学考专题05 非谓语动词：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，浙江专用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题05 非谓语动词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 动词不定式 知识点二：动名词 知识点三 分词 练|巩固提升训练 1.考情导读 非谓语动词是高考英语语法的第一大考点，每年在语法填空、完形填空及写作中均占 3—5 分。其核心考查点集中在：①不定式与动名词作宾语的区别；②分词作状语与定语；③独立主格与 with 复合结构；④非谓语动词的时态、语态及其逻辑主语一致。 2.非谓语动词知识总览 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语，也不受主语人称和数的限制。它包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种基本形式。 表 1 四种非谓语动词形式对比 形式 基本结构 时态/语态变化 主要句法功能 核心语义特征 动词不定式 to + 动词原形 一般式 to do / to be done；进行式 to be doing；完成式 to have done / to have been done 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补 表目的、将来、具体某次动作 动名词 动词-ing 一般式 doing / being done；完成式 having done / having been done 主语、宾语、表语、定语 表一般性、习惯性动作，相当于名词 现在分词 动词-ing 一般式 doing / being done；完成式 having done / having been done 表语、定语、状语、宾补 表主动、进行，相当于形容词/副词 过去分词 动词-ed（不规则另记） 只有一般式 done 表语、定语、状语、宾补 表被动、完成，相当于形容词/副词 解题三步法 第一步：分析句子结构，确定所给动词在句中是否作谓语；若句中已有谓语动词，且无并列连词，则该动词必须用非谓语形式。 第二步：找逻辑主语——非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语或被修饰词；逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主动关系用 doing / to do，被动关系用 done / being done / to be done。 第三步：判断动作发生的时间——同时发生用一般式，先于谓语动作用完成式，后于谓语动作用不定式一般式。 3.用法详解 3.1 动词不定式（to do） 概念：动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式为“not to do”。它保留动词的部分特征，可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语。 （1）时态与语态 表 2 动词不定式时态与语态 时态/语态 主动 被动 例句 一般式 to do to be done He pretended to be reading. / The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. 进行式 to be doing — They are said to be researching the topic. 完成式 to have done to have been done She is said to have written a new novel. （2）句法功能 ① 作主语：To see is to believe.（眼见为实。）常用 it 作形式主语：It is our duty to help others. ② 作宾语：He decided to go abroad. 常见只接不定式作宾语的动词见 4.2 节。 ③ 作宾语补足语：The teacher encouraged us to study harder.（help 后可省 to） ④ 作定语：I have a lot of work to do.（不定式作定语须后置，且与被修饰词构成动宾关系） ⑤ 作状语：He came here to attend a meeting.（目的状语）/ He is too tired to walk on.（结果状语） ⑥ 作表语：My dream is to become a scientist. 3.2 动名词（doing） 概念：动名词由动词 + -ing 构成，在句中起名词作用，可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。它兼有动词特征，可以带宾语或被状语修饰。 （1）时态与语态 表 3 动名词时态与语态 时态/语态 主动 被动 例句 一般式 doing being done He enjoyed being taken to the zoo. 完成式 having done having been done He forgot having been told about it. （2）句法功能 ① 作主语：Swimming is good exercise. 常用 it 作形式主语：It is no use crying over spilt milk. ② 作宾语：Would you mind opening the window?（介词后一律用动名词） ③ 作表语：My hobby is collecting stamps. ④ 作定语：a swimming pool = a pool for swimming（用途）；比较 a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping（现在分词，正在睡） 3.3 现在分词（doing） 概念：现在分词由动词 + -ing 构成，在句中起形容词或副词作用，可作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。它表示主动、进行的含义。 （1）句法功能 ① 作定语：The sleeping baby is my niece.（=the baby who is sleeping）；置于名词后时相当于定语从句：The man standing there is our headmaster. ② 作表语：The story is moving.（令人感动的，修饰事物） ③ 作宾语补足语：I saw him crossing the street.（正在穿过）比较：I saw him cross the street.（全过程） ④ 作状语：Hearing the news, they jumped with joy.（时间状语 = When they heard…） 3.4 过去分词（done） 概念：过去分词由动词 + -ed 构成（不规则动词需单独记忆），在句中起形容词或副词作用，表示被动或完成的含义。 （1）句法功能 ① 作定语：The book written by Lu Xun is popular.（=the book which was written…，被动+完成） ② 作表语：The door remains locked. / He got injured in the accident. ③ 作宾语补足语：I had my hair cut yesterday.（have sth. done 结构） ④ 作状语：Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.（=When it is seen…，被动） 4.核心考点 4.1 非谓语动词作主语 表 4 非谓语动词作主语 考点 规则 例句 不定式作主语 多指具体的、一次性的动作；常用 it 作形式主语 It is important to learn English well. 动名词作主语 多指一般性、习惯性动作；常与 no use / no good / useless 连用 It is no use arguing with him. 高频句型 It is + adj. + of / for sb. to do sth. It is kind of you to help me.（指人品用 of） 4.2 非谓语动词作宾语（最高频考点） （1）只接不定式作宾语的动词 口诀：想要拒绝忘记（want, refuse, forget），需要努力学习（need, try, learn）；同意要求选择（agree, demand, choose），希望决定帮助（hope, wish, decide, help）；主动提出答应（offer, promise），假装计划准备（pretend, plan, prepare）。 （2）只接动名词作宾语的动词 口诀：考虑建议盼原谅（consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon）；承认推迟没得想（admit, delay, miss）；避免拒绝继续练（avoid, deny, keep, practice）；介意享受完成忙（mind, enjoy, finish, be busy）；不禁想象否放弃（can't help, imagine, give up）；不禁介意准逃亡（escape, risk）。 常见只接动名词的动词/短语：enjoy, finish, mind, practice, suggest, avoid, admit, deny, imagine, risk, escape, miss, keep, give up, put off, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, object to, insist on, stick to。 （3）既能接不定式又能接动名词，但意义不同的动词 表 5 接 doing 与 to do 意义不同的高频动词 动词 接 doing（动名词） 接 to do（不定式） remember 记得做过（已做） 记得要做（未做） forget 忘记做过（已做） 忘记要做（未做） regret 后悔做过（已做） 遗憾要做（未做） try 尝试做 努力/设法做 mean 意味着 打算/想要做 stop 停止正在做的事 停下来去做另一件事 go on 继续做同一件事 接着做另一件事 can't help 禁不住做 不能帮助做 例句佐证： ① Remember to lock the door when you leave.（离开时记得锁门，未做） ② I remember locking the door this morning.（我记得今早上锁过门了，已做） ③ He stopped smoking.（他戒烟了。）/ He stopped to smoke.（他停下来去抽烟。） 4.3 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 表 6 作宾语补足语的常见搭配 动词类别 宾补形式 例句 使役动词 make / let / have 省 to 的不定式（do）；have 还可接 done The teacher made him copy the sentence. 感官动词 see / hear / watch / notice / feel / find do（全过程）/ doing（正在进行）/ done（被动） I saw him enter the room. / I saw him entering the room. / I saw him beaten. ask / tell / want / expect / invite / encourage / allow / forbid to do My parents expect me to be a doctor. with 复合结构 doing / done / to do With the door locked, he left. 4.4 非谓语动词作定语 表 7 非谓语动词作定语 形式 位置与含义 例句 不定式 to do 后置定语；表将来、动宾关系 The next train to arrive was from New York. 现在分词 doing 前置/后置；表主动、进行 Barking dogs seldom bite. 过去分词 done 前置/后置；表被动、完成 The house built last year is a library. 动名词 doing 前置定语；表用途 a walking stick = a stick for walking 4.5 非谓语动词作状语（高频难点） 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。这是高考改错和语法填空的必考点。 表 8 分词作状语 状语类型 现在分词 doing（主动） 过去分词 done（被动） 时间 Hearing the news, he cried. Seen from the top, the park is beautiful. 原因 Being ill, he didn't go to school. Moved by the film, she cried. 条件 Working hard, you will succeed. Given more time, we could do it better. 结果 The fire lasted a night, leaving nothing. — 让步 Knowing where he lives, I can't find him. — 伴随/方式 He sat there, reading a novel. The teacher came in, followed by students. 【易错警示】分词作状语的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。误句：Walking along the street, a bike knocked me down.（主语 a bike 不能 walk）→ 改正：Walking along the street, I was knocked down by a bike. 4.6 非谓语动词作表语 ① 不定式作表语：My job is to teach English.（主语是 job / dream / aim / goal 等时常用不定式） ② 动名词作表语：My hobby is collecting stamps.（主语与表语可互换：Collecting stamps is my hobby.） ③ 分词作表语：The film is moving.（令人…，修饰事物）/ We are moved.（感到…，修饰人）。常见 -ing / -ed 形容词：exciting / excited, interesting / interested, surprising / surprised, disappointing / disappointed, frightening / frightened. 5.特殊结构与高频句型 5.1 独立主格结构 概念：当分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，分词前须保留自己的逻辑主语，构成“名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/不定式/介词短语”的独立主格结构，在句中作状语。 例句：Weather permitting, we will go outing tomorrow.（=If weather permits）/ The test finished, we had a party.（=When the test had been finished） 5.2 with 复合结构 “with + 宾语 + 宾补”在句中作状语或定语。宾补可为 doing（主动/进行）、done（被动/完成）、to do（将来）、形容词、副词、介词短语。 例句：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.（进行）/ She stood there with her eyes fixed on the screen.（被动）/ With a lot of work to do, I can't go out.（将来） 5.3 省略 to 的不定式 ① 使役动词 make / let / have 后；② 感官动词 see / hear / watch / notice / feel 后；③ would rather / had better / would sooner 后；④ why not 后；⑤ help 后可省 to；⑥ 两个不定式并列时，第二个 to 可省：He'd like to sit and watch. 【被动还原 to】使役/感官动词变为被动语态时，省略的 to 须还原：The boss made him work 10 hours a day. → He was made to work 10 hours a day. 5.4 固定句型中的非谓语 表 9 高频固定句型 句型 含义 例句 It is said / reported / believed that… 据说/据报道/据认为 It is said that he has gone abroad. = He is said to have gone abroad. There is no need (for sb.) to do 没必要做 There is no need to worry about him. There is no point / sense (in) doing 做…没有意义 There is no point arguing further. It is the first/second time that sb. has done 第几次做某事 It is the first time that I have visited the city. only to do 出乎意料的结果 He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. cannot but do / cannot help but do 不得不做 I could not but admire his courage. ▲易错点速记表 表 10 非谓语动词十大易错点 序号 易错点 正确规则 1 分词作状语逻辑主语与句子主语不一致 不一致时须用独立主格或改为状语从句 2 介词后动词形式 介词后一律用动名词 doing，不用不定式 3 remember / forget / regret 后接 doing 还是 to do doing 表已做；to do 表未做 4 使役/感官动词被动语态 被动时须还原 to：be made to do 5 have sth. done 结构 done 表被动，“让别人做某事” 6 only to do 与 only doing only to do 表出乎意料结果；only doing 表自然结果 7 be used to do 与 be used to doing be used to do 被用来做；be used to doing 习惯于 8 stop to do 与 stop doing stop to do 停下来去做另一件；stop doing 停止正在做的事 9 不定式作定语的动宾关系 不定式后动词为不及物时须加介词：a person to talk to 10 形容词 -ing 与 -ed -ing 修饰事物“令人…的”；-ed 修饰人“感到…的” 阅读下列各小题，在空白处填入适当内容或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. The park was full of people, ______ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine. 【答案】enjoying 【解析】逗号后为伴随状语，逻辑主语 people 与 enjoy 为主动关系，故用现在分词 enjoying。 2. ______ (complete) the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day. 【答案】To complete 【解析】逗号后为主句，前面为目的状语，用不定式 To complete（首字母大写）。 3. The witnesses ______ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 【答案】questioned 【解析】句中已有谓语 gave，witnesses 与 question 为被动关系，且动作已完成，用过去分词 questioned 作后置定语。 4. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ______ (stop) until we reached the next stop. 【答案】to stop 【解析】refuse 后只接不定式作宾语，refuse to do sth. 意为“拒绝做某事”。 5. Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ______ (work) through what is bothering them. 【答案】to work 【解析】for sb. to do 为不定式复合结构作目的状语；fellow students 与 work 为主动关系。 6. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way ______ (use) the sun and the stars. 【答案】using 【解析】逗号前为主句，use 作方式状语，逻辑主语 birds 与 use 为主动关系，用现在分词 using。 7. Group activities were organized, with the village children much attention ______ (pay) to their daily needs. 【答案】paid 【解析】with 复合结构中，attention 与 pay 为被动关系，用过去分词 paid 作宾补，即 pay attention to 的被动式。 8. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ______ (allow) more patients to be treated. 【答案】allowing 【解析】逗号后为结果状语，表示自然而然的结果，用现在分词 allowing。 9. Around 13,500 new diseases were discovered ______ (exist) between 1990 and 2007. 【答案】existing 【解析】diseases 与 exist 为主动关系，用现在分词 existing 作后置定语，相当于 which exist。 10. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on ______ (thank) all the people who had helped in her career. 【答案】to thank 【解析】go on to do sth. 意为“（完成某事后）接着做另一件事”；此处指领奖后接着感谢他人，故用不定式 to thank。 11. The park was full of tourists, some ______ (take) photos and others sitting on the grass. 【答案】taking 【解析】逗号后为独立主格结构，some 与 take 为主动关系，用现在分词 taking，与 sitting 并列。 12. Clearly and thoughtfully ______ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. 【答案】written 【解析】句子主语 the book 与 write 为被动关系，用过去分词 written 作状语。 13. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ (develop) after great effort. 【答案】developed 【解析】see sth. done 结构中，products 与 develop 为被动关系，用过去分词 developed 作宾补。 14. ______ (not know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. 【答案】Not knowing 【解析】主句主语 the girl 与 know 为主动关系，否定式在分词前加 not，用 Not knowing 作原因状语。 15. The sun began to rise in the sky, ______ (bathe) the mountain in golden light. 【答案】bathing 【解析】逗号后为结果状语，主语 sun 与 bathe 为主动关系，用现在分词 bathing（bathe…in… 使……沐浴在……中）。 1．The twin girls always have great fun ________ tennis together. A．practising to play B．to practise to play C．to practise playing D．practising playing 2．It is said that the latest song by this famous singer is well worth ________. A．listening B．listening to C．being listened D．being listened to 3．I never doubt ________ the song My Motherland and I is well worth ________. A．whether; listening B．if; listening to C．that; listening to D．that; listening 4．He decided to devote his life ________ pollution ________ happily. A．to prevent; to live B．to prevent; from living C．to preventing; to live D．to preventing; from living 5．Jack seems ________ these days than you ________ ready for the exam. A．more busily; to get B．busier; getting C．busier; to get D．more busily; getting 6．________ with an extremely difficult situation where he had to choose between his career and family, Arnold eventually decided to ask his experienced parents for valuable advice. A．Facing B．Faced C．To face D．Having faced 7．Peter spends lots of time ________ books. A．to read B．reads C．read D．reading 8．—What else should we pay attention to ________ building the bridge? —The change of the weather. A．finish B．to finish C．finishing D．finished 9．________ a better life, the scientist has devoted all his life to ________ pollution. A．Living; prevent B．Living; preventing C．To live; prevent D．To live; preventing 10．He devoted all the time he had ________ it possible for his children ________ better education. A．to making; to receive B．made; to receiving C．to make; to receive D．made; to receive 11．Last week, we saw a rare bird ________ its nest high up in the old oak tree. A．to build B．built C．build D．building 12．Great changes ________ in China in the last ten years, ________ it one of the strongest countries. A．take place; to make B．took place; making C．will take place; to make D．have taken place; making 13．When I am feeling blue, I prefer ________ around the lake ________ myself up. A．to walk; to cheering B．to walk; to cheer C．walking; cheering D．walking; to cheer 14．What great difficulty the little boy has ________ the bicycle by himself! I will do what I can ________ him. A．fixed; help B．fixed; to help C．fixing; to help D．fixing; help 15．Everyone in my family ________ on TV. A．enjoys watching matches B．enjoys reading matches C．enjoy watching matches D．enjoy see matches 16．He spends as much time as he can ________ English every day. A．to practise to speak B．practise to speak C．practising to speak D．practising speaking 17．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth ________ twice. A．managed; to be seen B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managing; seeing 18．I decided ________ hard at English, so I kept ________ English books for two hours. A．to work; reading B．to work; to read C．to working; to read D．to working; reading 19．—Did you enjoy yourselves at your birthday party? —Yes. What great fun ________ ourselves to all kinds of delicious foods and drinks. A．it is helping B．it is to help C．we had to help D．we had helping 20．I plan ________ trees on Tree Planting Day. A．plant B．plants C．planting D．to plant 答案与解析： 1．D 【解析】句意：双胞胎女孩总是一起练习打网球时玩得很开心。 考查动词非谓语用法。have fun doing sth.做某事很开心，因此动词需用动词-ing形式；practise doing sth.练习做某事，因此动词也需用动词-ing形式。故选D。 2．B 【解析】句意：据说这位著名歌手的最新歌曲很值得听。 考查“be worth”的用法。“be worth doing”表示“值得做”，主动形式表被动意义；“listen”是不及物动词，接宾语时需加介词“to”，即“listen to”。因此应用“listening to”，故选B。 3．C 【解析】句意：我从不怀疑歌曲《我和我的祖国》非常值得听。 考查宾语从句引导词和worth的用法。根据“I never doubt...the song My Motherland and I is well worth...”可知，第一空，在否定句“never doubt”中，宾语从句引导词应用that；第二空，be worth doing是固定搭配，意为“值得做”；但listen是不及物动词，接宾语“the song”时需加介词to，即“listen to the song”，此处需用listening to。故选C。 4．C 【解析】句意：他决定一生致力于防止污染，以便能幸福地生活。 考查动词短语和非谓语动词。“devote...to...”是固定搭配，意为“致力于……”，其中“to”是介词，后面接动词的-ing 形式，所以第一个空应填“to preventing”；“to live happily”是动词不定式短语，在这里作目的状语，表示“为了幸福地生活”；“prevent...from doing sth.”意思是“阻止……做某事”，不符合语境。故选C。 5．B 【解析】句意：这些天杰克似乎比你更忙，在为考试做准备。 考查形容词比较级和固定搭配。第一空，根据“than”可知，此处用比较级，seem是系动词，其后跟形容词作表语，所以第一空用形容词的比较级busier，排除A和D；第二空，be busy doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“忙于做某事”，所以第二空用getting。故选B。 6．B 【解析】句意：面对一个极其困难的局面，他必须在事业和家庭之间做出选择，阿诺德最终决定向他有经验的父母寻求宝贵的建议。 考查非谓语动词。Facing意为“面对”，表示主动；Faced“面对”，是过去分词；To face意为“去面对”，表示目的或将来；Having faced意为“已经面对”，表示完成且主动，均不符合被动语境。此处表达“Arnold被面对困境”的意思，此处作状语，用过去分词faced。故选B。 7．D 【解析】句意：彼得花很多时间看书。 考查非谓语动词。spend time doing sth.“花时间做某事”，固定用法，此处用动名词reading。故选D。 8．B 【解析】句意：——为了完成这座桥的建造，我们还应该注意其他什么？——天气的变化。 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句中“pay attention to”的宾语是“What else”，而“… building the bridge”是目的状语，即“为了完成建桥”。不定式“to do”可表目的，因此这里应用“to finish”。故选B。 9．D 【解析】句意：为了过上更好的生活，这位科学家一生致力于防止污染。 考查非谓语动词用法。分析句子结构可知，第一空表目的，需动词不定式作目的状语，故排除选项A和B，devote...to doing sth.“致力于做某事”，故第二空需动名词。故选D。 10．A 【解析】句意：他把自己所有的时间都用来让孩子们能接受更好的教育。 考查动词短语及非谓语动词的用法。devote...to doing sth.把……投入到做某事中，其中to是介词，后接动名词形式，所以第一空应填to making；make it possible for sb. to do sth.使某人做某事成为可能，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语，因此第二空应填to receive。故选A。 11．C 【解析】句意：上周，我们看到一只稀有的鸟在老橡树高处筑巢。 考查非谓语动词。see sb./sth. do sth.看到某人/某物做了某事；see sb./sth. doing sth.看到某人/某物正在做某事。根据“Last week, we saw a rare bird ... its nest high up in the old oak tree.”可知，动作发生在过去，是看到筑巢的全过程，用build。故选C。 12．D 【解析】句意：在过去的十年里，中国发生了巨大的变化，使其成为最强大的国家之一。   考查动词时态和非谓语动词用法。in the last ten years提示动作发生在过去并持续到现在，应使用现在完成时（have taken place）；后半部分用现在分词（making）作伴随状语，表示变化带来的结果。故选D。 13．B 【解析】句意：当我感到心情低落时，我更喜欢绕着湖散步来让自己振作起来。 考查非谓语动词。prefer to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“更喜欢做某事”，所以第一个空应该用to walk；第二个空为动词不定式作目的状语，表示“绕着湖散步”的目的是“让自己振作起来”，所以应该用to cheer。故选B。 14．C 【解析】句意：这个小男孩自己修自行车有多困难啊！我会尽我所能帮助他。 考查非谓语动词。have difficulty doing sth.“做某事有困难”，固定词组，第一空应用动名词fixing；分析“I will do what I can...him.”可知，“what I can”是宾语从句，此处应表示“我”竭尽所能是为了帮助他，应用动词不定式作目的状语，第二空应填to help。故选C。 15．A 【解析】句意：我家的每个人都喜欢在电视上看比赛。 考查主谓一致、非谓语动词及词义辨析。根据句意可知，本句描述一般状况，故时态应用一般现在时；根据句子主语“Everyone”是不定代词可知，其作主语时谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，即应用enjoys；enjoy doing sth.“喜欢做某事”；watch观看（电视节目、比赛等），强调观看的过程；read阅读（书籍、报纸等）；see看见，强调看的结果。“喜欢在电视上看比赛”enjoy watching matches。故选A。 16．D 【解析】句意：他每天尽可能多地花时间练习说英语。 考查非谓语动词。根据“spends”可知，spend time doing sth.“花时间做某事”，此空用动词-ing 形式；practise doing sth.“练习做某事”，practise后跟动名词。故选D。 17．D 【解析】句意：——你不知道我费了多大的劲才弄到两张票。——但这电影真的值得看两遍。 考查非谓语动词。have difficulty (in) doing sth“做某事有困难”，be worth doing sth“值得去做某事”，固定短语，两个空都用动名词作宾语。第二空用主动形式 seeing来表示被动意义，即这部电影值得被看。故选D。 18．A 【解析】句意：我决定努力学习英语，所以我持续看了两个小时的英语书。 考查非谓语动词。根据短语decide to do sth.“决定做某事”可知，第一空应填动词不定式to work；根据短语keep doing sth.“持续做某事”可知，第二空应选动名词reading。故选A。 19．D 【解析】句意：——你们在生日派对上玩得开心吗？——是的。我们可以随便吃各种美味的食物，喝各种饮料多开心啊。 考查动词短语和非谓语动词。have great fun“玩得很开心”，此处是感叹句，因此把名词“great fun”放在了“What”后，排除选项A和B；have great fun doing sth.“做某事很开心”，后面应用动名词“helping”作宾语。故选D。 20．D 【解析】句意：我计划在植树节种树。 考查非谓语动词。根据短语plan to do sth.“计划做某事”可知，空处应选动词不定式to plant。故选D。 训练 一、单词拼写 1．C_________ by the dust floating in the air, the athlete had to pause for a moment to calm his racing heart. 2．C_________ to offering equal education chances, those volunteers travel to mountainous areas to give lessons to children there. 3．The reports f________ on the environmental pollution show serious problems around the city. 4．Our new smartphone will help us c________ the throne as the world’s leading smartphone brand. 5．As silver tourism develops rapidly, cultural travel packages t________ at the elderly combine sightseeing with traditional culture to suit their tastes. 6．A________ by the beautiful scenery, the tourists stopped to take photos. 7．With routine jobs widely replaced by AI, young graduates must upgrade their skills to s________ a position in the competitive job market. 8．People p________ the same problem from different angles often reach different conclusions. 9．The collection of poems e________ The Wind of Youth was published last month. 10．The team used a lower temperature to o_______ a pure extract from the wormwood. 11．With the whole city b________ in morning light, the streets looked fresh and alive. 12．I’m writing to a_______ for the position as a student volunteer to make our campus clean. 13．Instead of b________ the mistake on one person, the team discussed how to fix it together. 14．Before deciding which club to join, Mia used the school website to e________ the activities each group offered and compare them with her own interests. 15．Making a schedule helps get your time o________, especially when you have so many subjects to learn. 16．W__________ in the town, you can see many religious wall-paintings which are totally different. 17．The government decided to r_____ the new traffic regulations to the public at the press conference. 18．The two countries met in Geneva to n_________ a new trade agreement. 19．The school plans to e_________ the library so that it can provide more reading space for students. 20．The foundation decided to g_________ financial support to the village school for a new teaching building. 21．The captain asked the sailor to l_________ every detail of the voyage in the ship’s journal. 22．The school decided to f_________ the research project with extra money. 23．The city is the centre of Canada’s huge oil and gas d________ industry. 24．The police tried to t_________ the missing child to the last place where he had been seen. 25．Teachers design different activities to help students a________ useful skills, like communication, teamwork and public speaking. 26．Some villagers reported a huge snake, m________ over 2 meters long, was found dead in a nearby cave. 27．As the famous painter's works are so precious, it is not easy for visitors to a________ them closely in the crowded museum. 28．The safety officer checked all the equipment carefully to e________ that everything was in good condition before the experiment started. 29．The new policy is designed to p__________ the spread of the disease in the local community. 30．This app helps parents k________ t________ o________ their children's online activities. 二、单项选择 31．Please remember ________ your self-belief when you take part in the match. A．build B．building C．to build D．built 32．He always looked forward to ________ him, so he looked forward to ________ whether he was coming. A．seeing; seeing B．seeing; see C．see; see D．see; seeing 33．I was lucky to ________ the school volunteer club, where I had the chance to ________ various activities. A．joined in; joined B．joining; joining in C．join in; join D．join; join in 34．Although ________ very hard, Lily failed ________ the work in time. A．to work; to finish B．working; to finish C．to work; finishing D．working; to finishing 35．The new app is thought ________ many students improve their study habits during the last school year. A．help B．to help C．to have helped D．to be helping 36．She didn’t tell her parents the truth because she ________ them. A．was afraid to criticize B．was afraid of criticizing C．was afraid to be criticized by D．was afraid of being criticized by 37．It can be hard for you to imagine what trouble I have had ________ the problems ________ in the meeting held last week. A．to deal with; refer to B．dealing with; referring to C．to deal with; referred to D．dealing with; referred to 38．________ solely by their test results can make students feel that their other strengths are being ignored. A．Evaluating B．Having evaluated C．Being evaluated D．To evaluating 39．I ________ myself with difficult tasks ________ in my comfort zone (舒适区). A．prefer to challenging; rather than remain B．prefer to challenge; rather than remaining C．prefer challenging; to remaining D．prefer to challenging; to remaining 40．It is no use ________ the same explanation if the audience cannot follow the basic idea. A．repeat B．repeating C．to repeat D．repeated 41．The professor gave us a speech, ________ his rich experience in teaching. A．sharing B．share C．shared D．to share 42．Those gifted writers ________ thoughtful and inspiring essays have gained widespread admiration across the country. A．created B．to create C．to be created D．creating 43．Last night, that touching movie really got me ________ about my happy childhood memories and old friends. A．thought B．to have thought C．thinking D．being thought 44．________ is indicated in the report, we cannot ignore the evidence ________ environmental changes with what local people have experienced over the years. A．As; linked B．It; linked C．As; linking D．What; linking 45．The heavy rain lasted for a whole week, ________ serious flooding in many low-lying areas. A．cause B．caused C．causing D．to cause 46．The player ________ by the coach is watching the ________ game. A．encouraging; inspired B．encouraged; inspiring C．encouraged; inspired D．encouraging; inspiring 47．When we returned to the small cottage after a day’s hiking, we found the windows ________ by the strong wind during the night. A．Break B．breaking C．broken D．to break 48．________ by repeated setbacks in academic performance, the worn-out senior three student sat motionless in the armchair, piles of mock exam papers and revision notes ________ its surface. A．Discouraged; covered B．Having discouraged; covering C．Discouraging; covered D．Discouraged; covering 49．With so many houses ________, thousands of people lost their homes. A．destroy B．destroying C．destroyed D．to destroy 50．________ with solid professional knowledge and strong determination, Fan Jinshi spent her whole life ________ the precious cultural treasures in the Mogao Caves. A．Equipping; in memory of B．Equipped; in defence of C．Equipped; in view of D．Being equipped; in honor of 51．The annual fund‑________ initiative ________ to ________ the underprivileged locals out of poverty. A．lifting; intends; raise B．raising; intends; lift C．lifting; is intended; raise D．raising; is intended; lift 52．We observed the suspect ________ the building quickly. Later, he was observed ________ by the back door. A．enter; to leave B．entering; leaving C．to enter; leaving D．had entered; to leave 53．Old Tom prefers ________outdoor work to ________as a secretary. A．doing, working B．to do, work C．to do, working D．doing, work 54．There is a new problem _________ in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need _________. A．involved; improving B．involved; to improve C．involving; improving D．involving; to be improved 55．He preferred returning to his hometown after graduation _______ in a big city. A．to stay B．be staying C．to staying D．be stayed 56．Before the 1850s, the United States had a number of small colleges in the US, most of them ________ from colonial times. A．date B．dated C．dating D．are dated 57．I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ________ in a year. A．follows B．followed C．to follow D．being followed 58．It was not until we checked into the hotel ________ my father had visited before ________ we discovered the excellent services provided there, free breakfast ________. A．/; where; included B．that; when; to be included C．which; that; included D．where; that; to be included 59．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ________, we refused his offer. A．not finishing B．had not been finished C．not having finished D．not finished 60．Many new policies _________, people in the rural areas are living a much better life now. A．carrying out B．having carried out C．carried out D．being carried out 61．With all the work _________, she went home happily. A．doing B．done C．to do D．being done 62．With so much work ________, the manager couldn’t take a holiday. A．to do B．doing C．done D．being done 63．Look at that car. It just drove past with smoke_________ out of the back. A．pour B．poured C．pouring D．to pouring 64．With so many urgent emails ________, the manager couldn’t leave the office until late at night. A．dealt with B．dealing with C．to deal with D．deal with 65．With the tough problems ________, the newly-promoted manager felt really stressed. A．to settle B．settling C．settled D．being settled 参考答案 一、 1．Choked/hoked 【解析】句意：被空气中漂浮的灰尘呛到/噎住，这位运动员不得不停下来片刻，让狂跳的心平静下来。 根据首字母C​和语境“被空气中的灰尘……”，应填动词choke“使窒息、呛到、哽住”；此处为非谓语动词作状语，choke与其逻辑主语 the athlete是被动关系，故用过去分词Choked作状语。 2．Committed/ommitted 【解析】句意：致力于提供平等的教育机会，那些志愿者前往山区为那里的孩子们授课。根据句意和首字母C​以及后面的to offering，可知考查固定搭配be committed to (doing) sth.，意为“致力于/献身于（做）某事”。此处用过去分词短语Committed to offering equal education chances​作状语。 3．focusing/ocusing 【解析】句意：这些聚焦环境污染的报告展示了这座城市周边存在的严峻问题。根据首字母提示f以及句意可知，此处为动词focus，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰reports，两者之间为主动关系，所以使用现在分词focusing。 4．claim/laim 【解析】句意：我们的新款智能手机将助力我们夺得全球智能手机领军品牌的地位。根据首字母提示c以及句意可知，此处为动词claim，意为“夺得”，help sb. do sth意为“帮助某人做某事”，所以此处使用动词原形。 5．targeted/argeted 【解析】句意：随着银发旅游快速发展，面向老年人的文化旅游套餐将观光与传统文化相结合，以契合他们的喜好。根据首字母提示t以及句意可知，此处为动词target“以……为目标，针对”，与逻辑主语cultural travel packages之间为被动关系，所以此处使用过去分词形式targeted，作后置定语。 6．Attracted/ttracted 【解析】句意：被美丽的景色吸引，游客们停下来拍照。空处需填非谓语动词作状语，the tourists和attract为逻辑动宾关系，需用过去分词形式，位于句首，首字母需大写。 7．secure/ecure 【解析】句意：随着常规工作被人工智能广泛取代，年轻毕业生必须提升技能，以便在竞争激烈的就业市场获得职位。不定式to后接动词原形；secure符合题意，表示“争取”。 8．perceiving/erceiving 【解析】句意：从不同角度看待同一个问题的人常常得出不同结论。结合句意和首字母提示可知，表示“看待”用动词perceive，句中已有谓语动词reach，perceive与people是主动关系，用现在分词作后置定语。 9．entitled/ntitled 【解析】句意：名为《青春之风》的这本诗集上个月出版了。根据“The Wind of Youth”、首字母提示以及句意可知，此空填过去分词entitled，作后置定语。entitle意为“给……命名”，与collection是被动关系。 10．obtain/btain 【解析】句意：该团队使用较低的温度从艾草中获取纯净提取物。根据首字母提示o以及句意可知，此处为动词obtain，不定式符号to后接动词原形。 11．bathed/athed 【解析】句意：整个城市沐浴在晨光中，街道看起来清新而充满生机。根据首字母提示和句意可知，此处表示“沐浴在……中”，应用动词bathe；分析句子结构可知，此处为“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”的复合结构，宾语the whole city与bathe之间为被动关系，应用过去分词作宾补。 12．apply/pply 【解析】句意：我写信是为了申请学生志愿者的职位，以便让我们的校园保持整洁。设空处位于不定式符号to之后，应填动词原形构成不定式作目的状语。根据首字母及句意，此处应填apply，固定搭配 apply for 意为“申请……”。 13．blaming/ laming 【解析】句意：团队没有把错误归咎于某一个人，而是一起讨论如何补救。根据首字母提示b以及句意可知，此处为动词blame，介词of后接动名词blaming。 14．explore/xplore 【解析】句意：在决定参加哪个社团之前，Mia利用学校网站探索各社团提供的活动，并将它们与自己的兴趣进行比较。根据used the school website可知，此处表示利用学校网站探索社团活动，使用动词explore，不定式符号to后接动词原形形式。 15．organized/rganized 【解析】句意：制定计划有助于安排好时间，尤其是当你需要学习很多科目时。空处作宾语补足语，结合“Making a schedule”和首字母提示可推知，动词organize“组织，安排”符合题意，organize和time逻辑上是被动关系，所以需用过去分词organized。 16．Walking/alking 【解析】句意：在镇上四处走走，你能看到许多完全不同的宗教壁画。根据“you can see many religious wall-paintings”可知，此处表示在城镇中行走观赏；结合首字母提示，用动词walk，此处为分词短语作状语，且与其逻辑主语you之间是主动关系，应用现在分词表主动。 17．release/elease 【解析】句意：政府决定在新闻发布会上向公众公布新的交通法规。decided to要接动词原形，所填词为以r开头的动词原形；结合the new traffic regulations to the public可知，动词release表示“发布”，符合题意。 18．negotiate/egotiate 【解析】句意：两国在日内瓦会晤，商定一项新的贸易协议。空处和to构成不定式，作目的状语，结合“a new trade agreement”和首字母提示可推知，动词negotiate“商定，协商”符合题意，且需用negotiate的原形。 19．extend/xtend 【解析】句意：学校计划扩建图书馆，以便为学生提供更多阅读空间。根据句意和首字母可知是动词extend，意为“扩展；延长”，接在不定式to后用动词原形。 20．grant/rant 【解析】句意：该基金会决定向乡村学校提供资金资助以建一栋新教学楼。空处位于不定式符号to之后，应用动词原形，结合首字母提示g可知，空处应使用动词grant，构成固定搭配grant sth. to sb.，表示“把某物授予/提供给某人”。 21．log/og 【解析】句意：船长让水手把航行中的每个细节都记录在航海日志里。根据句意“记录”和首字母可知，用动词log，动词原形构成不定式作宾补。 22．finance/inance 【解析】句意：学校决定用额外资金资助这个研究项目。空处位于不定式符号to后，应填动词原形，结合句意和首字母可知，动词finance“资助”符合题意。 23．drilling/rilling 【解析】句意：这座城市是加拿大庞大的石油和天然气钻井工业的中心。根据首字母“d”及“oil and gas”的语境，此处指石油和天然气的“钻井”工业，应用动名词“drilling”作定语修饰industry。 24．trace/race 【解析】句意：警方试图追踪这名失踪儿童到他最后被目击的地点。根据首字母提示t以及句意可知，此处为动词trace，意为“追踪，追查”，try to后接动词原形。 25．acquire/cquire 【解析】句意：教师设计不同的活动来帮助学生习得实用技能，如沟通、团队合作和公开演讲。根据“useful skills, like communication, teamwork and public speaking”可知，此处指学生通过活动习得这些技能；结合首字母提示，用动词acquire，意为“获得；习得”，且help sb. do sth.是固定搭配，用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。 26．measuring/easuring 【解析】句意：一些村民报告说，一条长达2米多的巨蛇被发现死在附近的一个洞穴里。根据句意和首字母提示可知，空处应填measuring“量度为/长度为”，作后置定语修饰snake；measure表示“（尺寸、长度、数量等）量度为”时为系动词，无被动形式，因此应用现在分词measuring。 27．approach/pproach 【解析】句意：由于这位著名画家的作品非常珍贵，游客在拥挤的博物馆里不容易近距离接近它们。根据them closely in the crowded museum和首字母提示可知，此处指在博物馆中接近画家的作品，approach作动词，意为“接近；靠近”，不定式符号to后接动词原形。 28．ensure/nsure 【解析】句意：安全员仔细检查了所有设备，以确保在实验开始前一切状况良好。根据that everything was in good condition before the experiment started和首字母提示可知，应用ensure，意为“确保；保证”，不定式to后接动词原形。 29．prevent/revent 【解析】句意：新政策旨在防止疾病在当地社区传播。根据句意及首字母提示，“阻止疾病传播”符合逻辑，动词prevent为“预防、阻止”之意，且空处在不定式符号to后，应填动词原形prevent。 30． keep/eep track/rack of/f 【解析】句意：这个应用能帮助父母了解孩子上网活动的动态。根据句意以及提示的三个单词的首字母可知，此处为动词短语keep track of 意为“掌握……的最新消息；了解……的动态”，help sb do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，所以此处使用省略不定式符号to的不定式结构作宾补。 二、 31．C 【解析】句意：当你参加比赛时，请记得建立你的自信。remember to do sth.意为“记得去做某事(事情还没做)”；remember doing sth.意为“记得做过某事(事情已经做了)”。此处表示提醒对方在比赛时记得去建立自信，动作尚未发生，应用动词不定式作宾语。 32．B 【解析】句意：他一直盼望着有人来看他，所以他向前看一看他是否会来。第一处to是介词，look forward to doing，用seeing；第二处look forward意为“向前看”，后面接to do表目的，用see。 33．D 【解析】句意：我很幸运能加入学校志愿者俱乐部，在那里我有机会参加各种活动。第一空中be lucky to do sth.为固定句型，to后需接动词原形，join后直接接组织、团体等名词，表示“加入……成为其中一员”，此处宾语为the school volunteer club，应用join，而join in后通常接活动、比赛等，不直接接组织名称。第二空中have the chance to do sth.中to后需接动词原形，join in various activities表示“参加各种活动”，符合语境及搭配习惯。D选项符合题意。 34．B 【解析】句意：虽然工作很努力，莉莉还是没有及时完成工作。Although引导让步状语从句，当从句主语与主句主语一致，且主语和动词之间构成主动关系时，动词用现在分词形式，故第一空填working；fail to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“未能做某事”，故第二空填to finish。 35．C 【解析】句意：人们认为这款新应用在上一学年已经帮助许多学生改善了他们的学习习惯。固定短语be thought to do“被认为……”；help这一动作发生在“被认为”之前，要用不定式的完成式to have helped。 36．D 【解析】句意：她没有告诉父母真相，因为她害怕被他们批评。be afraid to do sth.意为“不敢去做某事”，强调主观上不敢主动去做；be afraid of doing sth.意为“担心/害怕某事发生”，强调害怕某种不好的结果发生。本题中，她害怕的是“被父母批评”这一结果发生，故应使用be afraid of doing 结构。主语she与动词criticize（批评）之间是逻辑上的被动关系，需要用动名词的被动式being done。 37．D 【解析】句意：你可能很难想象我在处理上周会议上提到的问题时遇到了什么麻烦。have trouble doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“做某事有困难”，因此第一空填动名词dealing with；第二空作后置定语修饰the problems，problems与refer to之间是逻辑上的动宾（被动）关系，因此使用过去分词referred to。 38．C 【解析】句意：仅仅依据考试成绩来评价学生，会让学生觉得自身其他方面的优势被忽视了。本空在句中作主语，且逻辑上students与evaluate为被动关系，用动名词的被动语态Being evaluated。 39．C 【解析】句意：我宁愿用困难的任务来挑战自己，也不愿待在舒适区里。prefer doing A to doing B，意为“比起做B，更喜欢/宁愿做A”。句中的to为介词，其前后必须保持结构对称，均使用动名词形式。第一空填 challenging，第二空填 remaining，构成 prefer challenging... to remaining... 的正确结构。rather than意为“而不是”，此处应该构成prefer to do A rather than do B的结构，A和B选项不符合，C选项符合题意。 40．B 【解析】句意：如果观众无法理解基本意思，重复同样的解释是没有用的。“It is no use doing sth.”是固定句型，意为“做某事没有用”，it是形式主语，用动名词短语repeating the same explanation作真正主语。 41．A 【解析】句意：教授给我们做了一场演讲，分享了他丰富的教学经验。句中已有谓语动词gave且无连词，故空处应填入非谓语动词。逻辑主语The professor与动词share之间为主动关系，且表示伴随状态，应用现在分词sharing作伴随状语。 42．D 【解析】句意：那些创作了思想深刻且鼓舞人心的文章的才华横溢的作家们，在全国范围内赢得了广泛的赞赏。句中已有谓语动词have gained，空处应填非谓语形式；动词create与被修饰词writers之间是逻辑上的主动关系，应用现在分词形式作后置定语。 43．C 【解析】句意：昨晚，那部感人的电影真的让我回想起了我快乐的童年回忆和老朋友。固定结构get sb. doing sth.意为“使某人开始做某事、让某人处于做某事的状态”，此处表示电影让我主动陷入回想的状态，现在分词thinking在句中作宾语补足语。 44．C 【解析】句意：正如报告中指出的那样，我们不能忽视将环境变化与当地人民多年来所经历的情况联系起来的证据。第一空：考查非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，置于句首，故用As，As is indicated in the report是固定表达，意为“正如报告中所表明的”。 第二空：考查非谓语动词，link“联系”与其逻辑主语evidence之间是主动关系，应用现在分词linking​作后置定语修饰名词 evidence。 45．C 【解析】句意：大雨持续了整整一周，在许多低洼地区引发了严重的洪涝灾害。句中有谓语lasted，此处作结果状语，所填词和主语The heavy rain之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，现在分词causing符合题意。 46．B 【解析】句意：被教练鼓励的那个运动员正在看那场令人振奋的比赛。句中is watching为谓语动词，第一空处需要使用非谓语动词，动词encourage与逻辑主语The player之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故使用过去分词encouraged作后置定语；第二空修饰名词game，表示事物本身的特征，意为“令人振奋的”，应使用现在分词inspiring作前置定语；inspired通常用于修饰人，表示“受到鼓舞的”，B选项符合题意。 47．C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：经过一天的徒步旅行，当我们回到小木屋时，我们发现窗户在夜里被强风刮破了。“find+宾语+宾语补足语”为固定结构。句中宾语为the windows，与其后的动词break之间为逻辑上的被动关系，且动作已经发生并完成，因此需要使用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。 48．D 【解析】句意：由于在学业成绩上屡遭挫折而感到泄气，这个疲惫不堪的高三学生一动不动地坐在扶手椅里，成堆的模拟试卷和复习笔记覆盖了椅子的表面。第一空处作原因状语，动词discourage(使泄气)用非谓语形式，与其逻辑主语the worn-out senior three student之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词discouraged表被动；第二空处是独立主格结构作伴随状语，动词cover(覆盖)与其逻辑主语piles of mock exam papers and revision notes之间为主动关系，故使用现在分词covering表主动。 49．C 【解析】句意：这么多房屋被毁，成千上万的人失去了家园。此处为with复合结构作状语，动词destroy与逻辑主语many houses是被动关系，表示“房屋被毁坏”，应使用过去分词形式destroyed作宾补。 50．B 【解析】句意：具备扎实的专业知识和坚定的决心，樊锦诗毕生致力于守护莫高窟的珍贵文化瑰宝。第一空：(be) equipped with...​是固定搭配，意为“配备有……；具备……”。动词equip“配备”与其逻辑主语Fan Jinshi之间为被动关系，用过去分词Equipped​作状语。 第二空：spend one’s life in defence of​ sth.意为“毕生致力于保护/捍卫某物”；莫高窟文物需要“守护、保卫”，in defence of“保卫、保护”最贴切。 in memory of为“纪念”；in view of为“鉴于、考虑到”；in honor of为“向……致敬”，均不符“守护文物”之意。 51．D 【解析】句意：这项年度筹款活动旨在帮助当地弱势群体摆脱贫困。第一空是固定复合名词fund‑raising，意为“筹款”；第二空为固定搭配be intended to do，表示“旨在、目的是”，主语initiative（倡议）与intend之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以使用被动语态，主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为is intended；第三空为固定搭配lift sb out of poverty，意为“使某人摆脱贫困”。 52．A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们看到那名嫌疑人迅速进入了大楼。随后，又看到他从后门离开了。第一空observe sb. do sth.表“观察到某人做某事的全过程”；第二空为被动语态，do还原为to do，为be observed to do，故用to leave。故选A。 53．A 【解析】考查固定搭配用法。老汤姆比起做秘书工作，更偏好做户外工作。分析句子结构可知，这里考查prefer doing A to doing B，意为“比起做B事，更偏好做A事”，其中to为介词，后接动名词形式。A项前后均为动名词，完全符合该固定搭配。故选A项。 54．A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：私家车的普及带来了一个新的问题，即路况需要改善。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语is，所以两个空均需使用非谓语动词形式。第一空，_____ in the popularity of private cars为后置定语修饰名词problem，动词involve与problem之间是被动关系，因此应用过去分词形式involved；第二空，need doing或need to be done为固定搭配，表示某事需要被做，所以第二空应填improving或to be improved，结合选项可知，只有A项符合题意。故选A项。 55．C 【解析】考查动词短语。句意：他宁愿毕业后回家乡也不愿留在大城市。动词短语prefer to doing sth. to doing sth.表示“宁愿做某事也不做某事”，符合句子和句意。故选C。 56．C 【解析】句意：在19世纪50年代以前，美国有许多小型学院，其中大部分可以追溯到殖民时代。短语date from意为“追溯到”，无被动语态，此处most of them与date from之间为主动关系，在句中构成独立主格结构作补充说明，应用现在分词形式dating。 57．C 【解析】句意：我今天给你寄100美元，剩下的一年之后再给。此处为独立主格结构，the rest和follow是主动关系，且动作发生在将来，不定式to follow表将来。 58．C 【解析】句意：直到我们入住我父亲之前到访过的那家酒店时，我们才发现那里提供的优质服务，其中还包含免费早餐。 根据句子结构分析，第一空引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the hotel，关系词在从句中作visited的宾语，指物，应用关系代词which/that引导该从句，也可不填；第二空与句首的It was构成强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+that +其他”，此处强调时间状语从句“not until we checked into the hotel ______ my father had visited before”，故用that；第三空考查独立主格结构，“free breakfast”与“include”之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词included的形式。 59．D 【解析】句意：Walter离开办公室时主动提出让我们搭便车，但由于我们的工作还没完成，我们拒绝了他的提议。but连接两个并列分句，but后的分句中谓语为refused，本空用非谓语动词。名词our work与动词finish之间是逻辑上的被动关系，需用过去分词表被动，表示未完成，用否定结构not finished，与our work构成独立主格结构。 60．C 【解析】句意：许多新政策实施后，农村地区的人们现在过着好得多的生活。分析句子结构可知，逗号前后没有连词，且后半句为完整的句子，故前半句为独立主格结构作状语。逻辑主语“Many new policies”与动词短语“carry out”之间是逻辑上的动宾关系（被动关系），且动作已经完成，故使用过去分词表被动和完成。 61．B 【解析】句意：所有的工作都做完了，她高兴地回家了。本句使用了with+宾语+宾语补足语的复合结构。宾语all the work与动词do之间是逻辑上的被动关系，且动作已经完成，因此需要使用过去分词done作宾语补足语。 62．A 【解析】句意：有这么多工作要做，经理不能去度假。本题考查with+宾语+宾语补足语结构。句中宾语为so much work，且动作尚未发生，表示“将要做”，应用动词不定式to do作宾语补足语。 63．C 【解析】句意：看那辆车。它刚开过去，车后面冒着烟。本题考查“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构。句中宾语为smoke，与动词pour（涌出，冒出）之间是主动关系，因此应用现在分词pouring作宾语补足语。 64．C 【解析】句意：有这么多紧急邮件要处理，经理直到深夜才能离开办公室。此处为“with+宾语+宾语补足语”的复合结构，句中宾语so many urgent emails与动词deal with之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示尚未发生或将要发生的动作，故应用动词不定式作宾语补足语，同时，句子的主语the manager是动作deal with的逻辑主语（即执行者），因此使用不定式的主动形式。 65．A 【解析】句意：由于有棘手的问题要解决，新晋升的经理感到压力很大。本题考查“with+宾语+宾补”的复合结构。根据主句中的“felt really stressed”可知，这些棘手的问题还未解决，表示将要发生的动作，因此应用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 一、阅读理解 A I sometimes feel I’m in a daily struggle not to become a shallower version of myself. The driver of shallowization is technology, the way it reduces attention span, fills the day with unnecessary distractions. So I’m trying to take countermeasures. I flee to the arts. I’m looking for those experiences we all have as kids: becoming so enveloped by an adventure story that you refuse to put it down to go to dinner; getting so entirely swept up in some piece of music that you feel primeval (原始的) passions thumping within you; encountering a painting so beautiful it feels like you’ve walked right into its alternative world. The normal thing to say about such experiences is that you’ve lost yourself in a book or a song — lost track of space and time. But it is more accurate to say that a piece of art has quieted the self‑conscious ego voice that is normally chattering away within. A piece of art has served as a gateway to a deeper realm of the mind. It has opened up that hidden, semiconscious kingdom within us from which emotions emerge, where our moral sentiments (情绪) are found. The arts work on us at that deep level, the level that really matters. You give me somebody who disagrees with me on every issue, but who has a good heart — who has the ability to show sympathy with others, participate in their woes (困难), longing and dreams — well, I want to stay with that person all day. You give me a person who agrees with me on every particular, but who has a cold, resentful heart — well, I want nothing to do with him or her. Artists generally don’t set out to improve other people; they just want to create a perfect expression of their experience. But their art has the potential to humanize the beholder. Art does this not by argument, but by offering a form of experience. When you stand before a great painting, listen to a symphony or read a novel, you are invited to feel what another person felt, to see the world through another’s eyes. You emerge with a slightly expanded sense of what human life is like. 1．Why does the author turn to the arts? A．To escape from daily chaos. B．To imitate the lifestyles of artists. C．To avoid shallowization from technology. D．To seek inner peace through dialogues. 2．According to the writer, how does art work on people? A．By enabling us to keep sustainable focus. B．By expanding keen insights into the world. C．By enhancing information processing ability. D．By allowing access to deep levels of the mind. 3．What message does the writer convey in Paragraph 4? A．Shared opinions are the base of true friendship. B．Kindness and empathy weigh more than identical views. C．Art can make people reach agreement on problems. D．Different points of view will surely ruin relationships. 4．What is the value of engaging with the arts according to the passage? A．Helping people relieve daily pressure. B．Expanding people’s knowledge of the outside world. C．Awakening humanity inside people. D．Offering people ways to show their inner feelings. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．C 【解析】文章讲述了作者认为技术让人变得浅薄，因此转向艺术；艺术通过平息自我意识、打开深层心灵，让人更富同情心和人性，从而对抗浅薄化。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The driver of shallowization is technology, the way it reduces attention span, fills the day with unnecessary distractions. So I’m trying to take countermeasures. I flee to the arts. (浅薄化的主要推手是技术，它缩短了注意力持续时间，让每一天都充斥着不必要的干扰。因此，我正试图采取应对措施，转而投身艺术之中。)”可知，作者转向艺术是为了避免技术导致的浅薄化。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But it is more accurate to say that a piece of art has quieted the self‑conscious ego voice that is normally chattering away within. A piece of art has served as a gateway to a deeper realm of the mind. It has opened up that hidden, semiconscious kingdom within us from which emotions emerge, where our moral sentiments (情绪) are found. (但更准确的说法是，一件艺术品平息了通常在内心里喋喋不休的自我意识之声。一件艺术品成为了通往更深层心灵领域的大门。它打开了我们内心那个隐藏的、半意识的王国，情感从中涌现，道德情感也蕴藏其中。)”可知，作者认为艺术通过允许进入心灵的深层来影响人。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“You give me somebody who disagrees with me on every issue, but who has a good heart — who has the ability to show sympathy with others, participate in their woes (困难), longing and dreams — well, I want to stay with that person all day. You give me a person who agrees with me on every particular, but who has a cold, resentful heart — well, I want nothing to do with him or her. (你给我一个在每件事上都与我意见相左，却心地善良的人——一个能够体谅他人、共情他们的忧愁、渴望和梦想的人——那么，我愿意整天和那个人待在一起。你给我一个在每个细节上都同意我，但内心冷漠、充满怨恨的人——那么，我不想和他或她有任何关系。)”可知，在意见相左却心地善良的人和意见相同却内心冷漠的选择中，作者更偏爱前者，说明他认为善良和同理心比观点一致更重要。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段中“But their art has the potential to humanize the beholder. (但他们的艺术有可能让观赏者变得更有人情味。)”和最后一段中“When you stand before a great painting, listen to a symphony or read a novel, you are invited to feel what another person felt, to see the world through another’s eyes. You emerge with a slightly expanded sense of what human life is like. (当你站在一幅伟大的画前，聆听交响乐，或阅读一本小说时，你被邀请去感受他人所经历的情感，用他人的视角来看待世界。你会因此对人类生活的本质产生一种稍加拓展的理解。)”可知，参与艺术的价值在于唤醒人们内在的人性。 B Living and flying around cities, pigeons have adapted to an ever-shifting environment. But their environment isn’t the only thing that’s constantly changing. New research suggests the birds themselves avoid stability in their decision-making, instead choosing to live “at the edge of chaos.” As model species for learning and behavior, these birds are helping researchers test a century-old law about how humans and other creatures learn. When learning something new, people and animals alike tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded. First proposed in 1898, this principle is so well established in psychology that it has become known as “the law of effect”. But a new study is challenging this idea. University of Iowa experimental psychologist Edward A．Wasserman and his colleagues conducted a test on pigeons. And the study’s results, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, suggest these birds prefer variability. To see how rewarded behaviors vary, the researchers gave pigeons a series of five colorful buttons to peck (啄). They could peck any buttons in any order, but as long as they pecked five times, a treat (bird food) would appear. Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times. Instead they continued pecking in a variety of patterns. “There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge (汇聚) on a single favorite, but it never got to that point,” Wasserman says. “You could argue the birds are just completely resistant to locking into anything stable.” The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity. The researchers are currently conducting tests to see whether rewarded behaviors remain variable in different animals, which others in the field say might explain how the brain makes behavioral decisions while learning. 5．In paragraph 2, “the law of effect” is described as ______. A．outdated B．groundless C．controversial D．self-contradictory 6．According to paragraph 3, the researchers originally expected the pigeons to ______. A．cooperate with fellows B．obtain a stable pattern C．find the odd button out D．seize the treat quickly 7．How does Wasserman sound in paragraph 4? A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical. C．Relieved. D．Shocked. 8．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that variability ______. A．may be a shared feature across species B．may not be applicable to human beings C．is best displayed in birds’ behaviors D．completely denies “the law of effect” 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A 【解析】文章介绍一项新研究，发现鸽子做选择时偏好多变、拒绝稳定，挑战了心理学效果律，并探究该特性的进化意义。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But a new study is challenging this idea.(但一项新的研究正在挑战这一观点)”可知，原本公认的效果律如今受到质疑、存在争议。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times.(基于以往的学习理论，科学家们原本预计鸽子最终会形成固定套路 —— 或许会选择重复它们已知有效的模式，或只是五次啄击离自己最近的按钮)”可知，研究人员原本预期鸽子会形成稳定的行为模式。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段中“There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge on a single favorite, but it never got to that point (我们完全有理由预期这些动物会固定偏好单一模式，但这种情况从未出现)”可知，实验结果超出预期，Wasserman对此结果感到震惊。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity.(该研究团队提出理论：鸽子对多样性的执着或许是一种进化优势，这种优势有助于应对生存环境中的新挑战 —— 并且他们认为，鸟类并非是抗拒单一化的唯一物种)”以及研究人员准备对其他动物开展测试可知，偏好多变的特性或许是多个物种的共同特征。 C A 15-year-old boy rescued two men who had fallen from an inflatable toy boat off the Isle of Skye by sailing his own vessel to save them, beating the lifeboat service to the scene. Archie Law beat a volunteer crew of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) to the rescue on Saturday evening after the coastguard received reports of two off males in difficulty in the water off Bradford Bay at around 9 pm. The RNLI launched a lifeboat from its Kyle of Lochalsh station within 10 minutes of the emergency calls and rushed towards the last known location of the two men, who had been seen on what rescuers described as a toy blow-up inflatable boat. On the way there, the crew were told that Archie, who lives locally, had spotted the men in distress and had gone out in his own boat to help them. The crew discovered he had already managed to rescue both men and had taken them back to shore safely. Speaking to Radio Skye, Archie said he had noticed from inside his house that the men had got into trouble. “I could see them from my window, and they were paddling in circles out in the bay, drifting further away,” he said. “I made a decision to go and check if they were OK. As I got closer I could see it was a small kids’ dinghy. They seemed very cold and tired and thankful I had spotted them. I got them back to the wee pier and they were met with towels and warm clothes.” The helm at Kyle RNLI, Andrew MacDonald, praised the teenager for his quick thinking. He said it was thanks to Archie’s decisiveness that a more serious situation had been averted. “We’d like to remind people that blow-up inflatable toys should be kept for use in swimming pools and not open water, and to always ensure you have lifejackets on and a means of communicating to the emergency services if you get into any difficulty,” he said. 9．How did the two men feel after Archie brought them back to the pier? A．Grateful. B．Annoyed. C．Shocked. D．Regretful. 10．What did Archie decide to do when he spotted the two drifting men out at sea? A．Call the RNLI lifeboat crew first. B．Sail out to check their condition. C．Watch their movements from the window. D．Collect towels and warm clothes for them. 11．Which situation is most likely to lead to a drowning accident according to RNLI’s data? A．Swim at guarded beaches. B．Row boats with communication devices. C．Fish near the coast with lifejackets. D．Use pool inflatables on windy lakes. 12．What key safety lesson does the RNLI emphasize from this incident? A．Call rescuers before any self-rescue action. B．Teenagers deal with sea emergencies better than adults. C．Good equipment and sensible judgment matter equally for water safety. D．Inflatable toys must be kept far away from all water areas. 【答案】9．A 10．B 11．D 12．C 【解析】文章主要讲述15岁少年救下两名乘坐充气玩具船遇险的男子，此事也带来水上安全警示。 9．细节理解题。根据第六段中“They seemed very cold and tired and thankful I had spotted them.(他们看上去又冷又疲惫，很感激我发现了他们。)”可知，两人被救回码头后心怀感激。 10．细节理解题。根据第六段中“I made a decision to go and check if they were OK.(我决定过去看看他们是否安好。)”可知，阿奇看到海上漂流的两名男子后，驾船出海查看他们的状况。 11．推理判断题。根据第七段中““We’d like to remind people that blow-up inflatable toys should be kept for use in swimming pools and not open water, and to always ensure you have lifejackets on and a means of communicating to the emergency services if you get into any difficulty,” he said. (他说：“我们想提醒大家，充气玩具只应在游泳池内使用，不可用于开放水域；务必穿上救生衣，并且备好能够联系应急救援部门的通讯工具。”)”可知，把泳池充气玩具用在有风的湖泊这类开放水域，容易引发溺水事故。 12．推理判断题。根据第七段““The helm at Kyle RNLI, Andrew MacDonald, praised the teenager for his quick thinking. He said it was thanks to Archie’s decisiveness that a more serious situation had been averted. “We’d like to remind people that blow-up inflatable toys should be kept for use in swimming pools and not open water, and to always ensure you have lifejackets on and a means of communicating to the emergency services if you get into any difficulty,” he said. (英国皇家救生艇协会洛哈尔什救生艇舵手安德鲁・麦克唐纳称赞这名少年反应机敏。他表示，正是阿奇的果断，才避免了事态进一步恶化。他说：“我们想提醒大家，充气玩具只应在游泳池内使用，不可用于开放水域；务必穿上救生衣，并且备好能够联系应急救援部门的通讯工具。”)”可知，水上安全既需要合格装备，也需要理性判断，二者同等重要。 D Recently, a well-known US coffee chain’s new “Coffeehouse Code of Conduct” is making people buy something or leave, changing its previous laid-back attitude. Meanwhile, in Paris, traditional cafés are competing with trendy coffee shops, with locals complaining that American-style takeaway coffee is ruining the French tradition of taking their time. This has raised an important question: What are coffee shops really for? The answer has always been more than coffee. Seventeenth-century coffee houses offered a meeting space for revolutions. They were also, historically, a shelter. As French writer Beauvoir wrote, “During World War II, we spent whole days in the Café de Flore through the freezing winter and always had a shock of pleasure, emerging from the cold darkness, coming into this warm, bright place. We felt at home, safe.” That gets to the heart of what good cafés are: third places, the term coined by the sociologist Ray Oldenburg to describe spaces that are neither home nor work. These neutral spaces are also accessible and inclusive, allowing visitors to keep a low profile and providing room for conversation and playfulness. I cherish such places — at various points in my life, department stores, museums, and stations have been vital third places to me, even if not all fit the “playful” criterion. However, many third places are disappearing due to economic difficulties. The Internet has become our third space but it can’t be everything a third place is: safety when home isn’t a shelter and a breath of air for anyone who just needs to be elsewhere. There is an amazing third place near me, York Community Stadium Complex, where there is a pool, a sports hall and a climbing wall, plus a library, a café and a drop-in support centre for people with cancer. Mostly, though, it’s a space to hang out unbothered, used by people of all ages. It’s welcoming, accessible, and, yes, even playful. With many shops closed in the UK, why not turn them into community centres, repair cafés, or meeting spots? It would be nice to chat about it somewhere — maybe over coffee, maybe not. 13．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Coffee cultures are conflicting. B．French traditions are weakening. C．Takeaway habits are spreading. D．Café rules are becoming stricter. 14．Why does the author quote Beauvoir’s words? A．To recall wartime memories. B．To share a writer’s experience. C．To contrast cold with warmth. D．To show cafés’ comforting role. 15．Which could be a third place according to the passage? A．A school lecture hall. B．A city square. C．An office meeting room. D．A private online group. 16．What is the author’s attitude towards creating new third places? A．Pessimistic. B．Supportive. C．Objective. D．Doubtful. 【答案】13．A 14．D 15．B 16．B 【解析】本文主要探讨咖啡馆作为“第三空间”的价值，指出实体公共空间不可被网络替代，并呼吁改造闲置商铺打造社区公共活动场所。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“Recently, a well-known US coffee chain’s new “Coffeehouse Code of Conduct” is making people buy something or leave, changing its previous laid-back attitude. Meanwhile, in Paris, traditional cafés are competing with trendy coffee shops, with locals complaining that American-style takeaway coffee is ruining the French tradition of taking their time.(最近，美国一家知名咖啡连锁品牌出台了全新的《咖啡馆行为准则》，要求顾客要么消费，要么离开，一改往日宽松随意的经营态度。与此同时，在巴黎，传统咖啡馆正和新潮咖啡店激烈竞争。当地居民抱怨，美式外带咖啡正在破坏法国人从容消磨时光的传统。)”可知，作者在第一段中指出的现象是咖啡文化相互冲突。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段“They were also, historically, a shelter.(从历史角度看，它们也曾是庇护之所。)”和“During World War II, we spent whole days in the Café de Flore through the freezing winter and always had a shock of pleasure, emerging from the cold darkness, coming into this warm, bright place. We felt at home, safe.(二战期间，在凛冽的寒冬，我们整日待在花神咖啡馆。从阴冷黑暗的室外走进这个温暖明亮的地方，心中总会涌起一阵欣喜。我们在这里无拘无束，倍感安心。)”可知，作者引用Beauvoir的话是为了展示咖啡馆的慰藉作用。 15．推理判断题。根据第三段“That gets to the heart of what good cafés are: third places, the term coined by the sociologist Ray Oldenburg to describe spaces that are neither home nor work. These neutral spaces are also accessible and inclusive, allowing visitors to keep a low profile and providing room for conversation and playfulness.(这道出了优质咖啡馆的核心：第三空间。社会学家雷・奥尔登堡创造了这个术语，用来指代既不属于家，也不属于工作岗位的场所。这些中立的公共空间对所有人开放、具有包容性，人们可以低调独处，也能够在此交谈、随性消遣。)”可知，城市广场可能是一个第三空间。 16．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Mostly, though, it’s a space to hang out unbothered, used by people of all ages. It’s welcoming, accessible, and, yes, even playful.(但最重要的是，这里是一处可以不受打扰地休闲逗留的地方，各个年龄段的人都会前来。它友善包容、人人可达，没错，也充满生活趣味。)”和最后一段“With many shops closed in the UK, why not turn them into community centres, repair cafés, or meeting spots? It would be nice to chat about it somewhere — maybe over coffee, maybe not.(英国有大量商铺关门闲置，何不把它们改造成社区活动中心、维修咖啡馆或是聚会据点？要是能找个地方聊聊这件事就再好不过了 —— 或许配一杯咖啡，或许不必。)”可知，作者对创造新的第三空间持支持的态度。 二、完形填空 Borneo is home to some of the most extraordinary wildlife. Several years ago, I decided to go there for a visit. A local person offered to be my guide, which was a great bonus for me. One day, my guide turned off the smooth road and took me across a 17 hillside instead. We picked our way carefully when 18 a charming flower popped into my view among those stones. Oh, dear! More than 19 , I bent down and put my nose practically inside the flower’s core. 20 , to my surprise, it was only one of the 21 during the trip. As I 22 the end of my trip, there was still something I had yet to see. We planned to 23 most feared creature there, the saltwater crocodile, which can grow to a 24 of 6 meters or more. When we shone a flashlight towards the muddy shore, little sounds 25 in the darkness as if something unseen underwater had broken the 26 . Taking a second look, we spotted two greedy 27 just above the water line. As we drew near, it 28 and we saw clearly it was a crocodile. With great caution, we neared it and finally could 29 its true dimensions. It was a baby — no more than 0.6 meter long. Aha, whatever, I could now report to the 30 back home, who had never been to Borneo, that I had 31 a hungry crocodile in the wild and lived to tell the tale. 17．A．rolling B．spectacular C．rough D．breathtaking 18．A．suddenly B．literally C．definitely D．ultimately 19．A．alarmed B．pleased C．concerned D．upset 20．A．Nevertheless B．Besides C．Instead D．Therefore 21．A．desires B．motivations C．destinations D．highlights 22．A．summarized B．suspected C．approached D．valued 23．A．hold onto B．pick up C．reflect on D．hunt for 24．A．width B．length C．height D．size 25．A．emerged B．paused C．continued D．declined 26．A．mud B．surface C．ground D．shore 27．A．legs B．mouths C．eyes D．teeth 28．A．moved B．sank C．hid D．escaped 29．A．give out B．let out C．turn out D．make out 30．A．victims B．opponents C．folks D．guides 31．A．challenged B．encountered C．terrified D．chased 【答案】 17．C 18．A 19．B 20．A 21．D 22．C 23．D 24．B 25．A 26．B 27．C 28．A 29．D 30．C 31．B 【解析】本文讲述了作者在婆罗洲的野外旅行经历，途中偶遇别致野花，在旅程尾声探寻当地最凶险的咸水鳄，最终见到一条幼年鳄鱼，收获了一段难忘的野外见闻。 17．考查形容词。句意：一天，我的向导驶离平整的大路，反而带我穿过一片崎岖的山坡。A. rolling起伏的；B. spectacular壮观的；C. rough崎岖的；D. breathtaking惊艳的。根据上文“my guide turned off the smooth road”可知，向导舍弃平整大路，转入路况糟糕的山坡，rough表示崎岖不平，符合语境。 18．考查副词。句意：我们小心翼翼地前行，这时一朵娇艳的花突然出现在乱石之间，映入我的眼帘。A. suddenly突然地；B. literally确实地；C. definitely绝对地；D. ultimately最终地。根据空后“a charming flower popped into my view among those stones”可知，野花毫无征兆映入眼帘，是突发的景象。 19．考查形容词。句意：我欣喜不已，弯下腰，几乎把鼻子凑到了花蕊里面。A. alarmed惊恐的；B. pleased欣喜的；C. concerned担忧的；D. upset沮丧的。根据上文“a charming flower popped into my view among those stones”可知，作者意外见到漂亮的野花，内心十分欣喜。 20．考查副词。句意：然而令我意外的是，这只是本次旅途中的精彩片段之一。A. Nevertheless然而、不过；B. Besides此外；C. Instead相反；D. Therefore因此。根据上文作者邂逅野花的美好经历和后文“it was only one of the 　 during the trip”可知，前文讲述美好瞬间，后文表明这只是众多精彩之一，前后为转折关系。 21．考查名词。句意：然而令我意外的是，这只是本次旅途中的精彩片段之一。A. desires心愿；B. motivations动机；C. destinations目的地；D. highlights精彩片段。根据上文“to my surprise, it was only one of the”可知，邂逅野花只是旅途诸多精彩看点中的一个。 22．考查动词。句意：当我的旅行临近尾声，我仍有一些事物尚未见识。A. summarized总结；B. suspected怀疑；C. approached临近、接近；D. valued珍视。根据下文“there was still something I had yet to see”可知，旅程快要结束时，作者依旧有未见过的新奇事物。 23．考查动词短语。句意：我们计划去寻找当地最令人畏惧的生物——咸水鳄，这种咸水鳄可以长到6米甚至更长。A. hold onto坚持；B. pick up捡起；C. reflect on反思；D. hunt for寻找、搜寻。根据上文“there was still something I had yet to see”可知，旅行临近尾声，一行人打算寻找当地最可怕的咸水鳄。 24．考查名词。句意：我们计划去寻找当地最令人畏惧的生物——咸水鳄，这种咸水鳄可以长到6米甚至更长。A. width宽度；B. length长度；C. height高度；D. size尺寸。根据空前“grow to”和空后“of 6 meters or more”可知，6米是形容鳄鱼身体的长度。 25．考查动词。句意：当我们用手电筒照向泥泞的岸边，黑暗中出现细碎的声响，仿佛水下某个看不见的东西打破了水面的平静。A. emerged出现；B. paused暂停；C. continued继续；D. declined下降。根据下文“something unseen underwater had broken the 　 ”可知，水下生物活动，让黑暗中出现了细微声响。 26．考查名词。句意：当我们用手电筒照向泥泞的岸边，黑暗中出现细碎的声响，仿佛水下某个看不见的生物打破了水面的平静。A. mud泥浆；B. surface水面、表面；C. ground地面；D. shore岸边。根据上文“little sounds 　 in the darkness”可知，水下生物活动，打破了原本平静的水面。 27．考查名词。句意：再仔细一看，我们看见水线上方有两只贪婪的眼睛。A. legs腿；B. mouths嘴巴；C. eyes眼睛；D. teeth牙齿。根据上文“When we shone a flashlight towards the muddy shore”可知，黑夜手电照向水面，鳄鱼最先显露的是发亮的双眼。 28．考查动词。句意：当我们靠近，它动了，我们清晰地看到那是一条鳄鱼。A. moved移动；B. sank下沉；C. hid躲藏；D. escaped逃离。根据上文“As we drew near”和下文“we saw clearly it was a crocodile”可知，人靠近时，水中生物出于警觉而发生移动，让作者一行人看清了它的真面目。 29．考查动词短语。句意：我们极其谨慎地靠近它，最终看清了它真实的体型。A. give out分发；B. let out释放；C. turn out结果是；D. make out辨认出、看清。根据上文“we neared it”可知，一行人慢慢靠近，才得以看清、辨认出鳄鱼的真实体型。 30．考查名词。句意：啊哈，不管怎样，我现在可以告诉家乡那些从未去过婆罗洲的人们，我曾在野外偶遇一条饥饿的鳄鱼，并且平安归来讲述这段经历。A. victims受害者；B. opponents对手；C. folks人们；D. guides向导。根据下文“back home, who had never been to Borneo”可知，此处指代家乡的普通民众。 31．考查动词。句意：啊哈，不管怎样，我现在可以告诉家乡那些从未去过婆罗洲的人们，我曾在野外偶遇一条饥饿的鳄鱼，并且平安归来讲述这段经历。A. challenged挑战；B. encountered偶遇；C. terrified使恐惧；D. chased追逐。根据上文作者夜间探寻鳄鱼的经历可知，作者是在野外偶然遇见鳄鱼，并非主动挑衅或追逐。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Festivals and celebrations of all kinds 32 (hold) everywhere since ancient times. Today’s festivals have many 33 (origin), some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Some festivals are held 34 (honor) the dead or to satisfy the ancestors. Festivals can also be held to honor famous people. In China, the Dragon Boat Festival honors the well-known ancient poet, Qu Yuan. What’s more, harvest festivals can also be very happy events. At the Mid-Autumn Festival, people admire 35 moon and enjoy mooncakes. The most 36 (energy) and important festivals are the ones 37 look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat and may give children lucky money 38 red paper. Some Western countries have very 39 (excite) carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, 40 (usual) in February. Why are all these festivals popular? Because during the festivals, people can get together and have fun 41 (enjoy) everything with each other, forgetting the work for a little while. 【答案】 32．have been held 33．origins 34．to honor 35．the 36．energetic 37．that 38．in 39．exciting 40．usually 41．enjoying 【解析】文章主要介绍了从古至今世界各地不同类型的节日，包括节日的起源、不同节日的纪念意义以及典型节日的相关习俗。 32．考查时态和语态。句意：各种各样的节日和庆典自古以来在世界各地被举办。句子主语Festivals and celebrations of all kinds和动词hold之间是被动关系，时间状语since ancient times是现在完成时的标志，主语为复数，用have been held。 33．考查名词。句意：如今的节日有很多起源，有些是宗教性的，有些是季节性的，还有一些是为了特殊的人或事件。空格前有many修饰，后面要接可数名词的复数形式，origin的复数是origins。 34．考查非谓语动词。句意：一些节日的举办是为了纪念逝者或者安抚先祖。此处用不定式作目的状语，说明举办节日的目的，故填入honor“纪念”的动词不定式形式。 35．考查冠词。句意：在中秋节，人们赏月、吃月饼。世界上独一无二的事物moon前面要加定冠词the。 36．考查形容词。句意：最有活力也最重要的节日是那些期待冬天结束、春天到来的节日。空格处和后面的important并列修饰名词festivals，需要用形容词形式，energy的形容词是energetic，意为“充满活力的”。 37．考查定语从句。句意：最有活力也最重要的节日是那些期待冬天结束、春天到来的节日。此处是定语从句，先行词是the ones，指代festivals，先行词在从句中作主语，只能用关系代词that引导。 38．考查介词。句意：在中国春节，人们吃饺子、鱼和肉，还可能会给孩子们装在红纸里的压岁钱。此处表示“在红纸里”，用介词in表示事物的承载容器或材质。 39．考查形容词。句意：一些西方国家有非常令人兴奋的狂欢节，在复活节前四十天举行，通常在二月。空格处需要形容词作定语修饰名词carnivals，excite的形容词为exciting，意为“令人兴奋的”。 40．考查副词。句意：一些西方国家有非常令人兴奋的狂欢节，在复活节前四十天举行，通常在二月。空格处修饰后面的介词短语in February，需要用副词作状语，usual的副词是usually，意为“通常”。 41．考查非谓语动词。句意：因为在节日期间，人们可以团聚在一起，开心地享受彼此相伴的一切，暂时忘却工作。固定搭配have fun doing sth.表示“做某事很开心”，填入动名词形式enjoying。 四、应用文写作 42．假定你是校英文报记者李华，你校近日成功举办了以“最美劳动者”为主题的摄影展。同学们走上田间街头，定格劳动瞬间。请你为校英文报写一篇简短的新闻报道，内容包括： 1.活动目的与展览内容； 2.活动反响与意义。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.请在答题卡的相应位置作答。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 To carry forward the spirit of labor, our school held a photo exhibition themed “The Most Beautiful Workers” in the school gallery last week. Many students took an active part in the activity. They went to fields and streets, capturing touching labor moments of farmers, cleaners and other ordinary workers. These vivid photos perfectly show the charm of laborers. The exhibition has won wide recognition. It not only enriches our campus life but also makes us understand that labor creates beauty and every ordinary worker deserves our respect. 【解析】 本篇书面表达要求考生以校英文报记者李华的身份，写一篇简短的英语新闻报道，介绍“最美劳动者”摄影展的活动目的、展览内容、活动反响及其意义。 1.词汇积累 举办：hold→stage 很多的：many→numerous 积极参加：take an active part in→be actively involved in 展示：show→indicate 2.句式拓展 合并句子 原句：The exhibition has won wide recognition. It not only enriches our campus life but also makes us understand that labor creates beauty and every ordinary worker deserves our respect. 拓展句：The exhibition, which has won wide recognition, not only enriches our campus life but also enables us to realize that labor creates beauty and every ordinary worker deserves our respect. 【高分句型1】To carry forward the spirit of labor, our school held a photo exhibition themed “The Most Beautiful Workers” in the school gallery last week.(运用了动词不定式短语作目的状语和过去分词短语作后置定语) 【高分句型2】They went to fields and streets, capturing touching labor moments of farmers, cleaners and other ordinary workers.(运用了现在分词短语作伴随状语) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 非谓语动词 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 动词不定式 知识点二：动名词 知识点三 分词 练|巩固提升训练 1.考情导读 非谓语动词是高考英语语法的第一大考点，每年在语法填空、完形填空及写作中均占 3—5 分。其核心考查点集中在：①不定式与动名词作宾语的区别；②分词作状语与定语；③独立主格与 with 复合结构；④非谓语动词的时态、语态及其逻辑主语一致。 2.非谓语动词知识总览 非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语，也不受主语人称和数的限制。它包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种基本形式。 表 1 四种非谓语动词形式对比 形式 基本结构 时态/语态变化 主要句法功能 核心语义特征 动词不定式 to + 动词原形 一般式 to do / to be done；进行式 to be doing；完成式 to have done / to have been done 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补 表目的、将来、具体某次动作 动名词 动词-ing 一般式 doing / being done；完成式 having done / having been done 主语、宾语、表语、定语 表一般性、习惯性动作，相当于名词 现在分词 动词-ing 一般式 doing / being done；完成式 having done / having been done 表语、定语、状语、宾补 表主动、进行，相当于形容词/副词 过去分词 动词-ed（不规则另记） 只有一般式 done 表语、定语、状语、宾补 表被动、完成，相当于形容词/副词 解题三步法 第一步：分析句子结构，确定所给动词在句中是否作谓语；若句中已有谓语动词，且无并列连词，则该动词必须用非谓语形式。 第二步：找逻辑主语——非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语或被修饰词；逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主动关系用 doing / to do，被动关系用 done / being done / to be done。 第三步：判断动作发生的时间——同时发生用一般式，先于谓语动作用完成式，后于谓语动作用不定式一般式。 3.用法详解 3.1 动词不定式（to do） 概念：动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式为“not to do”。它保留动词的部分特征，可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语。 （1）时态与语态 表 2 动词不定式时态与语态 时态/语态 主动 被动 例句 一般式 to do to be done He pretended to be reading. / The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. 进行式 to be doing — They are said to be researching the topic. 完成式 to have done to have been done She is said to have written a new novel. （2）句法功能 ① 作主语：To see is to believe.（眼见为实。）常用 it 作形式主语：It is our duty to help others. ② 作宾语：He decided to go abroad. 常见只接不定式作宾语的动词见 4.2 节。 ③ 作宾语补足语：The teacher encouraged us to study harder.（help 后可省 to） ④ 作定语：I have a lot of work to do.（不定式作定语须后置，且与被修饰词构成动宾关系） ⑤ 作状语：He came here to attend a meeting.（目的状语）/ He is too tired to walk on.（结果状语） ⑥ 作表语：My dream is to become a scientist. 3.2 动名词（doing） 概念：动名词由动词 + -ing 构成，在句中起名词作用，可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。它兼有动词特征，可以带宾语或被状语修饰。 （1）时态与语态 表 3 动名词时态与语态 时态/语态 主动 被动 例句 一般式 doing being done He enjoyed being taken to the zoo. 完成式 having done having been done He forgot having been told about it. （2）句法功能 ① 作主语：Swimming is good exercise. 常用 it 作形式主语：It is no use crying over spilt milk. ② 作宾语：Would you mind opening the window?（介词后一律用动名词） ③ 作表语：My hobby is collecting stamps. ④ 作定语：a swimming pool = a pool for swimming（用途）；比较 a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping（现在分词，正在睡） 3.3 现在分词（doing） 概念：现在分词由动词 + -ing 构成，在句中起形容词或副词作用，可作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。它表示主动、进行的含义。 （1）句法功能 ① 作定语：The sleeping baby is my niece.（=the baby who is sleeping）；置于名词后时相当于定语从句：The man standing there is our headmaster. ② 作表语：The story is moving.（令人感动的，修饰事物） ③ 作宾语补足语：I saw him crossing the street.（正在穿过）比较：I saw him cross the street.（全过程） ④ 作状语：Hearing the news, they jumped with joy.（时间状语 = When they heard…） 3.4 过去分词（done） 概念：过去分词由动词 + -ed 构成（不规则动词需单独记忆），在句中起形容词或副词作用，表示被动或完成的含义。 （1）句法功能 ① 作定语：The book written by Lu Xun is popular.（=the book which was written…，被动+完成） ② 作表语：The door remains locked. / He got injured in the accident. ③ 作宾语补足语：I had my hair cut yesterday.（have sth. done 结构） ④ 作状语：Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.（=When it is seen…，被动） 4.核心考点 4.1 非谓语动词作主语 表 4 非谓语动词作主语 考点 规则 例句 不定式作主语 多指具体的、一次性的动作；常用 it 作形式主语 It is important to learn English well. 动名词作主语 多指一般性、习惯性动作；常与 no use / no good / useless 连用 It is no use arguing with him. 高频句型 It is + adj. + of / for sb. to do sth. It is kind of you to help me.（指人品用 of） 4.2 非谓语动词作宾语（最高频考点） （1）只接不定式作宾语的动词 口诀：想要拒绝忘记（want, refuse, forget），需要努力学习（need, try, learn）；同意要求选择（agree, demand, choose），希望决定帮助（hope, wish, decide, help）；主动提出答应（offer, promise），假装计划准备（pretend, plan, prepare）。 （2）只接动名词作宾语的动词 口诀：考虑建议盼原谅（consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon）；承认推迟没得想（admit, delay, miss）；避免拒绝继续练（avoid, deny, keep, practice）；介意享受完成忙（mind, enjoy, finish, be busy）；不禁想象否放弃（can't help, imagine, give up）；不禁介意准逃亡（escape, risk）。 常见只接动名词的动词/短语：enjoy, finish, mind, practice, suggest, avoid, admit, deny, imagine, risk, escape, miss, keep, give up, put off, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, object to, insist on, stick to。 （3）既能接不定式又能接动名词，但意义不同的动词 表 5 接 doing 与 to do 意义不同的高频动词 动词 接 doing（动名词） 接 to do（不定式） remember 记得做过（已做） 记得要做（未做） forget 忘记做过（已做） 忘记要做（未做） regret 后悔做过（已做） 遗憾要做（未做） try 尝试做 努力/设法做 mean 意味着 打算/想要做 stop 停止正在做的事 停下来去做另一件事 go on 继续做同一件事 接着做另一件事 can't help 禁不住做 不能帮助做 例句佐证： ① Remember to lock the door when you leave.（离开时记得锁门，未做） ② I remember locking the door this morning.（我记得今早上锁过门了，已做） ③ He stopped smoking.（他戒烟了。）/ He stopped to smoke.（他停下来去抽烟。） 4.3 非谓语动词作宾语补足语 表 6 作宾语补足语的常见搭配 动词类别 宾补形式 例句 使役动词 make / let / have 省 to 的不定式（do）；have 还可接 done The teacher made him copy the sentence. 感官动词 see / hear / watch / notice / feel / find do（全过程）/ doing（正在进行）/ done（被动） I saw him enter the room. / I saw him entering the room. / I saw him beaten. ask / tell / want / expect / invite / encourage / allow / forbid to do My parents expect me to be a doctor. with 复合结构 doing / done / to do With the door locked, he left. 4.4 非谓语动词作定语 表 7 非谓语动词作定语 形式 位置与含义 例句 不定式 to do 后置定语；表将来、动宾关系 The next train to arrive was from New York. 现在分词 doing 前置/后置；表主动、进行 Barking dogs seldom bite. 过去分词 done 前置/后置；表被动、完成 The house built last year is a library. 动名词 doing 前置定语；表用途 a walking stick = a stick for walking 4.5 非谓语动词作状语（高频难点） 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。这是高考改错和语法填空的必考点。 表 8 分词作状语 状语类型 现在分词 doing（主动） 过去分词 done（被动） 时间 Hearing the news, he cried. Seen from the top, the park is beautiful. 原因 Being ill, he didn't go to school. Moved by the film, she cried. 条件 Working hard, you will succeed. Given more time, we could do it better. 结果 The fire lasted a night, leaving nothing. — 让步 Knowing where he lives, I can't find him. — 伴随/方式 He sat there, reading a novel. The teacher came in, followed by students. 【易错警示】分词作状语的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。误句：Walking along the street, a bike knocked me down.（主语 a bike 不能 walk）→ 改正：Walking along the street, I was knocked down by a bike. 4.6 非谓语动词作表语 ① 不定式作表语：My job is to teach English.（主语是 job / dream / aim / goal 等时常用不定式） ② 动名词作表语：My hobby is collecting stamps.（主语与表语可互换：Collecting stamps is my hobby.） ③ 分词作表语：The film is moving.（令人…，修饰事物）/ We are moved.（感到…，修饰人）。常见 -ing / -ed 形容词：exciting / excited, interesting / interested, surprising / surprised, disappointing / disappointed, frightening / frightened. 5.特殊结构与高频句型 5.1 独立主格结构 概念：当分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，分词前须保留自己的逻辑主语，构成“名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/不定式/介词短语”的独立主格结构，在句中作状语。 例句：Weather permitting, we will go outing tomorrow.（=If weather permits）/ The test finished, we had a party.（=When the test had been finished） 5.2 with 复合结构 “with + 宾语 + 宾补”在句中作状语或定语。宾补可为 doing（主动/进行）、done（被动/完成）、to do（将来）、形容词、副词、介词短语。 例句：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.（进行）/ She stood there with her eyes fixed on the screen.（被动）/ With a lot of work to do, I can't go out.（将来） 5.3 省略 to 的不定式 ① 使役动词 make / let / have 后；② 感官动词 see / hear / watch / notice / feel 后；③ would rather / had better / would sooner 后；④ why not 后；⑤ help 后可省 to；⑥ 两个不定式并列时，第二个 to 可省：He'd like to sit and watch. 【被动还原 to】使役/感官动词变为被动语态时，省略的 to 须还原：The boss made him work 10 hours a day. → He was made to work 10 hours a day. 5.4 固定句型中的非谓语 表 9 高频固定句型 句型 含义 例句 It is said / reported / believed that… 据说/据报道/据认为 It is said that he has gone abroad. = He is said to have gone abroad. There is no need (for sb.) to do 没必要做 There is no need to worry about him. There is no point / sense (in) doing 做…没有意义 There is no point arguing further. It is the first/second time that sb. has done 第几次做某事 It is the first time that I have visited the city. only to do 出乎意料的结果 He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. cannot but do / cannot help but do 不得不做 I could not but admire his courage. ▲易错点速记表 表 10 非谓语动词十大易错点 序号 易错点 正确规则 1 分词作状语逻辑主语与句子主语不一致 不一致时须用独立主格或改为状语从句 2 介词后动词形式 介词后一律用动名词 doing，不用不定式 3 remember / forget / regret 后接 doing 还是 to do doing 表已做；to do 表未做 4 使役/感官动词被动语态 被动时须还原 to：be made to do 5 have sth. done 结构 done 表被动，“让别人做某事” 6 only to do 与 only doing only to do 表出乎意料结果；only doing 表自然结果 7 be used to do 与 be used to doing be used to do 被用来做；be used to doing 习惯于 8 stop to do 与 stop doing stop to do 停下来去做另一件；stop doing 停止正在做的事 9 不定式作定语的动宾关系 不定式后动词为不及物时须加介词：a person to talk to 10 形容词 -ing 与 -ed -ing 修饰事物“令人…的”；-ed 修饰人“感到…的” 阅读下列各小题，在空白处填入适当内容或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. The park was full of people, ______ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine. 2. ______ (complete) the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day. 3. The witnesses ______ (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 4. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ______ (stop) until we reached the next stop. 5. Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ______ (work) through what is bothering them. 6. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way ______ (use) the sun and the stars. 7. Group activities were organized, with the village children much attention ______ (pay) to their daily needs. 8. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ______ (allow) more patients to be treated. 9. Around 13,500 new diseases were discovered ______ (exist) between 1990 and 2007. 10. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on ______ (thank) all the people who had helped in her career. 11. The park was full of tourists, some ______ (take) photos and others sitting on the grass. 12. Clearly and thoughtfully ______ (write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. 13. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ (develop) after great effort. 14. ______ (not know) which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. 15. The sun began to rise in the sky, ______ (bathe) the mountain in golden light. 1．The twin girls always have great fun ________ tennis together. A．practising to play B．to practise to play C．to practise playing D．practising playing 2．It is said that the latest song by this famous singer is well worth ________. A．listening B．listening to C．being listened D．being listened to 3．I never doubt ________ the song My Motherland and I is well worth ________. A．whether; listening B．if; listening to C．that; listening to D．that; listening 4．He decided to devote his life ________ pollution ________ happily. A．to prevent; to live B．to prevent; from living C．to preventing; to live D．to preventing; from living 5．Jack seems ________ these days than you ________ ready for the exam. A．more busily; to get B．busier; getting C．busier; to get D．more busily; getting 6．________ with an extremely difficult situation where he had to choose between his career and family, Arnold eventually decided to ask his experienced parents for valuable advice. A．Facing B．Faced C．To face D．Having faced 7．Peter spends lots of time ________ books. A．to read B．reads C．read D．reading 8．—What else should we pay attention to ________ building the bridge? —The change of the weather. A．finish B．to finish C．finishing D．finished 9．________ a better life, the scientist has devoted all his life to ________ pollution. A．Living; prevent B．Living; preventing C．To live; prevent D．To live; preventing 10．He devoted all the time he had ________ it possible for his children ________ better education. A．to making; to receive B．made; to receiving C．to make; to receive D．made; to receive 11．Last week, we saw a rare bird ________ its nest high up in the old oak tree. A．to build B．built C．build D．building 12．Great changes ________ in China in the last ten years, ________ it one of the strongest countries. A．take place; to make B．took place; making C．will take place; to make D．have taken place; making 13．When I am feeling blue, I prefer ________ around the lake ________ myself up. A．to walk; to cheering B．to walk; to cheer C．walking; cheering D．walking; to cheer 14．What great difficulty the little boy has ________ the bicycle by himself! I will do what I can ________ him. A．fixed; help B．fixed; to help C．fixing; to help D．fixing; help 15．Everyone in my family ________ on TV. A．enjoys watching matches B．enjoys reading matches C．enjoy watching matches D．enjoy see matches 16．He spends as much time as he can ________ English every day. A．to practise to speak B．practise to speak C．practising to speak D．practising speaking 17．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth ________ twice. A．managed; to be seen B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managing; seeing 18．I decided ________ hard at English, so I kept ________ English books for two hours. A．to work; reading B．to work; to read C．to working; to read D．to working; reading 19．—Did you enjoy yourselves at your birthday party? —Yes. What great fun ________ ourselves to all kinds of delicious foods and drinks. A．it is helping B．it is to help C．we had to help D．we had helping 20．I plan ________ trees on Tree Planting Day. A．plant B．plants C．planting D．to plant 训练 一、单词拼写 1．C_________ by the dust floating in the air, the athlete had to pause for a moment to calm his racing heart. 2．C_________ to offering equal education chances, those volunteers travel to mountainous areas to give lessons to children there. 3．The reports f________ on the environmental pollution show serious problems around the city. 4．Our new smartphone will help us c________ the throne as the world’s leading smartphone brand. 5．As silver tourism develops rapidly, cultural travel packages t________ at the elderly combine sightseeing with traditional culture to suit their tastes. 6．A________ by the beautiful scenery, the tourists stopped to take photos. 7．With routine jobs widely replaced by AI, young graduates must upgrade their skills to s________ a position in the competitive job market. 8．People p________ the same problem from different angles often reach different conclusions. 9．The collection of poems e________ The Wind of Youth was published last month. 10．The team used a lower temperature to o_______ a pure extract from the wormwood. 11．With the whole city b________ in morning light, the streets looked fresh and alive. 12．I’m writing to a_______ for the position as a student volunteer to make our campus clean. 13．Instead of b________ the mistake on one person, the team discussed how to fix it together. 14．Before deciding which club to join, Mia used the school website to e________ the activities each group offered and compare them with her own interests. 15．Making a schedule helps get your time o________, especially when you have so many subjects to learn. 16．W__________ in the town, you can see many religious wall-paintings which are totally different. 17．The government decided to r_____ the new traffic regulations to the public at the press conference. 18．The two countries met in Geneva to n_________ a new trade agreement. 19．The school plans to e_________ the library so that it can provide more reading space for students. 20．The foundation decided to g_________ financial support to the village school for a new teaching building. 21．The captain asked the sailor to l_________ every detail of the voyage in the ship’s journal. 22．The school decided to f_________ the research project with extra money. 23．The city is the centre of Canada’s huge oil and gas d________ industry. 24．The police tried to t_________ the missing child to the last place where he had been seen. 25．Teachers design different activities to help students a________ useful skills, like communication, teamwork and public speaking. 26．Some villagers reported a huge snake, m________ over 2 meters long, was found dead in a nearby cave. 27．As the famous painter's works are so precious, it is not easy for visitors to a________ them closely in the crowded museum. 28．The safety officer checked all the equipment carefully to e________ that everything was in good condition before the experiment started. 29．The new policy is designed to p__________ the spread of the disease in the local community. 30．This app helps parents k________ t________ o________ their children's online activities. 二、单项选择 31．Please remember ________ your self-belief when you take part in the match. A．build B．building C．to build D．built 32．He always looked forward to ________ him, so he looked forward to ________ whether he was coming. A．seeing; seeing B．seeing; see C．see; see D．see; seeing 33．I was lucky to ________ the school volunteer club, where I had the chance to ________ various activities. A．joined in; joined B．joining; joining in C．join in; join D．join; join in 34．Although ________ very hard, Lily failed ________ the work in time. A．to work; to finish B．working; to finish C．to work; finishing D．working; to finishing 35．The new app is thought ________ many students improve their study habits during the last school year. A．help B．to help C．to have helped D．to be helping 36．She didn’t tell her parents the truth because she ________ them. A．was afraid to criticize B．was afraid of criticizing C．was afraid to be criticized by D．was afraid of being criticized by 37．It can be hard for you to imagine what trouble I have had ________ the problems ________ in the meeting held last week. A．to deal with; refer to B．dealing with; referring to C．to deal with; referred to D．dealing with; referred to 38．________ solely by their test results can make students feel that their other strengths are being ignored. A．Evaluating B．Having evaluated C．Being evaluated D．To evaluating 39．I ________ myself with difficult tasks ________ in my comfort zone (舒适区). A．prefer to challenging; rather than remain B．prefer to challenge; rather than remaining C．prefer challenging; to remaining D．prefer to challenging; to remaining 40．It is no use ________ the same explanation if the audience cannot follow the basic idea. A．repeat B．repeating C．to repeat D．repeated 41．The professor gave us a speech, ________ his rich experience in teaching. A．sharing B．share C．shared D．to share 42．Those gifted writers ________ thoughtful and inspiring essays have gained widespread admiration across the country. A．created B．to create C．to be created D．creating 43．Last night, that touching movie really got me ________ about my happy childhood memories and old friends. A．thought B．to have thought C．thinking D．being thought 44．________ is indicated in the report, we cannot ignore the evidence ________ environmental changes with what local people have experienced over the years. A．As; linked B．It; linked C．As; linking D．What; linking 45．The heavy rain lasted for a whole week, ________ serious flooding in many low-lying areas. A．cause B．caused C．causing D．to cause 46．The player ________ by the coach is watching the ________ game. A．encouraging; inspired B．encouraged; inspiring C．encouraged; inspired D．encouraging; inspiring 47．When we returned to the small cottage after a day’s hiking, we found the windows ________ by the strong wind during the night. A．Break B．breaking C．broken D．to break 48．________ by repeated setbacks in academic performance, the worn-out senior three student sat motionless in the armchair, piles of mock exam papers and revision notes ________ its surface. A．Discouraged; covered B．Having discouraged; covering C．Discouraging; covered D．Discouraged; covering 49．With so many houses ________, thousands of people lost their homes. A．destroy B．destroying C．destroyed D．to destroy 50．________ with solid professional knowledge and strong determination, Fan Jinshi spent her whole life ________ the precious cultural treasures in the Mogao Caves. A．Equipping; in memory of B．Equipped; in defence of C．Equipped; in view of D．Being equipped; in honor of 51．The annual fund‑________ initiative ________ to ________ the underprivileged locals out of poverty. A．lifting; intends; raise B．raising; intends; lift C．lifting; is intended; raise D．raising; is intended; lift 52．We observed the suspect ________ the building quickly. Later, he was observed ________ by the back door. A．enter; to leave B．entering; leaving C．to enter; leaving D．had entered; to leave 53．Old Tom prefers ________outdoor work to ________as a secretary. A．doing, working B．to do, work C．to do, working D．doing, work 54．There is a new problem _________ in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need _________. A．involved; improving B．involved; to improve C．involving; improving D．involving; to be improved 55．He preferred returning to his hometown after graduation _______ in a big city. A．to stay B．be staying C．to staying D．be stayed 56．Before the 1850s, the United States had a number of small colleges in the US, most of them ________ from colonial times. A．date B．dated C．dating D．are dated 57．I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ________ in a year. A．follows B．followed C．to follow D．being followed 58．It was not until we checked into the hotel ________ my father had visited before ________ we discovered the excellent services provided there, free breakfast ________. A．/; where; included B．that; when; to be included C．which; that; included D．where; that; to be included 59．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ________, we refused his offer. A．not finishing B．had not been finished C．not having finished D．not finished 60．Many new policies _________, people in the rural areas are living a much better life now. A．carrying out B．having carried out C．carried out D．being carried out 61．With all the work _________, she went home happily. A．doing B．done C．to do D．being done 62．With so much work ________, the manager couldn’t take a holiday. A．to do B．doing C．done D．being done 63．Look at that car. It just drove past with smoke_________ out of the back. A．pour B．poured C．pouring D．to pouring 64．With so many urgent emails ________, the manager couldn’t leave the office until late at night. A．dealt with B．dealing with C．to deal with D．deal with 65．With the tough problems ________, the newly-promoted manager felt really stressed. A．to settle B．settling C．settled D．being settled 一、阅读理解 A I sometimes feel I’m in a daily struggle not to become a shallower version of myself. The driver of shallowization is technology, the way it reduces attention span, fills the day with unnecessary distractions. So I’m trying to take countermeasures. I flee to the arts. I’m looking for those experiences we all have as kids: becoming so enveloped by an adventure story that you refuse to put it down to go to dinner; getting so entirely swept up in some piece of music that you feel primeval (原始的) passions thumping within you; encountering a painting so beautiful it feels like you’ve walked right into its alternative world. The normal thing to say about such experiences is that you’ve lost yourself in a book or a song — lost track of space and time. But it is more accurate to say that a piece of art has quieted the self‑conscious ego voice that is normally chattering away within. A piece of art has served as a gateway to a deeper realm of the mind. It has opened up that hidden, semiconscious kingdom within us from which emotions emerge, where our moral sentiments (情绪) are found. The arts work on us at that deep level, the level that really matters. You give me somebody who disagrees with me on every issue, but who has a good heart — who has the ability to show sympathy with others, participate in their woes (困难), longing and dreams — well, I want to stay with that person all day. You give me a person who agrees with me on every particular, but who has a cold, resentful heart — well, I want nothing to do with him or her. Artists generally don’t set out to improve other people; they just want to create a perfect expression of their experience. But their art has the potential to humanize the beholder. Art does this not by argument, but by offering a form of experience. When you stand before a great painting, listen to a symphony or read a novel, you are invited to feel what another person felt, to see the world through another’s eyes. You emerge with a slightly expanded sense of what human life is like. 1．Why does the author turn to the arts? A．To escape from daily chaos. B．To imitate the lifestyles of artists. C．To avoid shallowization from technology. D．To seek inner peace through dialogues. 2．According to the writer, how does art work on people? A．By enabling us to keep sustainable focus. B．By expanding keen insights into the world. C．By enhancing information processing ability. D．By allowing access to deep levels of the mind. 3．What message does the writer convey in Paragraph 4? A．Shared opinions are the base of true friendship. B．Kindness and empathy weigh more than identical views. C．Art can make people reach agreement on problems. D．Different points of view will surely ruin relationships. 4．What is the value of engaging with the arts according to the passage? A．Helping people relieve daily pressure. B．Expanding people’s knowledge of the outside world. C．Awakening humanity inside people. D．Offering people ways to show their inner feelings. B Living and flying around cities, pigeons have adapted to an ever-shifting environment. But their environment isn’t the only thing that’s constantly changing. New research suggests the birds themselves avoid stability in their decision-making, instead choosing to live “at the edge of chaos.” As model species for learning and behavior, these birds are helping researchers test a century-old law about how humans and other creatures learn. When learning something new, people and animals alike tend to repeat behaviors that are rewarded. First proposed in 1898, this principle is so well established in psychology that it has become known as “the law of effect”. But a new study is challenging this idea. University of Iowa experimental psychologist Edward A．Wasserman and his colleagues conducted a test on pigeons. And the study’s results, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, suggest these birds prefer variability. To see how rewarded behaviors vary, the researchers gave pigeons a series of five colorful buttons to peck (啄). They could peck any buttons in any order, but as long as they pecked five times, a treat (bird food) would appear. Based on previous theories of learning, the scientists expected the pigeons might eventually slip into a routine—perhaps choosing to repeat patterns they know work or simply pecking the button nearest to them five times. Instead they continued pecking in a variety of patterns. “There would be no reason not to expect that the animals would converge (汇聚) on a single favorite, but it never got to that point,” Wasserman says. “You could argue the birds are just completely resistant to locking into anything stable.” The team theorizes that pigeons’ devotion to variability might be an evolutionary advantage that aids handling new challenges in their environment — and they expect birds aren’t the only ones resisting uniformity. The researchers are currently conducting tests to see whether rewarded behaviors remain variable in different animals, which others in the field say might explain how the brain makes behavioral decisions while learning. 5．In paragraph 2, “the law of effect” is described as ______. A．outdated B．groundless C．controversial D．self-contradictory 6．According to paragraph 3, the researchers originally expected the pigeons to ______. A．cooperate with fellows B．obtain a stable pattern C．find the odd button out D．seize the treat quickly 7．How does Wasserman sound in paragraph 4? A．Indifferent. B．Skeptical. C．Relieved. D．Shocked. 8．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that variability ______. A．may be a shared feature across species B．may not be applicable to human beings C．is best displayed in birds’ behaviors D．completely denies “the law of effect” C A 15-year-old boy rescued two men who had fallen from an inflatable toy boat off the Isle of Skye by sailing his own vessel to save them, beating the lifeboat service to the scene. Archie Law beat a volunteer crew of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) to the rescue on Saturday evening after the coastguard received reports of two off males in difficulty in the water off Bradford Bay at around 9 pm. The RNLI launched a lifeboat from its Kyle of Lochalsh station within 10 minutes of the emergency calls and rushed towards the last known location of the two men, who had been seen on what rescuers described as a toy blow-up inflatable boat. On the way there, the crew were told that Archie, who lives locally, had spotted the men in distress and had gone out in his own boat to help them. The crew discovered he had already managed to rescue both men and had taken them back to shore safely. Speaking to Radio Skye, Archie said he had noticed from inside his house that the men had got into trouble. “I could see them from my window, and they were paddling in circles out in the bay, drifting further away,” he said. “I made a decision to go and check if they were OK. As I got closer I could see it was a small kids’ dinghy. They seemed very cold and tired and thankful I had spotted them. I got them back to the wee pier and they were met with towels and warm clothes.” The helm at Kyle RNLI, Andrew MacDonald, praised the teenager for his quick thinking. He said it was thanks to Archie’s decisiveness that a more serious situation had been averted. “We’d like to remind people that blow-up inflatable toys should be kept for use in swimming pools and not open water, and to always ensure you have lifejackets on and a means of communicating to the emergency services if you get into any difficulty,” he said. 9．How did the two men feel after Archie brought them back to the pier? A．Grateful. B．Annoyed. C．Shocked. D．Regretful. 10．What did Archie decide to do when he spotted the two drifting men out at sea? A．Call the RNLI lifeboat crew first. B．Sail out to check their condition. C．Watch their movements from the window. D．Collect towels and warm clothes for them. 11．Which situation is most likely to lead to a drowning accident according to RNLI’s data? A．Swim at guarded beaches. B．Row boats with communication devices. C．Fish near the coast with lifejackets. D．Use pool inflatables on windy lakes. 12．What key safety lesson does the RNLI emphasize from this incident? A．Call rescuers before any self-rescue action. B．Teenagers deal with sea emergencies better than adults. C．Good equipment and sensible judgment matter equally for water safety. D．Inflatable toys must be kept far away from all water areas. D Recently, a well-known US coffee chain’s new “Coffeehouse Code of Conduct” is making people buy something or leave, changing its previous laid-back attitude. Meanwhile, in Paris, traditional cafés are competing with trendy coffee shops, with locals complaining that American-style takeaway coffee is ruining the French tradition of taking their time. This has raised an important question: What are coffee shops really for? The answer has always been more than coffee. Seventeenth-century coffee houses offered a meeting space for revolutions. They were also, historically, a shelter. As French writer Beauvoir wrote, “During World War II, we spent whole days in the Café de Flore through the freezing winter and always had a shock of pleasure, emerging from the cold darkness, coming into this warm, bright place. We felt at home, safe.” That gets to the heart of what good cafés are: third places, the term coined by the sociologist Ray Oldenburg to describe spaces that are neither home nor work. These neutral spaces are also accessible and inclusive, allowing visitors to keep a low profile and providing room for conversation and playfulness. I cherish such places — at various points in my life, department stores, museums, and stations have been vital third places to me, even if not all fit the “playful” criterion. However, many third places are disappearing due to economic difficulties. The Internet has become our third space but it can’t be everything a third place is: safety when home isn’t a shelter and a breath of air for anyone who just needs to be elsewhere. There is an amazing third place near me, York Community Stadium Complex, where there is a pool, a sports hall and a climbing wall, plus a library, a café and a drop-in support centre for people with cancer. Mostly, though, it’s a space to hang out unbothered, used by people of all ages. It’s welcoming, accessible, and, yes, even playful. With many shops closed in the UK, why not turn them into community centres, repair cafés, or meeting spots? It would be nice to chat about it somewhere — maybe over coffee, maybe not. 13．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Coffee cultures are conflicting. B．French traditions are weakening. C．Takeaway habits are spreading. D．Café rules are becoming stricter. 14．Why does the author quote Beauvoir’s words? A．To recall wartime memories. B．To share a writer’s experience. C．To contrast cold with warmth. D．To show cafés’ comforting role. 15．Which could be a third place according to the passage? A．A school lecture hall. B．A city square. C．An office meeting room. D．A private online group. 16．What is the author’s attitude towards creating new third places? A．Pessimistic. B．Supportive. C．Objective. D．Doubtful. 二、完形填空 Borneo is home to some of the most extraordinary wildlife. Several years ago, I decided to go there for a visit. A local person offered to be my guide, which was a great bonus for me. One day, my guide turned off the smooth road and took me across a 17 hillside instead. We picked our way carefully when 18 a charming flower popped into my view among those stones. Oh, dear! More than 19 , I bent down and put my nose practically inside the flower’s core. 20 , to my surprise, it was only one of the 21 during the trip. As I 22 the end of my trip, there was still something I had yet to see. We planned to 23 most feared creature there, the saltwater crocodile, which can grow to a 24 of 6 meters or more. When we shone a flashlight towards the muddy shore, little sounds 25 in the darkness as if something unseen underwater had broken the 26 . Taking a second look, we spotted two greedy 27 just above the water line. As we drew near, it 28 and we saw clearly it was a crocodile. With great caution, we neared it and finally could 29 its true dimensions. It was a baby — no more than 0.6 meter long. Aha, whatever, I could now report to the 30 back home, who had never been to Borneo, that I had 31 a hungry crocodile in the wild and lived to tell the tale. 17．A．rolling B．spectacular C．rough D．breathtaking 18．A．suddenly B．literally C．definitely D．ultimately 19．A．alarmed B．pleased C．concerned D．upset 20．A．Nevertheless B．Besides C．Instead D．Therefore 21．A．desires B．motivations C．destinations D．highlights 22．A．summarized B．suspected C．approached D．valued 23．A．hold onto B．pick up C．reflect on D．hunt for 24．A．width B．length C．height D．size 25．A．emerged B．paused C．continued D．declined 26．A．mud B．surface C．ground D．shore 27．A．legs B．mouths C．eyes D．teeth 28．A．moved B．sank C．hid D．escaped 29．A．give out B．let out C．turn out D．make out 30．A．victims B．opponents C．folks D．guides 31．A．challenged B．encountered C．terrified D．chased 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Festivals and celebrations of all kinds 32 (hold) everywhere since ancient times. Today’s festivals have many 33 (origin), some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Some festivals are held 34 (honor) the dead or to satisfy the ancestors. Festivals can also be held to honor famous people. In China, the Dragon Boat Festival honors the well-known ancient poet, Qu Yuan. What’s more, harvest festivals can also be very happy events. At the Mid-Autumn Festival, people admire 35 moon and enjoy mooncakes. The most 36 (energy) and important festivals are the ones 37 look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat and may give children lucky money 38 red paper. Some Western countries have very 39 (excite) carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, 40 (usual) in February. Why are all these festivals popular? Because during the festivals, people can get together and have fun 41 (enjoy) everything with each other, forgetting the work for a little while. 四、应用文写作 42．假定你是校英文报记者李华，你校近日成功举办了以“最美劳动者”为主题的摄影展。同学们走上田间街头，定格劳动瞬间。请你为校英文报写一篇简短的新闻报道，内容包括： 1.活动目的与展览内容； 2.活动反响与意义。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.请在答题卡的相应位置作答。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $