专题02 构词法(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期外研版

2026-10-19
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专题04构词法 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 派生法 / 考点二 合成法 / 考点三 转化法 / 考点四 缩略法 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题聚焦构词法的主要具体方法。命题常通过构词法的了解拓宽对词汇在语境中的真实应用的视野。 识记 说清构词法的基本方法。 理解 派生法 、合成法、转化法、缩略法四种方法的具体思路。 应用 准确完成语法填空;学会词汇的变形。 考点一 派生法(最核心、最高频) 通过在词根前后添加词缀(前缀、后缀)构成新词,词义和词性会发生对应变化。 (一)前缀(只改变词义,不改变词性) 1. 否定类前缀 •un-:置于形容词、副词、分词前,表“不、无、非”,例:unhappy、unfair、unable •in-:置于正式形容词前,表“不、无”,变体:il-(l前)、im-(b/p/m前)、ir-(r前), 例:inactive、illegal、impossible、irregular •dis-:置于动词、名词前,表“否定、相反、分离”,例:disagree、disappear、disadvantage •non-:通用否定前缀,表“非、不”,例:nonstop、non-smoking 2. 方向/关系类前缀 •re-:再、又、重新,例:rewrite、return、rebuild •pre-:提前、预先,例:preview、predict、prewar •post-:之后,例:postwar、postgraduate •trans-:跨越、转移,例:transport、translate、transform •inter-:相互、之间,例:international、interview、interact 3. 数量/程度类前缀 •multi-:多,例:multicultural、multimedia •semi-:半,例:semifinal、semicircle •super-:超级、超出,例:supermarket、superstar、superpower •mini-:微小,例:minibus、miniskirt (二)后缀(主要改变词性,词义基本不变) 1. 名词后缀 •-er/-or:表人/物(执行者),例:teacher、worker、actor、visitor •-ist:表职业、主义者,例:artist、scientist、tourist •-ness:形容词变名词(性质、状态),例:happiness、kindness、darkness •-tion/-sion:动词变名词(动作、行为),例:action、education、decision、discussion •-ment:动词变名词(结果、状态),例:development、agreement、movement •-ity:形容词变名词(属性),例:ability、reality、security •-ance/-ence:表性质、状态、行为,例:importance、difference、existence •-th:表抽象属性,例:truth、length、width 2. 动词后缀 •-ize/-ise:使、致使、具体化,例:realize、organize、apologize •-en:使变得、使成为,多用于形容词后,例:widen、strengthen、darken •-ify:使、简化,例:simplify、classify、beautify 3. 形容词后缀 •-ful:充满…的、有…的,例:helpful、careful、meaningful •-less:无…的、不…的,例:helpless、careless、homeless •-ous:充满…的,例:dangerous、curious、nervous •-able/-ible:可…的、能…的,例:comfortable、possible、acceptable •-ive:有…性质的、主动的,例:active、creative、attractive •-al:有关…的,例:natural、cultural、official •-y:充满…的、略带…的(多用于名词后),例:sunny、windy、healthy 4. 副词后缀 •-ly:绝大多数形容词变副词,例:quickly、quietly、clearly •-ally:scientifically, specifically, academically •-ward(s):表方向,例:forward、backward、towards 考点二 合成法 将两个或多个独立单词组合成一个新词,词义多为原词含义结合。 1. 合成名词 •名词+名词:classroom、blackboard、bookstore •形容词+名词:blackboard、supermarket、freshman •动词+副词:breakdown、get-together •介词+名词:afternoon、inside 2. 合成形容词 •名词+形容词:world-famous、snow-white •形容词+分词:good-looking、well-known •数词+名词(单数):ten-year-old、three-day •副词+分词:hard-working、far-reaching 3. 合成动词/副词 •合成动词:underline、download、overcome •合成副词:anywhere、somehow、therefore 考点三 转化法 单词拼写不变,直接改变词性和用法,是高中语法填空高频考点。 1. 名词↔动词 ①表具体物体的名词转化为动词 book n.书→v. 预订/water n.水→v.给…浇水/ mail n.邮件→v.邮寄/ ship n.船→v.运送 ②表示身体部位的名词转化为动词: hand →v.递/ face →vt.面对/ shoulder →v.扛 / head →v.前进/ back →v.后退 ③表示某一类人的名词转化为动词 nurse→v.护理/ host→v.主办/ mother→v.像母亲般照管/pioneer →v.做先锋/volunteer→vt.自愿做 ④表示动物的名词转化为动词 snake →v.蜿蜒前进/ wolf →v.狼吞虎咽/fish →v.钓鱼/ parrot →v.鹦鹉学舌地说 eg. The ship is heading east./ hand me the book/ She nursed her husband back to health. /the disturbed child needed mothering/ The road snaked away into the distance./ He wolfed down three bowls of rice. 2. 形容词↔动词 •形容词转动词:perfect→v. 使完善/slow→ v.放慢/ better→ v.改善/ empty→ v.倒空/dirty → v.使变脏/ smooth→v.使平滑/dry→ v.(使…)变干/ brave→ v.勇敢地面对 eg. better our living conditions/ empty the water out of the vase 3. 形容词↔名词 •the+形容词表一类人:the poor(穷人)、the old(老人)、the young(年轻人), the homeless (无家可归的人), the injured(受伤的人) •抽象转化:good(好的→好处)、wrong(错误的→过错) 4.动词 ↔ 名词 动词转化为名词时意义变化不大,多表示与动作本身相关的事物,很容易猜出词义。 eg. go out for a walk/ a man of strong build / have a swim/ had a worried look on her face 由动词转化而来的名词常与give, have, make, take, go...动词搭配来表示一个动作。 eg. give a kick /take a rest /take a bath /go for a swim/ have a drink/ have a bet 打赌 考点四 缩略法 利用词的第一个字母代表一个词组的缩略词,就叫作首字母缩略词。常见的缩略法有: 构成方式 例词 构成方式 例词 截头法 airplane—plane / telephone —phone 去尾法 examination—exam/ photograph —photo/ laboratory—lab 首字母缩略法 缩写 全称 汉语 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司 NBA National Basketball Association (美国)全球篮球协会 UN United Nations 联合国 VIP very important person 大人物 VOA Voice of America 美国之音 WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织 ID identification 身份证明 UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织 APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织 ⚠️避坑指南 高中构词法特殊规则(必考易错点) 1. 词尾不发音e的变化规则 •加后缀不发音e保留:careful、useful、hopeful •加后缀发音/形变去e:true→truth、believe→belief、write→writer 2. 重读闭音节双写规则 辅+元+辅重读结尾,加后缀-ing/-ed/-er/-est等双写末尾辅音字母:big→bigger, run→running、begin→ beginning, stop→stopped, refer →referred, prefer → preferred 3. y结尾单词变形规则 •辅音+y:变y为i加后缀,happy→happiness、easy→easily、study→studied •元音+y:直接加后缀,play→playing、gray→grayish 4. 特殊不规则派生(无固定词缀,必背) •strong→strength、long→length、wide→width •die→death、safe→safety、free→freedom •possible→impossible→possibility •able→unable→ability→disable 5. 同根词多词性辨析高频组 •vary(v.变化)→variety(n.种类)→various(adj.各种各样的) •differ(v.不同)→difference(n.差异)→different(adj.不同的) •succeed(v.成功)→success(n.成功)→successful(adj.成功的) •develop(v.发展)→development(n.发展)→developing(adj.发展中的)→developed(adj.发达的) 基础固本练(限时:15分钟) 一、判断构词方式:合成法 / 派生法 / 转化法 写出下面单词的构成类型 classroom ________ unhappy ________ water (n. 水 → v. 浇水) ________ blackboard ________ careful ________ hand (n. 手 → v. 传递) ________ rewrite ________ earthquake ________ 二.单词变形填空 1. It is _____________ (possible) for us to finish the work in ten minutes. 2. He is an _____________ (experience) teacher who has taught for 20 years. 3. We should be _____________ (care) when we do first aid. 4. The _____________ (injure) boy was sent to hospital at once. 5. It is of great _____________ (important) to keep healthy. 6. He spoke _____________ (gentle) to the little kid. 7. Don’t be _____________ (patient); wait for another ten minutes. 8. This new rule brings great _____________ (convenient) to students. 9. The whole city was in _____________ (destroy) after the big earthquake. 10. She is a _____________ (care) girl and seldom makes mistakes. 11. Many young people want to become _____________ (music) in the future. 12. We need _____________ (protect) from natural disasters. 13. The film is so _____________ (bore) that I want to leave. 14. His _____________ (kind) helps many homeless people. 15. You need to _____________ (wide) your horizons by travelling. 参考答案: 一、判断构词方式:合成法 / 派生法 / 转化法 1. classroom —— 合成法 2. unhappy —— 派生法 3. water (n. 水 → v. 浇水) —— 转化法 4. blackboard —— 合成法 5. careful —— 派生法 6. hand (n. 手 → v. 传递) —— 转化法 7. rewrite —— 派生法 8. earthquake —— 合成法 二、单词变形填空 1. impossible 不可能的(im - 否定前缀) 2. experienced 有经验的(形容词修饰 teacher) 3. careful 小心的(be + 形容词) 4. injured 受伤的(形容词修饰 boy) 5. importance 名词;of great importance=very important 6. gently 副词修饰动词 spoke 7. impatient 不耐烦的(im - 否定前缀) 8. convenience 名词,great 后接名词 9. destruction 毁坏;in destruction 处于损毁状态 10. careful 细心的,修饰 girl 11. musicians 音乐家,many 后用复数 12. protection 名词,动词 need 后接宾语 13. boring 修饰事物 “令人无聊的” 14. kindness 名词,his 后接名词 15. widen 动词,-en 后缀表 “使…… 拓宽” 综合进阶练(限时:15分钟) 一、根据汉语提示,用正确派生词填空 1. It’s _____________ (不合情理的) to give up easily when facing difficulties. 2. His _____________ (虚弱) comes from staying up late every day. 3. This medicine is _____________ (有用的) for your sore throat. 4. The _____________ (幸存者) of the flood were well looked after. 5. We should _____________ (现代化) our learning methods. 二、选词填空(前缀辨析:un- /dis-/re- /mis-) unhappy, dislike, rewrite, misunderstand, unfair 1. Please _____________ your composition to correct the mistakes. 2. It is _____________ to let only one student do all the work. 3. They _____________ each other because of little communication. 4. I _____________ getting up early on cold winter mornings. 5. She felt _____________ because no one played with her. 三、转化法小练习 1 / 9 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 book n. 书本 → v. _____________ cool adj. 凉爽的 → v. _____________ email n. 邮件 → v. _____________ quiet adj. 安静的 → v. ________ impress v.使印象深刻→ n. ________ organise v. 组织→ n. ________ explore v. 探索;探究→ n. ________ graduate v. 毕业→ n. ________ suitable adj. 合适的→ v. ________ balance n./v. 平衡→ adj. _______ 参考答案: 一、根据汉语提示,用正确派生词填空 1. unreasonable 2. weakness 3. useful 4. survivors 5. modernize 二、选词填空(unhappy, dislike, rewrite, misunderstand, unfair) 1. rewrite 重写 2. unfair 不公平的 3. misunderstand 误解 4. dislike 不喜欢 5. unhappy 不开心 三、转化法小练习 1. book n. 书本 → v. 预订 2. cool adj. 凉爽的 → v. 使冷却;降温 3. email n. 邮件 → v. 发邮件 4. quiet adj. 安静的 → v. 使安静;平静下来 5. impress v. 使印象深刻 → n. impression 印象 6. organise v. 组织 → n. organisation/organization 组织 7. explore v. 探索 → n. exploration 探索 8. graduate v. 毕业 → n. graduation 毕业 9. suitable adj. 合适的 → v. suit 适合 10. balance n./v. 平衡 → adj. balanced 均衡的 9 / 9 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ 专题04构词法 01 期中考情透视 02 复习目标锚定 03 知识体系构建 04 核心考点精讲 考点一 派生法 / 考点二 合成法 / 考点三 转化法 / 考点四 缩略法 05 限时分层演练 基础固本练 / 综合进阶练 本专题聚焦构词法的主要具体方法。命题常通过构词法的了解拓宽对词汇在语境中的真实应用的视野。 识记 说清构词法的基本方法。 理解 派生法 、合成法、转化法、缩略法四种方法的具体思路。 应用 准确完成语法填空;学会词汇的变形。 考点一 派生法(最核心、最高频) 通过在词根前后添加词缀(前缀、后缀)构成新词,词义和词性会发生对应变化。 (一)前缀(只改变词义,不改变词性) 1. 否定类前缀 •un-:置于形容词、副词、分词前,表“不、无、非”,例:unhappy、unfair、unable •in-:置于正式形容词前,表“不、无”,变体:il-(l前)、im-(b/p/m前)、ir-(r前), 例:inactive、illegal、impossible、irregular •dis-:置于动词、名词前,表“否定、相反、分离”,例:disagree、disappear、disadvantage •non-:通用否定前缀,表“非、不”,例:nonstop、non-smoking 2. 方向/关系类前缀 •re-:再、又、重新,例:rewrite、return、rebuild •pre-:提前、预先,例:preview、predict、prewar •post-:之后,例:postwar、postgraduate •trans-:跨越、转移,例:transport、translate、transform •inter-:相互、之间,例:international、interview、interact 3. 数量/程度类前缀 •multi-:多,例:multicultural、multimedia •semi-:半,例:semifinal、semicircle •super-:超级、超出,例:supermarket、superstar、superpower •mini-:微小,例:minibus、miniskirt (二)后缀(主要改变词性,词义基本不变) 1. 名词后缀 •-er/-or:表人/物(执行者),例:teacher、worker、actor、visitor •-ist:表职业、主义者,例:artist、scientist、tourist •-ness:形容词变名词(性质、状态),例:happiness、kindness、darkness •-tion/-sion:动词变名词(动作、行为),例:action、education、decision、discussion •-ment:动词变名词(结果、状态),例:development、agreement、movement •-ity:形容词变名词(属性),例:ability、reality、security •-ance/-ence:表性质、状态、行为,例:importance、difference、existence •-th:表抽象属性,例:truth、length、width 2. 动词后缀 •-ize/-ise:使、致使、具体化,例:realize、organize、apologize •-en:使变得、使成为,多用于形容词后,例:widen、strengthen、darken •-ify:使、简化,例:simplify、classify、beautify 3. 形容词后缀 •-ful:充满…的、有…的,例:helpful、careful、meaningful •-less:无…的、不…的,例:helpless、careless、homeless •-ous:充满…的,例:dangerous、curious、nervous •-able/-ible:可…的、能…的,例:comfortable、possible、acceptable •-ive:有…性质的、主动的,例:active、creative、attractive •-al:有关…的,例:natural、cultural、official •-y:充满…的、略带…的(多用于名词后),例:sunny、windy、healthy 4. 副词后缀 •-ly:绝大多数形容词变副词,例:quickly、quietly、clearly •-ally:scientifically, specifically, academically •-ward(s):表方向,例:forward、backward、towards 考点二 合成法 将两个或多个独立单词组合成一个新词,词义多为原词含义结合。 1. 合成名词 •名词+名词:classroom、blackboard、bookstore •形容词+名词:blackboard、supermarket、freshman •动词+副词:breakdown、get-together •介词+名词:afternoon、inside 2. 合成形容词 •名词+形容词:world-famous、snow-white •形容词+分词:good-looking、well-known •数词+名词(单数):ten-year-old、three-day •副词+分词:hard-working、far-reaching 3. 合成动词/副词 •合成动词:underline、download、overcome •合成副词:anywhere、somehow、therefore 考点三 转化法 单词拼写不变,直接改变词性和用法,是高中语法填空高频考点。 1. 名词↔动词 ①表具体物体的名词转化为动词 book n.书→v. 预订/water n.水→v.给…浇水/ mail n.邮件→v.邮寄/ ship n.船→v.运送 ②表示身体部位的名词转化为动词: hand →v.递/ face →vt.面对/ shoulder →v.扛 / head →v.前进/ back →v.后退 ③表示某一类人的名词转化为动词 nurse→v.护理/ host→v.主办/ mother→v.像母亲般照管/pioneer →v.做先锋/volunteer→vt.自愿做 ④表示动物的名词转化为动词 snake →v.蜿蜒前进/ wolf →v.狼吞虎咽/fish →v.钓鱼/ parrot →v.鹦鹉学舌地说 eg. The ship is heading east./ hand me the book/ She nursed her husband back to health. /the disturbed child needed mothering/ The road snaked away into the distance./ He wolfed down three bowls of rice. 2. 形容词↔动词 •形容词转动词:perfect→v. 使完善/slow→ v.放慢/ better→ v.改善/ empty→ v.倒空/dirty → v.使变脏/ smooth→v.使平滑/dry→ v.(使…)变干/ brave→ v.勇敢地面对 eg. better our living conditions/ empty the water out of the vase 3. 形容词↔名词 •the+形容词表一类人:the poor(穷人)、the old(老人)、the young(年轻人), the homeless (无家可归的人), the injured(受伤的人) •抽象转化:good(好的→好处)、wrong(错误的→过错) 4.动词 ↔ 名词 动词转化为名词时意义变化不大,多表示与动作本身相关的事物,很容易猜出词义。 eg. go out for a walk/ a man of strong build / have a swim/ had a worried look on her face 由动词转化而来的名词常与give, have, make, take, go...动词搭配来表示一个动作。 eg. give a kick /take a rest /take a bath /go for a swim/ have a drink/ have a bet 打赌 考点四 缩略法 利用词的第一个字母代表一个词组的缩略词,就叫作首字母缩略词。常见的缩略法有: 构成方式 例词 构成方式 例词 截头法 airplane—plane / telephone —phone 去尾法 examination—exam/ photograph —photo/ laboratory—lab 首字母缩略法 缩写 全称 汉语 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司 NBA National Basketball Association (美国)全球篮球协会 UN United Nations 联合国 VIP very important person 大人物 VOA Voice of America 美国之音 WTO World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织 ID identification 身份证明 UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织 APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织 ⚠️避坑指南 高中构词法特殊规则(必考易错点) 1. 词尾不发音e的变化规则 •加后缀不发音e保留:careful、useful、hopeful •加后缀发音/形变去e:true→truth、believe→belief、write→writer 2. 重读闭音节双写规则 辅+元+辅重读结尾,加后缀-ing/-ed/-er/-est等双写末尾辅音字母:big→bigger, run→running、begin→ beginning, stop→stopped, refer →referred, prefer → preferred 3. y结尾单词变形规则 •辅音+y:变y为i加后缀,happy→happiness、easy→easily、study→studied •元音+y:直接加后缀,play→playing、gray→grayish 4. 特殊不规则派生(无固定词缀,必背) •strong→strength、long→length、wide→width •die→death、safe→safety、free→freedom •possible→impossible→possibility •able→unable→ability→disable 5. 同根词多词性辨析高频组 •vary(v.变化)→variety(n.种类)→various(adj.各种各样的) •differ(v.不同)→difference(n.差异)→different(adj.不同的) •succeed(v.成功)→success(n.成功)→successful(adj.成功的) •develop(v.发展)→development(n.发展)→developing(adj.发展中的)→developed(adj.发达的) 基础固本练(限时:15分钟) 一、判断构词方式:合成法 / 派生法 / 转化法 写出下面单词的构成类型 classroom ________ unhappy ________ water (n. 水 → v. 浇水) ________ blackboard ________ careful ________ hand (n. 手 → v. 传递) ________ rewrite ________ earthquake ________ 二、单词变形填空 1. It is _____________ (possible) for us to finish the work in ten minutes. 2. He is an _____________ (experience) teacher who has taught for 20 years. 3. We should be _____________ (care) when we do first aid. 4. The _____________ (injure) boy was sent to hospital at once. 5. It is of great _____________ (important) to keep healthy. 6. He spoke _____________ (gentle) to the little kid. 7. Don’t be _____________ (patient); wait for another ten minutes. 8. This new rule brings great _____________ (convenient) to students. 9. The whole city was in _____________ (destroy) after the big earthquake. 10. She is a _____________ (care) girl and seldom makes mistakes. 11. Many young people want to become _____________ (music) in the future. 12. We need _____________ (protect) from natural disasters. 13. The film is so _____________ (bore) that I want to leave. 14. His _____________ (kind) helps many homeless people. 15. You need to _____________ (wide) your horizons by travelling. 综合进阶练(限时:15分钟) 一、根据汉语提示,用正确派生词填空 1. It’s _____________ (不合情理的) to give up easily when facing difficulties. 2. His _____________ (虚弱) comes from staying up late every day. 3. This medicine is _____________ (有用的) for your sore throat. 4. The _____________ (幸存者) of the flood were well looked after. 5. We should _____________ (现代化) our learning methods. 二、选词填空(前缀辨析:un- /dis-/re- /mis-) unhappy, dislike, rewrite, misunderstand, unfair 1. Please _____________ your composition to correct the mistakes. 2. It is _____________ to let only one student do all the work. 3. They _____________ each other because of little communication. 4. I _____________ getting up early on cold winter mornings. 5. She felt _____________ because no one played with her. 三、转化法小练习 book n. 书本 → v. _____________ cool adj. 凉爽的 → v. _____________ email n. 邮件 → v. _____________ quiet adj. 安静的 → v. ________ impress v.使印象深刻→ n. ________ organise v. 组织→ n. ________ explore v. 探索;探究→ n. ________ graduate v. 毕业→ n. ________ suitable adj. 合适的→ v. ________ balance n./v. 平衡→ adj. ________ 3 / 3 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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专题02 构词法(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期外研版
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专题02 构词法(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期外研版
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专题02 构词法(期中复习讲义)高一英语上学期外研版
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