than never. B．The journey is the reward. C．Honesty is the best policy. D．Rome wasn’t built in a day. 二、完形填空 I was the quiet kid. Social activities felt like a situation full of dangers and difficulties. In my final year of high school, a simple yet profound idea struck me: what if I rehearsed (刻意练习) kindness? The next day, I started my 17 . My first target was a lonely-looking classmate, Mark. I had 18 to give him a compliment (称赞) about his detailed notes. With a deep breath, I walked over and delivered my 19 line. It felt embarrassing, and my smile was 20 . Mark looked surprised, then doubtful, offering a quiet “thanks” before turning away. My face burned with 21 . It seemed my plan had failed. But I 22 . The next day, I really thanked our bus driver for his being on time. This time, it felt less like a performance. He beamed, and that smile felt 23 . Slowly, I turned focus from my own embarrassment to the 24 I could make. I started listening, not just waiting for my turn to speak. Weeks later, Mark came over to me. “I was having a rough day that time you complimented me,” he said. “It felt a bit 25 , but it also made me realize I wasn’t 26 . Thanks for that. His honesty was a gift.” That conversation was a 27 moment. I had been so focused on practicing kindness perfectly that I forgot its true 28 : connection. It didn’t have to be smooth; it just had to be 29 . My rehearsals had been the training wheels I needed to learn how to 30 . I’m still not outgoing, but now I know that a little embarrassment is a small price to pay for the 31 of a precious human bridge. 17．A．contribution B．experiment C．development D．experience 18．A．prepared B．proposed C．shot D．recorded 19．A．regular B．closing C．final D．opening 20．A．sincere B．anxious C．serious D．forced 21．A．pride B．excitement C．embarrassment D．satisfaction 22．A．gave up B．sped up C．moved on D．turned back 23．A．false B．professional C．passive D．warming 24．A．difference B．decision C．impression D．judgement 25．A．individual B．unreal C．powerful D．effortless 26．A．unseen B．amazing C．confident D．equal 27．A．measure B．reply C．routine D．key 28．A．cost B．nature C．technique D．method 29．A．perfect B．secret C．intentional D．fluent 30．A．act B．respect C．follow D．correct 31．A．cost B．safety C．reward D．balance 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 White, who graduated from the University of Cambridge, started a channel, 32 (record) her daily life on campus. In her video, the 22-year-old girl gets up at 6:30 a.m. and goes to bed at 10:30 p.m. every day. In between, she balances studying, cooking, house cleaning and exercising. Sometimes she finds time to meet up with friends and speak with her family online. A similar case happens to college students in China. One student 33 graduated from HNNU schedules his daily life tightly. He usually goes to bed at 1:00 a.m. and gets up at 6:00 a.m. He starts his day by pre-reading his textbooks at 6:40 a.m., and ends with 34 summary of his studies. When he feels like 35 is hard to stick to his schedule, he writes words of 36 (encourage) to himself, like “You are the best!” and “Go for it!” Both students’ hard work has certainly paid 37 . White ranked first among her 152 classmates and the Chinese undergraduate 38 (win) a first-class scholarship at Tsinghua University four years in a row. They have something in common. They have regular schedules and get up early 39 (study). They squeeze (挤压) as many things into the schedule as they can. More 40 (important), they learn a way of managing time well and efficiently. Indeed, things must be carefully 41 (plan) before we act, and then “twice can be accomplished with half the effort”, as the old Chinese saying goes. 四、书信写作 42．假定你是学生会主席李华，了解到交换生Barry因刚到你校，非常思念家乡。请给他写一封邮件，提出缓解思乡之情的建议，并邀请他周末到你家做客，内容包括： (1)提出建议； (2)发出邀请。 注意： (1)写作词数应为80个左右； (2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Barry, I hope this email finds you well. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $