第二部分 题型一 阅读理解 三、议论文-【成功方案】2027年高考英语艺术生文化课总复习学生用书

第二部分 高考题型突破 1.Who are the people mentioned at the beginning 3.What does the underlined word "staggering"in of paragraph 1? paragraph 3 mean? A.Ninth graders. B.Students'parents. A.Mixed. B.Amazing. C.Modern writers. D.Fictional characters. C.Similar. D.Disturbing. 2.Why did the students perform poorly in writing 4.What does the author's experience show? their first essay? A.Teaching is learning. A.They were not given enough time. B.Still waters run deep. B.They had a very limited vocabulary. C.They misunderstood the question. C.Knowledge is power. D.They had little interest in the topic. D.Practice makes perfect. 三、议论文 阅读理解议论文解题思路 推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依 1.抓住论点主旨：阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章 据进行合理的推理。 的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主 4.注意干扰规律：①包含项原则：在答案选项分析 旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论 中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项（或 点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。议论文多采 其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其 用“倒三角形”结构，因此“首段”和“段首”就是做 他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是 题最大的要领，据此可以做好写作意图题、主旨 正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答 大意题和标题推断题。 案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰。 2.理清文章结构：议论文一般采用“总分总”的结 ②正反项原则：所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的 构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反 命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都 面)进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。 是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、 文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者 B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确 归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理 答案一般在A、B项当中。 清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给 ③委婉项原则：所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说 出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。 死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委 3.体会语言特点：能否正确把握作者的观点和态度 婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十 是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者 分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,pos 的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论 sibly,may,usually,might,most of,more or less, 点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态 relatively,be likely to,not necessary,although, 度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并 yet,in addition,tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的 不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真观察。做 表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never, 111 艺考生文化课成功方案 all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none, What is a common misunderstanding of emotional hardly,already等等。 intelligence??(2021·新课标I卷) ④同形项原则：命题者往往先将正确答案设置在 2.思维导图 一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化 步骤，一 锁 依据题干关键词找到文中相应信息 定关键词 的段落或语句 来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原 则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正 当器新括 对比、归纳、总结文中的信息或事实 确答案的存在。 选定与所归纳的信息最接近的选项作 分析选项 为正确答案 ⑤常识项原则：议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意 义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象 3.解题步骤：概括信息题要求学生通过思维分析对 的往往是正确答案。 原文中比较分散或复杂的信息进行归纳概括。 ⑥因果项原则：阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通 为了增加细节信息试题的难度，命题人有时也会 过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。 采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，一个细节理解 然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到 题涉及一段内的多个信息点或者多段的具体内 位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就 容，需要考生进行概括和归纳后才能回答。 是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四 方法2推理判断题 个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因 命题形式：推理判断题考查考生推理和判断的能 果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中 力，以及深层次的阅读理解能力。主要考查隐含 之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是 推断题、观点态度题、写作意图题、文章出处题、 因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就 文章类型题、读者对象题等。在进行推断时，要 是果。 透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”，要据 阅读理解议论文解题方法 文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文、主观臆断。 方法1细节理解题 What can be inferred about the campaigns in 1.命题方式：细节理解题在阅读理解议论文占有一 Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?(2025. 定比例，核心是落实“原文定位”和“同义替换”。 全国I卷) What phenomenon does the author point out in What is the author's attitude to the populariza- paragraph1?(2025·全国I卷) tion of emotional intelligence?(2021·新课标卷) 2.思维导图 隐含推断题 要求根据文中的信息进行合理的逻辑推断，理解作者的“言外之意” 观点态度题 个人对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断 推 写作手法题 主要考查全文或某个段落的组织方式和所运用的写作手法 断 写作意图题 包括全篇的写作意图和某个细节的写作意图 文章出处类别题 文章出自某个媒体（如杂志、报纸、网站等）或者文章属于某种文体 作者身份/读者对象题 推测作者的身份或文章的目标群体 112 第二部分 高考题型突破 3.解题策略：①“立足原文，只推一步”：根据原文内 emotions in a way that is similar to humans,but we 容简单推理，一步即可推得。 must avoid AI copying human emotions.Without ②选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only、never、 legal restrictions,AI may become a social disaster. all、absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模 The Al-driven new industrial revolution is 糊，会用能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often、 irreversible.This,like previous ones,which intro- usually、sometimes、some、may、might、can、 duced changes that had been unimaginable before, could、.probably等。 will certainly affect human employment.But it 实战演练 always turned out humanity was able to adapt to each industrial revolution and create new forms of 一、(25一26高三上·广东深圳·开学考试) employment.Therefore,it's unnecessary to worry Will artificial intelligence(Al)replace my job? AI will replace our jobs.While technology This is a question that many people think about advances at a rapid pace,what we need to do is to these days.At present,the application of AI robotics welcome the Al era rather than block its unfolding in professional fields,as well as ChatGPT's for fear of the unknown. abilities to write essays,solve complex problems 1.What does the author imply about AI's future? and more,have heightened moral concerns. (推理判断题) Some people see AI as the ultimate cure for A.It will be too complex to control. society's most fundamental problems,while others B.It depends on human innovation. fear that AI will overtake human intelligence. C.It will be regulated more strictly. These two views are based on the assumption that AI is better and smarter than humanity and may D.It may outperform the human brain. ultimately replace human decision-making.But given 2.How can we prevent AI's potential threat? A.By stirring emotions. the fact that technology is the product of human civilization,the challenge from AI is something we B.By blocking functions. have created for ourselves as we keep pushing our C.By setting restrictions. own boundaries.In other words,AI's progress, D.By changing regulations. functions and future direction are all determined by 3.What does the underlined word "irreversible"in the human brain. the last paragraph mean?(猜测词义题) Before Al becomes a threat to humanity,the A.Undesirable. B.Unavoidable. international community should reach an agree- C.Unpredictable. D.Unbelievable. ment on the role it is to play.More importantly, 4.What does the writer suggest readers do with related laws and regulations must ensure that AI the coming of the Al era? will benefit society and prevent it from threatening A.Deal with it positively. human life.Robots,for example,are believed to B.Accept it passively. develop emotional intelligence sometime,which C.Respond to it randomly. enables them to recognize,understand and express D.Defend it unconditionally. 113 艺考生文化课成功方案 二、(2025·全国I卷) Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society While safety improvements might have been when children can't move safely around our com- made to our streets in recent years,transport studies munities?The authors of Movement have it right: also show declines in pedestrian()mobility,espe- it's time to think differently about that street out- cially among young children.Many parents say side your front door. there's too much traffic on the roads for their chil- 1.What phenomenon does the author point out in dren to walk safely to school,so they pack them paragraph 1? into the car instead. A.Cars often get stuck on the road. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te B.Traffic accidents occur frequently. Brommelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In C.People walk less and drive more. their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. Streets and Trans form Our Lives,they call for a 2.What were the Canadian journalist and other rethink of our streets and the role they play in our campaigners trying to do? lives. A.Keep their cities livable. Life on city streets started to change decades B.Promote cultural diversity. ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to C.Help the needy families. make way for new road networks and kids had to D.Make expressways accessible. play elsewhere.Some communities fought back. 3.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s A.They boosted the sales of cars. led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local B.They turned out largely ineffective. park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replace- C.They won government support. ment with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on D.They advocated building new parks. her mayor(市长)to champion“New York as a 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? decent place to live,and not just rush through." A.Why the Rush? B.What's Next? Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late C.Where to Stay? D.Who to Blame? 1960s and 1970s as well. 三、(2025·全国I卷) Although these campaigns were widespread, Microplastics have become a common source the reality is that the majority of the western cities of pollution across the Earth-they have settled in were completely redesigned around the needs of the deep sea and on the Himalayas,stuck inside the motor car.The number of cars on roads has volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of seabirds and been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six appearing inside humans. million people,among the highest rate of car own- Now,new research suggests that a simple, ership in the world. cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of We invest a lot in roads that help us rush microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头)： through,but we fail to account for the true costs. boiling and filtering()it.In a study published 114 第二部分 高考题型突破 Wednesday in Environmental Science &Technolo- 1.How does the author present the issue in the gy Letters,researchers from China found that boil- first paragraph? ing tap water for just five minutes-then filtering A.By quoting an expert. it after it cools-could remove at least 80 percent B.By defining a concept. of its microplastics. C.By giving examples. Crucially,this process relies on the water con- D.By providing statistics. taining enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap 2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping the plastics.In the study,boiling hard water con- microplastics in water? taining 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to A.The hardness of water. an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in sam- B.The length of cooling time. ples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium car- C.The frequency of filtering. bonate,boiling reduced the level of plastics by just D.The type of plastic in water. 25 percent.Additionally,the research didn't 3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentio- include all types of plastics.The team focused only ning bottled water in paragraph 4? A.The importance of plastic recycling. on three common types-polystyrene,polyethylene B.The severity of the microplastic problem. and polypropylene-and they didn't study other C.The danger in overusing pure water. chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl D.The difficulty in treating polluted water. chloride. 4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? Still,the findings show a potential path for- A.Choice of new research methods. ward for reducing microplastic exposure-a task B.Possible direction for further study. that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled C.Need to involve more researchers. water,scientists found earlier this year,contains 10 D.Potential application of the findings. to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally 四、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) thought. When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online Scientists are still trying to determine how shop selling houseplants,she didn't have high harmful microplastics are-but what they do know hopes for it.But the opposite happened:She was has raised concerns.The new study suggests boil- flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 ing tap water could be a tool to limit intake."The alone.In the past year,Detrinidad sent out more way they demonstrated how microplastics were than 70,000 plants.Her success is just one exam- trapped through the boiling process was nice," ple of increased time at home leading to an explo- Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,an environmental sion in the houseplant industry. engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland “Plants are in fashion right now,”says Dr. who was not involved in the research,tells New Melinda Knuth,a researcher from the University Scientist."We should be looking into upgrading of Florida."People who live in plant-rich environ- drinking water treatment plants so they remove ments report a higher life satisfaction rating,"she microplastics.” says."Adding more nature to our environment can 115 艺考生文化课成功方案 change our mood and how we think."Plants can 4.What can be a suitable title for the text? improve our state of mind in a few ways but the A.Time to Replace Houseplants biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol,the B.Plants Boost Your Mood stress hormone(激素)in our body. C.Tips on Choosing Houseplants "Students who are around plants perform bet- D.Plants Brighten Your Home ter academically than students who are in a class- 五、(2025·全国Ⅱ卷) room without plants,"says Knuth."This produc- Does your soul die a little every time you tivity also translates into the workplace for adults. throw away unused food?Mine does.Maybe that Our study showed that there was a 30%decrease feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich where the phrase "there are children starving in workplaces.” Africa"was more of an uncomfortable reminder of If you're among the groups of people who are fact than a prayer at dinner time. enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of Food waste is a growing concern in the res surrounding yourself with plants,don't beat your- taurant,supermarket,and supply chain industries. self up if one(or a few!)doesn't make it."Doctors From technological solutions to educational cam practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you paigns,food producers and sellers are looking for should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a ways to use more of what we're already growing. plant.Tending to plants is an exercise in patience But last month,one popular New York City res- and learning.Be invested in taking care of it,but if taurant tried a different way:It changed its menu it dies,go get another one,"Detrinidad says. to exclusively()offer food that would other- 1.How was Detrinidad's business when it started? wise be thrown away. A.It faced tough competition. B.It suffered a great loss. For two weeks in March,Greenwich Village's C.It got lots of financial support. Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED,and D.It went surprisingly well. served items like fried skate cartilage,a juice pulp 2.What is one of Knuth's findings about plants? burger,and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad. A.They appeal more to students. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness re- B.They purify the environment. garding food waste. C.They raise the cortisol level. A study by the Food Waste Alliance deter- D.They enhance productivity. mined that the average restaurant generates 33 3.What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentio- pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue ning doctors and lawyers? (收入)，and of that waste only 15.7%is donated A.The necessity of social skills. or recycled.Up to 84.3%is simply thrown out. B.The meaning of sustainability. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented C.The importance of repeated efforts. with zero-waste systems,but wastED took the D.The value of professional opinions. concept to its logical conclusion. 116 第二部分 高考题型突破 It should be noted that none of the items on B.He enjoyed the local cuisine. wastED's menu was technically made from C.He donated food to Africans. garbage.Instead,all the ingredients()used D.He helped to cook at home. were examples of meat cuts and produce that most 2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? restaurants would never consider serving.Things A.To customize dishes for guests. like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes, B.To make the public aware of food waste. and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, C.To test a food processing method. with the help of a number of good chefs,turned D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. into excellent cuisine. 3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about? Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it A.Why the ingredients were used. was designed from the start as a short-lived experi- B.Which dishes were best liked. ment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular C.What the dishes were made of. menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that D.Where the ingredients were bought. there are many ways to address problems of sus- 4.What can we learn about wastED? tainability,and that you can make an amazing meal A.It has ended as planned. out of almost anything. B.It is creating new jobs. 1.What can be inferred about the author's early life? C.It has regained popularity. A.He witnessed food shortage. D.It is criticized by top chefs. 四、说明文 阅读理解说明文解题思路 复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主 1.细读文章重点：关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段 干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 6.学会适当放弃：无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常 2.明确说明对象：通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一 会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有 个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明 影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有 的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧 许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读 重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对 时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图 象的理解。 把整个专有名词读出来。 阅读理解说明文解题方法 3.弄清说明顺序：在说明的过程中作者会选择合理 方法1态度推断题 的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。 l.命题方式：设问方式以“What is..attitude to 把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加 ward.,?”等引出问题，注意把握好询问当事人 深对整篇文章的理解。 或者作者立场态度。 4.把握作者态度：说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某 What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint 个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被 Lukas'services?(2024·全国甲卷) 说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性 What is the author's attitude toward Carnegie's un- 和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 derstanding of argument?(2024·九省联考卷) 5.吃透长难句子：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把 What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' 影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及 studies?(2023·新课标I卷) 117三、议论文 安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年 轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无 实战演练 法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里。)”可知，作者 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了人工 指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 智能(AID是否会取代人类工作这一问题，分析了人们对AI 2.A推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously,.a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Man- 的不同看法，强调了人类对AI发展的主导作用以及应对 AI时代的正确态度。 hattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the L.B细节理解题。根据第二段中“But given the fact that destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs technology is the product of human civilization,the chal- called on her mayor (to champion'New York as a lenge from Al is something we have created for ourselves decent place to live,and not just rush through.'(最著名 as we keep pushing our own boundaries.In other words, 的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼 Al's progress,functions and future direction are all de- 哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述 termined by the human brain.(但考虑到技术是人类文明 她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Ja- 的产物，人工智能带来的挑战是我们自己在不断突破自 cobs呼吁她的市长捍卫‘纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而 身界限时创造的。换句话说，人工智能的进步、功能和 不仅是匆匆穿过的通道’。)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他 未来方向都是由人类大脑决定的。)”可知，作者认为人 运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 工智能的未来取决于人类的创新。故选B项。 3.B推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these 2.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“More importantly, campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the related laws and regulations must ensure that AI will majority of the western cities were completely redesigned benefit society and prevent it from threatening human around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on 1ife.(更重要的是，相关法律法规必须确保人工智能造福 roads has been increasing rapidly..(尽管这些运动很普 社会，防止其威胁人类生命。)”以及“Without legal re- 遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设 strictions,Al may become a social disaster..(没有法律限 计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。)”可推知，20 制，人工智能可能会成为一场社会灾难。)”可知，我们可 世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止 以通过制定法律限制（设置约束）来防止人工智能的潜 汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 在威胁。故选C项。 4.A主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We 3.B词句猜测题。根据划线词后一句“This,like previous invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail ones,which introduced changes that had been unimaginable to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what before,will certainly affect human employment.(和之前的工 it costs us as a society when children can't move safely a- 业革命一样，这将肯定会影响人类就业，之前的工业革命带 round our communities?(我们在帮助我们快速通过的 来了以前难以想象的变化。)”可知，人工智能驱动的新工业 道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成 革命和之前的工业革命一样，是不可避免的，且会影响人类 本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全 就业。由此可推知，划线单词irreversible意为“不可避免 地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗？)” 的”，与Unavoidable意思相近。故选B项。 可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需 4.A推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Therefore,.it's 求的现象，A项“Why the Rush?(为何匆匆？)”质问 unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs.While “rush through(匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适 technology advances at a rapid pace,what we need to do 合作为本文标题。故选A。 is to welcome the Al era rather than block its unfolding 三、 for fear of the unknown.(因此，没有必要担心人工智能 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 会取代我们的工作。虽然技术进步迅速，但我们需要做 项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已 的是欢迎人工智能时代的到来，而不是因为害怕未知而 遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮 阻止它的发展。)”可推知，作者建议读者积极应对人工 沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料 智能时代的到来。故选A项。 含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了 一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了 了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是 l.C推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have 儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反 become a common source of pollution across the Earth 思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, l.C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety im stuck inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of sea- provements might have been made to our streets in recent birds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are years,transport studies also show declines in pedestrian even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上 (mobility,especially among young children.Many 常见的污染源一一它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上， parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their 被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪 children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into 中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内。)”可推知，作者通过 the car instead.(虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了 举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 270 2.A细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially,this adults.Our study showed that there was a 30%decrease process relies on the water containing enough calcium in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich work- carbonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics..In the study, places.'(Knuth表示：‘身处植物周围的学生，其学业表 boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium 现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提 carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. 升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在 But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium 植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了30%。)” carbonate,boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 可知，Kuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更 percent.(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸 好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假 钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳 率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。 酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸 故选D。 钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑 3.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“‘Doctors practice 料含量。)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是 medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow 水的硬度。故选A。 yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant.Tending 3.B推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still,the findings to plants is an exercise in patience and learning.Be show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic invested in taking care of it,but if it dies,go get another exposurea task that's becoming increasingly diffcult. one,’Detrinidad says.(Detrinidad说：‘医生需要不断实 Even bottled water,scientists found earlier this year,con- 践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样 tains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally 需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和 thought.(尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的 学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养 潜在途径一这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些 一林新的。)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需 时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比 要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为 原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装 养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断， 水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性” 4.D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The way they 故选C。 demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through 4.B主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例 the boiling process was nice,Caroline Gauchotte-Lind- 引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth say,an environmental engineer of the University of Glas- 的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升 gow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, 生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕 tells New Scientist.We should be looking into upgra- “植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants ding drinking water treatment plants so they remove mi- Boost Your Mood(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章 croplastics.’(苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师 主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉 五、 《新科学家》杂志：‘他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物 被截留的方式很不错。’‘我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理 浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为 厂，以便它们能去除微塑料。)”可推知，Caroline Gau 例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以 chotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用， 此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 1.A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feel- 四、 ing comes from growing up in South Africa where the 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过D phrase'there are children starving in Africa'was more trinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心 of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at din- 理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动 ner time.(这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历，在那 了室内植物产业的发展。 里，‘非洲还有孩子在挨饿’这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈 l.D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrin 祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒。)”可知，作者在南 idad opened her online shop selling houseplants,she 非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年 didn't have high hopes for it.But the opposite happened: 目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 She was flooded,shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2.B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tai- 2020 alone.(当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内 lor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. 植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反： 菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识。)” 订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份 可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供 订单。)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植 原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认 物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意 识。故选B。 出奇地好。故选D。 3.C主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted 2.D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘Students who are that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically around plants perform better academically than students made from garbage.Instead,all the ingredients ( who are in a classroom without plants,'says Knuth. used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most 'This productivity also translates into the workplace for restaurants would never consider serving.Things like 271 kale ribs,.fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and4.B推理判断题。通读全文，根据第二段“That the con cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the cept has a history is easily ignored.We tend to forget that help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cui- sea level is a product of technically and culturally deter- sine.(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没 mined assumptions.In this book,I tell a story of these 有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大 assumptions.(这个概念有一段历史很容易被忽视。我 多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣 们往往忘记海平面是技术和文化决定的假设的产物。 甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利 在这本书中，我讲述了这些假设的故事。)”以及第四段 用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴。)”可知， "In this book I examine three crucial stages in the history 本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣 of mean sea level.(在这本书中，我考察了平均海平面历史 甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要 的三个关键阶段。)”可推知，该书主要探讨海平面的历史。 讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 因此，这本书最合适的标题是“海平面：一段历史”。 4.A推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wast- 二小 ED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from 【语篇解读】主要介绍剑桥心理学家开展对照实验， the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since 对比单纯观赏艺术品和主动评判美感分别带来的认知影 returned to its regular menu.(尽管wastED餐厅收获了热 响，并解读实验结论：主动欣赏艺术之美能够促进抽象思 烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后， 维，让人跳出具体、狭隘的思维方式。 Blue Hill餐厅已回归常规菜单。)”可知，wastED从一开始就 l.B细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Participants were 被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断， randomly divided into two groups:the "beauty"group 实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 was asked to actively consider and then rate the beauty of 四、说明文 each object they viewed,while the control group just matched a line drawing of the object with the artwork it- 实战演练 slf.(参与者被随机分成两组：“美感组”被要求主动思 考，然后为他们所观看的每一件物品的美感打分，而对 【语篇解读】文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以 照组只是把物品的线条图和这件艺术品实物进行配 及海平面作为参考点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引 对。)”可知，美感组要为每件作品打分评级。 出对海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平 2.A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Among those,the 面历史的研究。 effect was greater:those with an artistic hobby in the l.C细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessari- beauty group scored over 25%higher on average for ab- ly relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us stract thinking than those with an artistic hobby in the to express numerically the height of an object or a loca- control group..(在那些人当中，效果更加显著：美感组中 tion.(但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点，我们 有艺术爱好的受试者，其抽象思维平均分比对照组中有 才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。)”可知，作者 艺术爱好的受试者高出25%以上。)”以及第四段中的 在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 "Across all participants,those in the beauty group repor- 2.B主旨大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near ted an average of 23%higher levels of "transformative the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings of- and selftranscendent feelings"such as feeling moved, fered by our altimeters(测高仪).Why did they vary ever enlightened and inspired一than the control group.(在所 so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense 有受试者中，审美组受试者所报告的“蜕变感与自我超 of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero. 越感”（诸如感动、豁然开朗、备受鼓舞这类情绪）平均水 This is how I began my search for the conceptual history 平，比对照组高出23%。)”可知，拥有艺术爱好的美感组 of sea level.(在Pradidali小屋附近的山口休息时，我们 成员测试平均分最高。 开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同仪器之间的读 3.D推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Emotional states of 数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思考零的含义。 participants were also measured by asking about their 这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原因。)”可推知，本 feelings while completing the gallery task.Across all par- 段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 ticipants,those in the beauty group reported an average 3.C词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since I began thinking of 23%higher levels of "transformative and self-tran- about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level scendent feelings"such as feeling moved,enlightened rise and the need to place it historically have only become and inspiredthan the control group.Importantly,how- more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 the global ever,the beauty group did not report feeling any happier sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall than the control group,suggesting that it was the en- rise recorded by satellites since1993.(自从我在2011年 gagement with beauty that influenced abstract thinking, 8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上升的问题以及将 rather than any overall positivity from the experience. 它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发紧迫：从那时到 (研究人员还通过询问受试者在参观美术馆任务过程中 2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘米，约占自1993年 的内心感受，测评了他们的情绪状态。在全部受试者 以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一半。)”可知，划线词 里，美感组汇报的“蜕变感与自我超越感”（例如心生触 “it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise'”中的“the 动、豁然开悟、备受鼓舞等感受)平均分值，比对照组高 issue'”,即海平面上升的问题。 出23%。但关键的一点是，美感组并未表示自己比对照 272