第二部分 题型一 阅读理解 四、说明文-【成功方案】2027年高考英语艺术生文化课总复习学生用书

It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage.Instead,all the ingredients (used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experi- ment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sus- tainability,and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 1.What can be inferred about the author's early life? A.He witnessed food shortage. 四、 阅读理解说明文解题思路 1,细读文章重点：关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段 首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 2.明确说明对象：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一 个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明 的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧 重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对 象的理解。 3.弄清说明顺序：在说明的过程中作者会选择合理 的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。 把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加 深对整篇文章的理解。 4.把握作者态度：说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某 个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被 说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性 和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 5.吃透长难句子：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把 影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及 第二部分 高考题型突破 B.He enjoyed the local cuisine. C.He donated food to Africans. D.He helped to cook at home. 2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A.To customize dishes for guests. B.To make the public aware of food waste. C.To test a food processing method. D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. 3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Why the ingredients were used. B.Which dishes were best liked. C.What the dishes were made of. D.Where the ingredients were bought. 4.What can we learn about wastED? A.It has ended as planned. B.It is creating new jobs. C.It has regained popularity. D.It is criticized by top chefs. 兑明文 复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主 干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 6.学会适当放弃：无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常 会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有 影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有 许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读 时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图 把整个专有名词读出来。 阅读理解说明文解题方法 方法1态度推断题 l.命题方式：设问方式以“What is..attitude to ward..?”等引出问题，注意把握好询问当事人 或者作者立场态度。 What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas'services?(2024·全国甲卷) What is the author's attitude toward Carnegie's un- derstanding of argument?(2024·九省联考卷) What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies?(2023·新课标I卷) 17 艺考生文化课成功方案 2.题型解读 3.解题步骤 类别 高频词汇 第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一 (些)段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意； optimistic 乐观的；positive肯定的； 乐观 第二：区分不同人物态度。注意区分试题询问的 favorable支持的，赞同的；supportive支持 支持类 是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度： 的；approving赞成的；appreciative感激的 第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在 客观 objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious 文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度， 中立类 谨慎的 尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully,suc negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公 cessfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。 正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心 方法2段落大意题 消极 的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical l.命题形式：常见命题形式：What is Paragraph X 反对类 质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving mainly about? 不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻 What is paragraph5 mainly about?(2025·全 蔑的，不屑一顾的 国Ⅱ卷)》 模棱 What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? ambiguous模棱两可的；unclear不清楚的 两可类 (2024·新课标I卷) 2.思维导图 段首：说明文和议论文中的主 总分式（总 段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是例子或论证 首尾兼顾 题句常在段首 分/总分总) 知段意 段尾：先表述细节，后归纳概 住 段落开头是举例子或层层推进的论述，段尾才是段落 括，段落主题句在段尾 分总式 主题句 落 段中间：先用一句或儿句话引出要表达的主 段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论 主 题，再陈述主题，然后论述细节，即引出主题 分总分式 就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论 →段落中心一→再论述 句 没有明显段落主题句时，需概括段落内容 无主题句式 段落虽无主题句，但可通过一些关键词或相似结构归 纳出段落主题句 总结段落大意 3.解题策略 第三步：留意段落大意题干扰项四大特点：①过 第一步：结合题干定位到相应段落。 于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范 第二步：寻找段落主题句。解答段落大意题的关 围；②以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的细节内 键是抓住段落的主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法 容或个别词语做出选项内容；③移花接木，偷换 的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在 概念。选项中定语和状语影响语意范围，或者把 段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例 属于A的内容放在B上；④主观臆测，无中生 子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象 有。选项中关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际 较多出现在说明文和议论文中；若作者采用“特 含义与文章主题无关。 殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段 第四步：确定段落关键词。段落中反复出现的词 落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句， 汇一般就是段落关键词，往往需要出现在正确选 考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 项中。 118 实战演练 一、(2026·全国Ⅱ卷) The peak of Mount Qomolangma,8,849 me- ters above sea level.Chimborazo,6,263 m;Mont Blanc,4,806 m;Pradidali hut,at the foot of the Pala group in the Dolomites,2,278 m.It is common practice to provide the elevation()of a place. Simple readings are now readily available on our phones and wearables.But elevation is necessarily relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a location The idea of sea level as a reference point for elevations has by now been around for so long as to go essentially unnoticed-we mention it without even considering what it means.That the concept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that sea level is a product of technically and cultur- ally determined assumptions.In this book,I tell a story of these assumptions. Appropriately,the book took shape during a summer spent between sea and mountains.A month after visiting the French Riviera and enjo- ying the sandy beaches of Nice and Menton,I went hiking with friends in the Pala group.Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings offered by our altimeters(测高仪). Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero.This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history of mean sea level.These stages mirror 11 第二部分高考题型突破 the development of human conceptions of the sea. Since I began thinking about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only become more urgent: between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 1.What does the author point out at the beginning of the text? A.Some mountains are getting higher. B.Data on wearables are misleading. C.The concept of elevation is relative. D.The reference point is hard to locate. 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A.How the altimeter was invented. B.What initiated the author's research. C.Why the digital readings varied. D.Where the author spent his holiday. 3.What does the underlined word "it"refer to in the last paragraph? A.The book. B.The project. C.The issue. D.The development. 4.What can be the title of the book mentioned in the text? A.The Altimeter:A Must-Have B.Sea Level:A History C.Meaning of Zero:Nothing or Everything D.Mountains to Seas:Ups and Downs 二、(2026·全国I卷) A team of Cambridge psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the cognitive(认知的) effects of merely seeing art with actively judging how beautiful it is. 9 艺考生文化课成功方案 In the study,187 people were invited to visit Kettle's Yard gallery during an exhibition of hand- made clay objects.Participants were randomly divided into two groups:the "beauty"group was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of each object they viewed,while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork itself.All participants were then tested on how they process information,and whether it's in a more practical or abstract way. Across all participants,those in the beauty group scored almost 14%higher on average than the control group in abstract thinking.While they were told the study was about cognitive processes, participants were asked about interests,with around half saying they had an artistic hobby. Among those,the effect was greater:those with an artistic hobby in the beauty group scored over 25 higher on average for abstract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the control group. Emotional states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while com- pleting the gallery task.Across all participants, those in the beauty group reported an average of 23%higher levels of "transformative and self- transcendent feelings"such as feeling moved, enlightened and inspired-than the control group. Importantly,however,the beauty group did not report feeling any happier than the control group, suggesting that it was the engagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking,rather than any overall positivity from the experience. "We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen,said Simone Schnall,senior author of the study."It's becoming much rarer to zone out and just let the mind 18 wander,but that's when we think in ways that broaden our minds.Admiring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate the abstract cogni- tive processes.” 1.What was the beauty group asked to do with the clay objects? A.Draw their outlines. B.Give each piece a rating. C.Compare their prices. D.Make a copy of each piece. 2.Which participants got the highest score on av- erage in the test? A.Beauty group,with an artistic hobby. B.Beauty group,without an artistic hobby. C.Control group,with an artistic hobby. D.Control group,without an artistic hobby. 3.Why were the participants'emotional states measured? A.To discover their attitudes towards art. B.To identify their specific thinking patterns. C.To examine the difficulty of the tasks. D.To determine factors behind the test results. 4.What is the major finding of the study regarding the appreciation of art? A.It enhances emotional ties. B.It needs critical thinking skills. C.It creates positive feelings. D.It encourages abstract thinking. 三、(2026·全国I卷) In line with longstanding initiatives to expand its green spaces,New York City is planting tens of thousands of trees each year.They provide shade, lower surface temperatures,absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon,remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain beauty. 20 Something could go wrong,though,according to a new study.Oaks and sweetgums,which cur- rently account for a majority of the city's trees, produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called isoprene.Harmless by itself,isoprene inter- acts rapidly with polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles,buildings and industry to form ground- level ozone(臭氧)a major factor in many breath ing problems. The research,carried out by scientists at the Columbia Climate School and other institutions, found that if the city maintains past species pat- terns in new plantings,isoprene production in Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%,and resulting summer ozone levels as much as30%. "We're all for planting more trees.They bring so many good things,"said study coauthor Roisin Commane."But if we're not careful,we could make air quality worse..” The Parks Department is not oblivious to the issue.A study carried out by some of its research- ers several years ago concluded that city trees did release isoprene."We didn't make a big deal of that,"said Novem Auyeung,a Parks Department senior scientist.She said trees should not be viewed as the enemy."We could plant any trees we want to,if we just rethink our car-centric lifes- tyle,”she said. "We're not going to go cutting down any big old oaks,"and neither will the department com- pletely stop planting new ones,said Auyeung. "You have to think about what you would lose if you do that."Oaks are keystone species,she pointed out,providing food and habitat for native insects,birds and other animals. 19 第二部分高考题型突破 1.What does the new study imply regarding oaks and sweetgums? A.They affect the growth of other trees. B.They absorb less carbon than expected. C.They harm people's health indirectly. D.They raise the local temperature slowly. 2.Which of the following may Commane suggest based on their study? A.Cutting down the isoprene-producing trees. B.Suspending tree-planting for a few decades. C.Changing the species of trees in new plantings. D.Removing isoprene released by existing trees. 3.What does the underlined phrase "oblivious to" in paragraph 5 mean? A.Honest about. B.Unaware of. C.Related to. D.Optimistic about. 4.What would Auyeung probably advocate? A.Reducing car use in daily life. B.Providing animals with new habitats. C.Controlling population growth. D.Doing more research on the problem. 四、(2025·八省联考卷) Want to learn a new language or get A's in college exams?Previous studies have shown that exercise can help stimulate the areas of the brain that convert()new information into long-term memory.A new study has taken this information one step further and found the best time when exercise can help maximize learning. Building upon past research that found exer- cise releases biochemicals that improve mental function,scientists at Radboud University and the University of Edinburgh conducted a study to determine when exercise was most beneficial to learning. 艺考生文化课成功方案 Participants-72 healthy male and female adults-were first asked to perform a computer test that challenged their visual and spatial learn- ing.After the test,all of the subjects watched nature documentaries,but two-thirds of them also exercised.Half of the exercisers did circuit training on an exercise bike for 35 minutes immediately after the test.The other half did the same exercise but not until four hours after they had been tested. Two days later,all of the participants returned to the lab for a recall test,and they were connected to MRI(磁共振成像)machines to assess their brain activity.The participants who exercised four hours after taking the computer test were able to recall what they had learned most accurately. Their brainwaves also showed more consistent levels of activity,indicating that their brains were less taxed to remember what they had learned. According to this research,the best time to exercise to improve learning is four hours after studying.But why?That's one question the research- ers have yet to answer.Another question left unan- swered is the level of exercise that might best improve learning.I've run enough marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but sharp during or after a tough workout.But the research- ers noted that light workouts might not give the brain enough of a biochemical boost to improve learning. 1.What did the new study aim to explore? A.When exercise is best for learning. B.What biochemicals are good for health. C.How brainwaves should be measured. D.Which area of the brain is the most active. 1 2.What were all the participants asked to do dur- ing the experiment? A.Train on bicycles. B.Do mathematics exercises. C.Play computer games. D.Watch films about nature. 3.Why did the participants return to the lab two days later? A.To do a medical examination. B.To have their memory tested. C.To get their workouts recorded. D.To finish their previous tasks. 4.What might the author's marathon running prove? A.The findings of the study are reliable. B.Long-distance runners are often smart. C.Studies on the marathon are not enough. D.Hard exercise may not sharpen the brain. 五、(25一26高三上·湖北·开学考试) It's a problem that has annoyed many horror movie makeup artists:How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head?Seemingly to fake out hunters,many butterflies have found their own solutions to this problem,with complicated patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now,in a new study,researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER)dive deeper into the origins of these"false heads'”. Previous studies have shown these false heads help confuse hunters:Damage to the back end of a butterfly's wings near the false head has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mating 22 than damage to the butterfly's real head.Scientists had long theorized that butterflies'false heads arose because five key traits(特征)一namely false feelers,noticeable coloration,wing patterns that contain special lines,large spots,and head like shapes一evolve(进化)together to redirect predator attention.But no one had traced the evolutionary history of these traits. Evolutionary ecologists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1,000 species of butter- flies and marking how many of the false head traits each species exhibited.The researchers then con- structed a phylogenetic tree(系统树)，which allowed them to visualize how closely related false-headed species were to one another,as well as how each of the traits evolved over time.Com- putational modeling of this tree revealed that four of the five false head traits all evolved in a correla- ted manner,while also showing the order in which the traits first appeared within butterflies. The researchers propose that the separate traits integrated into a single,complex false head trait because of a common selective force:attacks from hunters.However,questions remain on the 题型二阅读 高考阅读理解中增加了信息匹配的七选五题 型，这类题型主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结 构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题符 合《英语课程标准》中“提高学生用英语获取信息、 处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求。 下面给大家介绍七招五式破解高考英语阅读理解 七选五。 128 第二部分高考题型突破 exact advantages that these distinctive defense mechanisms provide to the butterflies that use them. 1.Why is "makeup artist"mentioned in the first paragraph?(推理推断题) A.To support a scientific theory. B.To illustrate a filming technique. C.To introduce an evolutionary trick. D.To justify a long-held assumption. 2.What might previous studies focus on? A.The development of the five traits. B.The special behaviors of butterflies. C.The defensive function of false heads. D.The evolution theories of butterflies. 3.What did IISER scientists do in the new study? A.They classified wing patterns of butterflies. B.They reconstructed history of trait evolution. C.They innovated methods of studying butterflies. D.They analyzed the survival benefits of false heads. 4.What can be a suitable title for the text?(标题 概括题) A.To survive?False a Second Head B.Confused?Phylogenetic Tree Helps C.Do Key traits Enhance Insects'Survival? D.Does Evolution Reshape Butterflies'Bodies? 理解七选五 “七招五式”，练的是语篇分析的内功，修的是学 习策略的心法，愿同学们“内练一口气（逻辑和文气）， 外练筋骨皮（语篇和建构）”，出奇制胜，高考必胜！ 一、破解七选五有奇（七）招 1.立足语篇篇章模式，结构要清晰 掌握篇章模式有助于学生把握语篇之骨架 和精要。“七选五”要求学生具备解构语篇的能kale ribs,.fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and4.B推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“That the con cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the cept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cui- sea level is a product of technically and culturally deter- sine.(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没 mined assumptions.In this book,I tell a story of these 有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大 assumptions.(这个概念有一段历史很容易被忽视。我 多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣 们往往忘记海平面是技术和文化决定的假设的产物。 甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利 在这本书中，我讲述了这些假设的故事。)”以及第四段 用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴。)”可知， "In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history 本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣 of mean sea level.(在这本书中，我考察了平均海平面历史 甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要 的三个关键阶段。)”可推知，该书主要探讨海平面的历史。 讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 因此，这本书最合适的标题是“海平面：一段历史”。 4.A推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wast- 二小 ED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from 【语篇解读】主要介绍剑桥心理学家开展对照实验， the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since 对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影 returned to its regular menu.(尽管wastED餐厅收获了热 响，并解读实验结论：主动欣赏艺术之美能够促进抽象思 烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后， 维，让人跳出具体、狭隘的思维方式。 Blue Hill餐厅已回归常规菜单。)”可知，wastED从一开始就 l.B细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were 被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断， randomly divided into two groups:the "beauty"group 实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of 四、说明文 each object they viewed,while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork it- 实战演练 slf.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思 考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对 【语篇解读】文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以 照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配 及海平面作为参考点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引 对。)”可知，美感组要为每件作品打分评级。 出对海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平 2.A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Among those,the 面历史的研究。 effect was greater:those with an artistic hobby in the l.C细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessari- beauty group scored over 25%higher on average for ab- ly relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us stract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the to express numerically the height of an object or a loca- control group..(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中 tion.(但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点，我们 有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有 才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。)”可知，作者 艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”以及第四段中的 在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 "Across all participants,those in the beauty group repor- 2.B主旨大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near ted an average of 23%higher levels of "transformative the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings of- and selftranscendent feelings"such as feeling moved, fered by our altimeters(测高仪).Why did they vary ever enlightened and inspired一than the control group.(在所 so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense 有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的“蜕变感与自我超 of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero. 越感”（诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪）平均水 This is how I began my search for the conceptual history 平，比对照组高出23%。)”可知，拥有艺术爱好的美感组 of sea level.(在Pradidali小屋附近的山口休息时，我们 成员测试平均分最高。 开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同仪器之间的读 3.D推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Emotional states of 数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思考零的含义。 participants were also measured by asking about their 这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原因。)”可推知，本 feelings while completing the gallery task.Across all par- 段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 ticipants,those in the beauty group reported an average 3.C词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since I began thinking of 23%higher levels of "transformative and self-tran- about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level scendent feelings"such as feeling moved,enlightened rise and the need to place it historically have only become and inspiredthan the control group.Importantly,how- more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 the global ever,the beauty group did not report feeling any happier sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall than the control group,suggesting that it was the en- rise recorded by satellites since1993.(自从我在2011年 gagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, 8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上升的问题以及将 rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发紧迫：从那时到 (研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中 2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米，约占自1993年 的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者 以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一半。)”可知，划线词 里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”（例如心生触 “it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise'”中的“the 动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受)平均分值，比对照组高 issue'”,即海平面上升的问题。 出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照 272 组更快乐。这就说明，是对美的感知体验影响了抽象思 会释放异戊二烯。)”可知，公园部门并非没有意识到城 维能力，而非这段经历带来的整体积极情绪在起作 市树木会释放异戊二烯这个问题。从而推知，画划线短 用。”可知，研究者通过检测情绪，排除了积极情绪干 语“oblivious to”意为“未觉察、不注意”，与B项“Una 扰，找到了造成两组测试分数差距的真实原因，也就是 ware of”意思一致。 确定测试结果背后的影响因素。 4.A推理判断题。根据第五段Auyeung的话“We could 4.D推理判断题。根据第一段的“A team of Cambridge plant any trees we want to,if we just rethink our car-cen- psychologists conducted an experiment to compare the tric lifestyle(只要我们反思以汽车为中心的生活方式，就 cognitive(认知的)effects of merely seeing art with ac- 可以随意种植树木)”可推知，她会提倡日常生活中减少 tively judging how beautiful it is..(剑桥大学的一组心理 汽车使用。 学家进行了一项实验，旨在比较仅仅观看艺术作品与主 四、 动评判其美感所产生的认知效应。)”；第三段中的 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一 "Across all participants,those in the beauty group scored 项新研究一锻炼可以帮助刺激大脑将新信息转化为长期记 almost 14%higher on average than the control group in 忆的区域，以及进行锻炼以最大程度提高学习的最佳时间。 abstract thinking.(在所有参与者中，美感组的抽象思维 l.A细节理解题。根据第一段中“A new study has taken 平均分比对照组高出近14%。)”以及第五段中的“Ad this information one step further and found the best time miring the beauty of art may be the ideal way to initiate when exercise can help maximize learning.(一项新的研 the abstract cognitive processes.(欣赏艺术之美或许是 究更进一步，找到了锻炼有助于最大化学习效果的最佳 启动抽象认知过程的理想途径。)”可知，实验全程数据 时间)”可知，新研究旨在探索什么时候锻炼最有利于学 都体现出主动品鉴艺术美感可以提升抽象思维得分，研 习。故选A项。 究者最终也证实欣赏艺术能够启动抽象认知过程，因此 2.D细节理解题。根据第三段中“After the test,all of 推断欣赏艺术之美促进抽象思维」 the subjects watched nature documentaries(测试后，所有 三、 受试者都观看了自然纪录片)”可知，实验要求所有受试 【语篇解读】本文介绍纽约市大力植树改善城市环 者在实验过程中观看自然纪录片。故选D项。 境，但研究发现当地主流树种橡树和枫香树会释放异戊二 3.B细节理解题。根据第四段中“Two days later,all of 烯，间接加剧臭氧污染、影响空气质量，相关部门也对此问 the participants returned to the lab for a recall test( 题给出了应对态度与看法。 后，所有参与者返回实验室进行回忆测试)”可知，参与 l.C细节理解题。根据第二段“Oaks and sweetgums, 者两天后返回实验室是为了进行记忆测试。故选B项。 which currently account for a majority of the city's trees, 4.D推理判断题。根据最后一段中“T've run enough produce huge amounts of a chemical substance called iso- marathons to prove the fact that my brain is anything but prene.Harmless by itself,isoprene interacts rapidly with sharp during or after a tough workout..(我已经跑了足够 polluting nitrogen oxides released by vehicles,buildings 多的马拉松来证明这样一个事实：在艰苦的锻炼过程中 and industry to form ground-level ozone()-a major 或之后，我的大脑一点也不敏锐)”可知，作者通过自己 factor in many breathing problems.(橡树和枫香树目前 跑马拉松的经历证明，刷烈的锻炼可能不会使大脑变得 占该市树木的大多数，它们会产生大量名为异戊二烯的 敏锐。故选D项。 化学物质。异戊二烯本身无害，但会迅速与车辆、建筑 五、 和工业排放的污染性氮氧化物发生反应，形成地面臭 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了蝴蝶 氧一这是许多呼吸问题的主要因素。)”可知，橡树和 进化出假头迷惑捕食者，研究者通过分析蝴蝶物种、构建系统 枫香树释放的化学物质和污染物结合形成地面臭氧，而 树，追溯假头特征的进化历程，揭示其为生存的进化适应。 臭氧是引发多种呼吸疾病的主要因素，由此可知这类树 l.C推理判断题。根据第一段“It's a problem that has 木会间接危害人体健康。 annoyed many horror movie makeup artists:How do you 2.C推理判断题。根据第三段“if the city maintains past give someone the appearance of having a second head? species patterns in new plantings,isoprene production in Seemingly to fake out hunters,many butterflies have Manhattan in coming decades will go up by about 140%, found their own solutions to this problem,with compli- and resulting summer ozone levels as much as 30%.( cated patterns and structures on their wings that create 果该市在新种植的植物中保持以往的物种分布模式，未 what look like second heads on their backsides..(这是一 来几十年曼哈顿的异戊二烯产量将增加约140%，由此 个令许多恐怖电影化妆师头疼的问题：如何让一个人看 导致的夏季臭氧水平将上升多达30%。)”可知，Com 起来像是长着第二个脑袋呢？似乎是为了骗过捕食者， mane认为如果继续沿用以往的树种种植模式，未来异戊 许多蝴蝶找到了应对这一问题的自身解决方案。它们 二烯和臭氧含量会大幅上升，再结合第四段Commane 的翅膀上有着复杂的图案和结构，从而在它们的背部形 所说“But if we're not careful,we could make air quality 成了看起来像第二个脑袋的形状。)”可知，在第一段中 worse.(但如果我们不够谨慎，可能会使空气质量变得 提到了“化妆师”这个概念是为了介绍一种进化上的技 更差。)”可推断，她会建议更换新种植树木的品种。 巧。故选C。 3.B词句猜测题。根据划线短语后文“A study carried 2.C细节理解题。根据第二段“Previous studies have out by some of its researchers several years ago conclu- shown these false heads help confuse hunters:Damage to ded that city trees did release isoprene.(几年前，该局的 the back end of a butterfly's wings near the false head 一些研究人员进行的一项研究得出结论，城市树木确实 has less impact on vital behaviors such as flying and mat- 273 ing than damage to the butterfly's real head.(此前的研 plaining about loading the dishwasher.If your child sees 究表明，这些假头会干扰猎食者：蝴蝶翅膀后端（靠近假 you enjoying your work and taking pride in a job well 头的部分)受到损伤对诸如飞行和交配等关键行为的影 done,they're far more likely to do the same.(你不能指 响要小于蝴蝶真实头部所受的损伤。)”可知，以往的研 望孩子满怀热情地处理自己的任务，而你自己却在抱怨 究会关注假头的防御功能。故选C。 把洗碗机里的碗碟摆好。如果你的孩子看到你享受工 3.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Evolutionary ecolo- 作、并为自己出色完成的事情感到自豪，他们就更有可 gists at IISER began by analyzing images of nearly 1,000 能也这样做。)”可知，整段核心是家长自身行为会被孩 species of butterflies and marking how many of the false 子模仿，家长要做好榜样。C选项“Model the work ethic head traits each species exhibited.The researchers then you want to see..(树立你希望孩子拥有的劳动榜样。)” constructed a phylogenetic tree(系统树)，which allowed 概括本段内容，适合做小标题。 them to visualize how closely related false-headed spe- 3.G本段小标题是“Build determination through goals. cies were to one another,as well as how each of the traits (借助目标培养意志力。)”；根据空后“Sometimes you evolved over time.(印度科学研究院的进化生态学家们 have to help them find their "thing."Set small,achieva- 首先对近1000种蝴蝶的图片进行了分析，并记录了每种 ble goals together with them and celebrate progress,not 蝴蝶表现出的假头部特征的数量。随后，他们构建了一 perfection.The trick is to let them struggle a bit-resist 个系统树，借此能够直观地看出假头部特征的蝴蝶种类 the urge to help fix things the moment they experience a 之间的亲缘关系有多紧密，以及这些特征是如何随时间 setback.(有时你需要帮孩子找到适合自己的事。和他 演变而形成的。)”可知，印度科学研究院的研究人员在 们一起设定容易达成的小目标，看重进步而非完美。诀 此次研究中重建了特征演变的历史。故选B。 窍是让他们适当经历磨砺，不要一逼到挫折就立刻帮忙 4.A主旨大意题。根据第一段“Seemingly to fake out 解决问题。)”可知，后文提出需要借助外力、设定小目标 hunters,many butterflies have found their own solutions 来锻炼意志力，反向说明孩子天生意志力参差不齐，不 to this problem,with complicated patterns and structures 是所有人天生意志力都很强。G选项“Not every child is on their wings that create what look like second heads on born with the willpower of a marathon runner..（并非每 their backsides.Now,in a new study,researchers at the 个孩子生来都拥有马拉松运动员那般强大的意志力。)” Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research(IIS 解释了为什么需要靠目标培养毅力，前后因果通顺，且 ER)dive deeper into the origins of these "false heads". 与本段主题一致。 (似乎是为了骗过捕食者，许多蝴蝶找到了应对这一问 4.D根据'空前“When kids mess up,don't jump in with a 题的自身解决方案。它们的翅膀上有着复杂的图案和 rescue mission..(孩子搞砸事情时，不要立刻出手包揽补 结构，从而在它们的背部形成了看起来像第二个脑袋的 救。)”可知，建议家长孩子出现问题不要立刻出手包搅 形状。如今，在一项新的研究中，印度科学研究院(IS 补救，后文需要给出对应的正向替代方案。D选项“In ER)的研究人员进一步探究了这些“假脑袋”的起源。)” stead,encourage them to do differently next time. 以及文章主要说明了蝴蝶进化出假头迷惑捕食者，研究 代之，鼓励他们下次换一种方式处理。)”中instead承接 者通过分析蝴蝶物种、构建系统树，追溯假头特征的进 前文不插手的做法，给出引导孩子自主修正错误的具体 化历程，揭示其为生存的进化适应。可知，A选项“为了 方式，符合语境」 生存？伪造第二头”最符合文章标题。故选A。 5.F根据空后“No worry.Those habits you're building 题型二阅读理解七选五 now are setting your child up for a lifetime of resilience (韧性)and satisfaction.(不必担心。你当下正在培养的 实战演练 这些习惯，会让孩子终身拥有抗挫折能力与成就感。)” 可知，No worry是安慰语气，说明空格处必然是家长会 【语篇解读】文章介绍了四种从小培养孩子劳动品 产生的顾虑。F选项“Progress can be slow,and you'l 质的实用方法。 wonder if it's all sinking in..(进步速度可能很慢，你会疑 l.A根据空前“nvolve your child in the daily running of 惑孩子究竞有没有真正听进去、学进去。)”提出家长的 the house:tidying toys,feeding the dog,watering the 焦虑疑惑，后文紧接着进行安抚解释，符合语境。 plants..(让孩子参与家庭日常事务：整理玩具、喂狗、浇 花。)”以及空后“When the tasks become as routine as 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍阅读中 brushing teeth,kids internalise that helping with house- 因打瞌睡导致的回读现象，分析原因并给出专注阅读、克 work is simply part of life..(当做家务变得像刷牙一样常 服该习惯的建议。 规化，孩子就会从内心认同做家务是生活的一部分。)” l.B根据上文“Is it because the material is too difficult to 可知，前文给出具体家务内容，后文强调把家务固化成 comprehend on the first reading or because you are a- 日常习惯，能让孩子形成观念，想要实现这个转变，核心 sleep?(是因为材料太难，第一次读不懂，还是因为你打 要素就是持之以恒。A选项“The key is consistency.(关 瞌睡了？)”以及下文“You are napping(打盹)or daydre 键在于持之以恒。)”，句中consistency对应后文routine, aming.(你在打盹或做白日梦。)”可知，此处应承接上文 点明坚持常态化做家务是养成习惯的核心逻辑。 的两个疑问，明确更可能是后者（打瞌睡）的情况，B选项 2.C分析文章结构，该空为本段小标题，其余小标题均为 “Probably the latter is true.(可能后者是对的。)”中的 简洁祈使句；根据本段后文“You can't expect your child the latter指代上文because you are asleep,与下文的打 to tackle their tasks with enthusiasm while you're com- 盹、做白日梦相呼应，符合语境。故选B项。 274