学考专题07 句子成分、句子结构、特殊句式：知识盘点+核心精讲+进阶训练（讲义，浙江专用）2027年高中英语学业水平考试合格考总复习

专题07 句子成分、句子结构、特殊句式 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 句子成分 知识点二 句子结构 知识点三 特殊句式（倒装句、省略句、强调句、反意疑问句、there be句型等） 练|巩固提升训练 英语的句子成分 英语的句子种类 特殊句式 一、句子成分（Sentence Components） 句子成分是分析一切英语句子的“工具包”。本部分依次讲解八大成分的定义、充当形式、用法规则与高考考点，并用表格归纳易混点。 （一）句子成分总览 【核心概念】句子成分是句子中承担特定语法功能的组成单位。英语句子以“主语＋谓语”为主干，其余成分围绕主干展开，共同构成完整的表达。 【分类解析】英语句子成分共有八类：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。 表2　八大句子成分总览 成分 功能 常见充当形式 示例 主语 句子的陈述对象，回答“谁/什么” 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句 To learn English takes time. 谓语 主语的动作或状态 实义动词、系动词、情态/助动词＋动词 The sun rises in the east. 宾语 动作的承受者或对象 名词、代词宾格、不定式、动名词、从句 I like music. 表语 主语的身份、性质、状态 名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句 The idea sounds great. 定语 修饰名词或代词 形容词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句 the man in black 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句 副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句 He runs very fast. 补足语 补充说明主语或宾语 名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语 We made him monitor. 同位语 解释说明名词 名词、代词、数词、从句 My friend Tom is a doctor. 【用法规则】分析句子时先划出主干（主语＋谓语），再逐层剥离定语、状语、同位语等修饰成分；谓语动词的形式受主语和时态语态制约，句中再出现动词须用非谓语形式。 【例句】 The news that our team won made everyone excited.（that 引导同位语从句，补充说明 news） Deeply moved by the story, the girl cried.（过去分词短语作状语） （二）主语 【核心概念】主语是句子的陈述对象，说明句子谈论的是“谁”或“什么”，一般位于句首。 【分类解析】可充当主语的词、短语和从句： 表3　主语常见充当形式 充当形式 示例 名词 The sun rises in the east. 代词 She speaks English very well. 数词 Two and five is seven. 不定式 To see is to believe. 动名词 Swimming is good for health. 主语从句 What he said was true. 名词化的形容词 The young should respect the old. 【用法规则】1. 主谓一致：谓语动词的人称和数与主语保持一致；动名词、不定式、主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2. 形式主语 it：不定式、动名词、从句作主语过长时，用 it 作形式主语，把真正主语后置。3. 高频句型：It is + adj./n. + to do / doing / that 从句；It takes sb some time to do sth；It is said/reported that…。 【例句】 It is important for us to learn English well.（it 作形式主语，不定式为真正主语） It is no use crying over spilt milk.（it 作形式主语，动名词为真正主语） It is certain that he will succeed.（it 作形式主语，that 从句为真正主语） （三）谓语 【核心概念】谓语说明主语所做的动作或所具有的状态，由动词（短语）充当，是句子的核心，决定句子的时态、语态和语气。 【分类解析】 表4　谓语动词类型 谓语类型 构成 示例 实义动词 及物或不及物动词 They work hard. 系动词＋表语 be、感官类、变化类等 She looks happy. 情态动词＋动词原形 can, may, must, should 等 You must finish it today. 助动词＋实义动词 do/does/did、will、have 等 He has finished his homework. 【用法规则】1. 一个简单句只有一个谓语动词；再出现动词时须转化为非谓语（doing/done/to do）或引导从句——这是语法填空和短文改错的核心考法。2. 谓语动词必须同时体现时态、语态和主谓一致三要素。3. 并列谓语用 and、but、or 连接，前后时态保持一致。 【例句】 He works in a hospital and lives near his office.（并列谓语） The bridge built last year is widely used.（built 为非谓语作定语，句中谓语只有 is） （四）宾语 【核心概念】宾语表示动作的承受者或对象，位于及物动词或介词之后。 【分类解析】 表5　宾语分类 类别 说明 示例 直接宾语 动作的承受者 He gave me a book.（book 为直接宾语） 间接宾语 动作的对象，表“给谁” He gave me a book.（me 为间接宾语） 介词宾语 介词后的名词、代词、动名词 She is good at drawing. 形式宾语 it 代替后置的不定式/从句 I find it easy to learn English. 常见双宾语动词：give, send, bring, tell, show, buy, make, ask, pass, lend 等。双宾语两种语序：give sb sth = give sth to sb；buy sb sth = buy sth for sb。 【用法规则】1. 介词后接动词须用动名词（介词＋doing）。2. 动词后接不定式还是动名词是高频考点：want/decide/hope/agree＋to do；enjoy/finish/keep/mind＋doing；forget/remember/stop/try 后接两种形式意义不同。3. 形式宾语：find/think/make/consider＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do 或 that 从句。 【例句】 Please pass the salt to me.（= pass me the salt，双宾语） He suggested going there by train.（suggest＋动名词） I find it necessary to get up early.（it 为形式宾语） （五）表语 【核心概念】表语说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态，位于系动词之后，与系动词共同构成“主系表”结构。 【分类解析】常见系动词： 表6　常见系动词分类 类别 系动词 be 动词 is, am, are, was, were 持续类 keep, stay, remain 感官类 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 变化类 become, get, turn, grow, go, fall 表象类 seem, appear, prove 表语可由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、表语从句充当。 【用法规则】1. 系动词后接形容词作表语，不接副词：He feels happy.（不用 happily）2. 感官类系动词主动形式表被动含义，常用主动语态：The dish tastes delicious.（无被动形式）3. 表语从句高频结构：The reason is that…；That is why/because…。 【例句】 The leaves turn yellow in autumn.（变化类系动词） Her job is to look after the children.（不定式作表语） The question is whether we can finish it on time.（表语从句） （六）定语 【核心概念】定语用来修饰、限定名词或代词，说明其性质、特征、所属等。 【分类解析】按位置分为前置定语与后置定语： 表7　定语位置与常见形式 位置 常见形式 示例 前置定语 形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、动名词 a sleeping bag（睡袋）；a five-year-old boy 后置定语 介词短语、不定式、分词短语、定语从句、修饰不定代词的形容词 the girl in red；something important；the man standing there 【用法规则】1. 单个分词作定语常前置，分词短语作定语后置；现在分词表“主动、进行”，过去分词表“被动、完成”。2. 形容词修饰不定代词（something, anything, nothing, everything）时后置。3. 定语从句引导词的选择（关系代词/关系副词）是高考最高频语法考点之一，详见第三节。 【例句】 The excited audience stood up.（单个过去分词前置） I have a lot of work to do today.（不定式后置作定语） The boy standing under the tree is my brother.（现在分词短语后置） （七）状语 【核心概念】状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度、让步、比较、伴随等。 【分类解析】 表8　状语类型与常见形式 类型 常见形式/引导词 示例 时间 at, in, on, before, after, when, while He came at noon. 地点 in, on, at, under, where She lives in Beijing. 原因 because, since, as, because of He was late because of the rain. 目的 to do, in order to, so that He got up early to catch the bus. 结果 so…that, such…that, enough to He was so tired that he fell asleep. 条件 if, unless, in case, as long as If it rains, we'll stay at home. 方式 by, with, in a…way, as He goes to school by bike. 程度 very, quite, too, almost, hardly The task is too hard for me. 让步 though, although, even if Though he is young, he is brave. 比较 than, as…as, the＋比较级 She is as tall as her mother. 伴随 分词短语、with 复合结构 He sat there, reading a book. 【用法规则】1. 多个状语的排列顺序：动词后一般按“方式→地点→时间”排列。2. 不定式作目的状语、分词作状语是高频考点；分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。3. with 复合结构（with＋宾语＋宾补）可作伴随状语或定语。 【例句】 To improve my spoken English, I practise every day.（不定式作目的状语） Compared with last year, our sales have increased a lot.（过去分词短语作状语） With the lights on, the street looks beautiful.（with 复合结构作伴随状语） （八）宾语补足语 【核心概念】部分及物动词后接宾语后意义仍不完整，需要另一成分补充说明宾语，该成分即宾语补足语。宾语＋宾语补足语合称“复合宾语”，二者存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 【分类解析】 表9　宾语补足语常见形式 补语形式 常用动词 示例 名词 make, call, name, elect, find We call him Tom. 形容词 keep, make, find, paint, leave Keep the door open. 带 to 不定式 ask, tell, want, allow, expect He asked me to help him. 不带 to 不定式 make, let, have, see, watch, hear I saw him enter the room. 现在分词 see, watch, hear, find, notice I heard her singing. 过去分词 have, get, make, see, hear I had my bike repaired. 介词短语 keep, find, leave, make He found the dog in the garden. 【用法规则】1. 感官动词和使役动词（see, watch, hear, make, let, have）后接不带 to 的不定式作宾补；变为被动语态时须补回 to：He was seen to enter the room. 2. 现在分词表“主动、进行”，过去分词表“被动、完成”：I heard her singing. / I heard the song sung. 3. have sb do（让某人做某事）、have sb doing（使某人一直做）、have sth done（使某事被完成/遭遇某事）三义辨析。 【例句】 The teacher made the students repeat the sentence.（不带 to 不定式） We found the room crowded with people.（形容词作宾补） She had her hair cut yesterday.（过去分词作宾补） （九）同位语 【核心概念】同位语对其前的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与被说明的词指代同一人或事物。 【分类解析】 表10　同位语常见形式 形式 示例 名词短语 My friend Tom is a doctor. 代词 We students should study hard. 数词 We two went together. 同位语从句 The news that he won made us happy. 【用法规则】1. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分：同位语从句说明内容，that 在从句中不作成分；定语从句修饰限定，关系词在从句中必须作成分。2. 常接同位语从句的名词：fact, news, idea, hope, suggestion, opinion, belief, promise, truth 等。3. 表建议、命令、要求的名词（suggestion, advice, order, request）后的同位语从句用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形）。 【例句】 The fact that the earth goes around the sun is known to all.（同位语从句） I have no idea when she will arrive.（when 引导同位语从句） The suggestion that we (should) start at once was accepted.（虚拟语气同位语从句） 二、句子结构（Sentence Structures） 句子结构解决“句子由几部分组成、各部分组成什么关系”的问题。本部分先讲三种句子的分类，再重点突破简单句五种基本句型、并列句和三大从句。 （一）句子结构总览 【核心概念】按结构划分，英语句子分为简单句、并列句、复合句三类。 表12　英语句子结构分类 类型 结构 特点 简单句 一个主语＋一个谓语 只有一个主谓结构 并列句 简单句＋并列连词＋简单句 两个或以上平等的主谓结构 复合句 主句＋从句 从句在主句中充当句子成分 【用法规则】判断句子类型的标志：句中是否出现并列连词（并列句）或引导词（复合句）；两者都没有则为简单句。 【例句】 I like music.（简单句） I like music, but my sister likes dancing.（并列句） I like music that makes me relaxed.（复合句，that 引导定语从句） （二）简单句的五种基本句型 【核心概念】简单句无论多长，都建立在五种基本句型之上，其他成分只是对基本句型的扩展。 表13　简单句五种基本句型 句型 结构 示例 主谓 S＋V Time flies. 主谓宾 S＋V＋O We love peace. 主系表 S＋V＋P He is a doctor. 主谓双宾 S＋V＋IO＋DO He gave me a book. 主谓宾宾补 S＋V＋O＋OC We made him monitor. 【用法规则】1. 分析长难句的第一步：找谓语动词，再按动词的及物性判断属于哪种基本句型。2. 双宾语动词（give, lend, pass, send, buy）与宾语补足语动词（make, call, keep, find）不能混淆。3. 基本句型＋定语、状语、同位语等修饰成分＝复杂句；写作中通过扩展修饰成分提升句式多样性。 【例句】 The teacher told us an interesting story yesterday.（S＋V＋IO＋DO，加时间状语） The news made all of us very excited.（S＋V＋O＋OC，加定语） （三）并列句 【核心概念】由并列连词把两个或两个以上意义相关、结构平行的分句连接而成的句子叫并列句。 表14　并列连词分类 类别 常用连词 示例 联合 and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor He is young and strong. 转折 but, yet, however, while He is poor but honest. 选择 or, either…or, otherwise Hurry up, or you'll be late. 因果 so, for, therefore It rained, so we stayed at home. 【用法规则】1. 并列连词不能省略；逗号不能直接连接两个独立分句（“逗号连接错误”是短文改错高频考点）。2. 平行结构：and、or、but 连接的两部分结构需保持一致。3. not only…but also、either…or、neither…nor 连接并列主语时，谓语遵循“就近原则”。 【例句】 Not only the students but also the teacher was moved.（就近原则，谓语与 teacher 一致） He works hard, yet he still makes little progress.（转折并列） （四）复合句 复合句由一个主句加一个或一个以上从句构成，从句在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。 1. 名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句） 【核心概念】在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句，按从句在句中的位置分为四类。 表15　名词性从句引导词 引导词 在从句中的作用 示例 that 不作成分，无实义（宾语从句中可省略） I think (that) he is right. whether/if 不作成分，表“是否” I don't know whether he will come. what/which/who/whom/whose 连接代词，作主/宾/表/定语 What he said was true. when/where/why/how 连接副词，作状语 I don't know where he lives. whatever/whoever/whichever 复合连接代词，作成分 Whoever comes will be welcome. 【用法规则】1. 判断方法：从句在主句中作什么成分，就是什么从句。2. that 与 what 的区分是最高频考点：that 不作成分、无意义；what 作成分，表“……的东西/事情”。3. whether 与 if：介词后、or not 直接跟在后面、主语从句和表语从句中只用 whether。4. 宾语从句用陈述语序，并注意时态呼应（主句过去时，从句用相应过去时；客观真理除外）。5. 主语从句常用 it 作形式主语：It is certain that he will succeed. 6. 表语从句高频结构：The reason is that…（不用 because）；That is why/because…。 【例句】 It is reported that many people lost their jobs.（it 作形式主语，that 引导主语从句） The problem is whether we can get enough money.（whether 引导表语从句） Do you remember what the teacher said?（what 引导宾语从句，作 said 的宾语） 2. 定语从句 【核心概念】在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的词叫先行词，连接主句与从句的词叫关系词。 表16　定语从句关系词 关系词 先行词 在从句中的成分 who/whom 人 主语/宾语 whose 人或物 定语 which 物 主语/宾语 that 人或物 主语/宾语（限制性从句） as 人或物、整个主句 主语/宾语/表语 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why reason 原因状语 【用法规则】1. 关系代词作宾语可省略，作主语不可省略。2. 只用 that 不用 which/who：先行词是不定代词（all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little）；先行词被序数词、最高级、only、very、no、the same 等修饰；先行词既有人又有物。3. 只用 which/who 不用 that：非限制性定语从句；介词＋关系代词（in which, for which, with whom 等）。4. 判断用关系代词还是关系副词：从句缺主语或宾语→用关系代词；从句成分完整、缺状语→用关系副词。5. as 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，常构成 as is known to all, as we can see 等固定结构；as 从句可置于句首，which 不能。 【例句】 This is the book (that/which) I bought yesterday.（关系代词作宾语，可省略） The man who is talking with our teacher is my uncle.（who 作主语，不可省略） I still remember the day when we first met.（when 作时间状语） As is known to all, the earth is round.（as 指代整个主句） 3. 状语从句 【核心概念】在复合句中充当状语的从句叫状语从句，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 表17　状语从句常用连词 类型 常用连词 时间 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, the moment, hardly…when, no sooner…than 地点 where, wherever 原因 because, since, as, now that 目的 so that, in order that 结果 so…that, such…that 条件 if, unless, as long as, in case, once, provided that 让步 although, though, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter＋疑问词, while 比较 than, as…as, not so…as, the＋比较级…, the＋比较级… 方式 as, as if, as though 【用法规则】1. 主将从现：时间、条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来（if, when, until, as soon as, unless 等）。2. although/though 不与 but 连用，但可与 yet/still 连用；because 不与 so 连用（改错高频考点）。3. not…until…：主句用延续性动词时用肯定句（He waited until 10.）；用短暂性动词时用否定句（He didn't leave until 10.）。4. so…that 与 such…that：so＋adj./adv.＋that；such＋n.＋that；such a/an＋adj.＋n.＋that＝so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＋that。5. 让步状语从句可用 as/though 倒装结构（详见第四节）。 【例句】 If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the picnic.（主将从现） Although he is old, he still works hard.（although 与 still 连用，不与 but 连用） He got up so early that he caught the first bus.（结果状语从句） 三、特殊句式（Special Sentence Patterns） 特殊句式是高考语法中规律性最强、提分见效最快的一类考点，主要包括倒装句、强调句、there be 句型、省略句和反意疑问句。 （一）倒装句 【核心概念】为强调、衔接或平衡句子，把谓语的全部或部分放到主语之前，称为倒装。谓语全部提前叫完全倒装，只提前助动词/情态动词/be 叫部分倒装。 1. 完全倒装 表18　完全倒装触发条件 触发条件 示例 here/there/now/then＋不及物动词＋名词主语 Here comes the bus. 地点副词或介词短语置于句首 In front of the house stands a tall tree. 表语（形容词/分词/介词短语）前置 Present at the meeting were many experts. such 置于句首 Such is the fact. 注意：主语为代词时用正常语序——Here he comes.（不说 Here comes he.） 2. 部分倒装 表19　部分倒装触发条件 触发条件 示例 否定副词/短语置于句首：never, hardly, seldom, little, not, no, nowhere, not only…but also, no sooner…than, hardly…when, not until Never have I seen such a film. only＋状语置于句首 Only in this way can we solve the problem. so/neither/nor 表“也/也不” He likes English, and so do I. / I can't swim, neither can she. so/such…that 中 so/such 置于句首 So fast did he run that nobody could catch him. 虚拟条件句省略 if（had/were/should 提前） Were I you, I would accept the invitation. as/though 引导让步从句（表语/动词/副词提前） Young as he is, he knows a lot. may 表祝愿 May you succeed! 【用法规则】1. 部分倒装只把助动词、情态动词或 be 提前；实义动词需借助 do/does/did 提前（Never did he say that.）。2. not until 置于句首，主句倒装、从句不倒装；not only…but also 中只 not only 部分倒装；only＋状语从句时主句倒装、从句不倒装。3. 完全倒装中，谓语须是不及物动词，主语必须是名词。 【例句】 Not until he came back did we leave.（主句倒装） Only when he explained did I understand.（only＋状语从句，主句倒装） Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.（hardly…when，前句倒装） （二）强调句 【核心概念】强调句型 It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其余部分，用来突出主语、宾语或状语（不能强调谓语）。 表20　强调句结构 被强调成分 结构要点 示例 主语 指人可用 who/that It was Tom who broke the window. 宾语 用 that It was the window that Tom broke. 时间/地点状语 一律用 that（不用 when/where） It was yesterday that he came. not…until 结构 It is/was not until…that…（that 后主句不倒装） It was not until midnight that he came back. 【用法规则】1. 判断强调句的“删除法”：去掉 It is/was…that/who 后，剩余部分仍是完整句子，即为强调句。2. 强调句与主语从句、定语从句的区分：主语从句中 that 后是句子作主语，删除框架后不完整；定语从句中 that 前有先行词。3. 强调句的时态用 is/was，与被强调部分无关，与主句动作时间一致。4. 强调句的疑问形式：Was it you that/who broke the window? 【例句】 It was in the park that we met each other.（强调地点状语，用 that） It was because he was ill that he didn't come.（强调原因状语从句） It was not until the exam began that he realized his mistake.（not until 强调句） （三）there be 句型 【核心概念】there be 句型表示“某时/某地存在某人或某物”。there 是引导词无实义，be 动词与后面第一个名词保持数的一致。 表21　there be 句型常见形式 形式 结构 示例 一般现在/过去 there is/are；there was/were There are 50 students in our class. 一般将来 there will be；there is/are going to be There will be a meeting tomorrow. 现在完成 there has/have been There have been great changes since then. 情态动词 there must/may/can be There must be something wrong with the machine. 就近原则 be 与最近的名词一致 There is a pen and two books on the desk. there be＋非谓语 there be＋doing/to do There is a man waiting outside. 【用法规则】1. there be 与 have 不能同时使用（改错：There are many students have bikes. → 改为 who have 或删去 are）。2. 除 be 外，there 后还可接 live, stand, lie, exist, seem 等表存在的动词。3. there be 句型可与情态动词、时态灵活组合，是写作高频句型。 【例句】 There used to be a small temple on the hill.（there used to be） There is no point in arguing with him.（there is no point in doing sth） There stands a tall tower by the river.（there＋stand） （四）省略句 【核心概念】在不影响句意的前提下省略句中某些成分，使表达简洁，称为省略。 表22　省略句常见类型 省略类型 规则 示例 并列句省略 省略与前文相同的成分 He can't come, but I can (come). 不定式省略 保留 to，省略其后重复的动词 —Would you like to go? —Yes, I'd love to. 状语从句省略 从句主语与主句一致且含 be 时，省略“主语＋be” While (I was) walking home, I met an old friend. 虚拟条件句省略 if 省略，had/were/should 提前 Had I known the news, I would have told you. 宾语从句 that 动词后 that 常省略 I think (that) he is right. 祈使句 常省略主语 you (You) Be careful! 【用法规则】1. 状语从句“主语＋be”省略后，分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。2. 不定式省略结构：I'd love to.（to 后不加 go）；have to、be going to、used to 的 to 后省略与前面重复的动词。 【例句】 If (it is) possible, I will come to see you.（条件状语从句省略） The doctor asked him to stay in bed, but he refused to.（不定式省略） （五）反意疑问句 【核心概念】反意疑问句由“陈述句＋简短问句”构成，遵循“前肯后否、前否后肯”的原则。 表23　反意疑问句常见规则 情况 规则 示例 一般情况 助动词/情态动词＋主语代词 He is a teacher, isn't he? 含否定词 never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nothing 视为否定 He never comes late, does he? 祈使句 用 will you；Let's 开头用 shall we Open the door, will you? there be 句 用 there 反问 There is a book on the desk, isn't there? 含 must must 表“必须”用 mustn't；表推测按动词时态反问 You must leave now, mustn't you? 主从复合句 一般与主句一致 He said he would come, didn't he? 【用法规则】回答按事实回答：Yes 后接肯定事实，No 后接否定事实；“前否后肯”问句的答语易错———You didn't go, did you? —No, I didn't.（是的，我没去。） 【例句】 She has never been abroad, has she?（never 视为否定，前否后肯） Let's go swimming, shall we?（Let's 用 shall we） 单项选择 1. Not until he went abroad ______ the importance of learning English. A. did he realize　　B. he realized　　C. he did realize　　D. had he realized 2. It was at the school gate ______ he met his old classmate. A. that　　B. where　　C. which　　D. when 3. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing　　B. Lost　　C. Having lost　　D. To lose 4. The teacher told us that light ______ faster than sound. A. travels　　B. traveled　　C. has traveled　　D. is traveling 5. If you ______ tomorrow, I'll go with you. A. come　　B. will come　　C. came　　D. comes 6. The reason ______ he was late for school was ______ he got up late. A. why; that　　B. that; why　　C. why; because　　D. which; that 7. ______ is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. A. It　　B. As　　C. That　　D. What 8. There ______ a number of books on the shelf, but only one of them ______ worth reading. A. are; is　　B. is; are　　C. are; are　　D. is; is 9. —I haven't seen the film. —______. A. So have I　　B. Neither have I　　C. So I have　　D. Neither I have 10. Only by working hard ______ succeed in the exam. A. we can　　B. can we　　C. we could　　D. could we 参考答案：1—5　A　A　B　A　A 6—10　A　B　A　B　B 答案解析： 原句：1. Not until he went abroad ______ the importance of learning English. 规律：not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒装；realize 是实义动词，需借助助动词 did 提前到主语之前。 答案：A（did he realize） 原句：2. It was at the school gate ______ he met his old classmate. 规律：本句为 It was…that 强调句型，强调地点状语 at the school gate；强调时间、地点状语时一律用 that，不用 when/where。 答案：A（that） 原句：3. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 规律：be lost in thought（陷入沉思）为固定搭配；过去分词短语 Lost in thought 作状语，其逻辑主语 he 与 lost 之间是被动关系，不用现在分词或不定式。 答案：B（Lost） 原句：4. The teacher told us that light ______ faster than sound. 规律：宾语从句陈述客观真理（光速大于声速）时，一律用一般现在时，不受主句过去时 told 的影响。 答案：A（travels） 原句：5. If you ______ tomorrow, I'll go with you. 规律：if 引导的条件状语从句遵循“主将从现”：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，不用 will come。 答案：A（come） 原句：6. The reason ______ he was late for school was ______ he got up late. 规律：第一空：先行词是 reason，定语从句缺状语，用 why；第二空：reason 作主语时表语从句用 that 说明原因本身，不用 because（because 不引导表语从句）。 答案：A（why; that） 原句：7. ______ is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. 规律：as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，可置于句首；若用 It，应为 It is known to all that…（that 引导主语从句）。 答案：B（As） 原句：8. There ______ a number of books on the shelf, but only one of them ______ worth reading. 规律：a number of＋复数名词作主语，谓语用复数 are；only one of them 作主语时中心词是 one，谓语用单数 is。 答案：A（are; is） 原句：9. —I haven't seen the film. —______. 规律：否定情况表示“我也不……”，用 neither/nor＋助动词＋主语的部分倒装结构；前句用 haven't，后句用 Neither have I。 答案：B（Neither have I） 原句：10. Only by working hard ______ succeed in the exam. 规律：only＋介词短语置于句首时，主句部分倒装；句子表示一般现在时的一般性事实，用 can we，不用 could。 答案：B（can we） 1．My grandma is used to living in the country. ________ A．So did my grandpa. B．So is my grandpa. C．So my grandpa did. D．So my grandpa is. 2．Mary never does any reading in the evening, ________. A．so does John B．John does neither C．John does too D．nor does John 3．Only when we work together __________. A．we can get better grades B．we should achieve our dreams C．can we solve the problem D．we need to improve ourselves 4．—I’d love to go hiking with you, but I have much homework to do. —If you don’t go, ________. A．so do I B．nor will I C．so will I D．neither am I 5．—The film Venom sounds a little scary and I don’t want to watch it. —________. Let’s choose another one. A．So do I B．Neither do I C．So I do D．Neither I do 6．Not only________ contribute to environmental protection, but it also helps save energy for future generations. A．does recycling B．recycling does C．recycling can D．can recycling 7．—I wasn’t afraid of dogs. —________ we. A．Neither did B．So were C．Nor are D．Nor were 8．—My brother can’t swim. —________ But I’m taking lessons now. A．So can I. B．Neither can I. C．So I can. D．Neither I can. 9．—I really like watching science fiction movies. —________ They are so exciting. A．So do I. B．Neither do I. C．So I do. D．Neither I do. 10．—My grandma is used to living in the city. —________. A．So my grandpa is B．So is my grandpa C．So my grandpa did D．So my grandpa have 11．He doesn’t like playing basketball, ______ does his brother.​ A．so B．also C．nor D．either​ 12．— Zheng Qinwen is an excellent player! — ________. She is the hero in my heart. A．So is she B．Neither is she C．Neither she is D．So she is 13．It was because of his rich experience ________ he got the job. A．that B．why C．how D．what 14．________ yesterday afternoon that they completed the project? A．Was it B．It was C．Is it D．It is 15．It was not until she took off her stylish sunglasses, which she had bought last summer, ________ I finally recognized her as the famous actress who starred in that award-winning film. A．that B．when C．which D．where 16．It ________ in 2022 ________ Ulises led the Ecuador national football team to reach the World Cup finals. A．was; that B．is; that C．was; when D．is; when 17．__________ use cycle paths if you can when cycling. A．Must B．Should C．Can D．Do 18．—Walking and jogging are good for health. —________ and ________. A．So are they; so is riding B．So are they; so riding is C．So they are; so is riding D．So they are; so riding is 19．—In my opinion, Happy Rain on a Spring Night is a beautiful poem. —________. It shows Du Fu’s love for nature. A．So I do B．So do I C．So it is D．So is it 20．It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbors. A．who B．where C．which D．that 21．—I want to be a wildlife photographer and take pictures of animals in nature. —________ interesting! You can travel to many exciting places. A．It sound B．Sound C．That sound D．Sounds 22．When ________ during exercise, stop immediately and rest. A．tired B．tiring C．are tired D．are tiring 23．—What would you like to do with the wood? —________ a birdhouse. A．Make B．Making C．To make D．Made 24．Bill has two basketballs, but I ________. A．do B．don’t C．doesn’t D．does 25．—You’d better ask Mr. Wang for help when _________ problems. —I see, but I’m not sure when _________ time. A．you have; having B．having; he has C．to have; he has D．to have; having 参考答案： 1．B 【解析】句意：我的奶奶习惯住在乡下。我的爷爷也是。 考查倒装句。So did my grandpa我的爷爷也是（一般过去时）；So is my grandpa我的爷爷也是（一般现在时）；So my grandpa did我的爷爷的确如此（一般过去时）；So my grandpa is我的爷爷的确如此（一般现在时）。根据“My grandma is used to living in the country”以及选项可知此处用“so”引导的倒装句（So + 助动词/be动词 + 主语）；“is”为be动词，倒装句也要用is。故选B。 2．D 【解析】句意：玛丽晚上从不阅读。约翰也不读。 考查倒装句用法。so does John约翰也是，表肯定；John does neither表述错误，无此用法；John does too约翰也一样，表肯定；nor does John约翰也不，表否定。根据“Mary never does any reading”可知，这里是对否定情况的呼应，“nor+助动词+主语”是表示“……也不”的倒装结构，nor does John符合语境。故选D。 3．C 【解析】句意：只有当我们一起合作时，才能解决这个问题。 考查倒装句。在英语中，“only+状语”置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装结构，即把助动词、情态动词或be动词提到主语前面。A选项“we can get better grades” 、B选项“we should achieve our dreams”和D选项“we need to improve ourselves”均为正常语序，不符合“only+状语”置于句首时的句子结构要求；C选项“can we solve the problem”是部分倒装结构，符合此倒装结构。故选C。 4．B 【解析】句意：——我很想和你去远足，但我有很多作业要做。——如果你不去，我也不去。 考查倒装句和时态。前句条件“If you don’t go”（如果你不去）是否定含义，因此空缺处需表达“我也不去”，选项“nor will I”和“neither am I”可用于否定语境；if引导的条件状语从句遵循“主将从现”原则，结合选项可知，B项符合。故选B。 5．B 【解析】句意：——电影《毒液》听起来有点吓人，我不想看它。——我也不想看。我们选另一部吧。 考查倒装句。So do I我也一样，用于肯定句中；Neither do I我也不，用于否定句中；So I do的确如此，用于肯定句中；Neither I do我确实不这样，用于否定句中。根据“I don’t want to watch it.”以及“Let’s choose another one.”可知我也不想看，句子是否定句，因此用Neither do I。故选B。 6．A 【解析】句意：回收不仅有助于环境保护，而且还有助于为子孙后代节约能源。 考查倒装句。does recycling正确倒装形式；recycling does未倒装；recycling can未倒装；can recycling虽倒装但使用情态动词can，强调能力。根据“Not only…contribute to environmental protection, but it also helps save energy for future generations.”可知，在“Not only…but also…”结构中，Not only位于句首时，其引导的部分需部分倒装，即“助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语”。根据“contribute”和“helps”的时态及语义，此处用does recycling符合语境。故选A。 7．D 【解析】句意：——我不怕狗。——我们也不怕。 考查倒装句。Neither did用于一般过去时的否定回应，谓语是实义动词；So were用于一般过去时的肯定回应，谓语是be动词；Nor are用于现在时的否定回应，谓语是be动词；Nor were用于一般过去时的否定回应，谓语是be动词。根据上句“I wasn’t afraid of dogs”可知，句子时态为一般过去时，谓语动词是be动词wasn’t，表示否定含义，此处需用“nor/neither+be动词过去式”的倒装结构指代“……也不……”。故选D。 8．B 【解析】句意：——我哥哥不会游泳。——我也不会。但我现在正在上课。 考查倒装句。“Neither+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表示“……也不”，用于否定句；“So+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表示“……也一样”，用于肯定句。前句是否定句，且谓语动词是can’t，所以用Neither can I；So I can.表示“我确实如此”，用于强调自己的情况，不符合此处语境。故选B。 9．A 【解析】句意：——我真的很喜欢看科幻电影。——我也是。它们太令人兴奋了。 考查倒装句。“So+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表示“……也一样”，用于肯定句；“Neither+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”表示“……也不”，用于否定句。前句是肯定句，且谓语动词是实义动词like，主语是I，助动词用do；So I do.表示“我确实如此”，用于强调自己的情况，不符合此处语境。故选A。 10．B 【解析】句意：——我的奶奶习惯住在城市里。——我的爷爷也是。 考查倒装句。 在英语中，“so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”表示“……也一样”；“so+主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词”表示“……的确如此”。分析题干句子结构可知，“My grandma is used to living in the city”中的“is used to”是固定搭配，表示“习惯于做某事”，其中“is”是be动词。结合选项可知，题干句子空白处想要表达“我爷爷也一样”，那么符合题意的倒装句结构是“So+be动词+主语”，也就是“So is my grandpa”，选项B正确。故选B。 11．C 【解析】句意：他不喜欢打篮球，他的兄弟也不喜欢。     考查连词辨析。so表示“也”用于肯定倒装句；also表示“也”通常用于句中；nor表示“也不”用于否定倒装句；either表示“也”用于否定句但位于句尾。根据前句“doesn’t like”的否定结构及后句倒装形式，应选用nor。故选C。 12．D 【解析】句意：——郑钦文是一名优秀的球员！——确实如此。她是我心中的英雄。 考查倒装结构。So is she她也是，用于不同主语；Neither is she她也不，用于否定句；Neither she is语法错误；So she is她确实是，表示对前文肯定陈述的赞同。根据“She is the hero in my heart.”可知，空处应是同意第一人的观点，表达“她确实是一名优秀的球员”，So she is符合句意。故选D。 13．A 【解析】句意：正是因为他丰富的经验，他得到了这份工作。 考查强调句结构。that在强调句中为连接词，无实际意义；why为什么；how如何；what什么。分析句子结构可知，此句为强调句型，其结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”，此句强调的是“because of his rich experience”，为原因状语，所以此处应用that。故选A。 14．A 【解析】句意：他们是昨天下午完成项目的吗？ 考查强调句的疑问形式。强调句结构为“It is/was+被强调部分+that...”，疑问句需将be动词提前；时间状语“yesterday afternoon”表示过去，故用was。故选A。 15．A 【解析】句意：直到她摘下她那副去年夏天买的时尚太阳镜，我才终于认出她是那位主演了那部获奖电影的著名女演员。 考查强调句结构。that引导强调句；when何时；which哪一个；where哪里。根据“It was not until she took off her stylish sunglasses, which she had bought last summer...I finally recognized her as the famous actress who starred in that award-winning film.”可知，此处为强调句句型“It was...that...”，需用that引导强调部分。故选A。 16．A 【解析】句意：乌利塞斯在 2022 年带领厄瓜多尔国家足球队进入世界杯决赛。 考查强调句及时态。根据“It…in 2022…Ulises led the Ecuador national football team to reach the World Cup finals.”可知，此处是考查强调句的用法。结构是“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分”。又因“in 2022”可知时态是一般过去时，故排除B，故选A。 17．D 【解析】句意：骑车时如果可以的话，务必使用自行车道。 考查助动词用法。Must必须；Should应该；Can可以；Do助动词。“Do+动词原形”可用于强调谓语动词，表达“务必；一定”之意，本题强调骑车务必使用对应车道。故选D。 18．C 【解析】句意：——散步和慢跑对健康有益。——它们确实是，骑行也是。 考查倒装句。so+be动词+主语，表示前文的情况也适用于后者；so+主语+be动词，表示“确实如此”，第一空肯定散步和慢跑确实对健康有好处。第二空表示骑行对健康也有好处，故选C。 19．C 【解析】句意：——我认为《春夜喜雨》是一首优美的诗。——确实如此。它展现了杜甫对自然的热爱。 考查强调句。“so＋谓语（助动词/be动词/情态动词）＋主语”为倒装句结构，用于说明上文所描述的情况也同样适用于下文的人或物；“so+主语+谓语（be动词/助动词/情态动词）”表示“的确，确实如此”，为强调句，侧重上下句说的是同一情况，表示赞同或强调前面所说的情况。根据“It shows Du Fu’s love for nature.”和题干可知，此处是对上文所讲事实的肯定或强调，应用“so+主语+谓语”结构，此处是强调的是这首诗，用So it is。故选C。 20．D 【解析】句意：当我回到公寓时，我第一次遇到了我的新邻居。 考查强调句。根据“It was when I got back to my apartment”可知，此句为强调句，结构为“It was…that…”，强调第一次遇到新邻居的时间。故选D。 21．D 【解析】句意：——我想成为一名野生动物摄影师，拍摄大自然中的动物。——听起来很有趣！你可以去许多令人兴奋的地方旅行。 考查省略句。“It”和“That”都表示单数，且时态是一般现在时，应用动词sound的第三人称单数形式，所以排除选项A和C；单独使用“Sound”不完整，所以排除选项B；“Sounds interesting”表示“听起来很有趣”，此处省略了主语“it”或“that”。故选D。 22．A 【解析】句意：运动时感到累了，就立即停下来休息。 考查省略句和形容词辨析。tired“感到疲惫的”，形容词，用于描述人的状态；tiring“令人疲惫的”，形容词，用于描述事物的性质。根据“When … during exercise”可知，句子为“when +分词/形容词”构成的省略句；当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句含be动词时，可省略主语和be动词，直接用“连词+形容词或分词”的结构；在本题中，应用tired来描述主语 (此处逻辑主语是 “you”) 的状态，其完整形式应为：When you are tired during exercise，省略了“you are”，即“When tired during exercise”。故选A。 23．A 【解析】句意：——你想用这些木头做什么？——做一个鸟舍。 考查非谓语和省略句。Make动词原形；Making现在分词或动名词；To make动词不定式；Made过去分词或过去式。在英语口语中，回答“would like to”问句时，常省略“I would like to”，直接用动词原形开头。故选A。 24．B 【解析】句意：比尔有两个篮球，但我没有。 考查省略句。根据“Bill has two basketballs, but I…”可知，此处用否定形式，主语I是第一人称单数，否定句的助动词应用don’t，省略谓语动词和宾语以避免重复。故选B。 25．B 【解析】句意：——你有问题时最好找王先生帮忙。——我知道，但是我不确定他什么时候有时间。 考查动词时态。第一句是when引导的时间状语从句，从句省略主语和be动词，第一空填现在分词having。第二句when引导的是宾语从句，从句缺少主谓，应填he has，故选B。 训练 一、单项选择 1．Don’t ________ heart when you meet difficulties in training. A．lose your B．lose C．lost your D．lost 2．________ every small task seriously and keep trying even when meeting setbacks, and you will gradually realize your potential. A．Taking B．Take C．To take D．Taken 3．________ important information you have told us! A．What B．What an C．How D．How an 4．________ important news report you have given us! A．What B．What an C．How D．How an 5．On the top of the mountain ________ an old temple built hundreds of years ago. A．stand B．stands C．does stand D．standing 6．Hidden among the mountains ________ a small village that few tourists know about. A．is B．are C．was being D．have 7．On the wall ________ old yet treasured photographs of my grandfather, the second in our family ________ our country as a soldier. A．hangs; to have served B．hang; to serve C．is hanging; to be serving D．hanging; serving 8．Hardly ______ the boundary of the park when they saw a group of deer. A．they crossed B．they had crossed C．did they cross D．had they crossed 9．— I’m really looking forward to the school trip next week. — ________. I’ve been dreaming of it since last term. A．So am I B．So do I C．Neither am I D．Neither do I 10．Never ________ such a moving speech about the importance of protecting the environment. A．I have heard B．have I heard C．I heard D．did I heard 11．Only when we work together ________ overcome the difficulties ahead of us. A．we can B．can we C．we will D．will we 12．In all fields, particularly in the business world, when ________ properly, competition can bring benefits. A．managing B．to be managed C．managed D．having managed 13．—Will you go to the party? —Of course I will _________. A．if invited B．if having been invited C．if I was invited D．if to be invited 14．Individual talents, when ________ with effective teamwork, often lead to outstanding project outcomes. A．combined B．combining C．being combined D．to combine 15．When __________ behind, the little girl always cries for mum. A．leaving B．being left C．was left D．left 16．Who did the teacher ________ an article for the wall newspaper? A．has write B．have write C．has written D．have written 17．What I would like ______ now is ______ my bad habits and make up for my lost time. A．doing; to break B．to do; breaking C．doing; breaking D．to do; break 18．The boy wanted to play computer games, but his mother told him ________. A．not to B．not to do C．not do it D．do not to 19．—Was it in 2003 ______ the Chinese astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon? —Yes. We ______ be proud of it then. A．when; do B．that; do C．which; did D．that; did 20．I ________ my homework, but I left it ________at home. A．do finish; behind B．do finish; out C．did finish; out D．did finish; behind 21．It was not until the contract was checked carefully that ________ the payment. A．did he make B．would he make C．he has made D．he made 22．It is his courage ________ helps him pull through the hard time. A．which B．what C．that D．where 23．Jordan’s physical abilities were ________, but it was his mental strength ________ helped him overcome repeated failures. A．remarkable; that B．remaining; that C．impressed; which D．extraordinary; which 24．It was because of the heavy rain ________ the football match had to be cancelled yesterday afternoon. A．why B．which C．that D．what 25．It is the concerns ranging from costs to the maintenance of the elevator __________ have created discord (不和) in communities and prevented further efforts to install elevators in the buildings. A．which B．that C．they D．who 26．What prize ________ in the following competition? A．do you think you will get B．do you expect will you get C．do you think you have got D．do you expect have you got 27．________ is an urgent need to arrange more medical workers to work on night ________ so that the hospital can offer patients round-the-clock medical care. A．There; shifts B．It; shifts C．There; charges D．It; charges 28．__________ is no possibility __________ Bob can win the first prize in the match. A．There… that B．It… that C．There… whether D．It… whether 29．______ seems to be some misunderstanding between the author and the ice-cream seller caused by the confusing way ______ Mexicans tell time. A．It; / B．It; which C．There; / D．There; how 30．There_____ two expert doctors _____the wounded solider. A．is said to be; attending to B．are said to be; attending on C．saying; to attend to D．to say to have; to attend on 31．— Listen！There’s a strange noise over there. —There _______ some dangerous animals , let’s run away！ A．will be B．could have C．will have D．might be 32．There ________ better social welfare for everyone in the future. A．be going to have B．will have C．is going to have D．will be 33．________ no bus available, we had to walk home in the rain. A．There was B．Being C．There being D．Having 34．________ no cause for alarm, the old man returned calmly to his room. A．Being B．There was C．Having D．There being 35．Lindsay wanted ________ a chance to improve her spoken English. A．there was B．there to be C．there being D．there is 二、翻译 36．时刻远离湍急水流。（汉译英） _____________________________________________________ 37．他们是多么用功的学生啊! (汉译英) _______________________________________________________ 38．同等重要的是确立明确的目标。（完全倒装）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 39．只有在真正参与创作后，参观者才能理解这件作品的特别之处。(only 倒装)(汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 40．课堂听讲的时候记笔记是很有帮助的。(it be + adj. to do sth.) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 41．首先要做的是关注洪水预警。(the first thing to do is…) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 42．我真的希望我的建议能够对你的处境有所帮助。（do表强调；make a difference to...）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________ 43．正是那次社会实践经历让他认识到诚实和责任的重要性。（强调句）（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 44．书桌的下面有一个箱子。(there be 句型) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________ 45．自2010年以来，我的家乡发生了巨变。（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 46．没有什么可担心的，庆典的一切都准备好了。 （汉译英，使用“There be + 主语 + 非谓语动词”结构）   ______________________________________________________ 47．如果正确使用，这本书会对你很有帮助。（省略句）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________ 48．当处于紧急情况时，保持冷静并向可靠的人求助。(状语从句的省略, emergency)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________ 49．这次展览不仅展出了传统工艺，还鼓励参观者参与创作过程。（Not only 置于句首）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 50．只有承担起家庭责任以后，她才真正理解成年意味着什么。（only 倒装）（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 参考答案 一、 1．B 【解析】句意：当你在训练中遇到困难时，不要灰心。本句为Don’t开头的祈使句，后面接动词原形；固定短语lose heart意为“灰心，丧失信心”，本空用动词原形lose。 2．B 【解析】句意：认真对待每一个小任务，即使遇到挫折也要不断尝试，你就会逐渐发挥出你的潜力。根据“and keep”以及句意可知，这是“祈使句+and+陈述句”的固定句型，此空是动词原形Take。 3．A 【解析】句意：你告诉了我们多么重要的信息啊！根据空后“important information”可知，被修饰的中心词information是不可数名词，空处需用What引导感叹句，且不可数名词前不加不定冠词，构成“What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语”的结构。 4．B 【解析】句意：你给我们的是一份多么重要的新闻报道啊！根据空后“important news report”可知，被修饰的中心词是名词短语，空处需用What引导感叹句；“report”是可数名词单数，important以元音音素开头，应用冠词an，构成“What + an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语”的结构。 5．B 【解析】句意：山顶上矗立着一座建于数百年前的古庙。表示地点的介词短语On the top of the mountain位于句首，且主语为名词，句子需使用完全倒装结构，即“地点状语 + 谓语动词 + 主语”，本句主语an old temple为单数，且描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式stands。 6．A 【解析】句意：隐藏在群山之中的是一个几乎没有游客知晓的小村庄。本句是表语置于句首引发的完全倒装结构，正常语序为A small village that few tourists know about is hidden among the mountains，真正的主语是单数名词a small village，句子描述客观存在的常态事实，用一般现在时，be动词选is。 7．B 【解析】句意：墙上悬挂着我祖父陈旧却弥足珍贵的照片，他是家中第二位以士兵身份为国效力的人。 On the wall置于句首引发全部倒装，真正的主语是复数名词photographs，谓语应是hang；序数词the second后需用动词不定式作后置定语。 8．D 【解析】句意：他们刚一穿过公园的边界，就看到了一群鹿。‌“hardly...when...”是固定句型，意为“一……就……”，主句通常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时；当否定副词hardly位于句首时，主句需用部分倒装，即将助动词had提至主语之前，构成“Hardly had+主语+过去分词...when...”结构，即Hardly had they crossed...when...。 9．A 【解析】句意：——我非常期待下周的学校旅行。——我也是。从上学期起我就一直梦想着这次旅行。A. So am I我也是；B. So do I我也是；C. Neither am I我也不；D. Neither do I我也不。前文谓语是am，是肯定句，用so + 助动词 + 主语结构，助动词保持和上文一致用am。 10．B 【解析】句意：我从未听过如此感人的关于保护环境重要性的演讲。此句强调到现在为止的经历，用现在完成时，谓语用have heard。否定词never置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装，将助动词have放到主语I之前。 11．B 【解析】句意：只有我们齐心协力，我们才能克服摆在我们面前的困难。“only + 状语从句”置于句首时，主句应用部分倒装语序，根据句意，把情态动词can(表示能力)提到主语we前。 12．C 【解析】句意：在所有领域，尤其是在商业世界中，当被适当地管理时，竞争能带来好处。在when等连词引导的状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包含be动词，可以省略从句的主语和be动词。本句中，从句主语与主句主语competition一致，且competition与manage之间是被动关系，完整的从句为when competition is managed properly，省略主语competition和be动词is后，保留过去分词managed。 13．A 【解析】句意：——你会去参加聚会吗？——如果被邀请的话，我当然会去。在if引导的条件状语从句中，当从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词。此处主句为一般将来时，从句遵循“主将从现”原则，完整形式应为“if I am invited”，省略主语I和be动词am后即为“if invited”。 14．A 【解析】句意：个人才能，当与有效的团队合作相结合时，通常会带来杰出的项目成果。本句中when引导时间状语从句，其逻辑主语与主句主语Individual talents保持一致，且Individual talents与动词combine之间为逻辑上的被动关系，因此需使用过去分词表被动。此处为状语从句的省略结构，其完整形式为“when they are combined...”，省略了主语和be动词。 15．D 【解析】句意：当被落在后面时，这个小女孩总是哭着找妈妈。when引导的时间状语从句中，主语与主句主语the little girl一致，且谓语动词含有be动词，因此可以省略从句的主语和be动词。原句完整形式为When she is left behind，省略she is后保留过去分词left，表被动。 16．B 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：老师让谁给墙报写了一篇文章？短语have sb. do sth.表示“使某人做某事”，在使役动词let，make，have后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。故选B。 17．D 【解析】考查动词短语和省略to的不定式。句意：我现在想做的是改掉我的坏习惯，弥补我失去的时间。分析句子可知，该句第一处为what引导的主语从句中谓语动词的填入，为动词短语would like to do“想要做某事”；该句第二空为不定式to的省略用法，be动词is连接两个句子时，如果表语是不定式，且前文有do的某种形式时，表语的to省略。故选D项。 18．A 【解析】考查不定式的省略。句意：男孩想玩电脑游戏，但他妈妈叫他不要这么做。分析句子可知，此处为不定式的省略，完整形式为：told him not to play computer games.，不定式的内容如果在后文中重复出现，为避免重复，可以省略后面的do，只保留不定式符号to，但当不定式符号后有be或have时，be和have要保留。故选A。 19．D 【解析】考查强调句型与助动词对动作的强调。——中国宇航员成功登月是在2003年吗？ ——是的。我们当时确实为此感到自豪。第一空为强调句型，强调的是时间in 2003，所以用that引导。第二空是对谓语进行强调，表示对动作强调用助动词do、does或者did+动词原形；此处描述的是过去的事情，所以用did。故选D。 20．D 【解析】考查强调谓语和动词短语辨析。句意：我确实完成了作业，但我把它忘在家里了。观察句子并理解句意可知，第一个句子为肯定句，句子中有助动词，为强调谓语，根据left可以推测，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，强调谓语用did finish。leave out“遗漏、省去、不考虑”，leave behind“遗留，留下”，此处表示将书忘在家里，用leave behind。故选D项。 21．D 【解析】句意：直到合同被仔细检查后，他才付款。It was not until + 从句 + that...是not until的强调句型，that后面的主句不用倒装（倒装只出现在Not until置于句首的情况）；主句时态要和was保持一致，用一般过去时。he made为陈述语序且时态正确。 22．C 【解析】句意：正是他的勇气帮助他渡过了艰难的时期。本句是强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+ that/who+其余部分”；被强调部分his courage是事物，用that。 23．A 【解析】句意：乔丹的身体素质十分出众，但正是他的精神力量帮助他克服了一次次失败。第一空中A.remarkable非凡出众的，可直接修饰physical abilities，语义通顺；B.remaining剩余的；C.impressed印象深刻的，主语为人时才能使用，无法修饰事物；D.extraordinary非凡的。第一空可直接排除B、C选项。第二空中后半句是典型的“It was...that...”强调句结构，按照语法规则，强调句中只能用that引导，绝对不能用which替换。D选项用which不符合强调句语法，直接排除。 24．C 【解析】句意：正是因为这场大雨，昨天下午的足球比赛不得不被取消。本句是强调句型“It was+被强调的内容+that+句子其余内容”，强调的部分是原因状语because of the heavy rain，选项中的that符合题干要求。 25．B 【解析】句意：正是从成本到电梯维护等一系列担忧，在社区中造成了不和，并阻碍了在建筑物中安装电梯的进一步努力。本句考查强调句型，基本结构为“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分”，句中被强调的部分是主语“the concerns ranging from costs to the maintenance of the elevator”，指物，其他部分由that引出。 26．A 【解析】考查插入语句式、时态。句意：你希望在接下来的比赛中获得什么奖？do you think/expect作插入语，后面的从句应用陈述语序，根据状语in the following competition，可知设空处应用一般将来时。故选A项。 27．A 【解析】句意：迫切需要安排更多医护人员在夜班轮值，以便医院能为患者提供全天候医疗服务。第一空：There is an urgent need to do sth.​是固定句型，表示“有做某事迫切的需要”，用There be​存在句型。 第二空：结合后文“so that the hospital can offer patients round-the-clock medical care”可知用night shifts​ “夜班（轮班工作）”，shift 指“轮班、班次”；charge意为“负责、费用、掌管”，不符合“夜班”含义。 28．A 【解析】句意：鲍勃不可能在比赛中赢得一等奖。There is no possibility that...为固定句型，意为“……是不可能的”，其中that引导同位语从句，用于解释说明名词possibility的具体内容。 29．C 【解析】考查固定句型和定语从句。句意：似乎作者和冰淇淋售卖者之间存在一些误会，这种误会源于墨西哥人表达时间的方式令人困惑所致。第一空为句型There seems to do sth.表示“似乎有……”；第二个设空处引导定语从句，对先行词way进行限定说明，先行词在从句中作方式状语，此时可用that或in which引导定语从句，或者将关系词省略，故选C。 30．B 【解析】考查There be句型及非谓语动词。句意：据说有两名专家医生在照料那个受伤的士兵。第一空是there be句型的变化there is/are said to be“据说有”，空后是two expert doctors，应用are；第二空修饰空前名词词组two expert doctors，attend on与two expert doctors是逻辑主谓关系，应用现在分词，作后置定语。故选B。 31．D 【解析】考查there be句型。句意：——听！那边有奇怪的噪音。——或许是有某种危险的动物吧，我们还是跑走吧。A. will be将会是；B. could have可能有；C. will have将会有；D. might be可能是。根据句意可知，说话人推断出那里有危险的动物，表示“某处有某物”应用there be句型，且might意为“可能”，推测时表示事情发生可能性很小，应用there might be表示。故选D项。 32．D 【解析】句意：未来每个人将会有更好的社会福利。There be句型的将来时结构为“There will be”或“There is/are going to be”，表示“将会有”，不能与have连用。 33．C 【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：由于没有可乘坐的公交车，我们不得不冒雨步行回家。结合“no bus available”可知，此处指不得不冒雨步行回家的原因是“没有可乘坐的公交车”，表示客观的“有，存在”应用there be句型，前后由逗号连接，此处不是独立的句子，因此用there be句型的独立主格结构there being…，作原因状语。故选C。 34．D 【解析】考查存在句和非谓语动词。句意：没有必要惊慌，老人平静地回到自己的房间。由“no cause for alarm”可知，第一空用存在句there be，表示“没有必要惊慌”，returned是谓语，空格处用非谓语动词，用现在分词表主动，作状语，There being no cause for alarm是独立主格结构。故选D。 35．B 【解析】考查there be非限定形式。句意：Lindsay想要一个提高口语的机会。want to do 想要做某事，用there to be形式作宾语，故选B。 二、 36．Stay away from fast-flowing water at all times. 【解析】本句为祈使句，使用动词原形开头，表示“远离”为stay away from作谓语，位于句首，首字母需大写；表示“湍急水流”为fast-flowing water作介词宾语；表示“时刻”为at all times，作时间状语。 37．What hard-working students they are! 【解析】根据句意，本句可知“多么用功的学生啊”为感用what引导感叹句，what修饰名词，结构为“What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！”。“用功的”表示为hard-working，“学生”表示为students，为复数名词；“他们是”表示为they are，作主语和谓语。 38．Of equal importance is setting clear goals. 【解析】根据句意，该句描述客观事实，全句使用一般现在时；表示“同等重要的是”使用表语前置的完全倒装结构，表示“同等重要”为of equal importance；表示“确立”为set，此处作句子主语，需要使用动名词形式setting；表示“明确的”为clear，作定语修饰名词goals；表示“目标”为goals，用复数表泛指，正常语序为Setting clear goals is of equal importance，将表语of equal importance置于句首，构成完全倒装，句首单词首字母需大写。 39．Only after really taking part in the creative process can visitors understand what makes the artwork so distinctive. 【解析】本句叙述普遍的客观认知，整体用一般现在时态。“只有在真正参与创作后”应用介词短语作时间状语，译为after really taking part in the creative process，主句主语为“参观者”，译为visitors，“能理解”译为can understand，作主句谓语；后接what引导的宾语从句作宾语，“这件作品的特别之处”译为what makes the artwork so distinctive，完全贴合语法规则。“only+介词短语状语”置于句首时，主句需使用部分倒装结构，将情态动词can提前至主语之前；即Only after really taking part in the creative process can visitors understand what makes the artwork so distinctive. 40．It is helpful to take notes while listening in class. 【解析】根据提示，句子使用固定句型 it be + adj. to do sth.（做某事是……的）。 helpful 表达“有帮助的”；take notes 表达为“记笔记”，用不定式形式作真正的主语，主语用it作形式主语；while listening in class 表达“课堂听讲的时候”，while 引导时间状语从句，从句主语和主句主语一致且含 be 动词，可省略主语和 be 动词，完整形式为 while (you are) listening in class。本句为一般现在时。 41．The first thing to do is (to) pay attention to flood warnings. 【解析】考查不定式。“首先要做的是”译为the first thing to do is...，表语“关注洪水预警”译为pay attention to flood warnings，表语用来补充说明the first thing to do的具体内容，应用不定式短语to pay attention to flood warnings，不定式做表语时，如果主语中包含实义动词do，表语不定式中的to可以省略。故翻译为The first thing to do is (to) pay attention to flood warnings. 42．I do hope (that) my suggestion can make a difference to your situation. 【解析】主语“我”为I；“希望”为hope，陈述当前真实意愿，用一般现在时；“真的”此处用助动词do置于动词原形hope前表谓语动作的强调；hope后接that宾语从句，that可省略；“我的建议”表达为my suggestion；“能够”表达为情态动词can，后跟动词原形；“对……有所帮助”用固定搭配make a difference to...；“你的处境”表达为your situation。 43．It was the community service experience that helped him understand the importance of integrity and responsibility. 【解析】表示“正是”用强调句结构It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分，句子描述的是过去发生的事件，be动词用was，本句被强调部分是“那次社会实践经历”，表达为名词词组the community service experience，连接词用that；“让某人认识到”表达为动词短语help sb. understand sth.，事件发生在过去，help用过去式helped；“诚实和责任的重要性”表达为名词词组the importance of integrity and responsibility。 44．There is a box under the desk. 【解析】表示“书桌的下面”短语为under the desk；there be句型表示“有”，表示“一个箱子”用a box，是单数名词作主语，陈述现实情况用一般现在时，be动词用is。 45．There have been great changes in my hometown since 2010. 【解析】根据时间状语“自2010年以来”可知，句子用现在完成时，“我的家乡发生了巨变”表达为：There have been great changes in my hometown，“自2010年以来”表达为：since 2010，作时间状语。 46．There is nothing to worry about; everything is ready for the celebration. 【解析】考查固定句型。主语为“nothing”，“可担心的”可用非谓语动词短语“to worry about”来修饰，在句中作后置定语。“没有什么可担心的”描述当前情况，用一般现在时态，使用“There be + 主语 + 非谓语动词”结构，即“There is nothing to worry about”；“庆典的一切”可以翻译为everything for the celebration，everything在分号后的句子中作主语。“准备好了”可用形容词ready，该形容词在句中作表语，分号后句子描述当前情况，用一般现在时态，主语为不定代词everything，be动词用is。 47．If used properly, this book will be of great help to you. 【解析】“如果”表达为if，引导条件状语从句，时态应遵循“主将从现”原则，“使用”表达为动词use，“正确地”表达为副词properly，修饰动词use，主语this book和use之间是被动关系，从句应用被动语态is used，在状语从句中，当从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句含有be动词时，可以省略从句的主语和be动词，省略句为if used properly；“对你很有帮助”可使用be of great help to you的结构，等同于be very helpful to you，主句用一般将来时will be。 48． When in an emergency, stay/keep calm and turn to/ask reliable people for help. 【解析】“保持冷静并向可靠的人求助”为句子主干，是祈使句，应用动词原形开头，“保持冷静”为stay/keep calm，“向可靠的人求助”用turn to/ask reliable people for help，两个并列动作通过and连接；“当处于紧急情况时”表达为when in an emergency，是状语从句的省略，完整形式为when you are in an emergency，从句主语和主句逻辑主语（祈使句默认主语是you）一致，且从句谓语含be动词are，因此可省略从句的you are。 49．Not only did the exhibition display traditional crafts, but it also encouraged visitors to take part in the creative process. 【解析】表示“这次展览”用the exhibition，作主语。表示“不仅…… 而且……”用not only... but also...，表示“展出了传统工艺”用display traditional crafts，陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，Not only置于句首，Not only引导的部分要用部分倒装，助动词did提前，display用原形。but also后面：主语用it，代替这次展览；表示“鼓励参观者参与创作过程”用encourage visitors to take part in the creative process，谓语用过去式encouraged。 50．Only after taking responsibility for household tasks did she truly understand what growing up meant. 【解析】该句可用“only+状语”放句首的倒装句来表达。动词短语take responsibility for表示“对……负责、承担对……的责任”，household task意为“家务任务”，故“承担起家庭责任”可译为take responsibility for household tasks，“只有承担起家庭责任以后”可译为“Only after taking responsibility for household tasks”，介词after意为“在……之后”，后接动名词形式作宾语，介词短语作状语位于句首。“她才真正理解成年意味着什么”用部分倒装句表达，该句表示过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，“她才真正理解”译为did she truly understand，“成年意味着什么”可用宾语从句表达，译为what growing up meant，其中“成年”表示“长大成年”，用动名词短语growing up表达。 一、阅读理解 A Kris, a Norwegian from the small town of Molde, first got a taste of Chinese culture during his undergraduate exchange in Hong Kong. Attracted deeply by its unique charm, he moved to Qingdao upon graduation to spend a year mastering the Chinese language. By chance, he crossed paths with He Jianhong, a young Chinese man fascinated by Nordic culture, during one local trip. Their unexpected meeting gave birth to their joint-run social media account “Laowai Kris”. Back in Norway, Kris started experimenting with Chinese dishes for his family at home. Once his father mistook bean sprouts for bad beans and intended to throw them away, yet he became a big fan after a single bite. His brother frowned at mouth-watering chicken the moment it was served, wondering why the dish carried such a strange name. Shortly afterwards, he asked for a second helping. Through these ordinary, funny moments, Kris’s family gradually developed sincere affection for Chinese food. What makes Kris stand out lies in his self-taught style. He picks up most Chinese dishes by watching online cooking tutorials, while his family often serve as his casual camera crew. This plain, unpolished authenticity has won him approximately 30 million followers and even earned him interviews with major Chinese state media. Kris admits video-making consumes large amounts of his spare time, but constant encouragement from viewers keeps him sticking to the project. Now settled in Shandong as a Chinese son-in-law, Kris keeps recording his ongoing cross-cultural adventures. He still films his Norwegian family’s real-time reactions to Chinese food thousands of miles away, documenting their slow journey from doubt to delight. “I hope to show that amazing sparks can fly when different cultures meet,” he remarks. Rather than simply displaying tasty dishes, his videos build a living bridge, bringing genuine Chinese flavors into a Nordic household. 1．What led to the launch of “Laowai Kris”? A．His exchange in Hong Kong. B．His Chinese study in Qingdao. C．His family’s love for Chinese food. D．An accidental meeting with a Chinese. 2．What can we learn about Kris’s family from Paragraph 2? A．They loved learning to cook. B．They judged food before tasting. C．They played jokes on foreign dishes. D．They made changes after watching videos. 3．What is the major driving force for Kris to keep making videos? A．Influences of his self-taught path. B．Positive feedback from video viewers. C．Series of the official media interviews. D．Camera-shooting support from his family. 4．What can be inferred about Kris from the text? A．He sees food as a cultural bridge. B．He is an expert in food decoration. C．He shows great affection for tourism. D．He is committed to health education. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A 【解析】本文讲述挪威青年 Kris 接触并热爱中国文化，与中国伙伴共创社交账号；录制挪威家人接触中国美食的真实反应，凭借质朴真实的短视频，以美食为载体搭建起中外文化沟通的桥梁的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“By chance, he crossed paths with He Jianhong, a young Chinese man fascinated by Nordic culture, during one local trip. Their unexpected meeting gave birth to their joint-run social media account “Laowai Kris”.(一次偶然的旅行中，他遇到了对北欧文化充满兴趣的年轻中国人何建鸿。他们意外的相遇催生了共同运营的社交媒体账号“Laowai Kris”)”可知，机缘巧合下，他与何建鸿不期而遇，这次意外的相遇促成了他们共同运营的社交媒体账号的诞生。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Once his father mistook bean sprouts for bad beans and intended to throw them away, yet he became a big fan after a single bite. His brother frowned at mouth-watering chicken the moment it was served, wondering why the dish carried such a strange name.(父亲误以为豆芽是坏豆，打算扔掉，可他只吃了一口就立刻爱上了。他的哥哥一看到那道香气扑鼻的鸡肉，眉头皱起，疑惑这道菜为何会有这么奇怪的名字)”可知，父亲误判豆芽、哥哥未品尝就对菜品存疑两处细节，可见家人亲口品尝之前，就对食物做出主观判断。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Kris admits video-making consumes large amounts of his spare time, but constant encouragement from viewers keeps him sticking to the project.(Kris承认，制作视频占据了他大量的空闲时间，但观众持续的鼓励让他坚持完成了这个项目)”可知，观众的鼓励是他持续创作的主要动力。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段末句“Rather than simply displaying tasty dishes, his videos build a living bridge, bringing genuine Chinese flavors into a Nordic household.(他的视频不仅展示美味佳肴，更搭建起一座鲜活的桥梁，将地道的中国风味带入北欧家庭)”可知，他的视频通过将地道的中国风味融入北欧家庭，架起了不同文化的桥梁，证明美味佳肴无需翻译即可被接受。这足以推断他将食物视为一种文化桥梁。 B Researchers from Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Western Australia examined data from more than 179,000 UK Biobank participants, looking at their intake of the two main forms of dietary vitamin K: vitamin K1 — which is found mainly in leafy green vegetables — and vitamin K2, found in foods such as meats, eggs and dairy. “We saw a clearer association between higher vitamin K1 intake and lower Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (慢性阻塞性肺病) risk, as well as better lung function,” lead author Chengfeng Li said. Over an average follow-up period of 10.5 years, 3,135 participants developed COPD, which is an umbrella term for progressive lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that make it increasingly difficult to breathe. “It’s possible that vitamin K1 itself contributes to the observed associations, but it’s also likely that it works as part of a broader healthy dietary pattern”, Li said. It can’t prove that eating leafy greens directly prevents COPD．People who eat more leafy greens may also exercise more, smoke less, have higher incomes, eat less processed food, or have other health behaviors that lower disease risk. The study also found that the association between higher K1 intake and better lung function appeared stronger in smokers and people working in high-risk occupations, such as jobs involving dust or fumes. That could suggest vitamin K1-rich diets are particularly helpful when the lungs are under greater stress, but the researchers are careful not to oversell the finding. “I would not want readers to think that eating greens can prevent or treat COPD on its own,” said Li. “The most important message for lung health remains to avoid smoking, and reduce harmful occupational or environmental exposure where possible.” Still, the findings add to growing evidence that diet may play a meaningful supporting role in lung health. The amount of vitamin K1 associated with better outcomes was achievable through diet: roughly one extra serve of leafy greens could be enough to boost intake. 5．What do we know about vitamin K1? A．It works better with vitamin K2. B．It exists in both plant and animal foods. C．It can completely prevent COPD． D．It is mainly obtained from leafy greens. 6．What does Li mean by saying that “it works as part of a broader healthy dietary pattern”? A．Vitamin K1 is not a key element. B．There is a need for diversity in diet. C．A healthy diet should be redefined. D．Vitamin K1 may not be acting alone. 7．Which groups can get greater help from vitamin K1-rich diets? A．Non-smokers who eat vegetables. B．Groups already at high risk of lung damage. C．Non-smokers with high pressure. D．Groups who grow up in a good environment. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Effective ways to improve lung health B．Major functions of vitamin K1 in diets C．Leafy greens linked to better lung health D．How to reduce the risk of lung disease 【答案】5．D 6．D 7．B 8．C 【解析】文章主要说明了澳大利亚研究分析17.9万受试者数据，发现摄入更多维生素K1（绿叶菜）与更低COPD风险、更好肺功能相关，该效果在肺部高危人群更显著，但绿叶菜不能单独防治肺病。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers from Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Western Australia examined data from more than 179,000 UK Biobank participants, looking at their intake of the two main forms of dietary vitamin K: vitamin K1 — which is found mainly in leafy green vegetables — and vitamin K2, found in foods such as meats, eggs and dairy.(来自西澳大利亚州伊迪丝·考恩大学（ECU）的研究人员分析了超过17.9万名英国生物银行参与者的数据，研究他们摄入两种主要膳食维生素K的情况：维生素K1，主要存在于绿叶蔬菜中；以及维生素K2，主要存在于肉类、鸡蛋和乳制品等食物中)”可知，维生素K1主要来自绿叶蔬菜。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s possible that vitamin K1 itself contributes to the observed associations, but it’s also likely that it works as part of a broader healthy dietary pattern(维生素K1本身可能与观察到的关联有关，但也很可能它只是更广泛健康饮食模式的一部分)”可知，李所说的“作为更广泛的健康饮食模式的一部分而发挥作用”意思是维生素K1可能并非单独起作用。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段“The study also found that the association between higher K1 intake and better lung function appeared stronger in smokers and people working in high-risk occupations, such as jobs involving dust or fumes.(研究还发现，吸烟者以及从事粉尘或烟雾相关高风险职业的人群中，维生素K1摄入量更高与肺功能改善之间的关联更为显著)”可知，已经存在高肺部损伤风险的人群可以从富含维生素K1的饮食中获得更大帮助。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers from Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Western Australia examined data from more than 179,000 UK Biobank participants, looking at their intake of the two main forms of dietary vitamin K: vitamin K1 — which is found mainly in leafy green vegetables — and vitamin K2, found in foods such as meats, eggs and dairy.(来自西澳大利亚州伊迪丝·考恩大学（ECU）的研究人员分析了超过17.9万名英国生物银行参与者的数据，研究他们摄入两种主要膳食维生素K的情况：维生素K1，主要存在于绿叶蔬菜中；以及维生素K2，主要存在于肉类、鸡蛋和乳制品等食物中)”结合文章主要说明了澳大利亚研究分析17.9万受试者数据，发现摄入更多维生素K1（绿叶菜）与更低COPD风险、更好肺功能相关，该效果在肺部高危人群更显著，但绿叶菜不能单独防治肺病。可知，C选项“叶类蔬菜与更好的肺部健康相关”最符合文章标题。 C If you want to know when mathematicians are about to have a breakthrough, you don’t need to look inside their heads. Just watch their movements at a chalkboard. “I’ve always been interested by the tension between how abstract mathematics is and how physical the actual activity of math is,” says Tyler Marghetis, a cognitive (认知的) scientist. He wondered whether he could use the “manual labor” of math to deduce (推演) what was happening in someone’s mind. In a recent study, Marghetis and his co-authors borrowed theoretical tools from other fields to show it’s possible. Complex systems sometimes suddenly change state. It can happen when metals become magnetic, or when a horse shifts from a walk to a run. Often a period of instability comes before the turning point. Research suggests that such a change also happens in the process of insight, — when the brain is stuck, wobbles, and then finds the right track. This study illustrates this process at work. The researchers recorded six mathematicians as they each spent about 40 minutes working on complex math problems and thinking aloud. Observers made a note each time a person shifted attention to different parts of the board by writing, erasing or pointing at math signs. The researchers also recorded exclamations of insight (“I see!”). By analyzing the data, they found that the places where attention shifted became much more unpredictable in the two minutes before a great discovery moment. It’s unclear where that unpredictability originated: Either a bubbling idea led solvers to connect puzzle pieces across the board, or solvers had grown frustrated and decided to physically search for new connections, which sparked a solution. Shadab, the lead author, imagines a “cool application” of their method: someday computer screens that track mouse or eye movements might know exactly when not to disturb someone nearing a breakthrough or when to offer timely tips. 9．What does Tyler Marghetis’ study focus on? A．How math is both abstract and physical. B．Why math problems can be so complex. C．How math can be helped by other fields. D．Whether physical actions show our minds. 10．What does the underlined word “wobbles” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Works in a fixed way. B．Improves thinking speed. C．Becomes less steady. D．Gradually loses interest. 11．What can be inferred about the two minutes in paragraph 4? A．Future actions are harder to predict. B．Shift in attention means a discovery. C．Physical actions lead to a new idea. D．A new idea causes that unpredictability. 12．What does a “cool application” mean in the last paragraph? A．Recording computer users’ movements. B．Providing math tips for computer users. C．Facilitating human-computer interaction. D．Helping computers solve math problems. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．A 12．C 【解析】文章主要介绍一项研究，数学家在取得突破前，黑板前肢体动作的不稳定性可以反映大脑的顿悟过程。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“He wondered whether he could use the “manual labor” of math to deduce (推演) what was happening in someone’s mind. In a recent study, Marghetis and his co-authors borrowed theoretical tools from other fields to show it’s possible.(他想知道能否借助数学中的“体力活动”来推演出人脑中正在发生的事情。在最近一项研究中，Marghetis与合著者借用其他领域理论工具证明这是可行的。)”可知，Tyler Marghetis的研究聚焦肢体动作是否能展现人的思维活动。 10．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Research suggests that such a change also happens in the process of insight, — when the brain is stuck, wobbles, and then finds the right track.(研究表明，这种转变也发生在顿悟过程中，大脑陷入僵局、wobbles，随后找到正确思路。)”可知，顿悟来临前大脑卡住、状态不稳，wobbles表达“变得不稳定”，因此“Becomes less steady”符合语境。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“By analyzing the data, they found that the places where attention shifted became much more unpredictable in the two minutes before a great discovery moment.(通过分析数据，他们发现在重大发现时刻前两分钟，注意力转移的位置变得更加不可预测。)”可知，在这两分钟里，后续行为更难预测。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Shadab, the lead author, imagines a “cool application” of their method: someday computer screens that track mouse or eye movements might know exactly when not to disturb someone nearing a breakthrough or when to offer timely tips.(第一作者Shadab设想该方法的一个“很棒的应用”：有朝一日，追踪鼠标或眼球移动的电脑屏幕能精准判断何时不打扰即将取得突破的人，或是适时给出提示。)”可知，这个应用是为优化人机交互。 D Summer comes, and mosquitoes constantly buzz and bite, leaving red marks and ruining our sleep. To fight them, DEET (避蚊胺) is assumed to be the gold standard for preventing mosquito bites. Most researchers agree that a key part of its effectiveness is unpleasantness — the bugs just hate to be around it. However, some mosquitoes seem capable of overcoming their revulsion, leading to the theory that the insects might be getting used to the chemical. Claudio Lazzari at the University of Tours set out to investigate, by running a version of the experiments made by Ivan Pavlov in the late 1800s where dogs were conditioned to associate sounds with food. In those experiments, Pavlov routinely rang a signal bell and then immediately fed the dogs. Eventually, when he made the sounds but didn’t provide food, he found the animals still salivated (流口水), as they would before a meal. In his experiments, Dr Lazzari presented hungry mosquitoes with warm sheep’s blood while being exposed to a gentle breeze of ordinary air or of air blown past a piece of paper soaked in DEET. After many similar repeated experiments, the researchers then bravely presented their own hands to the insects. One hand was covered in DEET while the other was left untreated. To their frustration, they observed that 60% of the mosquitoes that had been presented with blood while being exposed to DEET bit the hand coated in DEET. In contrast, all mosquitoes trained with ordinary air avoided it entirely Dr Lazzari’s conditioning in the laboratory was important for the mosquitoes in developing their fondness for DEET. But the chances are good that a similar scene is taking place in the real world, where the effects of DEET typically weaken over time, especially when people are sweating or not applying enough of the stuff in the first place. In such circumstances, hungry mosquitoes are most likely to be able to tolerate the faint smell of DEET, bite a lightly protected person, begin connecting the smell with food and become more dangerous to those they encounter later in their lives. 13．What does the underlined word “revulsion” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Disgust. B．Concern. C．Doubt. D．Appetite. 14．Why was Pavlov’s experiment mentioned? A．To justify DEET’s practical value. B．To analyze insect control strategies. C．To clarify conditioning mechanisms. D．To identify animals’ learning patterns. 15．What can we know from Lazzari’s study? A．DEET reduces mosquitoes’ desire for blood. B．Ordinary air increases mosquitoes’ boldness. C．Mosquitoes develop advanced cognitive abilities. D．Mosquitoes form conditioned responses to stimuli. 16．What can be inferred from real-world DEET application? A．It helps people adapt to mosquito bites. B．It should be combined with other products. C．It might heighten the risk of mosquito attacks. D．It will entirely fall out of popularity among users. 【答案】13．A 14．C 15．D 16．C 【解析】文章主要讲述蚊子经条件反射可适应避蚊胺，反而更敢叮咬人。 13．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“To fight them, DEET (避蚊胺) is assumed to be the gold standard for preventing mosquito bites. Most researchers agree that a key part of its effectiveness is unpleasantness — the bugs just hate to be around it. However, some mosquitoes seem capable of overcoming their revulsion, leading to the theory that the insects might be getting used to the chemical.(为了防治蚊虫叮咬，避蚊胺（DEET）被认为是预防蚊虫叮咬的黄金标准。大多数研究人员认为，其有效性的关键在于产生不适感——这些昆虫讨厌接触它。然而，一些蚊子似乎能够克服它们的revulsion，因此有人提出，这些昆虫可能已经对这种化学物质产生了耐受性)可知，蚊子对避蚊胺是讨厌、反感的态度，revulsion与hate、unpleasantness同源，意为“厌恶、反感”，与Disgust意思相同。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Claudio Lazzari at the University of Tours set out to investigate, by running a version of the experiments made by Ivan Pavlov in the late 1800s where dogs were conditioned to associate sounds with food.(图尔大学的克劳迪奥·拉扎里着手调查，方式是开展了参考伊万·巴甫洛夫实验思路的变体实验（巴甫洛夫于19世纪末开展实验，训练狗将声音与食物建立关联）)”以及“Eventually, when he made the sounds but didn’t provide food, he found the animals still salivated, as they would before a meal.(最终，当他发出声音却不给食物时，他发现动物仍像餐前一样流口水)”可知，提到巴甫洛夫实验是为了说明“条件反射”这一机制，从而解释蚊子如何把避蚊胺气味和食物建立联系，即为了澄清条件反射机制。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段中“After many similar repeated experiments, the researchers then bravely presented their own hands to the insects. One hand was covered in DEET while the other was left untreated. To their frustration, they observed that 60% of the mosquitoes that had been presented with blood while being exposed to DEET bit the hand coated in DEET.(经过许多次类似的重复实验后，研究人员接着勇敢地把他们自己的手伸给蚊子。一只手涂满避蚊胺，另一只手不处理。让他们沮丧的是，他们观察到在被喂血同时接触避蚊胺的那些蚊子里有60%咬了涂避蚊胺的手)”和第五段中“Dr Lazzari’s conditioning in the laboratory was important for the mosquitoes in developing their fondness for DEET.(拉扎里博士在实验室里的条件训练对蚊子培养对避蚊胺的喜好很重要)”可知，蚊子会把特定刺激（避蚊胺气味+血）建立起联系并形成条件反射反应，即蚊子对刺激形成条件反应。 16．推理判断题。根据第五段中“But the chances are good that a similar scene is taking place in the real world, where the effects of DEET typically weaken over time, especially when people are sweating or not applying enough of the stuff in the first place.(但现实世界中很可能正在发生类似的情况，因为避蚊胺的效果通常会随着时间推移而减弱，尤其是当人们出汗或一开始没有充分涂抹时)”以及第六段中“In such circumstances, hungry mosquitoes are most likely to be able to tolerate the faint smell of DEET, bite a lightly protected person, begin connecting the smell with food and become more dangerous to those they encounter later in their lives.(在这种情况下，饥饿的蚊子极有可能忍受避蚊胺的淡淡气味，咬防护不足的人，开始把这种气味和食物联系起来，并对它们日后遇到的那些人变得更危险)”可知，现实中使用避蚊胺可能让蚊子适应气味、更敢叮咬，即它可能加大被蚊子攻击的风险。 二、完形填空 I am from a small town in southwestern Ohio, nestled between the rolling hills and rivers. In my second year of high school, I found myself at a 17 . I loved science, but I struggled with self-doubt and often 18 whether I could pursue it as a career. My chemistry teacher, Mr. Patel, noticed my 19 and took it upon himself to guide me. One day after class, he invited me to his lab. “I see hidden 20 in you,” he said with encouragement. “Let’s explore it together.” I was surprised but 21 . He introduced me to various experiments and encouraged me to ask questions. Each session was filled with 22 , and I found myself 23 by the wonders of chemistry. Mr. Patel also shared stories of scientists who faced 24 before achieving success. He 25 that perseverance is just as important as talent. As the year 26 , Mr. Patel encouraged me to enter a science fair. I hesitated, fearing I wouldn’t 27 his expectation. But he believed in me and helped me develop my project. The day of the fair, I stood 28 beside my display, but his support gave me the courage to present my work. To my surprise, I won first place! I realized that his belief in me had made all the 29 . Today, I work in a field dedicated to sustainability, and I often 30 Mr. Patel’s encouragement. I aim to be a mentor (导师) for the younger generation, just as he was for me, reminding them that their dreams are within 31 . 17．A．point B．revolution C．crossroads D．risk 18．A．questioned B．realized C．assumed D．ignored 19．A．absence B．intelligence C．depression D．obstacle 20．A．potential B．dream C．expectation D．responsibility 21．A．terrified B．ashamed C．excited D．embarrassed 22．A．humor B．discovery C．secret D．confusion 23．A．disturbed B．trapped C．defeated D．fascinated 24．A．fortunes B．challenges C．opportunities D．rewards 25．A．emphasized B．predicted C．imagined D．complained 26．A．approached B．repeated C．interrupted D．progressed 27．A．measure up to B．look up to C．face up to D．catch up with 28．A．proudly B．nervously C．casually D．curiously 29．A．difference B．effort C．record D．promise 30．A．capture B．support C．recall D．invest 31．A．reach B．control C．possibility D．discussion 【答案】 17．C 18．A 19．D 20．A 21．C 22．B 23．D 24．B 25．A 26．D 27．A 28．B 29．A 30．C 31．A 【解析】文章主要讲述高二学生曾自我怀疑，在帕特尔老师引导下重拾信心，最终走上科研道路。 17．考查名词。句意：在高二的时候，我发现自己正处在一个关键的抉择节点。A. point点；B. revolution革命；C. crossroads十字路口，关键抉择点；D. risk风险。根据后文“I loved science, but I struggled with self-doubt and often ______ whether I could pursue it as a career”可知，作者热爱科学却深陷自我怀疑，常常疑惑自己能否将它作为职业追求，此时作者正处于人生中需要决定未来方向的关键节点。 18．考查动词。句意：我热爱科学，但我深陷自我怀疑，常常疑惑自己能否将它作为职业追求。A. questioned质疑，疑惑；B. realized意识到；C. assumed假定；D. ignored忽视。根据前文“self-doubt”和后文“whether I could pursue it as a career”可知，作者深陷自我怀疑，时常对自己选择科学作为职业的可能性抱有不确定的疑惑。 19．考查名词。句意：我的化学老师帕特尔先生注意到了我的困境，主动承担起引导我的责任。A. absence缺席；B. intelligence智力；C. depression沮丧；D. obstacle障碍、困境。根据前文“I loved science, but I struggled with self-doubt and often ______ whether I could pursue it as a career”可知，作者因自我怀疑，在追求科学的道路上遇到了难以突破的阻碍，这里指老师察觉到了作者当下正面临的成长困境。 20．考查名词。句意：“我看到了你身上隐藏的潜力，”他带着鼓励的语气说。A. potential潜力；B. dream梦想；C. expectation期待；D. responsibility责任。根据后文“he said with encouragement”和“Let’s explore it together”可知，老师带作者做实验，发掘能力，说明老师看到他的潜力。 21．考查形容词。句意：我很意外但又满心兴奋。A. terrified恐惧的；B. ashamed羞愧的；C. excited兴奋的；D. embarrassed尴尬的。根据前文“Let’s explore it together”可知，原本一直陷在自我否定里的我，突然得到老师给出的专属引导、一同探索实验的机会，错愕之余内心是充满雀跃的兴奋感的。 22．考查名词。句意：每一次相处都充满了新鲜的探索发现，我发现自己被化学的奇妙之处深深吸引。A. humor幽默；B. discovery探索发现；C. secret秘密；D. confusion困惑。根据前文“He introduced me to various experiments and encouraged me to ask questions. Each session was filled with”可知，老师带作者接触各类新奇的化学实验，过程中不断解锁此前从未了解过的知识，每一次相处都充满了全新的探索发现。 23．考查动词。句意：每一次相处都充满了新鲜的探索发现，我发现自己被化学的奇妙之处深深吸引。A. disturbed打扰；B. trapped困住；C. defeated击败；D. fascinated深深吸引。根据后文“by the wonders of chemistry”可知，在一次次亲手操作实验、见证化学神奇现象的过程中，作者彻底被这个充满未知的学科世界牢牢吸引。 24．考查名词。句意：帕特尔先生还分享了许多在取得成功前曾直面诸多挑战的科学家的故事。A. fortunes财富；B. challenges挑战；C. opportunities机会；D. rewards回报。根据后文“before achieving success”可知，科学家在最终取得成就之前，都经历过困难与挑战。 25．考查动词。句意：他着重强调，毅力和天赋在通往成功的路上是同等重要的。A. emphasized强调；B. predicted预测；C. imagined想象；D. complained抱怨。根据前文“Mr. Patel also shared stories of scientists who faced ______ before achieving success”和后文“that perseverance is just as important as talent”可知，老师分享这些科学家的亲身经历，核心目的就是为了向作者着重说明坚持的意义，帮作者打消内心的自我怀疑。 26．考查动词。句意：随着这一整个学年的时光逐步向前推移，帕特尔先生鼓励我报名参加一场科学竞赛。A. approached接近；B. repeated重复；C. interrupted打断；D. progressed推进、流逝。根据前文“As the year”可知，在一同做实验、交流的过程中，时间不断向前走，一整个高二学年的时光也逐步推进。 27．考查动词短语。句意：我犹豫了，担心自己的表现无法达到他对我的期待。A. measure up to达到，不辜负；B. look up to敬仰；C. face up to勇敢面对；D. catch up with赶上。根据前文“Mr. Patel encouraged me to enter a science fair. I hesitated, fearing I wouldn’t”和后文“his expectation”可知，此前一直陷在自我否定里的作者，始终不敢相信自己能做好科学项目，害怕最终的成果根本配不上、达不到老师对自己的期待。 28．考查副词。句意：竞赛当天，我紧张地站在我的展品旁边，但他此前给我的支持给了我完整展示作品的勇气。A. proudly骄傲地；B. nervously紧张地；C. casually随意地；D. curiously好奇地。根据前文“The day of the fair”和后文“beside my display, but his support gave me the courage to present my work”可知，站上正式的科学竞赛舞台，在面对评委和观众前，难免会感到忐忑不安，整个人都处于紧张的状态里。而且老师的支持给予作者勇气，说明一开始作者很紧张。 29．考查名词。句意：我意识到他对我的信任给我的成长带来了至关重要的改变和影响。A. difference作用、影响；B. effort努力；C. record记录；D. promise承诺。根据前文“his support gave me the courage to present my work. To my surprise, I won first place! I realized that his belief in me had made all the”可知，正是老师从始至终的信任，才让作者最终突破自我拿到了竞赛的一等奖。固定搭配make all the difference，意思是“产生重大影响”。 30．考查动词。句意：如今我在可持续发展相关的领域工作，常常会回想起帕特尔先生当年给我的那份鼓励。A. capture捕捉；B. support支持；C. recall想起、回忆起；D. invest投资。根据前文“Today, I work in a field dedicated to sustainability”和后文“Mr. Patel’s encouragement”可知，作者现在工作了，常常回想起老师当年的鼓励。 31．考查名词。句意：我立志成为年轻一代的导师，就像当年他对我做的那样，提醒每一个孩子，他们的梦想完全是触手可及的。A. reach可触及的；B. control掌控；C. possibility可能性；D. discussion讨论。根据前文“I aim to be a mentor (导师) for the younger generation, just as he was for me, reminding them that their dreams are within”可知，作者想把当年从老师那里得到的力量传递下去，告诉年轻人只要敢尝试，梦想从来都不是遥不可及的。固定搭配within reach意思是“触手可及，能够实现”。 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Tea, one of the most vital (重要的) traditional symbols of China, has a history of more than 4,000 years. It is widely acknowledged (公认) that tea drinking, originating in China, 32 (become) an essential part of Chinese people’s daily life so far. In ancient times, tea was firstly used as a kind of medicine for its mild healing effect. Gradually, it developed into a popular daily drink. There are six major categories (种类) of Chinese tea, 33 (include) green tea, black tea and oolong tea. Each type has its unique taste and cultural value. What makes Chinese tea culture special is 34 it focuses on harmony and peace. Drinking tea is not merely a way 35 (refresh) the body, but also a spiritual practice to calm the mind. In traditional Chinese etiquette (礼仪), serving tea to guests is one of the most sincere ways to show respect 36 hospitality (好客). Nowadays, Chinese tea culture 37 (spread) across the world steadily (稳定地). More foreigners are fascinated by the elegant tea ceremony and peaceful lifestyle behind it. Many tea houses have been built overseas, making Chinese traditional culture 38 (access) to global audiences. Experts believe that tea culture is 39 precious treasure of China. It carries the nation’s wisdom and values. As young generations, we should inherit (传承) and promote it, so that this time-honored tradition can shine 40 (bright) in the modern world and continue to bridge the cultural gap 41 different countries. 【答案】 32．has become 33．including 34．that 35．to refresh 36．and 37．is spreading 38．accessible 39．a 40．brightly 41．between 【解析】文章介绍了中国茶文化的悠久历史、精神内涵及其在当代的传播，呼吁年轻一代传承并弘扬这一传统。 32．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：人们普遍认为，起源于中国的饮茶，迄今为止已成为中国人日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。become(成为)是谓语动词，与主语tea drinking之间是主动关系；结合时间状语so far可知，动作从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时；主语是不可数名词，谓语用单数形式has become。 33．考查介词。句意：中国茶有六大类，包括绿茶、红茶和乌龙茶。此处作补充说明，用介词including构成介词短语作后置定语，意为“包括”。 34．考查表语从句。句意：中国茶文化的特别之处在于它注重和谐与平和。此处引导表语从句，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，应用连接词that引导该从句。 35．考查非谓语动词。句意：喝茶不仅仅是提神醒脑的一种方式，更是一种静心的精神修行。此处作后置定语，refresh(使恢复精神)用非谓语形式，且名词way后常用不定式作后置定语，表示“做……的一种方式”。 36．考查连词。句意：在中国传统礼仪中，为客人奉茶是表达尊重和好客最真诚的方式之一。respect和hospitality为并列的宾语，应用并列连词and连接。 37．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：如今，中国茶文化正在稳步传播到世界各地。spread(传播)是谓语动词，与主语Chinese tea culture之间是主动关系；结合时间状语Nowadays可知，描述当前正在发生的情况，应用现在进行时；主语是不可数名词，谓语用单数形式is spreading。 38．考查形容词。句意：许多茶馆在海外建立，使中国传统文化为全球受众所接触。此处为“make+宾语+宾补”结构，提示词作宾语补足语，用形容词形式accessible，意为“可接触的”，表明其逻辑主语Chinese traditional culture的性质。 39．考查冠词。句意：专家认为茶文化是中国的珍贵财富。treasure为可数名词单数，此处表示“一份珍贵财富”，泛指，且precious发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。 40．考查副词。句意：作为年轻一代，我们应当传承并弘扬它，让这一历史悠久的传统能在现代世界绽放耀眼光芒，并继续搭建起不同国家之间文化沟通的桥梁。提示词bright(明亮的)在句中修饰动词shine，应用副词形式brightly(明亮地)作状语。 41．考查介词。句意：作为年轻一代，我们应当传承并弘扬它，让这一历史悠久的传统能在现代世界绽放耀眼光芒，并继续搭建起不同国家之间文化沟通的桥梁。此处表示“不同国家之间的”，应用介词between。 四、应用文写作 假定你是李华，正在英国学习。你校校园图书馆计划增设功能区域，就是否设立“小组讨论区”向学生征求意见，请你给图书馆负责人Mr.Smith写一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 你的观点和理由 2. 你的建议。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Smith, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】 Dear Mr. Smith, I’m writing to voice my opinion on whether a group discussion area should be added to our school library. I firmly support the idea. A special discussion zone can keep noisy group talks away from quiet reading areas, protecting other readers from disturbance. Besides, it offers students a convenient place to exchange ideas and work on group projects. I have a small suggestion. Please set up some whiteboards and tables in this area. Also, rules should be made to limit speaking volume so that discussions won’t get too loud. Yours, Li Hua 【解析】校园图书馆计划增设功能区域，就是否设立“小组讨论区”向学生征求意见，要求考生以李华的名义给图书馆负责人Mr.Smith写一封邮件，陈述自己的观点和理由，以及建议。 1.词汇积累 表达：voice → convey/put forward 支持：support → approve of/back 限制：limit → restrict 观点：opinion → perspective 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Besides, it offers students a convenient place to exchange ideas and work on group projects. 拓展句：Besides, it offers students a convenient place, where they can exchange ideas and work on group projects. 【高分句型1】I’m writing to voice my opinion on whether a group discussion area should be added to our school library.（运用了whether引导的宾语从句） 【高分句型2】A special discussion zone can keep noisy group talks away from quiet reading areas, protecting other readers from disturbance.（运用了现在分词作状语） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 句子成分、句子结构、特殊句式 【析】学考考查要点|【汇】知识清单盘点|【研】核心专题精讲|【练】巩固提升训练 —— 目 录 —— 析|学考考查要点 汇|知识清单盘点 研|核心专题精讲 知识点一 句子成分 知识点二 句子结构 知识点三 特殊句式（倒装句、省略句、强调句、反意疑问句、there be句型等） 练|巩固提升训练 英语的句子成分 英语的句子种类 特殊句式 一、句子成分（Sentence Components） 句子成分是分析一切英语句子的“工具包”。本部分依次讲解八大成分的定义、充当形式、用法规则与高考考点，并用表格归纳易混点。 （一）句子成分总览 【核心概念】句子成分是句子中承担特定语法功能的组成单位。英语句子以“主语＋谓语”为主干，其余成分围绕主干展开，共同构成完整的表达。 【分类解析】英语句子成分共有八类：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。 表2　八大句子成分总览 成分 功能 常见充当形式 示例 主语 句子的陈述对象，回答“谁/什么” 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句 To learn English takes time. 谓语 主语的动作或状态 实义动词、系动词、情态/助动词＋动词 The sun rises in the east. 宾语 动作的承受者或对象 名词、代词宾格、不定式、动名词、从句 I like music. 表语 主语的身份、性质、状态 名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句 The idea sounds great. 定语 修饰名词或代词 形容词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句 the man in black 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句 副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句 He runs very fast. 补足语 补充说明主语或宾语 名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语 We made him monitor. 同位语 解释说明名词 名词、代词、数词、从句 My friend Tom is a doctor. 【用法规则】分析句子时先划出主干（主语＋谓语），再逐层剥离定语、状语、同位语等修饰成分；谓语动词的形式受主语和时态语态制约，句中再出现动词须用非谓语形式。 【例句】 The news that our team won made everyone excited.（that 引导同位语从句，补充说明 news） Deeply moved by the story, the girl cried.（过去分词短语作状语） （二）主语 【核心概念】主语是句子的陈述对象，说明句子谈论的是“谁”或“什么”，一般位于句首。 【分类解析】可充当主语的词、短语和从句： 表3　主语常见充当形式 充当形式 示例 名词 The sun rises in the east. 代词 She speaks English very well. 数词 Two and five is seven. 不定式 To see is to believe. 动名词 Swimming is good for health. 主语从句 What he said was true. 名词化的形容词 The young should respect the old. 【用法规则】1. 主谓一致：谓语动词的人称和数与主语保持一致；动名词、不定式、主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2. 形式主语 it：不定式、动名词、从句作主语过长时，用 it 作形式主语，把真正主语后置。3. 高频句型：It is + adj./n. + to do / doing / that 从句；It takes sb some time to do sth；It is said/reported that…。 【例句】 It is important for us to learn English well.（it 作形式主语，不定式为真正主语） It is no use crying over spilt milk.（it 作形式主语，动名词为真正主语） It is certain that he will succeed.（it 作形式主语，that 从句为真正主语） （三）谓语 【核心概念】谓语说明主语所做的动作或所具有的状态，由动词（短语）充当，是句子的核心，决定句子的时态、语态和语气。 【分类解析】 表4　谓语动词类型 谓语类型 构成 示例 实义动词 及物或不及物动词 They work hard. 系动词＋表语 be、感官类、变化类等 She looks happy. 情态动词＋动词原形 can, may, must, should 等 You must finish it today. 助动词＋实义动词 do/does/did、will、have 等 He has finished his homework. 【用法规则】1. 一个简单句只有一个谓语动词；再出现动词时须转化为非谓语（doing/done/to do）或引导从句——这是语法填空和短文改错的核心考法。2. 谓语动词必须同时体现时态、语态和主谓一致三要素。3. 并列谓语用 and、but、or 连接，前后时态保持一致。 【例句】 He works in a hospital and lives near his office.（并列谓语） The bridge built last year is widely used.（built 为非谓语作定语，句中谓语只有 is） （四）宾语 【核心概念】宾语表示动作的承受者或对象，位于及物动词或介词之后。 【分类解析】 表5　宾语分类 类别 说明 示例 直接宾语 动作的承受者 He gave me a book.（book 为直接宾语） 间接宾语 动作的对象，表“给谁” He gave me a book.（me 为间接宾语） 介词宾语 介词后的名词、代词、动名词 She is good at drawing. 形式宾语 it 代替后置的不定式/从句 I find it easy to learn English. 常见双宾语动词：give, send, bring, tell, show, buy, make, ask, pass, lend 等。双宾语两种语序：give sb sth = give sth to sb；buy sb sth = buy sth for sb。 【用法规则】1. 介词后接动词须用动名词（介词＋doing）。2. 动词后接不定式还是动名词是高频考点：want/decide/hope/agree＋to do；enjoy/finish/keep/mind＋doing；forget/remember/stop/try 后接两种形式意义不同。3. 形式宾语：find/think/make/consider＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do 或 that 从句。 【例句】 Please pass the salt to me.（= pass me the salt，双宾语） He suggested going there by train.（suggest＋动名词） I find it necessary to get up early.（it 为形式宾语） （五）表语 【核心概念】表语说明主语的身份、性质、特征或状态，位于系动词之后，与系动词共同构成“主系表”结构。 【分类解析】常见系动词： 表6　常见系动词分类 类别 系动词 be 动词 is, am, are, was, were 持续类 keep, stay, remain 感官类 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 变化类 become, get, turn, grow, go, fall 表象类 seem, appear, prove 表语可由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、表语从句充当。 【用法规则】1. 系动词后接形容词作表语，不接副词：He feels happy.（不用 happily）2. 感官类系动词主动形式表被动含义，常用主动语态：The dish tastes delicious.（无被动形式）3. 表语从句高频结构：The reason is that…；That is why/because…。 【例句】 The leaves turn yellow in autumn.（变化类系动词） Her job is to look after the children.（不定式作表语） The question is whether we can finish it on time.（表语从句） （六）定语 【核心概念】定语用来修饰、限定名词或代词，说明其性质、特征、所属等。 【分类解析】按位置分为前置定语与后置定语： 表7　定语位置与常见形式 位置 常见形式 示例 前置定语 形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、动名词 a sleeping bag（睡袋）；a five-year-old boy 后置定语 介词短语、不定式、分词短语、定语从句、修饰不定代词的形容词 the girl in red；something important；the man standing there 【用法规则】1. 单个分词作定语常前置，分词短语作定语后置；现在分词表“主动、进行”，过去分词表“被动、完成”。2. 形容词修饰不定代词（something, anything, nothing, everything）时后置。3. 定语从句引导词的选择（关系代词/关系副词）是高考最高频语法考点之一，详见第三节。 【例句】 The excited audience stood up.（单个过去分词前置） I have a lot of work to do today.（不定式后置作定语） The boy standing under the tree is my brother.（现在分词短语后置） （七）状语 【核心概念】状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度、让步、比较、伴随等。 【分类解析】 表8　状语类型与常见形式 类型 常见形式/引导词 示例 时间 at, in, on, before, after, when, while He came at noon. 地点 in, on, at, under, where She lives in Beijing. 原因 because, since, as, because of He was late because of the rain. 目的 to do, in order to, so that He got up early to catch the bus. 结果 so…that, such…that, enough to He was so tired that he fell asleep. 条件 if, unless, in case, as long as If it rains, we'll stay at home. 方式 by, with, in a…way, as He goes to school by bike. 程度 very, quite, too, almost, hardly The task is too hard for me. 让步 though, although, even if Though he is young, he is brave. 比较 than, as…as, the＋比较级 She is as tall as her mother. 伴随 分词短语、with 复合结构 He sat there, reading a book. 【用法规则】1. 多个状语的排列顺序：动词后一般按“方式→地点→时间”排列。2. 不定式作目的状语、分词作状语是高频考点；分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。3. with 复合结构（with＋宾语＋宾补）可作伴随状语或定语。 【例句】 To improve my spoken English, I practise every day.（不定式作目的状语） Compared with last year, our sales have increased a lot.（过去分词短语作状语） With the lights on, the street looks beautiful.（with 复合结构作伴随状语） （八）宾语补足语 【核心概念】部分及物动词后接宾语后意义仍不完整，需要另一成分补充说明宾语，该成分即宾语补足语。宾语＋宾语补足语合称“复合宾语”，二者存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 【分类解析】 表9　宾语补足语常见形式 补语形式 常用动词 示例 名词 make, call, name, elect, find We call him Tom. 形容词 keep, make, find, paint, leave Keep the door open. 带 to 不定式 ask, tell, want, allow, expect He asked me to help him. 不带 to 不定式 make, let, have, see, watch, hear I saw him enter the room. 现在分词 see, watch, hear, find, notice I heard her singing. 过去分词 have, get, make, see, hear I had my bike repaired. 介词短语 keep, find, leave, make He found the dog in the garden. 【用法规则】1. 感官动词和使役动词（see, watch, hear, make, let, have）后接不带 to 的不定式作宾补；变为被动语态时须补回 to：He was seen to enter the room. 2. 现在分词表“主动、进行”，过去分词表“被动、完成”：I heard her singing. / I heard the song sung. 3. have sb do（让某人做某事）、have sb doing（使某人一直做）、have sth done（使某事被完成/遭遇某事）三义辨析。 【例句】 The teacher made the students repeat the sentence.（不带 to 不定式） We found the room crowded with people.（形容词作宾补） She had her hair cut yesterday.（过去分词作宾补） （九）同位语 【核心概念】同位语对其前的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与被说明的词指代同一人或事物。 【分类解析】 表10　同位语常见形式 形式 示例 名词短语 My friend Tom is a doctor. 代词 We students should study hard. 数词 We two went together. 同位语从句 The news that he won made us happy. 【用法规则】1. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分：同位语从句说明内容，that 在从句中不作成分；定语从句修饰限定，关系词在从句中必须作成分。2. 常接同位语从句的名词：fact, news, idea, hope, suggestion, opinion, belief, promise, truth 等。3. 表建议、命令、要求的名词（suggestion, advice, order, request）后的同位语从句用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形）。 【例句】 The fact that the earth goes around the sun is known to all.（同位语从句） I have no idea when she will arrive.（when 引导同位语从句） The suggestion that we (should) start at once was accepted.（虚拟语气同位语从句） 二、句子结构（Sentence Structures） 句子结构解决“句子由几部分组成、各部分组成什么关系”的问题。本部分先讲三种句子的分类，再重点突破简单句五种基本句型、并列句和三大从句。 （一）句子结构总览 【核心概念】按结构划分，英语句子分为简单句、并列句、复合句三类。 表12　英语句子结构分类 类型 结构 特点 简单句 一个主语＋一个谓语 只有一个主谓结构 并列句 简单句＋并列连词＋简单句 两个或以上平等的主谓结构 复合句 主句＋从句 从句在主句中充当句子成分 【用法规则】判断句子类型的标志：句中是否出现并列连词（并列句）或引导词（复合句）；两者都没有则为简单句。 【例句】 I like music.（简单句） I like music, but my sister likes dancing.（并列句） I like music that makes me relaxed.（复合句，that 引导定语从句） （二）简单句的五种基本句型 【核心概念】简单句无论多长，都建立在五种基本句型之上，其他成分只是对基本句型的扩展。 表13　简单句五种基本句型 句型 结构 示例 主谓 S＋V Time flies. 主谓宾 S＋V＋O We love peace. 主系表 S＋V＋P He is a doctor. 主谓双宾 S＋V＋IO＋DO He gave me a book. 主谓宾宾补 S＋V＋O＋OC We made him monitor. 【用法规则】1. 分析长难句的第一步：找谓语动词，再按动词的及物性判断属于哪种基本句型。2. 双宾语动词（give, lend, pass, send, buy）与宾语补足语动词（make, call, keep, find）不能混淆。3. 基本句型＋定语、状语、同位语等修饰成分＝复杂句；写作中通过扩展修饰成分提升句式多样性。 【例句】 The teacher told us an interesting story yesterday.（S＋V＋IO＋DO，加时间状语） The news made all of us very excited.（S＋V＋O＋OC，加定语） （三）并列句 【核心概念】由并列连词把两个或两个以上意义相关、结构平行的分句连接而成的句子叫并列句。 表14　并列连词分类 类别 常用连词 示例 联合 and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor He is young and strong. 转折 but, yet, however, while He is poor but honest. 选择 or, either…or, otherwise Hurry up, or you'll be late. 因果 so, for, therefore It rained, so we stayed at home. 【用法规则】1. 并列连词不能省略；逗号不能直接连接两个独立分句（“逗号连接错误”是短文改错高频考点）。2. 平行结构：and、or、but 连接的两部分结构需保持一致。3. not only…but also、either…or、neither…nor 连接并列主语时，谓语遵循“就近原则”。 【例句】 Not only the students but also the teacher was moved.（就近原则，谓语与 teacher 一致） He works hard, yet he still makes little progress.（转折并列） （四）复合句 复合句由一个主句加一个或一个以上从句构成，从句在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分。 1. 名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句） 【核心概念】在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句，按从句在句中的位置分为四类。 表15　名词性从句引导词 引导词 在从句中的作用 示例 that 不作成分，无实义（宾语从句中可省略） I think (that) he is right. whether/if 不作成分，表“是否” I don't know whether he will come. what/which/who/whom/whose 连接代词，作主/宾/表/定语 What he said was true. when/where/why/how 连接副词，作状语 I don't know where he lives. whatever/whoever/whichever 复合连接代词，作成分 Whoever comes will be welcome. 【用法规则】1. 判断方法：从句在主句中作什么成分，就是什么从句。2. that 与 what 的区分是最高频考点：that 不作成分、无意义；what 作成分，表“……的东西/事情”。3. whether 与 if：介词后、or not 直接跟在后面、主语从句和表语从句中只用 whether。4. 宾语从句用陈述语序，并注意时态呼应（主句过去时，从句用相应过去时；客观真理除外）。5. 主语从句常用 it 作形式主语：It is certain that he will succeed. 6. 表语从句高频结构：The reason is that…（不用 because）；That is why/because…。 【例句】 It is reported that many people lost their jobs.（it 作形式主语，that 引导主语从句） The problem is whether we can get enough money.（whether 引导表语从句） Do you remember what the teacher said?（what 引导宾语从句，作 said 的宾语） 2. 定语从句 【核心概念】在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的词叫先行词，连接主句与从句的词叫关系词。 表16　定语从句关系词 关系词 先行词 在从句中的成分 who/whom 人 主语/宾语 whose 人或物 定语 which 物 主语/宾语 that 人或物 主语/宾语（限制性从句） as 人或物、整个主句 主语/宾语/表语 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why reason 原因状语 【用法规则】1. 关系代词作宾语可省略，作主语不可省略。2. 只用 that 不用 which/who：先行词是不定代词（all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little）；先行词被序数词、最高级、only、very、no、the same 等修饰；先行词既有人又有物。3. 只用 which/who 不用 that：非限制性定语从句；介词＋关系代词（in which, for which, with whom 等）。4. 判断用关系代词还是关系副词：从句缺主语或宾语→用关系代词；从句成分完整、缺状语→用关系副词。5. as 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，常构成 as is known to all, as we can see 等固定结构；as 从句可置于句首，which 不能。 【例句】 This is the book (that/which) I bought yesterday.（关系代词作宾语，可省略） The man who is talking with our teacher is my uncle.（who 作主语，不可省略） I still remember the day when we first met.（when 作时间状语） As is known to all, the earth is round.（as 指代整个主句） 3. 状语从句 【核心概念】在复合句中充当状语的从句叫状语从句，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。 表17　状语从句常用连词 类型 常用连词 时间 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as, the moment, hardly…when, no sooner…than 地点 where, wherever 原因 because, since, as, now that 目的 so that, in order that 结果 so…that, such…that 条件 if, unless, as long as, in case, once, provided that 让步 although, though, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter＋疑问词, while 比较 than, as…as, not so…as, the＋比较级…, the＋比较级… 方式 as, as if, as though 【用法规则】1. 主将从现：时间、条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来（if, when, until, as soon as, unless 等）。2. although/though 不与 but 连用，但可与 yet/still 连用；because 不与 so 连用（改错高频考点）。3. not…until…：主句用延续性动词时用肯定句（He waited until 10.）；用短暂性动词时用否定句（He didn't leave until 10.）。4. so…that 与 such…that：so＋adj./adv.＋that；such＋n.＋that；such a/an＋adj.＋n.＋that＝so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＋that。5. 让步状语从句可用 as/though 倒装结构（详见第四节）。 【例句】 If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the picnic.（主将从现） Although he is old, he still works hard.（although 与 still 连用，不与 but 连用） He got up so early that he caught the first bus.（结果状语从句） 三、特殊句式（Special Sentence Patterns） 特殊句式是高考语法中规律性最强、提分见效最快的一类考点，主要包括倒装句、强调句、there be 句型、省略句和反意疑问句。 （一）倒装句 【核心概念】为强调、衔接或平衡句子，把谓语的全部或部分放到主语之前，称为倒装。谓语全部提前叫完全倒装，只提前助动词/情态动词/be 叫部分倒装。 1. 完全倒装 表18　完全倒装触发条件 触发条件 示例 here/there/now/then＋不及物动词＋名词主语 Here comes the bus. 地点副词或介词短语置于句首 In front of the house stands a tall tree. 表语（形容词/分词/介词短语）前置 Present at the meeting were many experts. such 置于句首 Such is the fact. 注意：主语为代词时用正常语序——Here he comes.（不说 Here comes he.） 2. 部分倒装 表19　部分倒装触发条件 触发条件 示例 否定副词/短语置于句首：never, hardly, seldom, little, not, no, nowhere, not only…but also, no sooner…than, hardly…when, not until Never have I seen such a film. only＋状语置于句首 Only in this way can we solve the problem. so/neither/nor 表“也/也不” He likes English, and so do I. / I can't swim, neither can she. so/such…that 中 so/such 置于句首 So fast did he run that nobody could catch him. 虚拟条件句省略 if（had/were/should 提前） Were I you, I would accept the invitation. as/though 引导让步从句（表语/动词/副词提前） Young as he is, he knows a lot. may 表祝愿 May you succeed! 【用法规则】1. 部分倒装只把助动词、情态动词或 be 提前；实义动词需借助 do/does/did 提前（Never did he say that.）。2. not until 置于句首，主句倒装、从句不倒装；not only…but also 中只 not only 部分倒装；only＋状语从句时主句倒装、从句不倒装。3. 完全倒装中，谓语须是不及物动词，主语必须是名词。 【例句】 Not until he came back did we leave.（主句倒装） Only when he explained did I understand.（only＋状语从句，主句倒装） Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.（hardly…when，前句倒装） （二）强调句 【核心概念】强调句型 It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其余部分，用来突出主语、宾语或状语（不能强调谓语）。 表20　强调句结构 被强调成分 结构要点 示例 主语 指人可用 who/that It was Tom who broke the window. 宾语 用 that It was the window that Tom broke. 时间/地点状语 一律用 that（不用 when/where） It was yesterday that he came. not…until 结构 It is/was not until…that…（that 后主句不倒装） It was not until midnight that he came back. 【用法规则】1. 判断强调句的“删除法”：去掉 It is/was…that/who 后，剩余部分仍是完整句子，即为强调句。2. 强调句与主语从句、定语从句的区分：主语从句中 that 后是句子作主语，删除框架后不完整；定语从句中 that 前有先行词。3. 强调句的时态用 is/was，与被强调部分无关，与主句动作时间一致。4. 强调句的疑问形式：Was it you that/who broke the window? 【例句】 It was in the park that we met each other.（强调地点状语，用 that） It was because he was ill that he didn't come.（强调原因状语从句） It was not until the exam began that he realized his mistake.（not until 强调句） （三）there be 句型 【核心概念】there be 句型表示“某时/某地存在某人或某物”。there 是引导词无实义，be 动词与后面第一个名词保持数的一致。 表21　there be 句型常见形式 形式 结构 示例 一般现在/过去 there is/are；there was/were There are 50 students in our class. 一般将来 there will be；there is/are going to be There will be a meeting tomorrow. 现在完成 there has/have been There have been great changes since then. 情态动词 there must/may/can be There must be something wrong with the machine. 就近原则 be 与最近的名词一致 There is a pen and two books on the desk. there be＋非谓语 there be＋doing/to do There is a man waiting outside. 【用法规则】1. there be 与 have 不能同时使用（改错：There are many students have bikes. → 改为 who have 或删去 are）。2. 除 be 外，there 后还可接 live, stand, lie, exist, seem 等表存在的动词。3. there be 句型可与情态动词、时态灵活组合，是写作高频句型。 【例句】 There used to be a small temple on the hill.（there used to be） There is no point in arguing with him.（there is no point in doing sth） There stands a tall tower by the river.（there＋stand） （四）省略句 【核心概念】在不影响句意的前提下省略句中某些成分，使表达简洁，称为省略。 表22　省略句常见类型 省略类型 规则 示例 并列句省略 省略与前文相同的成分 He can't come, but I can (come). 不定式省略 保留 to，省略其后重复的动词 —Would you like to go? —Yes, I'd love to. 状语从句省略 从句主语与主句一致且含 be 时，省略“主语＋be” While (I was) walking home, I met an old friend. 虚拟条件句省略 if 省略，had/were/should 提前 Had I known the news, I would have told you. 宾语从句 that 动词后 that 常省略 I think (that) he is right. 祈使句 常省略主语 you (You) Be careful! 【用法规则】1. 状语从句“主语＋be”省略后，分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。2. 不定式省略结构：I'd love to.（to 后不加 go）；have to、be going to、used to 的 to 后省略与前面重复的动词。 【例句】 If (it is) possible, I will come to see you.（条件状语从句省略） The doctor asked him to stay in bed, but he refused to.（不定式省略） （五）反意疑问句 【核心概念】反意疑问句由“陈述句＋简短问句”构成，遵循“前肯后否、前否后肯”的原则。 表23　反意疑问句常见规则 情况 规则 示例 一般情况 助动词/情态动词＋主语代词 He is a teacher, isn't he? 含否定词 never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nothing 视为否定 He never comes late, does he? 祈使句 用 will you；Let's 开头用 shall we Open the door, will you? there be 句 用 there 反问 There is a book on the desk, isn't there? 含 must must 表“必须”用 mustn't；表推测按动词时态反问 You must leave now, mustn't you? 主从复合句 一般与主句一致 He said he would come, didn't he? 【用法规则】回答按事实回答：Yes 后接肯定事实，No 后接否定事实；“前否后肯”问句的答语易错———You didn't go, did you? —No, I didn't.（是的，我没去。） 【例句】 She has never been abroad, has she?（never 视为否定，前否后肯） Let's go swimming, shall we?（Let's 用 shall we） 单项选择 1. Not until he went abroad ______ the importance of learning English. A. did he realize　　B. he realized　　C. he did realize　　D. had he realized 2. It was at the school gate ______ he met his old classmate. A. that　　B. where　　C. which　　D. when 3. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing　　B. Lost　　C. Having lost　　D. To lose 4. The teacher told us that light ______ faster than sound. A. travels　　B. traveled　　C. has traveled　　D. is traveling 5. If you ______ tomorrow, I'll go with you. A. come　　B. will come　　C. came　　D. comes 6. The reason ______ he was late for school was ______ he got up late. A. why; that　　B. that; why　　C. why; because　　D. which; that 7. ______ is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. A. It　　B. As　　C. That　　D. What 8. There ______ a number of books on the shelf, but only one of them ______ worth reading. A. are; is　　B. is; are　　C. are; are　　D. is; is 9. —I haven't seen the film. —______. A. So have I　　B. Neither have I　　C. So I have　　D. Neither I have 10. Only by working hard ______ succeed in the exam. A. we can　　B. can we　　C. we could　　D. could we 参考答案：1—5　A　A　B　A　A 6—10　A　B　A　B　B 答案解析： 原句：1. Not until he went abroad ______ the importance of learning English. 规律：not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒装；realize 是实义动词，需借助助动词 did 提前到主语之前。 答案：A（did he realize） 原句：2. It was at the school gate ______ he met his old classmate. 规律：本句为 It was…that 强调句型，强调地点状语 at the school gate；强调时间、地点状语时一律用 that，不用 when/where。 答案：A（that） 原句：3. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 规律：be lost in thought（陷入沉思）为固定搭配；过去分词短语 Lost in thought 作状语，其逻辑主语 he 与 lost 之间是被动关系，不用现在分词或不定式。 答案：B（Lost） 原句：4. The teacher told us that light ______ faster than sound. 规律：宾语从句陈述客观真理（光速大于声速）时，一律用一般现在时，不受主句过去时 told 的影响。 答案：A（travels） 原句：5. If you ______ tomorrow, I'll go with you. 规律：if 引导的条件状语从句遵循“主将从现”：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，不用 will come。 答案：A（come） 原句：6. The reason ______ he was late for school was ______ he got up late. 规律：第一空：先行词是 reason，定语从句缺状语，用 why；第二空：reason 作主语时表语从句用 that 说明原因本身，不用 because（because 不引导表语从句）。 答案：A（why; that） 原句：7. ______ is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. 规律：as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，可置于句首；若用 It，应为 It is known to all that…（that 引导主语从句）。 答案：B（As） 原句：8. There ______ a number of books on the shelf, but only one of them ______ worth reading. 规律：a number of＋复数名词作主语，谓语用复数 are；only one of them 作主语时中心词是 one，谓语用单数 is。 答案：A（are; is） 原句：9. —I haven't seen the film. —______. 规律：否定情况表示“我也不……”，用 neither/nor＋助动词＋主语的部分倒装结构；前句用 haven't，后句用 Neither have I。 答案：B（Neither have I） 原句：10. Only by working hard ______ succeed in the exam. 规律：only＋介词短语置于句首时，主句部分倒装；句子表示一般现在时的一般性事实，用 can we，不用 could。 答案：B（can we） 1．My grandma is used to living in the country. ________ A．So did my grandpa. B．So is my grandpa. C．So my grandpa did. D．So my grandpa is. 2．Mary never does any reading in the evening, ________. A．so does John B．John does neither C．John does too D．nor does John 3．Only when we work together __________. A．we can get better grades B．we should achieve our dreams C．can we solve the problem D．we need to improve ourselves 4．—I’d love to go hiking with you, but I have much homework to do. —If you don’t go, ________. A．so do I B．nor will I C．so will I D．neither am I 5．—The film Venom sounds a little scary and I don’t want to watch it. —________. Let’s choose another one. A．So do I B．Neither do I C．So I do D．Neither I do 6．Not only________ contribute to environmental protection, but it also helps save energy for future generations. A．does recycling B．recycling does C．recycling can D．can recycling 7．—I wasn’t afraid of dogs. —________ we. A．Neither did B．So were C．Nor are D．Nor were 8．—My brother can’t swim. —________ But I’m taking lessons now. A．So can I. B．Neither can I. C．So I can. D．Neither I can. 9．—I really like watching science fiction movies. —________ They are so exciting. A．So do I. B．Neither do I. C．So I do. D．Neither I do. 10．—My grandma is used to living in the city. —________. A．So my grandpa is B．So is my grandpa C．So my grandpa did D．So my grandpa have 11．He doesn’t like playing basketball, ______ does his brother.​ A．so B．also C．nor D．either​ 12．— Zheng Qinwen is an excellent player! — ________. She is the hero in my heart. A．So is she B．Neither is she C．Neither she is D．So she is 13．It was because of his rich experience ________ he got the job. A．that B．why C．how D．what 14．________ yesterday afternoon that they completed the project? A．Was it B．It was C．Is it D．It is 15．It was not until she took off her stylish sunglasses, which she had bought last summer, ________ I finally recognized her as the famous actress who starred in that award-winning film. A．that B．when C．which D．where 16．It ________ in 2022 ________ Ulises led the Ecuador national football team to reach the World Cup finals. A．was; that B．is; that C．was; when D．is; when 17．__________ use cycle paths if you can when cycling. A．Must B．Should C．Can D．Do 18．—Walking and jogging are good for health. —________ and ________. A．So are they; so is riding B．So are they; so riding is C．So they are; so is riding D．So they are; so riding is 19．—In my opinion, Happy Rain on a Spring Night is a beautiful poem. —________. It shows Du Fu’s love for nature. A．So I do B．So do I C．So it is D．So is it 20．It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbors. A．who B．where C．which D．that 21．—I want to be a wildlife photographer and take pictures of animals in nature. —________ interesting! You can travel to many exciting places. A．It sound B．Sound C．That sound D．Sounds 22．When ________ during exercise, stop immediately and rest. A．tired B．tiring C．are tired D．are tiring 23．—What would you like to do with the wood? —________ a birdhouse. A．Make B．Making C．To make D．Made 24．Bill has two basketballs, but I ________. A．do B．don’t C．doesn’t D．does 25．—You’d better ask Mr. Wang for help when _________ problems. —I see, but I’m not sure when _________ time. A．you have; having B．having; he has C．to have; he has D．to have; having 训练 一、单项选择 1．Don’t ________ heart when you meet difficulties in training. A．lose your B．lose C．lost your D．lost 2．________ every small task seriously and keep trying even when meeting setbacks, and you will gradually realize your potential. A．Taking B．Take C．To take D．Taken 3．________ important information you have told us! A．What B．What an C．How D．How an 4．________ important news report you have given us! A．What B．What an C．How D．How an 5．On the top of the mountain ________ an old temple built hundreds of years ago. A．stand B．stands C．does stand D．standing 6．Hidden among the mountains ________ a small village that few tourists know about. A．is B．are C．was being D．have 7．On the wall ________ old yet treasured photographs of my grandfather, the second in our family ________ our country as a soldier. A．hangs; to have served B．hang; to serve C．is hanging; to be serving D．hanging; serving 8．Hardly ______ the boundary of the park when they saw a group of deer. A．they crossed B．they had crossed C．did they cross D．had they crossed 9．— I’m really looking forward to the school trip next week. — ________. I’ve been dreaming of it since last term. A．So am I B．So do I C．Neither am I D．Neither do I 10．Never ________ such a moving speech about the importance of protecting the environment. A．I have heard B．have I heard C．I heard D．did I heard 11．Only when we work together ________ overcome the difficulties ahead of us. A．we can B．can we C．we will D．will we 12．In all fields, particularly in the business world, when ________ properly, competition can bring benefits. A．managing B．to be managed C．managed D．having managed 13．—Will you go to the party? —Of course I will _________. A．if invited B．if having been invited C．if I was invited D．if to be invited 14．Individual talents, when ________ with effective teamwork, often lead to outstanding project outcomes. A．combined B．combining C．being combined D．to combine 15．When __________ behind, the little girl always cries for mum. A．leaving B．being left C．was left D．left 16．Who did the teacher ________ an article for the wall newspaper? A．has write B．have write C．has written D．have written 17．What I would like ______ now is ______ my bad habits and make up for my lost time. A．doing; to break B．to do; breaking C．doing; breaking D．to do; break 18．The boy wanted to play computer games, but his mother told him ________. A．not to B．not to do C．not do it D．do not to 19．—Was it in 2003 ______ the Chinese astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon? —Yes. We ______ be proud of it then. A．when; do B．that; do C．which; did D．that; did 20．I ________ my homework, but I left it ________at home. A．do finish; behind B．do finish; out C．did finish; out D．did finish; behind 21．It was not until the contract was checked carefully that ________ the payment. A．did he make B．would he make C．he has made D．he made 22．It is his courage ________ helps him pull through the hard time. A．which B．what C．that D．where 23．Jordan’s physical abilities were ________, but it was his mental strength ________ helped him overcome repeated failures. A．remarkable; that B．remaining; that C．impressed; which D．extraordinary; which 24．It was because of the heavy rain ________ the football match had to be cancelled yesterday afternoon. A．why B．which C．that D．what 25．It is the concerns ranging from costs to the maintenance of the elevator __________ have created discord (不和) in communities and prevented further efforts to install elevators in the buildings. A．which B．that C．they D．who 26．What prize ________ in the following competition? A．do you think you will get B．do you expect will you get C．do you think you have got D．do you expect have you got 27．________ is an urgent need to arrange more medical workers to work on night ________ so that the hospital can offer patients round-the-clock medical care. A．There; shifts B．It; shifts C．There; charges D．It; charges 28．__________ is no possibility __________ Bob can win the first prize in the match. A．There… that B．It… that C．There… whether D．It… whether 29．______ seems to be some misunderstanding between the author and the ice-cream seller caused by the confusing way ______ Mexicans tell time. A．It; / B．It; which C．There; / D．There; how 30．There_____ two expert doctors _____the wounded solider. A．is said to be; attending to B．are said to be; attending on C．saying; to attend to D．to say to have; to attend on 31．— Listen！There’s a strange noise over there. —There _______ some dangerous animals , let’s run away！ A．will be B．could have C．will have D．might be 32．There ________ better social welfare for everyone in the future. A．be going to have B．will have C．is going to have D．will be 33．________ no bus available, we had to walk home in the rain. A．There was B．Being C．There being D．Having 34．________ no cause for alarm, the old man returned calmly to his room. A．Being B．There was C．Having D．There being 35．Lindsay wanted ________ a chance to improve her spoken English. A．there was B．there to be C．there being D．there is 二、翻译 36．时刻远离湍急水流。（汉译英） _____________________________________________________ 37．他们是多么用功的学生啊! (汉译英) _______________________________________________________ 38．同等重要的是确立明确的目标。（完全倒装）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 39．只有在真正参与创作后，参观者才能理解这件作品的特别之处。(only 倒装)(汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 40．课堂听讲的时候记笔记是很有帮助的。(it be + adj. to do sth.) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 41．首先要做的是关注洪水预警。(the first thing to do is…) (汉译英) ________________________________________________________ 42．我真的希望我的建议能够对你的处境有所帮助。（do表强调；make a difference to...）(汉译英) _________________________________________________________ 43．正是那次社会实践经历让他认识到诚实和责任的重要性。（强调句）（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 44．书桌的下面有一个箱子。(there be 句型) (汉译英) _________________________________________________________ 45．自2010年以来，我的家乡发生了巨变。（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 46．没有什么可担心的，庆典的一切都准备好了。 （汉译英，使用“There be + 主语 + 非谓语动词”结构）   ______________________________________________________ 47．如果正确使用，这本书会对你很有帮助。（省略句）（汉译英） _____________________________________________________ 48．当处于紧急情况时，保持冷静并向可靠的人求助。(状语从句的省略, emergency)(汉译英) _____________________________________________________ 49．这次展览不仅展出了传统工艺，还鼓励参观者参与创作过程。（Not only 置于句首）（汉译英） ________________________________________________________ 50．只有承担起家庭责任以后，她才真正理解成年意味着什么。（only 倒装）（汉译英） _________________________________________________________ 一、阅读理解 A Kris, a Norwegian from the small town of Molde, first got a taste of Chinese culture during his undergraduate exchange in Hong Kong. Attracted deeply by its unique charm, he moved to Qingdao upon graduation to spend a year mastering the Chinese language. By chance, he crossed paths with He Jianhong, a young Chinese man fascinated by Nordic culture, during one local trip. Their unexpected meeting gave birth to their joint-run social media account “Laowai Kris”. Back in Norway, Kris started experimenting with Chinese dishes for his family at home. Once his father mistook bean sprouts for bad beans and intended to throw them away, yet he became a big fan after a single bite. His brother frowned at mouth-watering chicken the moment it was served, wondering why the dish carried such a strange name. Shortly afterwards, he asked for a second helping. Through these ordinary, funny moments, Kris’s family gradually developed sincere affection for Chinese food. What makes Kris stand out lies in his self-taught style. He picks up most Chinese dishes by watching online cooking tutorials, while his family often serve as his casual camera crew. This plain, unpolished authenticity has won him approximately 30 million followers and even earned him interviews with major Chinese state media. Kris admits video-making consumes large amounts of his spare time, but constant encouragement from viewers keeps him sticking to the project. Now settled in Shandong as a Chinese son-in-law, Kris keeps recording his ongoing cross-cultural adventures. He still films his Norwegian family’s real-time reactions to Chinese food thousands of miles away, documenting their slow journey from doubt to delight. “I hope to show that amazing sparks can fly when different cultures meet,” he remarks. Rather than simply displaying tasty dishes, his videos build a living bridge, bringing genuine Chinese flavors into a Nordic household. 1．What led to the launch of “Laowai Kris”? A．His exchange in Hong Kong. B．His Chinese study in Qingdao. C．His family’s love for Chinese food. D．An accidental meeting with a Chinese. 2．What can we learn about Kris’s family from Paragraph 2? A．They loved learning to cook. B．They judged food before tasting. C．They played jokes on foreign dishes. D．They made changes after watching videos. 3．What is the major driving force for Kris to keep making videos? A．Influences of his self-taught path. B．Positive feedback from video viewers. C．Series of the official media interviews. D．Camera-shooting support from his family. 4．What can be inferred about Kris from the text? A．He sees food as a cultural bridge. B．He is an expert in food decoration. C．He shows great affection for tourism. D．He is committed to health education. B Researchers from Edith Cowan University (ECU) in Western Australia examined data from more than 179,000 UK Biobank participants, looking at their intake of the two main forms of dietary vitamin K: vitamin K1 — which is found mainly in leafy green vegetables — and vitamin K2, found in foods such as meats, eggs and dairy. “We saw a clearer association between higher vitamin K1 intake and lower Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (慢性阻塞性肺病) risk, as well as better lung function,” lead author Chengfeng Li said. Over an average follow-up period of 10.5 years, 3,135 participants developed COPD, which is an umbrella term for progressive lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that make it increasingly difficult to breathe. “It’s possible that vitamin K1 itself contributes to the observed associations, but it’s also likely that it works as part of a broader healthy dietary pattern”, Li said. It can’t prove that eating leafy greens directly prevents COPD．People who eat more leafy greens may also exercise more, smoke less, have higher incomes, eat less processed food, or have other health behaviors that lower disease risk. The study also found that the association between higher K1 intake and better lung function appeared stronger in smokers and people working in high-risk occupations, such as jobs involving dust or fumes. That could suggest vitamin K1-rich diets are particularly helpful when the lungs are under greater stress, but the researchers are careful not to oversell the finding. “I would not want readers to think that eating greens can prevent or treat COPD on its own,” said Li. “The most important message for lung health remains to avoid smoking, and reduce harmful occupational or environmental exposure where possible.” Still, the findings add to growing evidence that diet may play a meaningful supporting role in lung health. The amount of vitamin K1 associated with better outcomes was achievable through diet: roughly one extra serve of leafy greens could be enough to boost intake. 5．What do we know about vitamin K1? A．It works better with vitamin K2. B．It exists in both plant and animal foods. C．It can completely prevent COPD． D．It is mainly obtained from leafy greens. 6．What does Li mean by saying that “it works as part of a broader healthy dietary pattern”? A．Vitamin K1 is not a key element. B．There is a need for diversity in diet. C．A healthy diet should be redefined. D．Vitamin K1 may not be acting alone. 7．Which groups can get greater help from vitamin K1-rich diets? A．Non-smokers who eat vegetables. B．Groups already at high risk of lung damage. C．Non-smokers with high pressure. D．Groups who grow up in a good environment. 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Effective ways to improve lung health B．Major functions of vitamin K1 in diets C．Leafy greens linked to better lung health D．How to reduce the risk of lung disease C If you want to know when mathematicians are about to have a breakthrough, you don’t need to look inside their heads. Just watch their movements at a chalkboard. “I’ve always been interested by the tension between how abstract mathematics is and how physical the actual activity of math is,” says Tyler Marghetis, a cognitive (认知的) scientist. He wondered whether he could use the “manual labor” of math to deduce (推演) what was happening in someone’s mind. In a recent study, Marghetis and his co-authors borrowed theoretical tools from other fields to show it’s possible. Complex systems sometimes suddenly change state. It can happen when metals become magnetic, or when a horse shifts from a walk to a run. Often a period of instability comes before the turning point. Research suggests that such a change also happens in the process of insight, — when the brain is stuck, wobbles, and then finds the right track. This study illustrates this process at work. The researchers recorded six mathematicians as they each spent about 40 minutes working on complex math problems and thinking aloud. Observers made a note each time a person shifted attention to different parts of the board by writing, erasing or pointing at math signs. The researchers also recorded exclamations of insight (“I see!”). By analyzing the data, they found that the places where attention shifted became much more unpredictable in the two minutes before a great discovery moment. It’s unclear where that unpredictability originated: Either a bubbling idea led solvers to connect puzzle pieces across the board, or solvers had grown frustrated and decided to physically search for new connections, which sparked a solution. Shadab, the lead author, imagines a “cool application” of their method: someday computer screens that track mouse or eye movements might know exactly when not to disturb someone nearing a breakthrough or when to offer timely tips. 9．What does Tyler Marghetis’ study focus on? A．How math is both abstract and physical. B．Why math problems can be so complex. C．How math can be helped by other fields. D．Whether physical actions show our minds. 10．What does the underlined word “wobbles” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Works in a fixed way. B．Improves thinking speed. C．Becomes less steady. D．Gradually loses interest. 11．What can be inferred about the two minutes in paragraph 4? A．Future actions are harder to predict. B．Shift in attention means a discovery. C．Physical actions lead to a new idea. D．A new idea causes that unpredictability. 12．What does a “cool application” mean in the last paragraph? A．Recording computer users’ movements. B．Providing math tips for computer users. C．Facilitating human-computer interaction. D．Helping computers solve math problems. D Summer comes, and mosquitoes constantly buzz and bite, leaving red marks and ruining our sleep. To fight them, DEET (避蚊胺) is assumed to be the gold standard for preventing mosquito bites. Most researchers agree that a key part of its effectiveness is unpleasantness — the bugs just hate to be around it. However, some mosquitoes seem capable of overcoming their revulsion, leading to the theory that the insects might be getting used to the chemical. Claudio Lazzari at the University of Tours set out to investigate, by running a version of the experiments made by Ivan Pavlov in the late 1800s where dogs were conditioned to associate sounds with food. In those experiments, Pavlov routinely rang a signal bell and then immediately fed the dogs. Eventually, when he made the sounds but didn’t provide food, he found the animals still salivated (流口水), as they would before a meal. In his experiments, Dr Lazzari presented hungry mosquitoes with warm sheep’s blood while being exposed to a gentle breeze of ordinary air or of air blown past a piece of paper soaked in DEET. After many similar repeated experiments, the researchers then bravely presented their own hands to the insects. One hand was covered in DEET while the other was left untreated. To their frustration, they observed that 60% of the mosquitoes that had been presented with blood while being exposed to DEET bit the hand coated in DEET. In contrast, all mosquitoes trained with ordinary air avoided it entirely Dr Lazzari’s conditioning in the laboratory was important for the mosquitoes in developing their fondness for DEET. But the chances are good that a similar scene is taking place in the real world, where the effects of DEET typically weaken over time, especially when people are sweating or not applying enough of the stuff in the first place. In such circumstances, hungry mosquitoes are most likely to be able to tolerate the faint smell of DEET, bite a lightly protected person, begin connecting the smell with food and become more dangerous to those they encounter later in their lives. 13．What does the underlined word “revulsion” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Disgust. B．Concern. C．Doubt. D．Appetite. 14．Why was Pavlov’s experiment mentioned? A．To justify DEET’s practical value. B．To analyze insect control strategies. C．To clarify conditioning mechanisms. D．To identify animals’ learning patterns. 15．What can we know from Lazzari’s study? A．DEET reduces mosquitoes’ desire for blood. B．Ordinary air increases mosquitoes’ boldness. C．Mosquitoes develop advanced cognitive abilities. D．Mosquitoes form conditioned responses to stimuli. 16．What can be inferred from real-world DEET application? A．It helps people adapt to mosquito bites. B．It should be combined with other products. C．It might heighten the risk of mosquito attacks. D．It will entirely fall out of popularity among users. 二、完形填空 I am from a small town in southwestern Ohio, nestled between the rolling hills and rivers. In my second year of high school, I found myself at a 17 . I loved science, but I struggled with self-doubt and often 18 whether I could pursue it as a career. My chemistry teacher, Mr. Patel, noticed my 19 and took it upon himself to guide me. One day after class, he invited me to his lab. “I see hidden 20 in you,” he said with encouragement. “Let’s explore it together.” I was surprised but 21 . He introduced me to various experiments and encouraged me to ask questions. Each session was filled with 22 , and I found myself 23 by the wonders of chemistry. Mr. Patel also shared stories of scientists who faced 24 before achieving success. He 25 that perseverance is just as important as talent. As the year 26 , Mr. Patel encouraged me to enter a science fair. I hesitated, fearing I wouldn’t 27 his expectation. But he believed in me and helped me develop my project. The day of the fair, I stood 28 beside my display, but his support gave me the courage to present my work. To my surprise, I won first place! I realized that his belief in me had made all the 29 . Today, I work in a field dedicated to sustainability, and I often 30 Mr. Patel’s encouragement. I aim to be a mentor (导师) for the younger generation, just as he was for me, reminding them that their dreams are within 31 . 17．A．point B．revolution C．crossroads D．risk 18．A．questioned B．realized C．assumed D．ignored 19．A．absence B．intelligence C．depression D．obstacle 20．A．potential B．dream C．expectation D．responsibility 21．A．terrified B．ashamed C．excited D．embarrassed 22．A．humor B．discovery C．secret D．confusion 23．A．disturbed B．trapped C．defeated D．fascinated 24．A．fortunes B．challenges C．opportunities D．rewards 25．A．emphasized B．predicted C．imagined D．complained 26．A．approached B．repeated C．interrupted D．progressed 27．A．measure up to B．look up to C．face up to D．catch up with 28．A．proudly B．nervously C．casually D．curiously 29．A．difference B．effort C．record D．promise 30．A．capture B．support C．recall D．invest 31．A．reach B．control C．possibility D．discussion 三、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Tea, one of the most vital (重要的) traditional symbols of China, has a history of more than 4,000 years. It is widely acknowledged (公认) that tea drinking, originating in China, 32 (become) an essential part of Chinese people’s daily life so far. In ancient times, tea was firstly used as a kind of medicine for its mild healing effect. Gradually, it developed into a popular daily drink. There are six major categories (种类) of Chinese tea, 33 (include) green tea, black tea and oolong tea. Each type has its unique taste and cultural value. What makes Chinese tea culture special is 34 it focuses on harmony and peace. Drinking tea is not merely a way 35 (refresh) the body, but also a spiritual practice to calm the mind. In traditional Chinese etiquette (礼仪), serving tea to guests is one of the most sincere ways to show respect 36 hospitality (好客). Nowadays, Chinese tea culture 37 (spread) across the world steadily (稳定地). More foreigners are fascinated by the elegant tea ceremony and peaceful lifestyle behind it. Many tea houses have been built overseas, making Chinese traditional culture 38 (access) to global audiences. Experts believe that tea culture is 39 precious treasure of China. It carries the nation’s wisdom and values. As young generations, we should inherit (传承) and promote it, so that this time-honored tradition can shine 40 (bright) in the modern world and continue to bridge the cultural gap 41 different countries. 四、应用文写作 假定你是李华，正在英国学习。你校校园图书馆计划增设功能区域，就是否设立“小组讨论区”向学生征求意见，请你给图书馆负责人Mr.Smith写一封邮件，内容包括： 1. 你的观点和理由 2. 你的建议。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80个左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Smith, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $