2027届高三英语二轮复习专项 阅读理解C篇科普说明文（三）

新高三英语 二轮复习专项｜阅读理解c篇 科普说明文 话题预览（外刊时文） Passage 1（生物类）话题：植物地下真菌网络的跨植株预警机制 Passage 2（环境类）话题：生物发光浮游生物助力海洋污染实时监测 Passage 3（科技类）话题：柔性电子皮肤助力智能假肢触觉感知升级 Passage 4（心理类）话题：积极幻想与现实乐观的差异化心理影响 Passage 1：植物地下真菌网络的跨植株预警机制 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 For a long time, conventional biological views have regarded plants as passive organisms that lack active communication abilities and independent defense awareness. It was widely acknowledged that individual plants grew in isolation, incapable of delivering early risk warnings or exchanging survival information with surrounding vegetation. Nevertheless, advanced botanical studies conducted in recent years have overturned this stereotypical understanding and confirmed the existence of a sophisticated underground communication system hidden beneath most forest and farmland ecosystems. Nearly all green plants are capable of establishing stable symbiotic relationships with microscopic soil fungi. Countless thread-like fungal filaments weave across soil layers and tightly wrap around plant roots, constructing an extensive underground connection network known as the “wood wide web”. In this mutually beneficial partnership, plants supply excess glucose produced through photosynthesis to sustain fungal growth, while fungi absorb underground water and mineral nutrients that are inaccessible to plant roots, effectively supporting robust vegetation development. This reciprocal interaction lays a solid biological foundation for efficient information transmission among plants. Once an individual plant suffers pest invasion or bacterial infection, it will automatically release specific defensive chemical substances into the interconnected fungal network. These biochemical signals travel rapidly through underground channels and reach neighboring healthy plants in a short time. Upon receiving such warning cues, unaffected vegetation will instantly activate internal defense mechanisms and accumulate protective compounds in advance, preparing adequately for potential biological invasions. To eliminate the interference of airborne chemical signals, scientists designed rigorous controlled experiments. Research data firmly verified that plant-to-plant warning communication relies entirely on underground fungal transmission rather than above-ground gas diffusion. This groundbreaking discovery not only deepens human comprehension of plant intelligence, but also offers innovative eco-friendly strategies for modern sustainable agriculture, helping reduce excessive pesticide application and promote green farming development. 1. What can we learn about the wood wide web? A. It depends on air transmission to work. B. It is built based on win-win symbiosis. C. It exists only in artificial farmland plants. D. It helps plants speed up photosynthesis. 2. The underlined word “activate” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. shut down B. give away C. start up D. take over 3. What can be inferred from the strict experiments? A. Plants have independent nervous systems. B. Air signals assist plants in resisting pests. C. Fungal networks serve as plant warning channels. D. Healthy plants never suffer from bacterial invasion. 4. What is the author’s attitude towards the new finding? A. Supportive B. Doubtful C. Uncertain D. Negative Passage 2：生物发光浮游生物助力海洋污染实时监测 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Traditional marine environmental monitoring has long relied on manual water sampling and professional laboratory chemical analysis. Although such testing methods guarantee relatively accurate detection results, they are extremely time-consuming, financially costly and unable to achieve continuous real-time monitoring of remote open sea areas and isolated coastal zones. To address these practical limitations, marine ecologists have developed an innovative biological monitoring technique based on the natural bioluminescent characteristics of marine plankton, providing a new solution for global ocean ecological protection. Bioluminescence refers to a typical natural biological phenomenon in which certain marine plankton emit soft blue fluorescence during regular metabolic activities. Under clean seawater environments, these aquatic microorganisms maintain stable cell metabolism and sustainable luminous performance. However, when exposed to microplastics, heavy metal residues and other organic pollutants, their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited. As a direct consequence, their luminous intensity drops significantly, forming an obvious visual indicator of seawater contamination. Researchers can precisely evaluate the severity of ocean pollution by tracking and analyzing real-time changes in plankton luminescence brightness. Compared with traditional mechanical detection equipment, this biological monitoring technology requires no high-precision expensive devices and enables long-term unattended observation in vast marine areas that are difficult for human workers to access. Despite its outstanding advantages, this eco-monitoring method has inevitable drawbacks. Natural environmental factors including seawater temperature, salinity and nutrient density can also affect plankton’s luminous status. Therefore, researchers need to establish systematic natural fluctuation databases to distinguish natural environmental changes from pollution-induced variations. Though unable to completely replace standard chemical testing, this creative biological approach provides an efficient early-warning mechanism for global marine ecological governance. 1. What is the disadvantage of traditional ocean monitoring? A. It cannot guarantee detection accuracy. B. It is too simple for laboratory research. C. It costs much time and economic resources. D. It can observe sea areas continuously. 2. Why do pollutants affect plankton’s light emission? A. They change the color of clean seawater. B. They destroy plankton’s normal metabolism. C. They absorb blue light in the deep ocean. D. They increase nutrient concentration rapidly. 3. The underlined word “inhibited” in Paragraph 2 means ______. A. restricted B. improved C. protected D. rewarded 4. What does the new monitoring technology bring to marine protection? A. It totally replaces chemical testing methods. B. It eliminates all ocean pollutants in open seas. C. It stabilizes temperature of global seawater. D. It offers an effective early-warning solution. Passage 3：柔性电子皮肤助力智能假肢触觉感知升级 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Over the past decades, traditional mechanical artificial limbs have assisted numerous disabled individuals in regaining basic limb movement functions and improving their quality of life. However, these conventional bionic devices possess a critical functional flaw: they can only passively execute movement instructions transmitted by the human brain, completely lacking the ability to perceive external physical stimuli such as pressure, surface texture and temperature differences. This functional deficiency makes delicate daily operations extremely challenging and risky for prosthesis users, greatly limiting their independence in daily life. To break through this long-standing technical bottleneck, scientific researchers have successfully developed flexible electronic skin, commonly referred to as e-skin. Manufactured from ultra-thin, stretchable and highly sensitive bionic sensor materials, this innovative electronic skin can be closely attached to the surface of artificial limbs. When contacting external objects, the built-in sensors can instantly convert various physical stimuli into recognizable electrical signals and transmit these bio-signals to the human nervous system efficiently. In a series of systematic practical trials, patients equipped with upgraded e-skin prostheses achieved remarkable progress. They were able to accurately distinguish rough and smooth surfaces, identify cold and hot objects, and grasp fragile items steadily without causing damage. This technological breakthrough substantially enhances users’ operational safety and independent living ability. Nevertheless, the current e-skin technology still faces minor technical obstacles. Its signal transmission module is relatively bulky and consumes excessive electric power, restricting large-scale long-term wearable application. Research teams are currently committed to equipment miniaturization design and energy consumption reduction. In the foreseeable future, mature flexible e-skin technology will not only optimize the performance of medical prosthetic equipment, but also be widely applied in intelligent service robots to achieve safer and more accurate human-machine interaction. 1. What is the major weakness of traditional artificial limbs? A. They are too heavy for long-time wearing. B. They fail to sense external physical stimuli. C. They may cause harm to users’ bodies. D. They cannot receive brain movement orders. 2. What is the working principle of flexible e-skin? A. It repairs damaged human nervous systems directly. B. It controls human brain commands automatically. C. It turns physical stimulation into electrical signals. D. It changes the temperature of surrounding objects. 3. The underlined word “fragile” in Paragraph 3 is closest to ______. A. solid B. precious C. ordinary D. breakable 4. What can we infer about e-skin technology from the text? A. It has been fully mature and widely used. B. It still needs further technical optimization. C. It is only suitable for disabled prosthesis users. D. It will completely replace traditional robotic skin. Passage 4：积极幻想与现实乐观的差异化心理影响 阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 In contemporary self-improvement education and public psychological guidance, people are constantly encouraged to maintain positive attitudes and visualize ideal future outcomes. Most individuals hold the conventional belief that frequent positive fantasy can serve as powerful motivation, stimulating people to make continuous efforts and ultimately achieve personal life goals. However, latest psychological studies reveal that blind and unrealistic positive fantasy differs fundamentally from healthy realistic optimism and may even hinder individuals’ long-term personal development. Positive fantasy is defined as unrealistic imagination of ideal results without rational consideration of practical difficulties, potential risks and realistic limitations. When individuals immerse themselves repeatedly in perfect fictional future scenarios, their brains will generate false satisfaction and a premature sense of achievement. Such advanced psychological rewards greatly weaken people’s internal motivation for practical action, inevitably leading to procrastination, low efficiency and unaccomplished goals in personal development. In contrast, realistic optimism represents a scientific and healthy positive mindset. People with this positive attitude remain confident about future goals, while objectively recognizing existing challenges and uncertainties. They tend to formulate detailed and feasible action plans, adjust strategies flexibly in response to setbacks, and adhere to persistent practical efforts. Psychologists emphasize that positive imagination is not entirely negative. Moderate and rational positive thinking can effectively relieve psychological anxiety, inspire creative thinking and regulate negative emotions. The key to personal growth lies not in abandoning fantasy completely, but in balancing positive expectation with down-to-earth practical action. Only rational and balanced cognition can support steady, sustainable and long-term personal progress. 1. What do most people think of positive fantasy? A. It prevents people from making progress. B. It helps people predict future risks. C. It can inspire people to pursue goals. D. It equals realistic positive optimism. 2. Why does blind positive fantasy weaken people’s motivation? A. It brings premature mental satisfaction. B. It makes people aware of real challenges. C. It causes serious emotional anxiety. D. It offers practical action guidance. 3. The underlined word “hinder” in Paragraph 1 means ______. A. promote B. block C. influence D. witness 4. What is the best title for the text? A. The Advantages of Positive Fantasy B. How to Avoid Negative Emotions C. Realistic Optimism Counts More D. The Balanced Cognition of Positivity 参考答案与详细解析 Passage 1：1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A Passage 2：1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D Passage 3：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B Passage 4：1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D Passage 1 1. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph 2：This mutually beneficial partnership lays a solid biological foundation for efficient information transmission among plants. 【解析】mutually beneficial partnership = 互惠共生（win-win symbiosis）。地下“广林网（wood wide web）”建立在植物和真菌互利共生的基础之上。 【错项分析】A：和原文相反。实验证明信息依靠地下真菌传递，不是空气传播C：绝对化表述。文中说森林、农田里普遍存在，不只是人工农田；D：无中生有。原文没有提到可以加快光合作用。 2. 答案：C 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph 3：Upon receiving such warning cues, unaffected vegetation will instantly activate internal defense mechanisms… 【解析】activate：激活，启动。收到预警信号，植物立刻启动自身防御机制，和 start up（启动）同义。 【错项分析】A. shut down（关闭）；B. give away（赠送，泄露）；D. take over（接管），都不符合语境。 3. 答案：C 【题型】推理判断题 【原文定位】Paragraph4：To eliminate the interference of airborne chemical signals, scientists designed rigorous controlled experiments. Research data firmly verified that plant-to-plant warning communication relies entirely on underground fungal transmission rather than above-ground gas diffusion. 【解析】科学家排除空气化学信号的干扰，证实植株间的预警依靠地下真菌传递，由此推出：真菌网络充当植物之间的预警通道。推理判断题的答案需立足原文信息，不能主观臆断。 【错项分析】A：过度推断。原文只是说植物可以传递预警，并没有说植物拥有神经系统；B：与原文相反，实验证明不靠空气信号；D：绝对化。文中没有说健康植株永远不会被细菌侵染。 4. 答案：A 【题型】观点态度题 【解析】作者使用 breakthrough（突破性发现）、innovative、eco-friendly strategies 这类褒义词汇，能看出作者对该研究成果持支持、肯定（Supportive）态度。 【错项分析】B. Doubtful（怀疑的）；C. Uncertain（不确定的）；D. Negative（否定消极的），和用词感情色彩不符。 Passage 2 1. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph1：Although such testing methods guarantee relatively accurate detection results, they are extremely time-consuming, financially costly… 【解析】传统取样检测耗时、成本高昂，对应 It costs much time and economic resources。 【错项分析】A：和原文相反，原文说结果相对准确；B：无中生有，文中没说方法太简单；D：和原文相反，传统方法不能连续监测。 2. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph2：However, when exposed to microplastics, heavy metal residues and other organic pollutants, their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited. As a direct consequence, their luminous intensity drops significantly… 【解析】污染物抑制浮游生物正常代谢，代谢受影响之后发光强度下降。也就是污染物破坏了浮游生物正常的代谢活动。 【错项分析】A：文中没有提到改变海水颜色；C、D：原文均无对应信息，属于主观臆断。 3. 答案：A 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph2：…their internal metabolic functions will be severely inhibited. 【解析】inhibit = 抑制，阻碍，和 restricted（受到限制）同义。污染物抑制代谢。 【错项分析】B. improved（改善）；C. protected（保护）；D. rewarded（回报），语义全反。 4. 答案：D 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph3 & Paragraph4：Though unable to completely replace standard chemical testing, this creative biological approach provides an efficient early-warning mechanism for global marine ecological governance. 【解析】这个新方法不能取代化学检测，但可以提供高效的污染预警，对应 offers an effective early-warning solution。 【错项分析】A：绝对化，不能完全替代；B：绝对化，无法清除所有污染物；C：无中生有，和海水温度无关。 Passage 3 1. 答案：B 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph1：However, these conventional bionic devices possess a critical functional flaw: they can only passively execute movement instructions transmitted by the human brain, completely lacking the ability to perceive external physical stimuli such as pressure, surface texture and temperature differences. 【解析】传统假肢只能执行大脑发来的动作指令，无法感知外界刺激（压力、温度、材质等），这就是主要缺陷。 【错项分析】A：原文没有提到太重；C：无中生有，没有说会伤害使用者；D：和原文相反，它可以接收大脑指令。 2. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph2：When contacting external objects, the built-in sensors can instantly convert various physical stimuli into recognizable electrical signals and transmit these bio-signals to the human nervous system efficiently. 【解析】核心原理：传感器把外界物理刺激转化成电信号，再传给神经系统。convert … into … = turn … into … 【错项分析】A：不能直接修复受损神经系统；B：不能自动控制大脑指令；D：不会改变物体温度，属于曲解原文。 3. 答案：D 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph3：They were able to accurately distinguish rough and smooth surfaces, identify cold and hot objects, and grasp fragile items steadily without causing damage. 【解析】语境：稳稳抓住，不至于弄坏。fragile 意思是易碎的，和 breakable 同义。 【错项分析】A. solid（坚固的）；B. precious（珍贵的）；C. ordinary（普通的），都不符合。 4. 答案：B 【题型】推理判断题 【原文定位】Paragraph4：Nevertheless, the current e-skin technology still faces minor technical obstacles. Its signal transmission module is relatively bulky and consumes excessive electric power… Research teams are currently committed to equipment miniaturization design and energy consumption reduction. 【解析】目前还存在短板（模块大、耗电高），科研人员还在优化，由此推出：该技术仍需要进一步优化。 【错项分析】A：还没成熟，没有大规模推广；C：以后还能用在智能机器人上，不只是假肢；D：“完全替代”，典型绝对化错误。 Passage 4 1. 答案：C 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph1：Most individuals hold the conventional belief that frequent positive fantasy can serve as powerful motivation, stimulating people to make continuous efforts and ultimately achieve personal life goals. 【解析】题干关键词：most people think（大众普遍看法，≠科研新发现）。大众认为积极幻想可以激发动力，激励人们追求目标。 【错项分析】A：这是新研究得出的结论，不是大众固有看法；B：无中生有，积极幻想一般忽略困难和风险；D：原文明确说二者不一样，不能等同。 2. 答案：A 【题型】细节理解题 【原文定位】Paragraph2：When individuals immerse themselves repeatedly in perfect fictional future scenarios, their brains will generate false satisfaction and a premature sense of achievement. Such advanced psychological rewards greatly weaken people’s internal motivation for practical action… 【解析】如果人们反复沉浸在理想化的虚构场景中，大脑会产生虚假满足感（premature mental satisfaction），所以行动动力下降。 【错项分析】B：能意识到挑战的，是后面说的“现实乐观”，不是盲目幻想；C：适度积极想象可以缓解焦虑，不是盲目幻想带来的结果；D：原文没有说提供行动指导。 3. 答案：B 【题型】词义猜测题 【原文定位】Paragraph1：However, latest psychological studies reveal that blind and unrealistic positive fantasy differs fundamentally from healthy realistic optimism and may even hinder individuals’ long-term personal development. 【解析】hinder：阻碍，妨碍，等同于 block。句意：不切实际的积极幻想，甚至会阻碍长期发展。 【错项分析】A. promote（促进，正好反了）；C. influence（影响，中性词，程度、感情色彩都弱）；D. witness（见证），语义不通。 4. 答案：D 【题型】主旨大意题（选标题） 【原文定位】最后一段：The key to personal growth lies not in abandoning fantasy completely, but in balancing positive expectation with down-to-earth practical action. Only rational and balanced cognition can support steady, sustainable and long-term personal progress. 【解析】文章不是一味否定幻想，也不是单纯吹捧现实乐观。核心观点：理性看待积极期待，平衡幻想和实干，也就是“The Balanced Cognition of Positivity”。 【错项分析】A：片面，只讲积极幻想的好处，忽略全文对比；B：偏离主题，文章不是讲怎么规避负面情绪；C：强干扰项！C项意为“现实乐观更为重要”，但本文并非比较二者孰优孰劣，核心是倡导平衡，因此无法概括全文主旨。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $