黑龙江哈尔滨师范大学附属中学2026 -2027学年高一上学期第一次调研10月考英语试卷

哈师大附中2026级高一上第一次调研练习英语试卷 出题人：高一英语备课组 2026/10 本试卷分为第I卷（选择题)和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两分。满分150分。考试时间为120分钟。 第I卷 第一部分听力（共两节，满分20分） 第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听 完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。 1.What does the woman want to do? A.Take a picture. B.Attend a birthday party. C.See her gifts. 2.What does the man advise the woman to do? A.Take some exercise after work.B.Make a more efficient timetable.C.Relax at a nightclub. 3.What do we know about the man? A.His car was out of gas. B.He went back home for clean clothes. C.He got to the office half an hour late. 4.Where are the speakers? A.At a bus stop. B.On a bus C.In the man's home 5.What does the woman mean? A.An accident happened to her. B.The radio report was useless C.The condition of the freeway may be bad today. 第二节（共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出 最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6.What will the woman have to do tomorrow? A.Write a paper. B.Hand in her paper. C.Repair the man's computer. 7.What is the woman most likely to be? A.A computer programmer. B.A secretary. C.A student. 听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。 8.When will the man arrive at the airport tomorrow morning? A.At about 9:00. B.At about 10:00. C.At about 11:00. 9.What will the man do in Italy this time? A.Swim in the sea. B.Attend a cultural meeting C.Visit some museums. 10.How will the man tour the city? A.By car. B.By bus. C.On foot. 听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。 11.What are the speakers mainly talking about? A.A dream. B.A forest. C.An accident. 12.How does the woman describe the light? A.It was a green light. B.It got bigger and then smaller. C.It looked like a face of a young man. 13.What happened to the woman when she tried to run away? A.She couldn't run fast. B.She saw an old man. C.She fell down on the ground. 听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。 14.At what time will Paula be back? A.2:30. B.2:35. C.5:00. 15.Which job is the woman applying for? A.A salesperson. B.A writer. C.A designer. 16.What language can the woman speak? A.French. B.Italian. C.German. 17.When will the woman be unavailable for work? A.In the daytime. B.On weekends. C.At night. 听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。 18.Why is the speaker giving this speech? A.To introduce two websites. B.To tell about the history of rice. C.To advertise for a noodle museum. 19.When is the Yokohama Noodle Museum closed? A.On Tuesday. B.On Thursday. C.On Sunday. 20.What can people do on the third floor of the museum? A.See a show. B.Do some shopping. C.Learn about the history of noodles. 第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分50分） 第一节（共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 y Borough Market Food Tour with Local Guide On this three-hour Borough Market food tour in the London Bridge area,you will discover the very best of British cuisine while learning all about the history of the market. What you'll taste on the tour Classic bacon and egg bap breakfast:start your day like a true Londoner. Award-winning fish and chips:a beloved seaside favourite. One of the best traditional sausage rolls in town:perfect for pastry lovers. Historic London pub tasting:enjoy a selection of British cheeses with fresh fruit,crackers and chutney, paired with a real London ale(麦芽啤酒). ● Classic British dessert and secret dish:finish the tour with a beloved dessert,a pot of refreshing English tea, and a special secret dish revealed on the day. Tour duration and schedule This Borough Market food tour lasts three hours.The tour is available daily at 10:30 a.m.and 11:00 a.m. Book your Borough Market tour tickets Reserve your spot on this Borough Market food tour to enjoy a three-hour food adventure through London's lively food scene.With an expert local guide,you'll sample delicious British dishes and discover the best the market has to offer. Click the booking button on this page to check availability of Borough Market tickets for the tour and plan your visit today. 21.What can tourists do during the Borough Market food tour? A.Learn about London's history. B.Taste traditional British food for free. C.Enjoy British cheese together with London ale.D.Get a secret dish at the beginning of the tour. 22.When will the food tour end at the earliest? A.10:30a.m. B.1:30p. C.2:00p.m D.2:30p.m 23.Where is the passage probably from? A.A travel magazine.B.A government report.C.Ablog post. D.An official website. B As a young man,I dreamed of my ideal class where students with shining eyes were curious about everything before my first teaching year.I repeatedly pictured lively debates and enthusiastic voices filling the room. However,when I took charge of a tenth-grade English class at a New York school,reality struck.These students had struggled with their studies at their previous schools and came here for a new chance.I followed traditional teaching methods,carried out unchanging lesson plans and stuck to strict classroom rules. At the start of the term,all the students stared blankly at their textbooks.They weren't ready to share their ideas or join in class activities.After observing this discouraging situation for weeks,I realized that rigid teaching stopped students from creating new ideas and killed their interest in study,which left me wondering how I could find a way out. I decided to try something completely different.So I introduced the popular novel Harry Potter as our in-class reading text and divided students into different Hogwarts teams to perform many interesting story-based group tasks.Students took part with great energy,discussed actively,shared their special thoughts and cooperated well with their teammates.For the first time,the classroom was full of inspiration instead of cold rules-they felt seen,heard and valued. From then on,my classes ran smoothly.The students'eyes lit up with passion.They grew far more willing to share ideas actively in class,and their academic performance improved noticeably. My first year of teaching has taught me a precious lesson.Real education never means trapping students in fixed learning modes or asking them to think in the same way.Instead,it requires teachers to leave room for students'independent thinking and awaken their inner desire for growth.Every student has creative ideas and great potential,which can be fully developed in a free and open learning environment. 24.Why does the author describe his ideal class at the beginning? A.To recall his own school days. B.To prove his teaching ability. C.To compare with the actual class. D.To describe his favorite students. 25.What was the author's original class like? A.Flexible and open.B.Inactive and boring.C.Passive and disorderly.D.Creative and relaxing. 26.Which benefit do Harry Potter-themed activities bring to the students? A.Improvement in physical fitness. B.Wide recognition from parents. C.A sense of identity and belonging. D.The desire to create science fictions. 27.What does the author learn from his teaching experience? A.Practice makes perfect. B.Early birds catch the worm. C.Applying knowledge to life is necessary. D.Teaching is to inspire engagement. C We live in a society that's crazy about winning.Gold medals,bestseller lists,championships,and Nobel Prizes are the markers of honour.The spotlight shines brightest on the people who crossed the finishing line first,while those who came close slip into the shadows. But the "almosts"shouldn't be overlooked.The runner who loses by a second,the inventor with a mistimed idea,and the poet whose words gain significance later all contribute significantly.Their efforts often shape the world in ways we only notice later.They're not failures;instead,they test boundaries and sometimes drive society forward more than celebrated victors. Nikola Tesla,a genius overshadowed by Thomas Edison in his lifetime,had brave visions like wireless power.He died poor,yet his innovations are everywhere in our daily lives.Emily Dickinson's poems were ignored during her life but later revolutionized American poetry.Katherine Johnson,a NASA mathematician, made spaceflight possible,but her work was unrecognized for decades.These"almosts"show that falling short doesn't mean lacking impact. Pioneers who break new ground often don't get the honour.Rosalind Franklin's X-ray images of DNA were crucial for a major scientific discovery,but Watson and Crick received the Nobel Prize.Vincent van Gogh sold only one painting in his life and struggled with poverty.His fame and the value of his works rose dramatically only after his death.Athletes who change training standards,activists who plant seeds of change, and musicians who influence future generations are allalmosts"who clear the path for others. When we recognize the"almosts",we redefine winning.It's about the courage to try,slip up,and keep going.The runner who takes silver comes back stronger.Small-business founders may fail first but rise with a game-changing idea.Artists who weren't celebrated in their time often touch souls later. The"almosts"remind us that success is about daring to start.Effort is valuable even without applause,and struggle has meaning.Most of us are"almosts"in some areas of life.Though few reach first place,we all matter. The"almosts"exist between being unknown and becoming famous,quietly pushing the world forward. 28.What social phenomenon does Paragraph 1 present? A.Last-place finishers gain no public attention at all. B.Society punishes those who fail to win competitions. C.Traditional honour symbols have lost their original value. D.Near-winners are overlooked in a victory-consumed society. 29.Why are“almosts”important to society? A.They set examples of how to avoid failure in life. B.Their efforts push society forward in various fields. C.They always win awards in the end with their efforts. D.They are more creative than those who win first places. 30.What is the author's attitude towards the "almosts"? A.Uninterested.B.Disappointed. C.Appreciative. D.Doubtful. 31.What is the best title for the passage? A.The Value of the“Almosts'” B.The Great Famous Victors C.How to Become a Winner D.The Cost of Chasing Success D Around 40 million tons of electronic waste,known as e-waste,are produced every year.This includes electrical or electronic equipment that has been discarded.But where does all this waste end up?In the US alone,100 million mobile phones,41 million computers and over 20 million televisions are thrown into landfills(垃圾填埋场)each year..Even for ordinary waste,this is a big headache:materials buried underground are difficult to recover and recycle.Recycling electronics helps save energy and lowers the demand for mining Earth's natural resources. Failing to recycle e-waste does extreme damage to the environment,due to the nature of the materials used in modern devices.While heavy metals and chemicals improve a device safety and users'experience,they become poisonous when not handled properly.Old phones,kettles,microwaves and other household equipment may end up in landfills,leaking their harmful contents into the soil,water and air.Not only does this kill wildlife and destroy ecosystems,but accumulated (poisons also threaten human health.As heavy metals and chemicals flow into lakes and rivers,drinking water gets polluted.These poisons spread through the soil,affecting crops and animals that human beings depend on for survival. In some Western countries,e-waste is not simply buried in landfills.Instead,it is burned at open-air dumps. Worse still,companies in these countries ship waste electronics overseas for disposal.Much of this e-waste finally lands in waste dumps across Africa and Asia.Local workers are therefore exposed to polluted land and harmful chemical fumes. It is urgent that we address the negative and unsustainable impacts caused by e-waste.Rare-earth metals, certain plastics and chemicals from old devices can be recycled for use in new generations of electronics. Proper e-waste recycling involves complex procedures and requires large-scale investment.Even so,an increasing number of countries across the globe are pushing forward with e-waste-recycling programmes. 32.What does the underlined word"discarded"in Paragraph 1 mean? A.Abandoned. B.Protected. C.Used. D.Repaired. 33.What conclusion can we draw from Paragraph 2? A.E-waste has a permanent effect on the environment. B.E-waste may do harm to both ecosystems and humans. C.Heavy metals and chemicals are poisonous to the users. D.Burying e-waste into landfills is an effective way to recycle. 34.How does the author describe the handling of e-waste in Western countries? A.By providing data. B.By asking questions. C.By listing examples. D.By giving a definition. 35.What might the author continue to talk about? A.Solutions to destroying e-waste. B.Ways to recycle e-waste properly. C.Applications of recycled materials. D.Investments in restoring ecosystems. 第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Ways to Turn Classmates into Study Partners Many students face the challenge of balancing study and social life,especially at the beginning of senior high.They fear that keeping too much focus on grades will leave them isolated,but devoting too much time to friends brings a sense of guilt.However,this isn't an either-or choice.36 Redefine relationships to be task-oriented Instead of chatting for hours,turn your peers into study partners.For example,form a small group to share challenging questions.37.This meets your social needs while helping you make academic advances,so you won't feel guilty. Use tiny moments to stay connected You don't need long social gatherings.Make use of 10-minute breaks or walk to the cafeteria together. 38.These little moments won't waste your time,and they can actually help you feel good.A short chat with a friend between classes is enough to lift your mood. ·39 When you study,stay offline.If a friend sends a message that is not urgent,simply reply when you become available.True friends respect your pace.If they feel annoyed,it might just be because they're used to quick replies but good friends will understand when you need to concentrate. .Accept the ups and downs of friendships It's natural that some friendships fade while new ones grow.You don't have to force yourself to keep up with everyone.Instead,treasure those who offer you positive encouragement. Remember,your goal is not to seek a perfect balance,but to make things work together.Let your peers be a source of support,and let your studies be a shared journey that builds mutual respect.40. A.Stick to your own pace of study B.Try these tips and find what works for you C.Value true friendship above everything else D.It's the small,brief moments that really matter E.Such an approach turns social time into productive study time F.Lots of teenagers find it hard to escape from this embarrassing situation G.Below are practical tips for building study partnerships with your classmates 第三部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分30分） 第一节完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项， 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 While boarding the plane,I felt great excitement rise inside me.I was about to realize a 41- traveling abroad alone for the first time,which I had been looking forward to for a long time.I felt a 42 of pride,recognition and admiration for myself. Landing at the San Francisco Intemational Airport,I realized I would have to 43 myself in that totally strange city.However,I wasn't 44 and I intended to take advantage of every 45I would have there to experience the local customs and practices.The question whether I was really going to be alone 46 me most before departure ()But in fact,during the trip,I 47 many people:travelers of all ages,all styles and all origins.Therefore,I was never alone. I'm not saying I never felt alone.48,there were times when I imagined how 49 it would have been if I had stayed with my family,especially when I got lost while trying to find my hotel.But undoubtedly,this trip brought me enormous50 and all the doubts and fears before departure 51 Throughout my 52 there,I felt huge positive energy most of the time! It was a well-planned trip but there were still many 53 circumstances!However hard we try to 54a trip,there will always be surprises and accidents.Now I do 55what a rich and unforgettable experience is. 41.A.danger B.mistake C.promise D.dream 42.A.mixture B.pack C.couple D.series 43.A.reflect upon B.cheer for C.listen to D.depend on 44.A.attracted B.frightened C.annoyed D.inspired 45.A.flight B.moment C.hobby D.message 46.A.comforted B.threatened C.troubled D.interested 47.A.met B.guided C.assisted D.amused 48.A.Basically B.Hopefully C.Surely D.Absolutely 49.A.different B.obvious C.stressful D.awkward 50.A.patience B.admiration C.honour D. enjoyment 51.A.deepened B. disappeared C.returned D. remained 52.A.research B.wait C.stay D.service 53.A.unforeseen B.mysterious C.expected D.unnecessary 54.A.support B.book C.cancel D. arrange 55.A.explain B.understand C.remember D.wonder 第Ⅱ卷 第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分） 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 No trip would be complete without experiencing the local food culture.Actually,China has various kinds of delicious food,56 (include)a wide variety of local snacks. Without a doubt,for the majority of the foreigners I contacted,and myself included,Peking Duck,Dim Sum,Mongolian Hot Pot were the favorite Chinese 57(dish).China is a place 58 the food is not only delicious,but the 59(cheap)I've ever found. 60 my last night in Beijing before returning to the States,I went to a Peking Duck restaurant that had been suggested for me to try.What a beautiful place!Splendid woodblock prints on the walls,fresh flowers in the vases on the table,61(attract)silverware (and wonderful chopsticks.I was handed 62 menu and found most of the prices 63(be)especially low for the high quality of the food.The duck came in whole or half,along with all the little decorations that you know if you've ever eaten Peking Duck 一a little tortilla(玉米饼)to put the sliced duck and vegetables in,.chopped onion and sauce. Anyway,I ended up ordering a whole duck and thought I'd just take the rest back to my hotel 64 (eat)later if I couldn't finish it.Unbelievably,in the end there was none of the whole duck 65 (leave)on the plate.Umm,yummy！ 第四部分：课本知识运用（共25小题；每小题1分，满分25分） 阅读下面各句，在空白处填入适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 66.Meng Hao was filled with great (eager)to explore his new senior-high campus. 67.People say,"Well begun,half (do).” 68.English was invented by people,not computers,and it reflects the (create)of the human race. 69.When you see the capitalized"WHO"in a medical report,do you read it the "who'in "Who's that?" 70.Have you ever asked yourself why people often have trouble (learn)English? 71.We should learn to deal pressure from study in senior high. 72.His (behave)during the trip,which was very polite,won the admiration of the teachers. 73.When the fire broke out,some students (panic)and forgot to grab their coats. 74.Lisa decided to go all for the chemistry test though she felt nervous. 75.The (deep)of reading lies in thinking rather than memorising 76.So far,the group (collect)over 300 examples of British-American word differences. 77.Amysterious note left on the desk aroused everyone's (curious). 78.The (conclude)is that practice matters more than theory in language learning. 79.The bright new reading corner is a welcome (add)to our classroom and offers us a quiet place to enjoy different kinds of books. 80.The movie, (title)Echoes of the Past,explores the emotional journey of a young woman 81.Organization can (refer)to as WTO. 82.The student performance drew much attention shared his funny travelling story. 83.With the photo (remind)him of his great dream,he made continuous efforts and finally realized it. 84.When my English teacher stepped into the classroom,I was surprised to see the same man I (meet)earlier. 85.When scanning a text,you read it quickly in order to find a s (具体的)piece of information. 86.It is easy to figure out the meaning of a phrase in a given c_ (语境) 87.When she saw the fire,she decided to sound the a (警报) 88.Don't let other people's n_ (消极的)attitude towards life affect your own life. 89.Her painting skills are so i (令人印象深刻的)that she has won several awards in national competitions. 90.Our school has provided different f (设施)on the playground for us to work out. 第五部分：写作（共一节，满分25分) 假定你是李华，你的留学生朋友Peter打算在中国体验重阳节(he Double Ninth Festival)文化。现 有如下两种活动方案：参加社区的文艺晚会或去乡村看望留守老人。Pter发邮件向你寻求建议，请你给 他回复邮件，内容包括： 1.建议其中的一项活动： 2.说明理由。 参考词汇：社区的文艺晚会a community art gala;留守老人the left-behind elderly 注意： 1.写作词数应为80左右： 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Peter, Yours, Li Hua 哈师大附中2026级高一上第一次调研练习英语答案 听力 1-5 CABBC 6-10 BCBCA 11-15ABABC 16-20ACAAC 阅读 21-23CBD 24-27 CBCD 28-31 DBCA 32-35ABCB 七选五 36-40 GEDAB 完型 41-45 DADBB 46-50 CACAD 51-55 BCADB 语填 56.including 57.dishes 58.where 59.cheapest 60.0m 61.attractive 62.a 63.were 64.to eat 65.left 课本知识运用 66.eagerness 67.done 68.creativity 69.as 70.learning 71.with 72.behavio(u)r 73.panicked 74.out 75.depth 76.has collected 77.curiosity 78.conclusion 79.addition 80.titled 81.be referred 82.whose 83.reminding 84.had met 85.specific 86.context 87.alarm 88.negative 89.impressive 90.facilities 书面表达 Possible version 1: Dear Peter, Leamning that you plan to experience the culture of the Double Ninth Festival,I strongly recommend visiting the left-behind elderly in the countryside. Firstly,it gives a real look at traditional Chinese culture.Unlike business celebrations,you will experience sincere care for the elderly and heartfelt emotions.Secondly,your presence will bring great warmth to the lonely seniors.Visiting and chatting with them is the best way to understand the true meaning of this festival.Additionally,helping others will surely enrich your life and broaden your horizons. I hope you have an unforgettable experience! Yours, Li Hua Possible version 2: Dear Peter, Leamning that you plan to experience the culture of the Double Ninth Festival,I'd recommend you attend the community art gala. At the gala,you can enjoy various wonderful traditional performances,such as folk dances and local operas.It is a great chance to feel the strong festive atmosphere and communicate with local residents. Compared with visiting the countryside,it is more convenient for you.I believe you will get a better understanding of our traditional culture there. I hope you will enjoy it. Yours, Li Hua 1 听力原文： (Text 1) W:It's my birthday today!I can't wait to see what presents I've got! M:Happy birthday,Suzie.I've got you a camera. W:Thank you,John.It's the one I was looking forward to. (Text 2) M:You look a bit worried.What's the matter? W:I just seem to be putting on weight these days. M:Oh,that's a problem.Have you ever thought of arranging your timetable so you can go to the keep-fit club after work. (Text 3) W:Don't you know that you are an hour late? M:I'm terribly sory.My car broke down on the way and I got so dirty trying to mend it.I had to retumn to my house to get changed. (Text 4) M:I'm getting off at the next stop W:Lucky you.I have ten more.The traffic is moving slowly M:Why not get off with me and go home after rush hour? (Text 5) M:Did you listen to the report on the radio? W:Yes,I sure did.The traffic was so heavy yesterday on the freeway that they suggested avoiding it by any means today. (Text 6) W:I think your personal computer is sick. M:Sick?I just bought it two months ago. W:Well,I copied one file over to my disk.When I started to copy the second one,the computer stopped.I can't solve it,anyhow.I think it was broken. M:I told you to be careful. W:I was careful!This file contained an important paper.It took me a total week to finish it. M:Is it really important that you have it today? W:Yes.I have to hand in my paper tomorrow morning.It takes up 40%of the final grade. (Text 7) M:Hello,Sue.I'm leaving for Italy tomorrow. W:When are you going? M:I am leaving at 9:00 tomorrow morning.I'm driving to the airport.It will take me about an hour.The plane takes off at 11 o'clock. W:What are you going to do in Italy? M:I enjoy swimming in the sea and taking a walk on the beach.But this time it's more of a cultural holiday. I decided to visit some museums this time. W:Sounds interesting.Will you view the whole city by bus? M:No,I'm going to borrow a car from a friend in Milan. W:That's a good idea.It will make it easier to see the whole city then. (Text 8) M:Hello,Helen.You look bad.Is everything OK? W:Yes,I'm fine,thanks.I'm just a bit tired this morning,that's all. M:Why's that?Did you stay up last night? W:Not at all,but I had a dream and it woke me up,so I didn't get much sleep.I dreamt of walking through a forest at night.I couldn't see anything 2 M:That sounds frightening W:In my dream I saw a white light behind some green trees.It was a strange light,because it seemed to get bigger and then smaller,as if it was alive.At first,I just stood where I was,but then the light seemed to move toward me and I could see something in it,like the face of an old man.I tried to run away,but my feet felt very heavy and I couldn't run fast enough.That's when I woke up.I was shaking all over. (Text 9) W:Excuse me,is this the interview room for Conrad Industries? M:That's right.What's your name,please? W:Lucy Tanner.I'm supposed to see someone named Paula at 2:30.It's time now. M:Lucy Tanner,OK.Paula will be back in 5 minutes.I'm Johnson.I just need to get some basic information from you. W:Alright. M:First,which job are you applying for? W:Which job? M:Yeah.We're looking for sales people,designers and writers. W:Oh,designer. M:OK.Now,do you know Photoshop? W:Sure.I'm good at that. M:What about your language skills? W:Well,besides English,I also speak French. M:But not Italian or German? W:No. M:OK,the last question is about your working time. W:I can work days and weekends,but not nights.I take evening classes at the college. M:OK,I see. (Text 10) M:Hello,everyone.Today on the food program I'm going to tell you about two interesting websites which give information about two very important foods---rice and noodles.First of all,let's look at the Pagewise website.This site will tell you all about the history of rice.For example,did you know that rice was first grown about 5,000 years ago in India?It was introduced into Europe about 700 years ago and arrived in the U.S.A.in 1726.Nowadays,more than 550 million tons of rice is produced around the world each year.Now move on to the Japanese Food page.There you can find out about the history of the noodles at the Yokohama Noodle Museum site.The museum stays open from 11:00 a.m.to 1:00 p.m.It is open every day except Tuesday,with Sunday being the busiest day and Thursday being the least busy.The first floor of the museum has a shop.You can buy everything about noodles there.On the second floor,you can see a show about how noodles are made.And on the third floor you can know about the history of noodles from some pictures.OK,that's all for today.I'm sure you'll have fun by visiting these two websites I've mentioned above.