内容正文:
专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)
考情分析
【考向透视】
句子成分(如主语、谓语等)与基本句型(如 “主谓”“主谓宾” 等)作为高考英语考查的 “底层语法逻辑”,在英语中能助力破解语法填空、拆分阅读理解长难句抓核心信息,保证写作句子正确且提升表达逻辑性,以及通过完形填空的成分功能判断语义搭配。
【复习目标】
1. 掌握句子成分、句子的基本结构和类型。
2.熟练运用表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词。
3..强化在复杂语境中理解长难句的能力。
句子成分
知识点01 主语
1.位置:通常位于句首,在陈述句谓语动词之前。在疑问句中,主语位于助动词之后。
2.作用:句子叙述的主体,是句子说明的人或事物,是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。
3.构成:
①名词:普通名词或专有名词。
The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
猫正在沙发上睡觉。
②代词:人称代词主格、不定代词、指示代词等。
She loves playing the piano.
她喜欢弹钢琴。
③数词:表示数量的词。
Two-thirds of the students are from China.
三分之二的学生来自中国。
④动词不定式 (to do):具有名词性。
To travel around the world is my dream.
环游世界是我的梦想。
⑤动名词 (V-ing):具有名词性。
Swimming is a good exercise.
游泳是一项很好的运动。
⑥名词化的形容词或分词:如 “the rich”(富人)
The poor need more help.
穷人需要更多帮助。
⑦从句:主语从句。
How he solved the problem inspired everyone.
他解决这个问题的方法鼓舞了所有人。
知识点02 谓语
1.位置:通常位于句首,在陈述句谓语动词之前。在疑问句中,主语位于助动词之后。
2.作用:说明主语所做的动作、存在的状态或具有的特征,是句子不可或缺的部分,体现句子的主要内容。
3.构成:
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
动词作谓语:He runs every morning. 他每天早上跑步。
动词短语作谓语:She looks after her little sister. 她照顾她的小妹妹。
知识点03 宾语
1.位置:一般位于及物动词或介词之后。
2.作用:表示动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。
3.构成:
①名词:普通名词或专有名词。
He bought a book yesterday.
他昨天买了一本书。
②代词:人称代词宾格、不定代词等。
She likes him very much.
她非常喜欢他。
③数词:表示数量的词。
Please give me three.
请给我三个。
④动词不定式(to do):具有名词性。
I want to see a movie.
我想去看一场电影。
⑤动名词(V - ing):具有名词性。
She enjoys singing.
她喜欢唱歌。
⑥从句:宾语从句。
He said that he would come.
他说他会来。
知识点04 表语
1.位置:位于系动词之后。
2.作用:说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态。
3.构成:
①名词:
He is a student.
他是一名学生。
②代词:
The book is mine.
这本书是我的。
③形容词:
The flower is beautiful.
这朵花很漂亮。
④数词:
Two and two is four.
二加二等于四。
⑤介词短语:
He is in the classroom.
他在教室里。
⑥动词不定式(to do):
His dream is to be a doctor.
他的梦想是成为一名医生。
⑦动名词(V - ing):
Her hobby is dancing.
她的爱好是跳舞。
⑧从句:表语从句。
The question is whether he will come.
问题是他是否会来。
知识点05 补语
1.位置:一般位于宾语之后。
2.作用:补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
3.构成:
①名词:
We made him monitor.
我们选他当班长。
②形容词:
Keep the room clean.
保持房间干净。
③介词短语:
They found her in the garden.
他们在花园里找到了她。
④动词不定式(to do):
My mother asked me to buy some fruit.
我妈妈让我去买一些水果。
⑤分词:
I saw him playing basketball.
我看见他正在打篮球。
知识点06 同位语
1.位置:一般位于被说明的词之后。
2.作用:对句子中某一成分做进一步说明、解释,与其所修饰、限定、说明的名词或代词在语法上处在同等地位。
3.构成:
①名词:
My friend Tom is a teacher.
我的朋友汤姆是一名教师。
②代词:
We all like English.
我们都喜欢英语。
③数词:
We two will go there.
我们两个人会去那里。
④从句:同位语从句。
The news that he won the game excited us.
他赢得比赛的消息让我们很兴奋。
知识点07 定语
1.位置:放在所修饰的词之前或之后。
2.作用:定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。
3.构成:
①形容词:
She has a beautiful dress.
她有一条漂亮的裙子。
②名词:
There is a stone bridge over the river.
河上有一座石桥。
③代词:
This is my book.
这是我的书。
④数词:
He has three pens.
他有三支钢笔。
⑤动词不定式(to do):
I have something to tell you.
我有一些事情要告诉你。
⑥分词:
The falling leaves are beautiful.
正在飘落的叶子很漂亮。
⑦介词短语:
The girl in red is my sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是我的妹妹。
⑧从句:定语从句。
The man who is talking to my father is a teacher.
正在和我爸爸谈话的那个男人是一名教师。
知识点08 状语
1.位置:位置灵活,一般放在句末,也可以放在句首或句中。
2.作用:状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子,可以表示时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、方式等。
3.构成:
①副词:
He runs quickly.
他跑得很快。
②介词短语:
She went to school by bike.
她骑自行车去上学。
③动词不定式(to do):
He came here to see you.
他来这里是为了看你。
④从句:状语从句
When I was young, I lived in the countryside.
当我小的时候,我住在乡下。
【即时检测】
1.The beautiful girl sings songs every day.
A.谓语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.状语
2.She bought a new book yesterday.
A.表语 B.定语 C.宾语补足语 D.主语
3.We all like English.
A.同位语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.主语
4.The flower is very beautiful.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.表语 D.定语
5.The man in the car is my father.
A.状语 B.表语 C.定语 D.宾语
6.She runs in the park every morning.
A.宾语 B.状语 C.主语 D.表语
7.We made him monitor.
A.宾语补足语 B.谓语 C.定语 D.状语
8.My friend Tom is coming to see me.
A.宾语 B.同位语 C.表语 D.谓语
9.To learn English well is important.
A.状语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.表语
10.Swimming is good for health.
A.谓语 B.主语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语
11.He gave me a pen.
A.间接宾语 B.直接宾语 C.表语 D.状语
12.I found the book interesting.
A.定语 B.宾语 C.宾语补足语 D.主语
13.What he said made us happy.
A.主语从句 B.宾语从句 C.表语从句 D.状语从句
14.She works hard.
A.宾语 B.定语 C.状语 D.表语
15.The teacher asked us to read the text.
A.主语 B.宾语补足语 C.谓语 D.定语
16.Two-thirds of the students are from China.
A.状语 B.表语 C.主语 D.宾语
17.He is a student.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.定语 D.谓语
18.We will have a meeting tomorrow.
A.时间状语 B.地点状语 C.宾语 D.主语
19.The news that he won the game is true.
A.定语从句 B.同位语从句 C.主语从句 D.宾语从句
20.They keep the classroom clean.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语
句子结构
句型01 主谓: 主语+谓语(SV)
此句型核心是 “主语 + 谓语”,谓语多为不及物动词,无需宾语即可表达完整意思。
例句:The young scientist researches carefully in the modern laboratory.
成分分析:
主语(S):The young scientist(这位年轻的科学家,指人,是动作的发出者)
谓语(V):researches(研究,不及物动词,描述主语的动作)
状语(Adv):carefully(仔细地,修饰谓语,说明动作的方式);in the modern laboratory(在现代化实验室里,修饰谓语,说明动作的地点),均非句型核心成分。
句型02 主谓宾: 主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)
该句型在 “主谓” 基础上增加宾语,谓语为及物动词,需宾语才能表达完整含义,宾语通常是动作的承受者。
例句:The experienced teacher explains difficult grammar points to students patiently.
成分分析:
主语(S):The experienced teacher(这位有经验的老师,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):explains(讲解,及物动词,需搭配宾语)
宾语(O):difficult grammar points(难懂的语法点,动作 “讲解” 的承受者)
状语(Adv):to students(给学生们,说明动作的对象);patiently(耐心地,说明动作的方式)
句型03 主系表结构(S+Linking V+P)
句型中 “系动词” 连接主语和表语,表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份等,常见系动词有 be、look、feel 等。
例句:The newly built library in our school seems quite modern and comfortable.
成分分析:
主语(S):The newly built library in our school(我们学校新建的图书馆,被描述的对象)
系动词(Linking V):seems(看起来,连接主语和表语)
表语(P):quite modern and comfortable(相当现代化且舒适,说明主语的特征)
句型04 主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO)
谓语动词后接两个宾语,间接宾语(IO)通常指人,表达动作的 “对象”;直接宾语(DO)通常指物,表达动作的 “内容”,可转换为 “主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语”。
例句:The kind professor lent his hardworking students some valuable reference books.
成分分析:
主语(S):The kind professor(这位和蔼的教授,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):lent(借给,及物动词,需接双宾语)
间接宾语(IO):his hardworking students(他勤奋的学生们,动作的对象)
直接宾语(DO):some valuable reference books(一些珍贵的参考书,动作的内容)
转换句:The kind professor lent some valuable reference books to his hardworking students.
句型05 主谓宾宾补结构(S+V+O+OC)
“宾语补足语(OC)” 用于补充说明宾语的状态、动作或身份,让句子意思更完整,宾语和宾补之间存在逻辑上的 “主谓关系”。
例句:The strict coach asked all players to practice basic skills for two hours every day.
成分分析:
主语(S):The strict coach(这位严格的教练,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):asked(要求,及物动词,接宾语后需补语)
宾语(O):all players(所有队员,动作的承受者)
宾语补足语(OC):to practice basic skills(练习基本技能,补充说明宾语 “队员” 要做的动作,逻辑上 “队员练习基本技能”)
状语(Adv):for two hours every day(每天两小时,说明动作的时长)
句型06 there be 结构(There be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间状语)
该句型用于表示 “某地 / 某时存在某物 / 某人”,be 动词的单复数由后面的主语决定,there 仅起引导作用,无实际意义。
例句:There are several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge in the quiet park near our community.
成分分析:
引导词:There(无实义,引出 “存在” 的含义)
be 动词:are(由主语 “several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge” 的复数形式决定,遵循 “就近原则”,靠近 be 动词的 “trees” 为复数)
主语:several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge(几棵高大的松树和一座小石桥,存在的事物)
地点状语:in the quiet park near our community(在我们小区附近的安静公园里,说明事物存在的位置)
【即时检测】
写出下面句子的基本句型。
1.The scientist who won the Nobel Prize explained his research results in the meeting yesterday.
2.Our school requires all students to finish their homework before they go to bed.
3.That the team has won three consecutive matches makes all the fans very excited.
4.The teacher told us that we should pay more attention to the usage of complex sentences in writing.
5.After finishing the college entrance examination, most students plan to travel around the country with their friends.
6.The novel which was written by Mo Yan has been translated into more than 20 foreign languages so far.
7.It is necessary for every citizen to obey the laws and regulations of the country.
8. The young man spent three years studying environmental protection technology in a famous university abroad.
9.What we need to do now is to take effective measures to reduce air pollution.
10.The company will offer those employees who have worked for more than five years a chance to get further training.
11. When we talk about cultural heritage, we usually think of ancient buildings, traditional crafts and folk music.
12.The doctor advised the patient not to eat too much sweet food because it would be harmful to his health.
13.It is reported that the number of people who are interested in learning Chinese has increased rapidly in recent years.
14.The students are discussing how they can improve their listening skills in the English class.
15.My parents always encourage me to pursue my dreams no matter what difficulties I may meet.
16.The old house where my grandfather lived for nearly 50 years was pulled down last month.
17.To master a foreign language well requires a lot of practice and patience.
18.We consider it important that everyone should have equal access to education.
19.The lecture which was given by a famous professor last week mainly focused on the development of artificial intelligence.
20.She asked me whether I had finished reading the book that she lent me the other day.
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分。
1.The students are reading English books carefully.
2.My sister bought me a lovely doll last Sunday.
3.He seems very happy today.
4.Our teacher asked us to finish the homework on time.
5. Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
6. The flowers in the garden are very beautiful.
7. My mother is cooking in the kitchen.
8. He made the little boy stop crying.
9. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday.
10.Our hard work will finally be rewarded.
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
请判断下列各句属于哪种基本句型。
1.He sun rises in the east every morning.
2.Her new dress looks very elegant.
3.He lent his best friend a valuable book last month.
4.The teacher asked us to practice English every day.
5.Our school held a sports meeting last autumn.
6.The milk turned sour in the hot weather.
7.My parents often tell me interesting stories before bed.
8.They found the lost child safe and sound.
9.Birds fly south in winter.
10.This new smartphone seems quite expensive.
11.She bought her mother a nice scarf for Mother’s Day.
12.We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.
13.The little boy drew a cute cat on the paper.
14.The soup tastes delicious with some herbs.
15.My uncle sent me a postcard from abroad last week.
链接高考(测试时间:10分钟)
1.(2023・全国甲卷) We will have a picnic in the park this weekend ______ the weather is good.
2.(2022・全国乙卷) He didn’t go to school yesterday ______ he was ill.
3.(2024・新课标 Ⅰ 卷) My sister likes reading novels, ______ my brother prefers playing video games.
4.(2023・浙江卷) Could you please tell me ______ the nearest post office is?
5.(2024・天津卷) She not only studies hard ______ also helps her classmates with their lessons.
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专题01 句子成分与基本句型(期中复习讲义)
考情分析
【考向透视】
句子成分(如主语、谓语等)与基本句型(如 “主谓”“主谓宾” 等)作为高考英语考查的 “底层语法逻辑”,在英语中能助力破解语法填空、拆分阅读理解长难句抓核心信息,保证写作句子正确且提升表达逻辑性,以及通过完形填空的成分功能判断语义搭配。
【复习目标】
1. 掌握句子成分、句子的基本结构和类型。
2.熟练运用表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词。
3..强化在复杂语境中理解长难句的能力。
句子成分
知识点01 主语
1.位置:通常位于句首,在陈述句谓语动词之前。在疑问句中,主语位于助动词之后。
2.作用:句子叙述的主体,是句子说明的人或事物,是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。
3.构成:
①名词:普通名词或专有名词。
The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
猫正在沙发上睡觉。
②代词:人称代词主格、不定代词、指示代词等。
She loves playing the piano.
她喜欢弹钢琴。
③数词:表示数量的词。
Two-thirds of the students are from China.
三分之二的学生来自中国。
④动词不定式 (to do):具有名词性。
To travel around the world is my dream.
环游世界是我的梦想。
⑤动名词 (V-ing):具有名词性。
Swimming is a good exercise.
游泳是一项很好的运动。
⑥名词化的形容词或分词:如 “the rich”(富人)
The poor need more help.
穷人需要更多帮助。
⑦从句:主语从句。
How he solved the problem inspired everyone.
他解决这个问题的方法鼓舞了所有人。
知识点02 谓语
1.位置:通常位于句首,在陈述句谓语动词之前。在疑问句中,主语位于助动词之后。
2.作用:说明主语所做的动作、存在的状态或具有的特征,是句子不可或缺的部分,体现句子的主要内容。
3.构成:
简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
动词作谓语:He runs every morning. 他每天早上跑步。
动词短语作谓语:She looks after her little sister. 她照顾她的小妹妹。
知识点03 宾语
1.位置:一般位于及物动词或介词之后。
2.作用:表示动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。
3.构成:
①名词:普通名词或专有名词。
He bought a book yesterday.
他昨天买了一本书。
②代词:人称代词宾格、不定代词等。
She likes him very much.
她非常喜欢他。
③数词:表示数量的词。
Please give me three.
请给我三个。
④动词不定式(to do):具有名词性。
I want to see a movie.
我想去看一场电影。
⑤动名词(V - ing):具有名词性。
She enjoys singing.
她喜欢唱歌。
⑥从句:宾语从句。
He said that he would come.
他说他会来。
知识点04 表语
1.位置:位于系动词之后。
2.作用:说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态。
3.构成:
①名词:
He is a student.
他是一名学生。
②代词:
The book is mine.
这本书是我的。
③形容词:
The flower is beautiful.
这朵花很漂亮。
④数词:
Two and two is four.
二加二等于四。
⑤介词短语:
He is in the classroom.
他在教室里。
⑥动词不定式(to do):
His dream is to be a doctor.
他的梦想是成为一名医生。
⑦动名词(V - ing):
Her hobby is dancing.
她的爱好是跳舞。
⑧从句:表语从句。
The question is whether he will come.
问题是他是否会来。
知识点05 补语
1.位置:一般位于宾语之后。
2.作用:补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
3.构成:
①名词:
We made him monitor.
我们选他当班长。
②形容词:
Keep the room clean.
保持房间干净。
③介词短语:
They found her in the garden.
他们在花园里找到了她。
④动词不定式(to do):
My mother asked me to buy some fruit.
我妈妈让我去买一些水果。
⑤分词:
I saw him playing basketball.
我看见他正在打篮球。
知识点06 同位语
1.位置:一般位于被说明的词之后。
2.作用:对句子中某一成分做进一步说明、解释,与其所修饰、限定、说明的名词或代词在语法上处在同等地位。
3.构成:
①名词:
My friend Tom is a teacher.
我的朋友汤姆是一名教师。
②代词:
We all like English.
我们都喜欢英语。
③数词:
We two will go there.
我们两个人会去那里。
④从句:同位语从句。
The news that he won the game excited us.
他赢得比赛的消息让我们很兴奋。
知识点07 定语
1.位置:放在所修饰的词之前或之后。
2.作用:定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。
3.构成:
①形容词:
She has a beautiful dress.
她有一条漂亮的裙子。
②名词:
There is a stone bridge over the river.
河上有一座石桥。
③代词:
This is my book.
这是我的书。
④数词:
He has three pens.
他有三支钢笔。
⑤动词不定式(to do):
I have something to tell you.
我有一些事情要告诉你。
⑥分词:
The falling leaves are beautiful.
正在飘落的叶子很漂亮。
⑦介词短语:
The girl in red is my sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是我的妹妹。
⑧从句:定语从句。
The man who is talking to my father is a teacher.
正在和我爸爸谈话的那个男人是一名教师。
知识点08 状语
1.位置:位置灵活,一般放在句末,也可以放在句首或句中。
2.作用:状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子,可以表示时间、地点、原因、结果、条件、目的、方式等。
3.构成:
①副词:
He runs quickly.
他跑得很快。
②介词短语:
She went to school by bike.
她骑自行车去上学。
③动词不定式(to do):
He came here to see you.
他来这里是为了看你。
④从句:状语从句
When I was young, I lived in the countryside.
当我小的时候,我住在乡下。
【即时检测】
1.The beautiful girl sings songs every day.
A.谓语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.状语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:那个漂亮的女孩每天唱歌。分析句子成分可知,主语为 “the girl”,谓语为 “sings”,宾语为 “songs”,“every day” 为时间状语;划线部分 “beautiful” 修饰名词 “girl”,起限定作用,作定语。故选 B。
2.She bought a new book yesterday.
A.表语 B.定语 C.宾语补足语 D.主语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:她昨天买了一本新书。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “She”,谓语为 “bought”,宾语为 “a book”,“yesterday” 为时间状语;划线部分 “new” 修饰名词 “book”,描述书的特征,作定语。故选 B 项。
3.We all like English.
A.同位语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.主语
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我们所有人都喜欢英语。分析句子成分可知,主语为 “We”,谓语为 “like”,宾语为 “English”;划线部分 “all” 与主语 “We” 所指内容一致,补充说明 “我们” 的范围,作同位语。故选 A。
4.The flower is very beautiful.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.表语 D.定语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:这朵花非常漂亮。根据句子成分分析可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,主语为 “The flower”,系动词为 “is”;划线部分 “beautiful” 描述主语 “flower” 的特征,作表语。故选 C 项。
5.The man in the car is my father.
A.状语 B.表语 C.定语 D.宾语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:车里的那个男人是我父亲。分析句子成分可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,主语为 “The man”,系动词为 “is”,表语为 “my father”;划线部分 “in the car” 修饰名词 “man”,说明男人的位置,作定语。故选 C。
6.She runs in the park every morning.
A.宾语 B.状语 C.主语 D.表语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:她每天早上在公园里跑步。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “She”,谓语为 “runs”,“every morning” 为时间状语;划线部分 “in the park” 表示动作 “runs” 发生的地点,作地点状语。故选 B 项。
7.We made him monitor.
A.宾语补足语 B.谓语 C.定语 D.状语
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:我们选他当班长。分析句子成分可知,主语为 “We”,谓语为 “made”,宾语为 “him”;划线部分 “monitor” 补充说明宾语 “him” 的身份,使宾语意义更完整,作宾语补足语。故选 A。
8.My friend Tom is coming to see me.
A.宾语 B.同位语 C.表语 D.谓语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:我的朋友汤姆要来看我。根据句子成分分析可知,主语核心为 “My friend”,谓语为 “is coming”,“to see me” 为目的状语;划线部分 “Tom” 与 “my friend” 所指对象一致,补充说明朋友的名字,作同位语。故选 B 项。
9.To learn English well is important.
A.状语 B.宾语 C.主语 D.表语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:学好英语很重要。分析句子成分可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,系动词为 “is”,表语为 “important”;划线部分 “To learn English well” 是动词不定式结构,在句中充当叙述的主体,作主语。故选 C。
10.Swimming is good for health.
A.谓语 B.主语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:游泳对健康有益。根据句子成分分析可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,系动词为 “is”,表语为 “good”,“for health” 为状语;划线部分 “Swimming” 是动名词,具有名词性质,在句中充当叙述的主体,作主语。故选 B 项。
11.He gave me a pen.
A.间接宾语 B.直接宾语 C.表语 D.状语
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:他给了我一支钢笔。分析句子成分可知,主语为 “He”,谓语为 “gave”,该句为 “双宾语” 结构;划线部分 “me” 指动作的接收者(人),作间接宾语,“a pen” 指动作涉及的事物(物),作直接宾语。故选 A。
12.I found the book interesting.
A.定语 B.宾语 C.宾语补足语 D.主语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:我发现这本书很有趣。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “I”,谓语为 “found”,宾语为 “the book”;划线部分 “interesting” 补充说明宾语 “the book” 的特征,使宾语意义更完整,作宾语补足语。故选 C 项。
13.What he said made us happy.
A.主语从句 B.宾语从句 C.表语从句 D.状语从句
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:他说的话让我们很高兴。分析句子成分可知,谓语为 “made”,宾语为 “us”,“happy” 为宾语补足语;划线部分 “What he said” 是一个从句,在句中充当叙述的主体,作主语,即为主语从句。故选 A。
14.She works hard.
A.宾语 B.定语 C.状语 D.表语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:她努力工作。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “She”,谓语为 “works”;划线部分 “hard” 是副词,修饰动词 “works”,描述动作的程度,作方式状语。故选 C 项。
15.The teacher asked us to read the text.
A.主语 B.宾语补足语 C.谓语 D.定语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:老师让我们读课文。分析句子成分可知,主语为 “The teacher”,谓语为 “asked”,宾语为 “us”;划线部分 “to read the text” 补充说明宾语 “us” 需要执行的动作,使宾语意义更完整,作宾语补足语。故选 B。
16.Two-thirds of the students are from China.
A.状语 B.表语 C.主语 D.宾语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:三分之二的学生来自中国。根据句子成分分析可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,系动词为 “are”,表语为 “from China”;划线部分 “Two-thirds of the students” 是数词短语,在句中充当叙述的主体,作主语。故选 C 项。
17.He is a student.
A.宾语 B.表语 C.定语 D.谓语
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:他是一名学生。分析句子成分可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,主语为 “He”,系动词为 “is”;划线部分 “student” 说明主语 “He” 的身份,作表语。故选 B。
18.We will have a meeting tomorrow.
A.时间状语 B.地点状语 C.宾语 D.主语
【答案】A
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:我们明天要开个会。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “We”,谓语为 “will have”,宾语为 “a meeting”;划线部分 “tomorrow” 表示动作 “will have” 发生的时间,作时间状语。故选 A 项。
19.The news that he won the game is true.
A.定语从句 B.同位语从句 C.主语从句 D.宾语从句
【答案】B
【解析】考查句子成分。句意:他赢得比赛的那个消息是真的。分析句子成分可知,该句为 “主系表” 结构,主语为 “The news”,系动词为 “is”,表语为 “true”;划线部分 “that he won the game” 解释说明主语 “The news” 的具体内容,与 “news” 所指一致,作同位语,即同位语从句。故选 B。
20.They keep the classroom clean.
A.谓语 B.宾语 C.宾语补足语 D.定语
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子成分分析。句意:他们保持教室干净。根据句子成分分析可知,主语为 “They”,谓语为 “keep”,宾语为 “the classroom”;划线部分 “clean” 补充说明宾语 “the classroom” 的状态,使宾语意义更完整,作宾语补足语。故选 C 项。
句子结构
句型01 主谓: 主语+谓语(SV)
此句型核心是 “主语 + 谓语”,谓语多为不及物动词,无需宾语即可表达完整意思。
例句:The young scientist researches carefully in the modern laboratory.
成分分析:
主语(S):The young scientist(这位年轻的科学家,指人,是动作的发出者)
谓语(V):researches(研究,不及物动词,描述主语的动作)
状语(Adv):carefully(仔细地,修饰谓语,说明动作的方式);in the modern laboratory(在现代化实验室里,修饰谓语,说明动作的地点),均非句型核心成分。
句型02 主谓宾: 主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)
该句型在 “主谓” 基础上增加宾语,谓语为及物动词,需宾语才能表达完整含义,宾语通常是动作的承受者。
例句:The experienced teacher explains difficult grammar points to students patiently.
成分分析:
主语(S):The experienced teacher(这位有经验的老师,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):explains(讲解,及物动词,需搭配宾语)
宾语(O):difficult grammar points(难懂的语法点,动作 “讲解” 的承受者)
状语(Adv):to students(给学生们,说明动作的对象);patiently(耐心地,说明动作的方式)
句型03 主系表结构(S+Linking V+P)
句型中 “系动词” 连接主语和表语,表语用于说明主语的性质、特征、身份等,常见系动词有 be、look、feel 等。
例句:The newly built library in our school seems quite modern and comfortable.
成分分析:
主语(S):The newly built library in our school(我们学校新建的图书馆,被描述的对象)
系动词(Linking V):seems(看起来,连接主语和表语)
表语(P):quite modern and comfortable(相当现代化且舒适,说明主语的特征)
句型04 主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO)
谓语动词后接两个宾语,间接宾语(IO)通常指人,表达动作的 “对象”;直接宾语(DO)通常指物,表达动作的 “内容”,可转换为 “主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + to/for + 间接宾语”。
例句:The kind professor lent his hardworking students some valuable reference books.
成分分析:
主语(S):The kind professor(这位和蔼的教授,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):lent(借给,及物动词,需接双宾语)
间接宾语(IO):his hardworking students(他勤奋的学生们,动作的对象)
直接宾语(DO):some valuable reference books(一些珍贵的参考书,动作的内容)
转换句:The kind professor lent some valuable reference books to his hardworking students.
句型05 主谓宾宾补结构(S+V+O+OC)
“宾语补足语(OC)” 用于补充说明宾语的状态、动作或身份,让句子意思更完整,宾语和宾补之间存在逻辑上的 “主谓关系”。
例句:The strict coach asked all players to practice basic skills for two hours every day.
成分分析:
主语(S):The strict coach(这位严格的教练,动作的发出者)
谓语(V):asked(要求,及物动词,接宾语后需补语)
宾语(O):all players(所有队员,动作的承受者)
宾语补足语(OC):to practice basic skills(练习基本技能,补充说明宾语 “队员” 要做的动作,逻辑上 “队员练习基本技能”)
状语(Adv):for two hours every day(每天两小时,说明动作的时长)
句型06 there be 结构(There be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间状语)
该句型用于表示 “某地 / 某时存在某物 / 某人”,be 动词的单复数由后面的主语决定,there 仅起引导作用,无实际意义。
例句:There are several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge in the quiet park near our community.
成分分析:
引导词:There(无实义,引出 “存在” 的含义)
be 动词:are(由主语 “several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge” 的复数形式决定,遵循 “就近原则”,靠近 be 动词的 “trees” 为复数)
主语:several tall pine trees and a small stone bridge(几棵高大的松树和一座小石桥,存在的事物)
地点状语:in the quiet park near our community(在我们小区附近的安静公园里,说明事物存在的位置)
【即时检测】
写出下面句子的基本句型。
1.The scientist who won the Nobel Prize explained his research results in the meeting yesterday.
【答案】主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语(S+Attributive Clause+V+O+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:那位获得诺贝尔奖的科学家昨天在会议上解释了他的研究成果。“The scientist” 为句子主干主语,“who won the Nobel Prize” 是修饰主语的定语从句,“explained” 为谓语,“his research results” 为宾语,“in the meeting yesterday” 为地点和时间状语。故答案为:主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语(S+Attributive Clause+V+O+A)。
2.Our school requires all students to finish their homework before they go to bed.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 状语从句(S+V+O+C+Adverbial Clause)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:我们学校要求所有学生在睡觉前完成作业。“Our school” 为主语,“requires” 为谓语,“all students” 为宾语,“to finish their homework” 为宾语补足语,“before they go to bed” 为时间状语从句。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 状语从句(S+V+O+C+Adverbial Clause)。
3.That the team has won three consecutive matches makes all the fans very excited.
【答案】主语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(Subject Clause+V+O+C)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:这支队伍连续赢得三场比赛,这让所有粉丝都非常兴奋。“That the team has won three consecutive matches” 为整个句子的主语从句,“makes” 为谓语,“all the fans” 为宾语,“very excited” 为宾语补足语。故答案为:主语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(Subject Clause+V+O+C)。
4.The teacher told us that we should pay more attention to the usage of complex sentences in writing.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(宾语从句)(S+V+IO+DO (Object Clause))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:老师告诉我们,在写作中应该更关注复合句的用法。“The teacher” 为主语,“told” 为谓语,“us” 为间接宾语,“that we should pay more attention to the usage of complex sentences in writing” 为直接宾语(宾语从句)。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(宾语从句)(S+V+IO+DO (Object Clause))。
5.After finishing the college entrance examination, most students plan to travel around the country with their friends.
【答案】状语(非谓语动词短语)+ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语(S+V+O+A,前有非谓语状语)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:完成高考后,大多数学生计划和朋友们去全国各地旅行。“After finishing the college entrance examination” 为时间状语(非谓语动词短语),“most students” 为主语,“plan” 为谓语,“to travel around the country” 为宾语,“with their friends” 为方式状语。故答案为:状语(非谓语动词短语)+ 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语(S+V+O+A,前有非谓语状语)。
6.The novel which was written by Mo Yan has been translated into more than 20 foreign languages so far.
【答案】主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语(被动语态)+ 状语(S+Attributive Clause+V (Passive Voice)+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:莫言写的这部小说到目前为止已被翻译成 20 多种外语。“The novel” 为主语,“which was written by Mo Yan” 为定语从句修饰主语,“has been translated” 为谓语(被动语态),“into more than 20 foreign languages” 和 “so far” 分别为方式状语和时间状语。故答案为:主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语(被动语态)+ 状语(S+Attributive Clause+V (Passive Voice)+A)。
7.It is necessary for every citizen to obey the laws and regulations of the country.
【答案】形式主语 + 谓语 + 表语 + 真正主语(不定式短语)(It+V+P+Real Subject (Infinitive Phrase))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:每个公民遵守国家的法律法规是必要的。“It” 为形式主语,避免句子头重脚轻,“is” 为谓语,“necessary” 为表语,“for every citizen to obey the laws and regulations of the country” 为真正的主语(不定式短语)。故答案为:形式主语 + 谓语 + 表语 + 真正主语(不定式短语)(It+V+P+Real Subject (Infinitive Phrase))。
8. The young man spent three years studying environmental protection technology in a famous university abroad.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(时间)+ 宾语补足语(动名词)+ 状语(S+V+O (Time)+C (Gerund)+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:这个年轻人在国外一所著名大学花了三年时间研究环保技术。“The young man” 为主语,“spent” 为谓语,“three years” 为宾语(表示时间),“studying environmental protection technology” 为宾语补足语,“in a famous university abroad” 为地点状语。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(时间)+ 宾语补足语(动名词)+ 状语(S+V+O (Time)+C (Gerund)+A)。
9.What we need to do now is to take effective measures to reduce air pollution.
【答案】主语从句 + 谓语 + 表语(不定式短语)(Subject Clause+V+P (Infinitive Phrase))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:我们现在需要做的是采取有效措施减少空气污染。“What we need to do now” 为主语从句,“is” 为谓语,“to take effective measures to reduce air pollution” 为表语(不定式短语,其中 “to reduce air pollution” 为目的状语)。故答案为:主语从句 + 谓语 + 表语(不定式短语)(Subject Clause+V+P (Infinitive Phrase))。
10.The company will offer those employees who have worked for more than five years a chance to get further training.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(人)+ 定语从句 + 宾语(物)(S+V+O (Person)+Attributive Clause+O (Thing))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:这家公司将为那些工作超过五年的员工提供一次深造培训的机会。“The company” 为主语,“will offer” 为谓语,“those employees” 为宾语(指人),“who have worked for more than five years” 为定语从句修饰 “employees”,“a chance to get further training” 为宾语(指物),此处为 “offer sb. sth.” 结构。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(人)+ 定语从句 + 宾语(物)(S+V+O (Person)+Attributive Clause+O (Thing))。
11. When we talk about cultural heritage, we usually think of ancient buildings, traditional crafts and folk music.
【答案】状语从句 + 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 同位语(S+V+O+Appositive,前有状语从句)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:当我们谈论文化遗产时,我们通常会想到古建筑、传统工艺和民间音乐。“When we talk about cultural heritage” 为时间状语从句,“we” 为主语,“usually think of” 为谓语,“cultural heritage” 为宾语,“ancient buildings, traditional crafts and folk music” 为 “cultural heritage” 的同位语,解释其具体内容。故答案为:状语从句 + 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 同位语(S+V+O+Appositive,前有状语从句)。
12.The doctor advised the patient not to eat too much sweet food because it would be harmful to his health.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 原因状语从句(S+V+O+C+Adverbial Clause of Reason)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:医生建议病人不要吃太多甜食,因为这对他的健康有害。“The doctor” 为主语,“advised” 为谓语,“the patient” 为宾语,“not to eat too much sweet food” 为宾语补足语,“because it would be harmful to his health” 为原因状语从句。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 原因状语从句(S+V+O+C+Adverbial Clause of Reason)。
13.It is reported that the number of people who are interested in learning Chinese has increased rapidly in recent years.
【答案】形式主语 + 谓语 + 表语 + 真正主语(主语从句,含定语从句)(It+V+P+Real Subject (Subject Clause with Attributive Clause))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:据报道,近年来对学习汉语感兴趣的人数增长迅速。“It” 为形式主语,“is reported” 为谓语(被动语态),“that the number of people who are interested in learning Chinese has increased rapidly in recent years” 为真正主语(主语从句,其中 “who are interested in learning Chinese” 为定语从句修饰 “people”)。故答案为:形式主语 + 谓语 + 表语 + 真正主语(主语从句,含定语从句)(It+V+P+Real Subject (Subject Clause with Attributive Clause))。
14.The students are discussing how they can improve their listening skills in the English class.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句(S+V+Object Clause)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:学生们正在英语课上讨论如何提高他们的听力技能。“The students” 为主语,“are discussing” 为谓语,“how they can improve their listening skills in the English class” 为宾语从句,“in the English class” 为从句中的地点状语。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句(S+V+Object Clause)。
15.My parents always encourage me to pursue my dreams no matter what difficulties I may meet.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(不定式)+ 让步状语从句(S+V+IO+DO (Infinitive)+Adverbial Clause of Concession)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:无论我可能遇到什么困难,父母总是鼓励我去追求梦想。“My parents” 为主语,“encourage” 为谓语,“me” 为间接宾语,“to pursue my dreams” 为直接宾语(不定式短语),“no matter what difficulties I may meet” 为让步状语从句。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(不定式)+ 让步状语从句(S+V+IO+DO (Infinitive)+Adverbial Clause of Concession)。
16.The old house where my grandfather lived for nearly 50 years was pulled down last month.
【答案】主语 + 定语从句(地点状语从句结构)+ 谓语(被动语态)+ 状语(S+Attributive Clause (Adverbial Clause of Place structure)+V (Passive Voice)+A)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:我祖父住了将近 50 年的那栋老房子上个月被拆除了。“The old house” 为主语,“where my grandfather lived for nearly 50 years” 为定语从句(where 在此处相当于 in which,引导地点状语从句结构的定语从句),“was pulled down” 为谓语(被动语态),“last month” 为时间状语。故答案为:主语 + 定语从句(地点状语从句结构)+ 谓语(被动语态)+ 状语(S+Attributive Clause (Adverbial Clause of Place structure)+V (Passive Voice)+A)。
17.To master a foreign language well requires a lot of practice and patience.
【答案】主语(不定式短语)+ 谓语 + 宾语(S (Infinitive Phrase)+V+O)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:要学好一门外语,需要大量的练习和耐心。“To master a foreign language well” 为整个句子的主语(不定式短语),“requires” 为谓语,“a lot of practice and patience” 为宾语。故答案为:主语(不定式短语)+ 谓语 + 宾语(S (Infinitive Phrase)+V+O)。
18.We consider it important that everyone should have equal access to education.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 形式宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 真正宾语(宾语从句)(S+V+Formal Object+C+Real Object (Object Clause))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:我们认为每个人都应该有平等的受教育机会,这一点很重要。“We” 为主语,“consider” 为谓语,“it” 为形式宾语,代替后面的宾语从句,“important” 为宾语补足语,“that everyone should have equal access to education” 为真正的宾语(宾语从句)。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 形式宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 真正宾语(宾语从句)(S+V+Formal Object+C+Real Object (Object Clause))。
19.The lecture which was given by a famous professor last week mainly focused on the development of artificial intelligence.
【答案】主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语 + 状语 + 宾语(S+Attributive Clause+V+A+O)
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:上周由一位著名教授主讲的讲座,主要围绕人工智能的发展展开。“The lecture” 为主语,“which was given by a famous professor last week” 为定语从句修饰 “lecture”,“mainly focused on” 为谓语,“last week” 为时间状语(同时属于定语从句),“the development of artificial intelligence” 为宾语。故答案为:主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语 + 状语 + 宾语(S+Attributive Clause+V+A+O)。
20.She asked me whether I had finished reading the book that she lent me the other day.
【答案】主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(宾语从句,含定语从句)(S+V+IO+DO (Object Clause with Attributive Clause))
【解析】考查句子结构。句意:她问我是否读完了她前几天借给我的那本书。“She” 为主语,“asked” 为谓语,“me” 为间接宾语,“whether I had finished reading the book that she lent me the other day” 为直接宾语(宾语从句,其中 “that she lent me the other day” 为定语从句修饰 “the book”)。故答案为:主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(宾语从句,含定语从句)(S+V+IO+DO (Object Clause with Attributive Clause))。
基础通关(测试时间:10分钟)
一、指出下列句中画线部分是什么句子成分。
1.The students are reading English books carefully.
【答案】状语
2.My sister bought me a lovely doll last Sunday.
【答案】直接宾语
3.He seems very happy today.
【答案】表语
4.Our teacher asked us to finish the homework on time.
【答案】宾语补足语
5. Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city.
【答案】同位语
6. The flowers in the garden are very beautiful.
【答案】表语
7. My mother is cooking in the kitchen.
【答案】状语
8. He made the little boy stop crying.
【答案】宾语补足语
9. It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3 p. m. to 5 p. m. next Friday.
【答案】状语
10.Our hard work will finally be rewarded.
【答案】主语
重难突破(测试时间:10分钟)
请判断下列各句属于哪种基本句型。
1.He sun rises in the east every morning.
【答案】S+V(主谓)
【解析】“The sun”(S,主语)是动作的发出者,“rises”(V,谓语)是不及物动词,无宾语;“in the east every morning” 是状语,仅补充说明动作发生的地点和时间,句子核心结构为 “主语 + 谓语”。
2.Her new dress looks very elegant.
【答案】S+V+P(主系表)
【解析】“Her new dress”(S,主语)是描述对象,“looks”(V,系动词)无实际动作含义,仅起连接作用,“very elegant”(P,表语)用于描述主语的特征,构成 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语” 结构。
3.He lent his best friend a valuable book last month.
【答案】S+V+IO+DO(主谓双宾)
【解析】“He”(S,主语)是动作发出者,“lent”(V,谓语)是及物动词;“his best friend”(IO,间接宾语)指动作的对象,“a valuable book”(DO,直接宾语)指动作作用的事物,符合 “主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语” 结构;“last month” 是时间状语,不影响核心句型。
4.The teacher asked us to practice English every day.
【答案】S+V+O+C(主谓宾补)
【解析】“The teacher”(S,主语)、“asked”(V,谓语)、“us”(O,宾语)构成 “主谓宾” 基础框架;“to practice English every day”(C,宾语补足语)补充说明宾语 “us” 需要完成的动作,缺少补语句子语义不完整(“老师要求我们” 未说明要求内容),故为 “主谓宾补” 句型。
5.Our school held a sports meeting last autumn.
【答案】S+V+O(主谓宾)
【解析】“Our school”(S,主语)是动作发出者,“held”(V,谓语)是及物动词,“a sports meeting”(O,宾语)是动作作用的对象,句子核心为 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”;“last autumn” 是时间状语,仅补充说明动作发生时间。
6.The milk turned sour in the hot weather.
【答案】S+V+P(主系表)
【解析】“The milk”(S,主语)是描述对象,“turned”(V,系动词,此处表 “变得”)无实际动作,“sour”(P,表语)用于说明主语的状态变化,“in the hot weather” 是原因状语,不改变 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语” 的核心结构。
7.My parents often tell me interesting stories before bed.
【答案】S+V+IO+DO(主谓双宾)
【解析】“My parents”(S,主语)、“tell”(V,谓语)是核心动作;“me”(IO,间接宾语)是动作的接收者,“interesting stories”(DO,直接宾语)是 “tell” 的具体内容,可转换为 “tell interesting stories to me”,符合 “主谓双宾” 句型特征;“before bed” 是时间状语。
8.They found the lost child safe and sound.
【答案】S+V+O+C(主谓宾补)
【解析】“They”(S,主语)、“found”(V,谓语)、“the lost child”(O,宾语)构成基础框架;“safe and sound”(C,宾语补足语)补充说明宾语 “the lost child” 的状态,缺少补语则句子语义不完整(“他们找到迷路的孩子” 未说明孩子状态),故为 “主谓宾补” 句型。
9.Birds fly south in winter.
【答案】S+V(主谓)
【解析】“Birds”(S,主语)是动作发出者,“fly”(V,谓语)是不及物动词,无宾语;“south”(方位状语)和 “in winter”(时间状语)仅补充说明动作的方向和时间,句子核心为 “主语 + 谓语”。
10.This new smartphone seems quite expensive.
【答案】S+V+P(主系表)
【解析】“This new smartphone”(S,主语)是描述对象,“seems”(V,系动词)起连接作用,“quite expensive”(P,表语)用于描述主语的价格特征,构成 “主语 + 系动词 + 表语” 结构。
11.She bought her mother a nice scarf for Mother’s Day.
【答案】S+V+IO+DO(主谓双宾)
【解析】“She”(S,主语)、“bought”(V,谓语)是核心动作;“her mother”(IO,间接宾语)是围巾的接收者,“a nice scarf”(DO,直接宾语)是购买的物品,可转换为 “bought a nice scarf for her mother”,符合 “主谓双宾” 句型;“for Mother’s Day” 是目的状语。
12.We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.
【答案】S+V+O+C(主谓宾补)
【解析】“We”(S,主语)、“keep”(V,谓语)、“our classroom”(O,宾语)构成基础框架;“clean and tidy”(C,宾语补足语)补充说明宾语 “our classroom” 应保持的状态,“keep + 宾语 + 宾补” 是典型的 “主谓宾补” 结构搭配。
13.The little boy drew a cute cat on the paper.
【答案】S+V+O(主谓宾)
【解析】“The little boy”(S,主语)、“drew”(V,谓语)、“a cute cat”(O,宾语)是句子核心,“drew” 为及物动词,宾语 “a cute cat” 是动作作用的事物;“on the paper” 是地点状语,不影响核心句型。
14.The soup tastes delicious with some herbs.
【答案】S+V+P(主系表)
【解析】“The soup”(S,主语)是描述对象,“tastes”(V,系动词,表 “尝起来”)无实际动作,“delicious”(P,表语)用于描述主语的味道特征,“with some herbs” 是方式状语,不改变 “主系表” 核心结构。
15.My uncle sent me a postcard from abroad last week.
【答案】S+V+IO+DO(主谓双宾)
【解析】“My uncle”(S,主语)、“sent”(V,谓语)是核心动作;“me”(IO,间接宾语)是明信片的接收者,“a postcard”(DO,直接宾语)是 “sent” 的具体物品,可转换为 “sent a postcard to me”,符合 “主谓双宾” 句型;“from abroad” 和 “last week” 分别是地点、时间状语。
链接高考(测试时间:10分钟)
1.(2023・全国甲卷) We will have a picnic in the park this weekend ______ the weather is good.
【答案】if
【解析】考查从属连词的用法。句意:如果天气好,这个周末我们将去公园野餐。分析句子结构可知,逗号前为主句(We will have a picnic in the park this weekend),描述计划发生的动作;逗号后为从句(the weather is good),表示动作发生的前提条件。此处需填入表 “如果” 的从属连词,引导条件状语从句,符合语境的连词为 “if”。“if” 在此处连接主句与条件状语从句,体现 “天气好” 是 “去野餐” 的前提,符合逻辑关系。
2.(2022・全国乙卷) He didn’t go to school yesterday ______ he was ill.
【答案】because
【解析】考查从属连词的用法。句意:他昨天没去上学,因为他生病了。分析句子可知,前半句(He didn’t go to school yesterday)陈述结果,后半句(he was ill)解释结果产生的原因,需填入表 “原因” 的从属连词。“because” 是引导原因状语从句的典型连词,用于说明直接原因,此处用 “because” 连接,清晰体现 “生病” 与 “没上学” 的因果关系,符合句子逻辑和语法规则
3.(2024・新课标 Ⅰ 卷) My sister likes reading novels, ______ my brother prefers playing video games.
【答案】while
【解析】考查并列连词的用法。句意:我姐姐喜欢读小说,而我哥哥更喜欢玩电子游戏。分析句子结构,逗号前后是两个独立的分句(My sister likes reading novels 和 my brother prefers playing video games),描述两人不同的兴趣爱好,存在对比关系。“while” 作为并列连词时,可表示 “对比、然而”,用于连接两个意义相对或相反的分句,此处用 “while” 能准确体现姐弟俩兴趣的差异,符合语境;且 “while” 在此处无需引导从句,仅起并列连接作用,符合并列句的语法结构。
4.(2023・浙江卷) Could you please tell me ______ the nearest post office is?
【答案】where
【解析】考查从属连词引导宾语从句的用法。句意:你能告诉我最近的邮局在哪里吗?分析句子可知,“tell me” 后为宾语从句(______ the nearest post office is),从句中缺少表 “地点” 的连接词。宾语从句需用陈述语序,且根据句意,此处是询问邮局的位置,需填入表 “哪里” 的从属连词 “where”。“where” 在此处引导宾语从句,既符合 “询问地点” 的语境,又保证了从句的陈述语序(the nearest post office is where 调整为 where the nearest post office is),符合语法要求。
5.(2024・天津卷) She not only studies hard ______ also helps her classmates with their lessons.
【答案】but
【解析】考查并列连词短语 “not only...but also...” 的用法。句意:她不仅学习努力,还帮助同学们补习功课。“not only...but also...” 是固定并列连词短语,意为 “不仅…… 而且……”,用于连接两个并列的谓语成分(studies hard 和 helps her classmates with their lessons),体现递进关系。此处需填入 “but”,构成完整的 “not only...but also...” 结构,连接两个并列的动作,既符合短语搭配规则,又准确表达 “学习努力” 和 “帮助同学” 之间的递进关系,使句子逻辑连贯。
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